1.
River mouth
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A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
2.
Otta (river)
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The Otta River flows through the Ottadal valley in the municipalities of Skjåk, Lom, Vågå, and Sel in Norway. The Otta River begins in Skjåk municipality and flows into lake Vågåvatn, exiting Vågåvatn at Vågåmo, it continues its journey through the Ottadal, leaving the municipality of Vågå to meet the Gudbrandsdalslågen at the town of Otta in the municipality of Sel. The watershed of the Otta drains an area of 3,948 square kilometres, the Otta River is known for rafting. The rafting season begins in mid-May and lasts until the end of September, the name of the river is probably derived from the Norse verb ótta scare, terrify. The water of the river comes from glaciers, and the flooding of the river can be strong and fierce
3.
Gudbrandsdalen
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Gudbrandsdalen is a valley and traditional district in the Norwegian county of Oppland. The valley is oriented in a direction from Lillehammer and the lake of Mjøsa. The river of Gudbrandsdalslågen flows through the valley, starting from Lesjaskogsvatnet, the Otta river flowing through Otta valley is a major tributary to Lågen. The valleys of the rivers such as Otta and Gausa are usuall regarded as part of the Gudbrand Valley. The total area of the valley is calculated from the areas of the related municipalities, together with Glomma river and Østerdalen, Lågen and the Gudbrand Valley forms Norways largest drainage system covering major parts of East Norway. The Gudbrand Valley is home to Dovre Line and the E6 road, the valley is divided into three parts, Norddalen, Midtdalen, and Sørdalen. The valley has two courts, north and south. Until 2016 the valley was also a police district, the main character in Henrik Ibsens play Peer Gynt was inspired by a real or legendary person living in the valley in the 18th or 17th century. Ibsen travelled through the valley in 1862 and collected stories, legends. The name Gudbrandsdalen means the valley/dale of Gudbrand, Gudbrand is an old male name compounded of guð, god and brandr, sword. Dale-Gudbrand was the name of the first ruler of the valley, Gudbrand Valley includes the most arid area in Norway. At Skjåk the average precipitation is only 278 mm. Gudbrand Valley sits in the rain shadow of the mountains West, North. In July 1789 the Storofsen flood disaster occurred and Gudbrandsdalslågen overflooded and this is the largest flood recorded in Norway and the valley was particularly affected. About 3000 houses were damaged and some thousand livestock drowned. Lågen rose up to 7 meters above its level and covered most of the valley floor. A number of farmers abandoned their farms and settled in Målselv. The second largest flood occurred in the summer of 1995 and again the valley floor was covered by water. After Storofsen the valley upstream from Sel church changed into bogs and shallow lakes because stone
4.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
5.
Lesja
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Lesja is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lesja, the parish of Lesje was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. The area of Dovre was separated from Lesja to become a municipality of its own in 1861. Lesja is bordered in the north by the municipalities of Nesset, Sunndal, and Oppdal, in the east by Dovre, in the south by Vågå and Lom, in the southwest by Skjåk, the Old Norse form of the name was Lesjar. There are two different interpretations of the meaning of the name, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 23 January 1987, the form is meant to represent the spire of Lesja church which is visible from far away. Lesja is highly mountainous, and lies on the east-west watershed, the largest part of the community area is over 900 metres above sea level, with the highest mountain peaks reaching above an elevation of 2,200 metres in the northeast. The most populated areas lie between 500 and 650 metres along the Gudbrandsdalslågen river and highway E136, abundant summer farms are situated close to the treeline, both in the main valley and its tributaries. The summer farms were of importance for farming until recently, but today only few are used in the traditional way. More than 400 lakes are situated within the municipality, mainly above treeline, the Norwegian trout is common both in lakes and rivers, even in lakes above 1,500 metres above sea level. The landscape is hummocky in general, and owes its appearance mainly to erosion by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the last glacial period, dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park was founded in 2002 and encompasses part of the former Dovre National Park area, as founded in 1974. It is 1,693 square kilometres encompassing areas in Lesja and Dovre in Oppland as well as areas in Sør-Trøndelag and it includes the Dovrefjell mountain range. Recent censuses show over 40% of the residents in the community are in farming, rail service is provided by the Rauma Line, connecting with the Dovre Line at Dombås in Dovre and extending to the terminus in Åndalsnes on the fjord in Møre og Romsdal County. Lesja is located in a region, comprising the south-westerly portion of the Dovrefjell range. The Bjorli ski area lies in Lesja, since it is located on a pass providing access to the Gudbrandsdalen, Lesja lies on an important trade route used in prehistoric times. The area is first mentioned in the chronicle of the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson. The account of King Olafs conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized, King Olafs success was short-lived, for in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, rallied round the invading Knut the Great, and Olaf had to flee
6.
