1.
River mouth
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A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
2.
Otta (river)
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The Otta River flows through the Ottadal valley in the municipalities of Skjåk, Lom, Vågå, and Sel in Norway. The Otta River begins in Skjåk municipality and flows into lake Vågåvatn, exiting Vågåvatn at Vågåmo, it continues its journey through the Ottadal, leaving the municipality of Vågå to meet the Gudbrandsdalslågen at the town of Otta in the municipality of Sel. The watershed of the Otta drains an area of 3,948 square kilometres, the Otta River is known for rafting. The rafting season begins in mid-May and lasts until the end of September, the name of the river is probably derived from the Norse verb ótta scare, terrify. The water of the river comes from glaciers, and the flooding of the river can be strong and fierce
3.
Gudbrandsdalen
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Gudbrandsdalen is a valley and traditional district in the Norwegian county of Oppland. The valley is oriented in a direction from Lillehammer and the lake of Mjøsa. The river of Gudbrandsdalslågen flows through the valley, starting from Lesjaskogsvatnet, the Otta river flowing through Otta valley is a major tributary to Lågen. The valleys of the rivers such as Otta and Gausa are usuall regarded as part of the Gudbrand Valley. The total area of the valley is calculated from the areas of the related municipalities, together with Glomma river and Østerdalen, Lågen and the Gudbrand Valley forms Norways largest drainage system covering major parts of East Norway. The Gudbrand Valley is home to Dovre Line and the E6 road, the valley is divided into three parts, Norddalen, Midtdalen, and Sørdalen. The valley has two courts, north and south. Until 2016 the valley was also a police district, the main character in Henrik Ibsens play Peer Gynt was inspired by a real or legendary person living in the valley in the 18th or 17th century. Ibsen travelled through the valley in 1862 and collected stories, legends. The name Gudbrandsdalen means the valley/dale of Gudbrand, Gudbrand is an old male name compounded of guð, god and brandr, sword. Dale-Gudbrand was the name of the first ruler of the valley, Gudbrand Valley includes the most arid area in Norway. At Skjåk the average precipitation is only 278 mm. Gudbrand Valley sits in the rain shadow of the mountains West, North. In July 1789 the Storofsen flood disaster occurred and Gudbrandsdalslågen overflooded and this is the largest flood recorded in Norway and the valley was particularly affected. About 3000 houses were damaged and some thousand livestock drowned. Lågen rose up to 7 meters above its level and covered most of the valley floor. A number of farmers abandoned their farms and settled in Målselv. The second largest flood occurred in the summer of 1995 and again the valley floor was covered by water. After Storofsen the valley upstream from Sel church changed into bogs and shallow lakes because stone
4.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
5.
Lesja
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Lesja is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lesja, the parish of Lesje was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. The area of Dovre was separated from Lesja to become a municipality of its own in 1861. Lesja is bordered in the north by the municipalities of Nesset, Sunndal, and Oppdal, in the east by Dovre, in the south by Vågå and Lom, in the southwest by Skjåk, the Old Norse form of the name was Lesjar. There are two different interpretations of the meaning of the name, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 23 January 1987, the form is meant to represent the spire of Lesja church which is visible from far away. Lesja is highly mountainous, and lies on the east-west watershed, the largest part of the community area is over 900 metres above sea level, with the highest mountain peaks reaching above an elevation of 2,200 metres in the northeast. The most populated areas lie between 500 and 650 metres along the Gudbrandsdalslågen river and highway E136, abundant summer farms are situated close to the treeline, both in the main valley and its tributaries. The summer farms were of importance for farming until recently, but today only few are used in the traditional way. More than 400 lakes are situated within the municipality, mainly above treeline, the Norwegian trout is common both in lakes and rivers, even in lakes above 1,500 metres above sea level. The landscape is hummocky in general, and owes its appearance mainly to erosion by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the last glacial period, dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park was founded in 2002 and encompasses part of the former Dovre National Park area, as founded in 1974. It is 1,693 square kilometres encompassing areas in Lesja and Dovre in Oppland as well as areas in Sør-Trøndelag and it includes the Dovrefjell mountain range. Recent censuses show over 40% of the residents in the community are in farming, rail service is provided by the Rauma Line, connecting with the Dovre Line at Dombås in Dovre and extending to the terminus in Åndalsnes on the fjord in Møre og Romsdal County. Lesja is located in a region, comprising the south-westerly portion of the Dovrefjell range. The Bjorli ski area lies in Lesja, since it is located on a pass providing access to the Gudbrandsdalen, Lesja lies on an important trade route used in prehistoric times. The area is first mentioned in the chronicle of the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson. The account of King Olafs conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized, King Olafs success was short-lived, for in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, rallied round the invading Knut the Great, and Olaf had to flee
6.
