1.
Glasgow, Scotland
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
2.
Glam metal
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Glam metal is a subgenre of heavy metal which features pop-influenced hooks and guitar riffs, and borrows from the fashion of 1970s glam rock. Glam metal can be traced back to acts like Alice Cooper, Boston, Cheap Trick, Kiss, The New York Dolls. It was popular throughout the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, bringing to prominence bands including Poison, Skid Row, Cinderella, Glam metal was associated with flashy clothing and makeup. Poison, for example, had long shaggy or backcombed hair, accessories, metal studs, leather, Glam metal lost mainstream interest in the early 1990s as the perceived excesses of glam metal created a backlash against the genre. A factor in the decline of metal was the rise of grunge in the early 1990s, which had a stripped-down aesthetic. Musically, glam metal combines a traditional metal sound with elements of hard rock and punk rock, adding pop-influenced catchy hooks. Like other heavy metal songs of the 1980s, they often feature shred guitar solos and they also include extensive use of harmonies, particularly in the characteristic power ballads – slow, emotional songs that gradually build to a strong finale. These were among the most commercially successful singles in the genre, lyrical themes often deal with love and lust, with songs often directed at a particular woman. Aesthetically glam metal draws heavily on the rock or glitter rock of the 1970s, often with very long backcombed hair, use of make-up, gaudy clothing. The visual aspects of glam metal appealed to television producers, particularly MTV. Glam metal performers became infamous for their debauched lifestyles of drugs, strippers and late-night parties, sociologist Deena Weinstein points to the large number of terms used to describe more commercial forms of heavy metal, which she groups together as lite metal. Use of the derogatory term hair metal started in the early 1990s, Music journalist Stephen Davis claims the influences of the style can be traced back to acts like Aerosmith, Kiss, Boston, Cheap Trick, and The New York Dolls. Kiss and to a lesser extent Alice Cooper, were influences on the genre. Finnish band Hanoi Rocks, heavily influenced themselves by the New York Dolls, have been credited with setting a blueprint for the look of hair metal. Van Halen has been seen as influential on the movement, emerging in 1978 from the Los Angeles music scene on Sunset Strip. He popularized a technique of two‐handed hammer‐ons and pull‐offs called tapping. This sound, and lead singer David Lee Roths stage antics, would be influential on glam metal. In the early 1980s, a number of bands from across the United States began to move towards what would become the glam metal sound
3.
Hard rock
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Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
4.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
5.
A&M Records
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A&M Records was an American record label founded as an independent label by Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss in 1962. Due to the success of the discography A&M released, the label garnered interest and was acquired by PolyGram in 1989. Today, A&Ms catalog releases are managed by Verve Records, Universal Music Enterprises, A&M Records was formed in 1962 by Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss. Their first choice for a name was Carnival Records, under which they released two singles before discovering another label had already taken the Carnival name, the company was subsequently renamed A&M, after Alperts and Mosss initials. From 1966 to 1999, the headquarters were on the grounds of the historic Charlie Chaplin Studios at 1416 North La Brea Avenue. Marc Benno, Liza Minnelli, Rita Coolidge, Wes Montgomery, Paul Desmond, Bobby Tench, Hummingbird, Toni Basil, folk artists Joan Baez, Phil Ochs and Gene Clark also recorded for the label during the 1970s. Billy Preston joined the label in 1971, followed by Andre Popp, in the 1970s, under its manufacturing and distribution agreement with Ode Records, A&M released albums by Carole King and the comedy duo Cheech & Chong. On March 10,1977, A&M signed the Sex Pistols after the band had dropped by EMI. However, A&M dropped the band within a week, within a decade of its inception, A&M became the worlds largest independent record company. A&M releases were issued in the United Kingdom by EMIs Stateside Records label. From 1969, A&M set up their own UK base appointing John Deacon as General Manager - a post he held until 1979, A&M releases were also issued in Australia through Festival Records until 1989. A&M Records Ltd. was established in 1970, with distribution handled by other labels with a presence in Europe, A&M Records of Canada Ltd. was also formed in 1970, and A&M Records of Europe in 1977. In 1979, A&M entered an agreement with RCA Records in the USA. A&M was bought by PolyGram in 1989, Alpert and Moss continued to manage the label until 1993. In 1998, Alpert and Moss sued PolyGram for breach of the integrity clause, in 1991, A&M launched Perspective Records as a joint venture with producing team Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Jam and Lewis stepped down as CEOs of the imprint in 1997, in 1999, the label was absorbed into A&M. In the mid-1990s, A&M began distributing its PolyGram sister label Polydor Records in the USA, ceCe Peniston, Intelligent Hoodlum, Dred Scott, Ridel High and the Gin Blossoms. The company released the soundtracks Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves, The Three Musketeers, Sabrina, The Living Sea, Demolition Man, and Lethal Weapon 3
6.