Oppland
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Oppland is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration is in Lillehammer, Oppland is, together with Hedmark, one of the only two landlocked counties of Norway. Innlandet is one of several names proposed for an administrative region consisting of Hedmark. The two counties are slated to be re-merged after having split in 1781. Historically, the region was known as Opplandene. Oppland extends from the lakes Mjøsa and Randsfjorden to the mountains Dovrefjell, Jotunheimen, the county is conventionally divided into traditional districts. These are the Gudbrandsdalen, Valdres, Toten, Hadeland and Land, Oppland includes the towns Lillehammer, Gjøvik, Otta, and Fagernes, and Norways two highest mountains, Glittertind and Galdhøpiggen, Valdres and the Gudbrand Valley being popular attractions. The Gudbrand Valley surrounds the river Gudbrandsdalslågen, and includes the udes the area extending from Jotunheimen down to Bagn at Begna River and it is a well known place for skiing and winter sports. The main population centres in this area are Beitostølen and Fagernes, eight of the ten highest mountains in Norway are located in the western part of Oppland. In Norse times the inner parts of Norway were called Upplǫnd the upper countries, the first element is upp upper. The last element is lǫnd, the form of land. In 1757 the inner parts of the great Akershus amt were separated and this was divided in 1781 into Christians Amt and Hedemarkens Amt. The name/form was changed to Kristians Amt in 1877, in 1919 the name Kristians Amt was changed to Opland fylke, and the form Oppland was settled in 1950. The coat of arms were granted in 1989, and it shows two Pulsatilla vernalis, Oppland County has a total of 26 municipalities, Media related to Oppland at Wikimedia Commons Oppland travel guide from Wikivoyage
7.
Lesjaverk
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Lesjaverk is a village in Lesja municipality in the upper Gudbrandsdal valley of Oppland county, Norway. It lies approximately 25 miles north of Dombås on the Rauma Line, european route E136 goes from Ålesund up through the Romsdal valley and passes through Lesjaverk to end at Dombås. Located in a mountain pass at 633 meters elevation, it is situated between Svarthøi, Storhøi and Merratind mountains in the Dovrefjell range to the north and Digervarden mountain to the south. Lesjaverk lies on an important trade route used in prehistoric times, the area is first mentioned in the written chronicle of the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson. The account of King Olafs conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized, King Olafs success was short-lived, for in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, rallied round the invading Knut the Great, and Olaf had to flee. His men fled along this road and across Gudbrandsdal, there he was not warmly received since he had killed King Thorer of Gudbrandsdal, so he went on to Hedmark. From there he proceeded to Sweden and on to Russia, on his return a year later he fell at the Battle of Stiklestad. Iron smelting is recorded at Lesjaverk as early as 1614, when King Christian IV of Denmark, with this change, Molde assumed the role as principal market town for Romsdal formerly held by Veøy. Lesja jernverk or Lesjaverk formally operated from 1659 to 1812 in the municipality of Lesja, Norway, when the forest was hewn, iron production was no longer economically viable at Lesjaverk, and the works were closed in 1812. The abandoned mines at Gruvlia, Håmårfossen and Stellsteinberget, as well as the iron smelter. A historical path with signs provides the visitor with an overview of the original operation, lake Lesjaskogsvatnet has outlets at both ends. It originally flowed west into the Rauma river in the magnificent Romsdalen valley, a 3-meter high dam that was constructed by the Lesja Iron Works in the 1660s to improve transportation caused the water to also flow eastward into the river Gudbrandsdalslågen. The lake lies at 611 meter above sea level and is about 5 km2 in area, the establishers of Lesja Verk built their own church for the workers in 1695, but the church was moved to Lesjaskog in 1855. The church in Lesjaverk was a church of that in Lesja. Per Berg reports, “When the sexton Ola Kring died in Lesja in 1751, there certainly wasnt anything very special about being a teacher in Ringsaker, if he was willing to change that for being a sexton. No house or land went with the post and the work was hard, in the Lesja parish there were three satellite churches - Lesjeverk, Dovre, and Folldal. The travel distances were great and it could be difficult in the winter. ”During the German invasion of World War II, while retreating from Oslo half the Government stayed for one night at Lesjaverk. King Haakon and Crown Prince Olav traveled over roads, leaving Vågå on 17 April 1940
8.