Oppland
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Oppland is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration is in Lillehammer, Oppland is, together with Hedmark, one of the only two landlocked counties of Norway. Innlandet is one of several names proposed for an administrative region consisting of Hedmark. The two counties are slated to be re-merged after having split in 1781. Historically, the region was known as Opplandene. Oppland extends from the lakes Mjøsa and Randsfjorden to the mountains Dovrefjell, Jotunheimen, the county is conventionally divided into traditional districts. These are the Gudbrandsdalen, Valdres, Toten, Hadeland and Land, Oppland includes the towns Lillehammer, Gjøvik, Otta, and Fagernes, and Norways two highest mountains, Glittertind and Galdhøpiggen, Valdres and the Gudbrand Valley being popular attractions. The Gudbrand Valley surrounds the river Gudbrandsdalslågen, and includes the udes the area extending from Jotunheimen down to Bagn at Begna River and it is a well known place for skiing and winter sports. The main population centres in this area are Beitostølen and Fagernes, eight of the ten highest mountains in Norway are located in the western part of Oppland. In Norse times the inner parts of Norway were called Upplǫnd the upper countries, the first element is upp upper. The last element is lǫnd, the form of land. In 1757 the inner parts of the great Akershus amt were separated and this was divided in 1781 into Christians Amt and Hedemarkens Amt. The name/form was changed to Kristians Amt in 1877, in 1919 the name Kristians Amt was changed to Opland fylke, and the form Oppland was settled in 1950. The coat of arms were granted in 1989, and it shows two Pulsatilla vernalis, Oppland County has a total of 26 municipalities, Media related to Oppland at Wikimedia Commons Oppland travel guide from Wikivoyage
7.
Lesjaverk
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Lesjaverk is a village in Lesja municipality in the upper Gudbrandsdal valley of Oppland county, Norway. It lies approximately 25 miles north of Dombås on the Rauma Line, european route E136 goes from Ålesund up through the Romsdal valley and passes through Lesjaverk to end at Dombås. Located in a mountain pass at 633 meters elevation, it is situated between Svarthøi, Storhøi and Merratind mountains in the Dovrefjell range to the north and Digervarden mountain to the south. Lesjaverk lies on an important trade route used in prehistoric times, the area is first mentioned in the written chronicle of the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson. The account of King Olafs conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized, King Olafs success was short-lived, for in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, rallied round the invading Knut the Great, and Olaf had to flee. His men fled along this road and across Gudbrandsdal, there he was not warmly received since he had killed King Thorer of Gudbrandsdal, so he went on to Hedmark. From there he proceeded to Sweden and on to Russia, on his return a year later he fell at the Battle of Stiklestad. Iron smelting is recorded at Lesjaverk as early as 1614, when King Christian IV of Denmark, with this change, Molde assumed the role as principal market town for Romsdal formerly held by Veøy. Lesja jernverk or Lesjaverk formally operated from 1659 to 1812 in the municipality of Lesja, Norway, when the forest was hewn, iron production was no longer economically viable at Lesjaverk, and the works were closed in 1812. The abandoned mines at Gruvlia, Håmårfossen and Stellsteinberget, as well as the iron smelter. A historical path with signs provides the visitor with an overview of the original operation, lake Lesjaskogsvatnet has outlets at both ends. It originally flowed west into the Rauma river in the magnificent Romsdalen valley, a 3-meter high dam that was constructed by the Lesja Iron Works in the 1660s to improve transportation caused the water to also flow eastward into the river Gudbrandsdalslågen. The lake lies at 611 meter above sea level and is about 5 km2 in area, the establishers of Lesja Verk built their own church for the workers in 1695, but the church was moved to Lesjaskog in 1855. The church in Lesjaverk was a church of that in Lesja. Per Berg reports, “When the sexton Ola Kring died in Lesja in 1751, there certainly wasnt anything very special about being a teacher in Ringsaker, if he was willing to change that for being a sexton. No house or land went with the post and the work was hard, in the Lesja parish there were three satellite churches - Lesjeverk, Dovre, and Folldal. The travel distances were great and it could be difficult in the winter. ”During the German invasion of World War II, while retreating from Oslo half the Government stayed for one night at Lesjaverk. King Haakon and Crown Prince Olav traveled over roads, leaving Vågå on 17 April 1940