Polydor Records
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Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
7.
El Presidente (band)
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El Presidente was a pop rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. Formed in 2002 by Gun member Dante Gizzi, the band gained exposure with slots at T in the Park 2005, V Festival 2005. The band have also supported Oasis, Duran Duran, Simple Minds, whilst touring in France with Gun, Gizzi came up with the name El Presidente and after Gun split, began working on his own songs. In 2002 he made a few demos, along with brother Jools, on a small sampler, after a couple of gigs at King Tuts in Glasgow as a solo artist with studio recorded backing tracks, Gizzi got a band together. The original line up included brother Jools on guitar and current drummer Dawn Zhu on drums, on signing up with One Records a subsidiary of GR management in Glasgow a couple of the original members decided they did not want to tour with the band. Gizzi then recruited Laura Marks, Thomas McNeice and Johnny McGlynn, shortly after the band signed a deal with Sony BMG. The bands first release was an edition, red 10 vinyl released on 31 January 2005 which was promoted by the bands first video. On 17 January they embarked on their first UK tour, supported by Stagger Lee, in February they shot their next video for the single 100 MPH. The accompanying video featured the playing the song in different size boxes. In April they supported Kasabian on another UK tour, then Oasis in May,100 MPH was released on 2 May on a two-track CD, a DVD single and limited yellow vinyl. It reached #37 in the UK Singles Chart, to promote it, the band made their début on the BBC Television music programme Top of the Pops, plus on GMTV and CD, UK. In June, the band played two back to sell out nights at King Tuts, and on 24 June 2005, were meant to play at the Glastonbury Festival, but their stage flooded. On 25 July 2005, the band released Without You, to promote it, they performed on GMTV, Top Of The Pops and TRL. They did a session on BBC Radio 2, there was a number of articles in The Sun and other national newspapers and the song was playlisted on BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2 and Xfm. The single reached number 30 in the UK chart, in July and August 2005 the band played some festivals, and a sell-out gig at The Liquid Rooms in Edinburgh. In September their next single was announced, which was to be a re-release of Rocket, the video was an edited down version of the older video, but the single was re-recorded with the current line-up. They appeared on TRL again, but only for an interview, on 24 October 2005, the bands début album was released. It reached number 57 in the UK Albums Chart, the band embarked on a full UK tour in September and October, and in early September supported Jamiroquai
8.
Toby Jepson
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Toby Matthew Jepson is a singer and songwriter, and was lead vocalist and guitarist in the British rock band Little Angels between 1984 and 1994. Between 2008 and 2010, he was the singer with Scottish rock band Gun. Jepson formed Mr Thrud with his school friend Mark Plunkett in Scarborough, eventually breaking out and achieving national success, Mr Thrud became Little Angels and went on to release three albums and tour the UK throughout the early 1990s. The band had twelve Top 40 hit singles, including Too Much, Too Young and Womankind in 1993, and they toured with Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams and Van Halen, and performed their own headlining tours taking in venues such as Hammersmith Apollo and The Royal Albert Hall. They were arguably one of the most successful and popular British bands of their time, when the band split in 1994, Jepson continued to write and produce music. His solo debut album was released in 1995 under the moniker Toby & The Whole Truth, Ignorance Is Bliss showed a different side to his songwriting, and he embarked on a tour to support it. This tour was cut due to illness that developed into pneumonia, and this affected sales of the album and his profile. Jepson spent a long out of the spotlight, during which time he moved to Bristol. He earned a living working as an actor on various productions and busying himself with various projects - including writing and recording. He returned to the eye in late 2001 and announced a short club tour with a new band. He toured the UK through the start of 2002, and released the Refresh EP over the Internet, a re-issue of Ignorance Is Bliss was also made available at this time. As a premium membership feature of his website, he launched the MP3 Club in which subscribers would receive exclusive recordings delivered straight to their inbox via email every month. Jepson and his continued writing and recording when they got off the road. Around this time work commenced on Twisted Rhapsodies, a collection of live material, demos. Before its release, however, Jepson announced over his website that it was likely that this was to be his final output, in November 2005, Jepsons fortunes appear to have improved considerably, and he resurfaced again to tour with Thunder. He toured twice in the UK during 2006, The first tour supporting Thunder, and this new tour premiered new songs to a fan base. In March 2007, Jepson released the first of three EPs entitled Guitar, Bass and Drums, and immediately began touring to promote them. In addition to headlining his own shows, he was a special guest to former Black Sabbath vocalist Glenn Hughes, at a date in Shepherds Bush, EP2 was released in September 2007 to rave reviews
9.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
10.