Rauma (river)
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The Rauma is a river that runs through Romsdalen, a valley in Møre og Romsdal and Oppland counties in Norway. It runs for 68 kilometres from Lesjaskogsvatnet, a lake in the municipality of Lesja, the river was once famous for its salmon-fishing, but since an infection with Gyrodactylus salaris only 5 to 10% of the original stock survives. The salmon runs up to the Slettafossen, a 16-metre high combination of waterfalls, the Rauma River and its valley are regarded as one of the most beautiful in Norway. The river runs very clear with a green tint and the mountains tower some 1,500 to 1,800 metres above the river in the lower and middle parts of the valley. The Reinheimen National Park and the Trollveggen cliff are located along the southwestern shores of the river through the municipality of Rauma. The Romsdalsalpene mountains surround the river and the valley, including the mountains Store Trolltind, Store Venjetinden, Trollryggen, the Rauma Line railroad follows the river through the valley on its way north to Åndalsnes. The railroad crosses the river on the Kylling Bridge at the village of Verma, the Rauma was classified as a protected watercourse in 1992, and the only main tributary affected by hydroelectric power is the Verma River with the over 300-metre Vermafossen falls. The biggest tributaries are the Ulvåa and Istra, the Istra runs through the Ister Valley, well known for Trollstigen Road in its upper parts. The meaning of the name Rauma is unknown, media related to Rauma River at Wikimedia Commons
9.
Gausdal
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Gausdal is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Segalstad bru, Follebu is a township and sub-parish in eastern Gausdal. Logging, farming, and tourism are important occupations in the municipality, the Old Norse form of the name was Gausdalr. The first element is the river name Gausa and the last element is dalr which means valley or dale, the river name is derived from the verb gjósa which means stream forcefully. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 19 September 1986. The arms show the shape of one of the main mountains in the municipality. The Follebu stone church was built in the early Middle Ages and it is unusual in that the chancel and nave were built as one continuous piece. In the 1880s, there was mining for nickel in Espedalen, the search for nickel was taken up again in 2004 by Blackstone Venture, a Canadian company. As of 2006, they are drilling for mineral samples only. The municipality of Gausdal was established on 1 January 1838, Gausdal was divided into the separate municipalities of Vestre Gausdal and Østre Gausdal in 1879, but they were reunited into one municipality in 1962. The famous Peer Gynt mountain road begins here and leads to Vinstra, a popular ski area is located on the south slope of Skeikampen mountain. Western tributaries of the Gudbrandsdalslågen include the Gausa River, which flows through Gausdal valley, norways smallest national park, Ormtjernkampen National Park, lies within the municipality. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson was a Norwegian author and Nobel Prize in Literature winner in 1903, aulestad in Follebu, Gausdal was his primary residence from 1874 until his death in 1910. Reidar Engjom - politician Brynhild Marie Foss - politician Iver Holter was a composer and was conductor of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra from 1882 until 1886, ole Amundsen Buslett - Norwegian-American author, newspaperman, and politician
10.
Ottadalen
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The Otta Valley is a valley in the municipalities of Skjåk, Lom, Vågå, and Sel in the county of Oppland, Norway. The Otta Valley is one of the valleys of the Gudbrand Valley. Others include Gausdal, Heidal, and Vinstradal and it lies on the northern edge of Jotunheimen National Park. There is also a road from Vågå, through Jotunheimen to Fagernes, the Otta River flows through the Otta Valley. The Otta River begins in the municipality of Skjåk and flows into lake Vågåvatnet, exiting Vågåvatnet at Vågåmo, it continues its journey through the Otta Valley, leaving the municipality of Vågå to meet the Gudbrandsdalslågen at the town of Otta in the municipality of Sel. Reinheimen National Park, which consists of much of the Tafjordfjella mountain range, Otta seal Fjuken, local newspaper for the Otta Valley Otta website
11.