Word Up! (song)
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Word Up. is a funk and R&B song recorded by Cameo in 1986. Its frequent airing, on American dance and R&B radio, as well as its MTV music video, in the UK, it spent 10 weeks in the top 40, peaking at number 3 on September 21,1986. The song was written by band members Larry Blackmon and Tomi Jenkins, besides being a commercial success, the track also earned critical acclaim from several publications. Word Up. won Cameo the Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single as well as the NME Award for Best Dance Record, like the bands previous single Single Life, Word Up. Features a reference to the notes of Ennio Morricones theme to The Good, the Bad. Word Up was a colloquialism, popular in New York City and other US urban areas, Blackmon said of the song, It just sounded good, and it was before its time. You can play “Word Up” anyplace anywhere, and someone is going to be grooving and bobbing their head and our sound was unique, as well. I haven’t heard another one like it, and we probably won’t hear another one like it in the future and it was that significant for us. In the 1990s, Word Up. was first covered by British rock band Gun, whose version carried a harder, more rock-oriented sound, taken from their album Swagger, it was released on July 1,1994, and reached number 8 in the UK singles chart. Two versions of the CD single were released in the UK, each carrying different cover art, guns version of the song was featured on the soundtrack to 1996 film Barb Wire, and was also used in the CSI, Crime Scene Investigation season one episode Who Are You. The Gun version was featured on the 2011 series of British television show Dancing on Ice. Word Up. was later covered by Mel B of the Spice Girls and it was released on June 28,1999. It peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, the single was also on the Austin Powers, The Spy Who Shagged Me soundtrack and was later featured on the Japanese edition of her album Hot. Word Up. sold about 77,996 copies in the United Kingdom, Digital download EP Word Up –3,23 Sophisticated Lady –2,43 Word Up –5,31 Word Up. by American nu metal band Korn is a cover of the Cameo song. Its musical arrangements are similar to that of the version by Gun. It is the only Korn single to be sent out to Top 40 radio stations, notably receiving airplay on New York Citys Z-100, the largest Top 40 station in the US. The music video for the song, directed by Antti Jokinen, the cover was featured in Credit Where Credits Due, an episode of the television series Veronica Mars. The track is featured in the video game Lego Rock Band
11.
Jim McDermott
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James Adelbert Jim McDermott is an American politician who was the U. S. Representative for Washingtons 7th congressional district from 1989 to 2017 and he is a member of the Democratic Party. The 7th District includes most of Seattle, Vashon Island, Tukwila, Burien, Shoreline, Lake Forest Park, Lynnwood, Mountlake Terrace, Woodway and he served on the House Ways and Means Committee and was a member of the House Progressive Caucus. He was formerly the chairman, then in 1995, ranking minority member on the House Ethics Committee. On January 4,2016, he announced that he would not be seeking another congressional term, McDermott was born on December 28,1936, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Roseanna and William McDermott. In 1970, McDermott made his first run for office and was elected to the Washington state legislature as a representative from the 43rd District. He did not seek re-election in 1972 but instead ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Washington, in 1974, he ran for the state senate, and subsequently was re-elected three times, to successive four-year terms. In 1980, while still a senator, McDermott defeated incumbent Dixy Lee Ray in the Democratic primary for governor. He ran again in 1984, losing the primary to Booth Gardner, in 1988, the seat for Washingtons 7th congressional district came open when five-term incumbent Mike Lowry gave it up to make an unsuccessful run for the Senate. McDermott returned from Africa to run for the seat and he won handily with 71 percent of the vote. McDermott has been re-elected 11 times with no substantive opposition and he usually gets wide support in his district, the most Democratic white-majority district in the nation, even in disastrous years for Democrats nationally. In 1994, for instance, he won with 75% of the vote even as the Republicans won control of Congress and took all and he was re-elected in 2010, taking 83 percent of the vote against independent challenger Bob Jeffers-Schroder. No Republican filed to contest the election in 2010, in 2012 McDermott was challenged in the Democratic primary by attorney Andrew Hughes. Despite spending more than $200,000 on his campaign, Hughes won just 6-percent of the vote to McDermotts 71-percent, in the general election, McDermott won just under 80% of the vote, against Republican Ron Bemis. The program established, known as HOPWA, has grown to be a line in United States budget. Despite the long-term focus of the legislation, according to HUD. The bill was one of the last signed by President George H. W. Bush before he left office, after this trip, McDermotts opponents dubbed him Baghdad Jim, his supporters claimed that he had been proven correct on the facts. On March 26,2008, a Bush Administration indictment accused Muthanna Al-Hanooti of arranging for the trip and paying for it with funds from Saddam Husseins intelligence agency, the IIS
12.