Vinstra
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Vinstra is the name of both a small town and a river in Gudbrandsdalen. The town lies in Nord-Fron municipality in Oppland County, Norway, the administrative centre of Nord-Fron, the population was 2449 in 2012. The town has connections via the Dovre railroad and has a high school. Highway E6 goes through the town of Vinstra, the Vinstra River comes from the west and flows into Gudbrandsdalslågen in the town of Vinstra. Vinstra was given the status of town on 1 September 2013, the Vinstra River starts from Lake Vinstre. Peder Olsen Hågå from Vinstra was the model for the character in Henrik Ibsen’s dramatic poem Peer Gynt from 1867. In Sødorp’s old cemetery stands a monument to Peer Gynt, and each year since 1967 the Peer Gynt Festival has been held on the Peer Gynt farm, Hågå. The farm consists of 15 old buildings, and the rally includes, among other things, in addition, from Vinstra begins the Peer Gynt Way through Gålå to Lillehammer and Peer Gynt’s Seter Way via Rondablikk to Kvam
12.
Vinstradal
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Vinstradal valley is located in Oppdal municipality, Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The Vinstra river flows into Gudbrandsdalslågen in Dovre, Oppland, the valley of Vinstradal is a side valley to the valley of Drivdalen. Vinstradal is a narrow V-shaped valley with steep sides and with a canyon in the valleys north end. The valley is covered by a birch forest. Geologically, Vinstra valley consists mostly of rocks dating from the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian geologic period, there is considerable formation of alternately layered shale and limestone from the period, with some sandstone and mica
13.
Heidal
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Heidal is a valley and parish within the Gudbrand Valley, in the county of Oppland, Norway. Heidal parish was separated from Vågå as a municipality of its own on 1 January 1908. It was merged with the municipality of Sel on 1 January 1965, Heidal is a side valley of the Gudbrand Valley. The valley runs northwest from the village of Sjoa on Highway E-6, Heidal is rich in beauty and tradition, lying along the narrow valley of the Sjoa River. The Sjoa runs from Lake Gjende in the Jotunheimen Mountains, through Heidal and it has a high concentration of older protected timber houses and farmsteads. The main industries are agriculture and forestry, local traditions includes carpentry, wood carving, painting and weaving. Heidal church was built during the period 1937-41 as a replica of a 1754 church which was destroyed after being struck by lightning in 1933. Heidal Church is a church as are most of the churches in the Gudbrand Valley. The church was built of wood and it has about 300 seats and three galleries. The church was designed by architect, Bredo Berntsen, the altarpiece is a work by the Norwegian sculptor, Jakob Klukstad. Near the church stands the Bjølstad Chapel, Bjølstad Chapel seating 75 and dates from around 1531. Some locations allow guided tours, including Søre Harildstad farm and Bjølstad Chapel, farms like Bjølstad are not open to the public. At Bjølstad the newest building was constructed in about 1820 and the farm has been in the family since the 13th century. 1177 - Ivar Gjesling was King Magnus IVs lendmann for the Opplands, Gjesling allied himself with the Birkebeiner — who chose Sverre as their king at Øreting in Nidaros in 1177. In return King Sverre granted Gjesling the valley of Heidal, heidalsmuen Kleiven, Ivar Gamal bondekultur i Gudbrandsdalen, Lom og Skjaak ISBN 978-82-03-05951-3 Welle-Strand, Erling Adventure Roads in Norway ISBN 82-90103-71-9 Visit Heidal
14.
Mesna
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Mesna, sold under the brand name Mesnex among others, is a medication used in those taking cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide to decrease the risk of bleeding from the bladder. It is used either by mouth or injection into a vein, common side effects include headache, vomiting, sleepiness, loss of appetite, cough, rash, and joint pain. Serious side effects include allergic reactions, use during pregnancy appears to be safe for the baby but this use has not been well studied. It works by altering the breakdown products of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide found in the urine making them less toxic, mesna was approved for medical use in the United States in 1988. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the wholesale cost in the developing world is about 3.50 USD USD per 400 mg vial. In the United Kingdom this amount costs the NHS about 3.95 pounds, mesna is used therapeutically to reduce the incidence of haemorrhagic cystitis and haematuria when a patient receives ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide for cancer chemotherapy. These two anticancer agents, in vivo, may be converted to urotoxic metabolites, such as acrolein, mesna assists to detoxify these metabolites by reaction of its sulfhydryl group with α, β-unsaturated carbonyl containing compounds such as acrolein. This reaction is known as a Michael addition, mesna also increases urinary excretion of cysteine. Outside North America, mesna is also used as an agent, working in the same way as acetylcysteine, it is sold for this indication as Mistabron. It is administered intravenously or orally, the IV mesna infusions would be given with IV ifosfamide, while oral mesna would be given with oral cyclophosphamide. The oral doses must be double the intravenous mesna dose due to bioavailability issues, the oral preparation allows patients to leave the hospital sooner, instead of staying four to five days for all the IV mesna infusions. Mesna reduces the toxicity of compounds that may form after chemotherapy administration. Mesna is a compound with antioxidant properties, and is given concomitantly with the chemotherapeutic agents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Mesna concentrates in the bladder where acrolein accumulates after administration of chemotherapy and through a Michael addition, forms a conjugate with acrolein and this conjugation reaction inactivates the urotoxic compounds to harmless metabolites. The metabolites are excreted in the urine. It is marketed by Baxter as Uromitexan and Mesnex, the name of the substance is an acronym for 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate Na
15.
Rondane National Park
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Rondane National Park is the oldest national park in Norway, established on 21 December 1962. The park contains ten peaks above 2,000 metres, with the highest being Rondeslottet at an altitude of 2,178 m, the park is an important habitat for herds of wild reindeer. The park was extended in 2003, and now covers an area of 963 km2 in the counties Oppland, Rondane lies just to the east of Gudbrandsdal and two other mountain areas, Dovre and Jotunheimen are nearby. Rondane is a high mountain area, with large plateaus. The highest point is Rondeslottet at an altitude of 2,178 m, the lowest point is just below the tree line, which is approximately 1,000 to 1,100 m above sea level. The climate is mild but relatively arid, apart from the White Birch trees of the lower areas, the soil and rocks are covered by heather and lichen, since they lack nutrients. The largest mountains are almost entirely barren, above 1,500 m nothing, the central massif is also cut by botns, flat, dead stone valleys below the steep mountain walls of the peaks. Generally, Rondane does not receive enough precipitation to generate persistent glaciers, the centre of the Park is the Rondvatnet lake, from which all the peaks beyond 2,000 m of altitude can be reached in less than one days walk. In this central region and north of it, the altitude is high compared with the flatter plateaus of the south. Rondane has ten peaks over 2,000 m, Rondeslottet, Storronden, Høgronden, Midtronden western summit, Vinjeronden, Midtronden eastern summit, Trolltinden, Storsmeden, Digerronden, and Veslesmeden. In many parts of the park, there are spread-out holes created by small remains of ice age glaciers, the history of life in the area of the park begins at the end of the latest ice age. Large climate changes allowed reindeer to spread widely across Scandinavia, only to be forced back to a smaller area — including the Rondane mountain area — only some hundreds of years later. Archaeologists have found that the forest quickly grew at high altitudes, on the mountain plateaux, there is evidence that nomadic hunter-gatherers lived off reindeer. Large traps used to catch reindeer can be found at Gravhø and these are constructed from stone to make holes or large fenced-in areas into which reindeer could be tricked or led. In conjunction with large traps, there are also small arched stone walls which are believed to have been used as hiding places for archers waiting for prey. Various dating methods have suggested that the earliest traps may be as old as 3500 years, most of the findings, including remains of houses, date back to the years between 500 and 700 AD. It is thus known with confidence that the traps and accompanying walls were used from the 6th century until the onset of the Black Death in the 14th century. After nearly a decade of planning, Rondane was established as the first Norwegian National Park on 21 December 1962 and it was first established as a nature protection area, but was later named a national park
16.
Sel
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Sel is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of the Gudbrand Valley. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Otta, the new municipality of Sel was created on 1 January 1908 when it was separated from Vågå municipality. The former municipality of Heidal was merged into Sel municipality on 1 January 1965, the municipality is named after the old Sel farm, since the first church was built there. The name is identical with the word sil which means slowly running, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 18 May 1985, the arms show a gold-colored girl playing a trumpet on a blue background. The image is based on the local Prillar-Guri legend, in 1612, a Scottish army marched through the area on its way to Sweden. They were stopped by the farmers at the Battle of Kringen. The legend tells that the farmers were warned for the Scots by a girl with a trumpet. Sel is bordered on the north by Dovre and Vågå municipalities, to the northeast it is bordered by Folldal municipality in Hedmark county. Large parts of the very first national park in Norway, Rondane National Park is situated in the municipality of Sel and has its main entrances from the villages of Høvringen. Although it has a population, Sel is one of the more scenic. A large concentration of Norway’s heritage-listed farms is located in Heidal in Sel municipality, Otta, named after the Otta River, is the population center. Otta lies at the point where the Otta River joins the Gudbrandsdalslågen from the west, the Otta River leads up to the historically important Vågå and Lom regions and the passes to the west over Jotunheimen. Jørundgard Medieval Center - This reconstructed 14th century medieval farm, the location of Sigrid Undsets novel Kristin Lavransdatter, was the site of a 1994 filming of Kransen, the buildings were furnished in medieval style for the film. It is open to the public and traditional crafts are demonstrated by staff, Selsverket - Sel municipality has a long tradition in mining and quarrying for minerals, soapstone, and slate. Selsverket was the works from the 18th century which was located approximately 2 kilometers north of Otta. There were also works in neighboring Folldal
17.
Ringebu
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Ringebu is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vålebru, the municipality of Ringebu was established on 1 January 1838. The area of Sollia was separated from Ringebu municipality to become a municipality of its own in 1864, the Old Norse form of the name was Ringabú or Hringabú. The first element is derived from ringr which means ring. The last element is bú which means rural district, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. The arms show three orange flames on a red background and this represents the three valleys and three parishes of Ringebu, Fåvang, and Venabygd. Fire was chosen to represent mankinds need for heat and light, the stave church at Ringebu, built around the year 1220, is one of fewer than 30 surviving stave churches and is one of the largest. Some 15 kilometres north of the church lies Hundorp farm, the home of Dale-Gudbrand. Dale-Gudbrand is mentioned in the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, the account of King Olafs conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized. Ringebu is bordered to the northwest by Sør-Fron municipality, to the southwest by Gausdal, to the south by Øyer, from Ringebu, two mountain passes provide road access into the Østerdal, one of these is closed during the winter. Because these mountain areas reliably provide good conditions, the area is a popular tourist destination. Kvitfjell ski area in Ringebu was expanded to serve as a venue for the 1994 Winter Olympics
18.
Lillehammer
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Lillehammer is a town and municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Lillehammer, as of May 2011, the population of the town of Lillehammer was 26,639. The city centre is a late 19th-century concentration of houses, which enjoys a picturesque location overlooking the northern part of lake Mjøsa. Lillehammer hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics and 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, before Oslos withdrawal from consideration, it was included as part of a bid to host events in the 2022 Winter Olympics if Oslo were to win the rights to hold the Games. The municipality was named after the old Hamar farm, since the first church was built there, the name is identical with the word hamarr. To distinguish it from the town and bishopric, both called Hamar, it began to be called little Hamar, Lilþlæ Hamar and Litlihamarr. It is also mentioned in the Old Norse sagas as Litlikaupangr, the coat-of-arms was granted in 1898 and shows a birkebeiner, carrying a spear and a shield, who is skiing down a mountainside. It symbolizes the importance of when the Birkebeiners carried the to-be-King Haakon from Lillehammer to Rena on skis. The area has settled since the Norwegian Iron Age, it is also mentioned as a site for council in 1390. Lillehammer had a market by the 1800s and obtained rights as a merchant city on 7 August 1827. The town of Lillehammer was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, the rural municipality of Fåberg was merged into the municipality of Lillehammer on 1 January 1964. A number of schools are located in Lillehammer including the Hammartun Primary and Lower Secondary School, Søre Ål Primary School and Kringsjå Primary, Lillehammer Public High School consists of two branches, North and South, both situated near the city center. The private High school Norwegian College of Elite Sports, NTG, Lillehammer University College is situated just north of the town itself. Lillehammer is also the home of the Nansen Academy - the Norwegian Humanistic Academy, the Nansen Academy is an educational institution for adult students with varied political, religious, and cultural backgrounds. The Academy was founded on the principles of humanism and aims at strengthening the knowledge of these principles. The 14th World Scout Jamboree was held from July 29 to August 7,1975 and was hosted by Norway at Lillehammer, to the southeast, it is bordered by Ringsaker municipality in Hedmark county. To the northwest is the mountain Spåtind, by Norwegian standards, Lillehammer has an inland climate, with the Scandinavian mountain chain to the west and north limiting oceanic influences
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Vorma
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Vorma is a river in Norway that brings water from lake Mjøsa into the Glomma river. The Vorma is 30 kilometres long and flows through the town of Eidsvoll, the Vorma flows from Lake Mjøsa at the village of Minnesund to join with the Glomma at Årnes. Vorma was so named because it was a river that never freezes over. The junction of the Vorma with the Glomma at Årnes and Nes is the site of the Funnefoss on the Glomma, the Eidsivating was, according to tradition, founded by Halvdan Svarte, and served as the ting place for all of the Opplands and Viken. Saint Olav also held a ting there and built a church at this site in 1017, in 1795 a landslide totally blocked the Vorma at Disen for 111 days, completely drying the riverbed. A channel was cut around it to prevent a major overflow, on the Vorma, south of Eidsvoll, lies the Svanfoss where the water level in Lake Mjøsa is regulated. A 6-by-60-metre lock, which bypassed the Svanfoss, lifting boats 3 metres to allow the bypassing of the fall, the Vorma discharges from Lake Mjøsa at the village of Minnesund on the southern lakeshore. The southern shore of Lake Mjøsa is a moraine deposit formed by a pause in the glacial ice retreat that occurred ~9,400 years before the present. The terminal moraine is characterized by substantial clay, sand and gravel deposits, the Vorma has eroded through these deposits, leaving steep banks with many high gradient tributaries forming cascades as they join the Vorma. The river cut down until it met the less-easily eroded intrusive sill at the center of Eidsvoll where it formed the Svanfoss. Falls are also found where the Vorma meets the Glomma - the Funnefoss, the glacial deposits also dammed up a side valley, forming lake Hurdalssjøen. The Hurdalssjøen discharges to the Vorma river at Eidsvoll via the tributary Andelva river, other tributaries include the Julsrudåa, the Jøndalsåa, and the Holtåa. East Norway and its Frontier by Frank Noel Stagg, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.1956 An overview of Norwegian canals, including one on the Vormas
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Glomma
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The Glomma, or Glåma, is the longest and largest river in Norway. The 621-kilometre-long river has a basin that covers a full 13% of Norways area. At its fullest length, the runs from the lake Aursund near Røros in Sør-Trøndelag. Major tributaries include the Vorma River, which drains Lake Mjøsa, the Lågen drains into Lake Mjøsa, collecting drainage from the large Gudbrandsdalen and significantly increasing the Glommas flow. Because it flows through some of the richest forest districts, it has historically been Norways leading log-floating river, the combination of raw materials, water power, and easy transport has over the centuries encouraged industry along the Glomma. Some of the countrys largest manufacturing and processing concerns are found around its mouth, the upper limit of the Glomma valley farms is variable, but typically runs about 500 metres in Østerdalen, slightly lower than in the Gudbrandsdalen, which reflects the colder climate. The treeline, with a birch forest, rises to about 900 metres in Østerdalen. Above Røros the forest is restricted to the valley floor, the upper river valleys of Norwegian rivers have distinctive names which are vestiges of earlier cultural distinctions such as building styles, traditional clothing or bunad and domestic crafts. The upper valley of the Glomma is the Østerdal, upon entering Lake Øyeren at Fetsund, the Glomma has formed Europes largest inland delta which reaches the opposite side of the lake, across its short axis. Some of the vast amount of silt that the Glomma deposits in Lake Øyeren is extracted to manufacture LECA building blocks used for in the construction of foundations in Norway. The form Glomma is used in Østfold and Akershus counties, while in Hedmark, the old form was Glaumr which comes from raumr, meaning a loud noise or thunder. Several places are named after the river, for instance Glåmdal, category, Populated places on the Glomma River Media related to Glomma at Wikimedia Commons
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Nes, Akershus
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Nes is a municipality in Akershus county, Norway. It is part of the region of Romerike. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Årnes, the municipality is named after the old Nes farm, since the first church was built here. The actual nes is the headland made by the two great rivers Glomma and Vorma, which have their meeting point just south of the farm, prior to 1889, the name was spelled Næs. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, the arms show three yellow logs on a green background. The position of the logs represents the meeting of the rivers Glomma and Vorma, the parish of Næs was established as a municipality of its own on 1 January 1838. Nes Church ruins are one of Norways best preserved church ruins, the old medieval stone church dated from ca 1100 and was extended into a cruciform church in 1697. After the fire the almost completely preserved walls were preserved as ruins, the new Nes church was completed in 1860. The municipality borders Eidsvoll, Ullensaker, Sørum, and Aurskog-Høland in Akershus county and Eidskog, Sør-Odal, Nes includes many natural attractions, such as parts of the river Glomma, as well as 168 lakes. Elk, beaver, wolf, and lynx can be found here, hunting and sportfishing are very prevalent. Eight hundred farms make the one of the largest producers of wheat in the country
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Old Norse
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Old Norse was a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during about the 9th to 13th centuries. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century, Old Norse was divided into three dialects, Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old West and East Norse formed a continuum, with no clear geographical boundary between them. For example, Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway, although Old Norwegian is classified as Old West Norse, most speakers spoke Old East Norse in what is present day Denmark and Sweden. Old Gutnish, the more obscure dialectal branch, is included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations. It developed its own features and shared in changes to both other branches. The 12th century Icelandic Gray Goose Laws state that Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders and Danes spoke the same language, another term used, used especially commonly with reference to West Norse, was norrœnt mál. In some instances the term Old Norse refers specifically to Old West Norse, the Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Kievan Rus, eastern England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in settlements in the East. In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language, in Kievan Rus, it survived the longest in Veliky Novgorod, probably lasting into the 13th century there. Norwegian is descended from Old West Norse, but over the centuries it has heavily influenced by East Norse. Old Norse also had an influence on English dialects and Lowland Scots and it also influenced the development of the Norman language, and through it and to a smaller extent, that of modern French. Various other languages, which are not closely related, have heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the Norman dialects, Scottish Gaelic. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are Ruotsi and Rootsi, of the modern languages, Icelandic is the closest to Old Norse. Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system, contemporary Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the phonemes, has changed at least as much as in the other North Germanic languages. Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, although Swedish, Danish and the Norwegian languages have diverged the most, they still retain asymmetric mutual intelligibility. Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, the languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders
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Districts of Norway
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The country Norway is historically divided into a number of districts. Many districts have deep roots, and only partially coincide with todays administrative units of counties and municipalities. The districts are defined by geographical features, often valleys, mountain ranges, fjords, plains, or coastlines, many such regions were petty kingdoms up to the early Viking age. A high percentage of Norwegians identify themselves more by the district live in or come from. Thus, dialects and regional commonality in folk culture tended to correspond to those same geographical units, the construction of railroads between distant parts of the country. The opening of dozens of new airports all over the country through the 1960s and 1970s, the release of private cars from government rationing and import restrictions from the 1950s onwards. A concrete display of the Norwegian habit of identifying themselves by district can be seen in the many regional costumes, called bunad, the following list is non-exhaustive and partially overlapping. The first name is the name in Bokmål, the second Nynorsk, helgeland Lofoten Ofoten Salten Vesterålen See also Finnmark, Hålogaland and Troms
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