Sharleen Spiteri
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Sharleen Eugene Spiteri is a Scottish recording artist and songwriter from Bellshill, Lanarkshire, Scotland, and the lead singer of the rock band Texas. In 2013, Texass worldwide album sales were counted at 35 million and her debut solo album Melody was released in 2008, followed by a second solo album The Movie Songbook was released in March 2010. During this time, Spiteri was a judge on the Sky music talent show, a 25th-anniversary album followed in 2015 entitled Texas 25. Spiteri was born in Bellshill, Lanarkshire, to father Eddie, a merchant seaman and mother Vilma. Spiteri is of Maltese, Italian, Irish and German descent, when she was young the family moved from the Glaswegian suburbs to nearby Balloch, close to the banks of Loch Lomond. At school her nickname was ‘Spit the Dog’, after the character on the TV show Tiswas, sharleen was a hairdresser in Muirhead, North Lanarkshire until Texas became her sole priority in 1988. Spiteri has a vocal range. Spiteris musical influences include the Clash, Blondie, Marvin Gaye and she is also a dedicated Diana Ross fan. Spiteri co-founded the band working at the Irvine Rusk salon as a hairdresser in Glasgow with band mates Johnny McElhone. The band gained success with their debut single I Dont Want a Lover which at No.8 in the UK Singles Chart. Later singles released from Southside were not as successful, Thrill Has Gone which charted at No.60 on the UK Singles Chart, Everyday Now at No.44 and Prayer For You at No.73. Only four singles were released from Southside before going on a tour, Texass second studio album Mothers Heaven was released soon after the band released an extended play to help promote the album, Extracts from Mothers Heaven was released in 1991. The album was released on 23 September 1991 and was not as successful as Southside, promotion had stopped for Mothers Heaven and again the band returned to the studio to work on their third album Ricks Road. Ricks Road was released in 1993, again, not as successful as the band and fans had hoped for, but chart and sales wise, the album did better than Mothers Heaven. Ricks Road charted at No.18 on the UK Album Charts, the albums lead single So Called Friend charted at No.30 on the UK Singles Chart and the second You Owe It All To Me charted at No.39. The further three singles released, So In Love With You charted at No.28 in the United Kingdom, the further two singles Youve Got To Give a Little and Fade Away did not chart in the United Kingdom. In 1997, Texas came back to the scene with the international hit Say What You Want. The song was released internationally on 6 January 1997, the song became the bands highest charting single to date on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No.3
13.
Texas (band)
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Texas are a Scottish pop rock band from Glasgow. They were founded by Johnny McElhone in 1986 and feature Sharleen Spiteri on lead vocals, Texas made their performing debut in March 1988 at the University of Dundee. They took their name from the 1984 Wim Wenders movie Paris, Southside debuted at number three in the UK and number 88 on the US Billboard 200 album charts. Despite the success of Southside, the follow-up albums Mothers Heaven and Ricks Road were less successful, peaking at #32, the bands fortunes changed in 1997 with the release of their White on Blonde album which entered the UK Albums Chart at number one and became their biggest seller. To date it has been certified platinum in the UK. Follow up album, The Hush was also successful, debuting at one on the UK album charts. The bands Greatest Hits album, released in 2000, was another big seller, again debuting at number one and also being certified six-times platinum. Texas would go on to release a further two albums, Careful What You Wish For in 2003, and Red Book in 2005. After the release of Red Book and a tour to support the albums release, lead singer Sharleen Spiteri launched a solo career, releasing her debut solo album, Melody, in 2008. As of 2017, Texass projected sales had accumulated to 40 million records to date, as well as scoring thirteen UK top ten singles, the bands debut single, I Dont Want a Lover, was released in January 1989. It reached No.8 on the UK Singles Charts and No.77 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as Top 40 positions in various countries worldwide. The band released their album, Southside, in March 1989. Despite this success, Texas spent much of the late 1980s performing as a band for acts such as Foregone Conclusion. However, three singles from the album all failed to make the UK Top 40, with Thrill Has Gone reaching No. 60, Everyday Now faring little better at No,44, and Prayer for You stalling at No.73. The bands second album, Mothers Heaven, was released in September 1991 and it was preceded by the single Why Believe in You, but this failed to reach the UK Top 40 stalling at No.66 on the UK Singles Charts. This did not bode well for the album, which peaked at No.32 in the UK. A second single, In My Heart, fared worse and became Texass lowest charting single in the UK,74, making it their fifth single in a row to failed to break the Top 40
14.
Backing vocalist
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Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. In some cases, a singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalists entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a range of popular music, traditional music. Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts, in many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums, or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing, in some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song, in pop and country songs, backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus section of the songs. While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is performing backing vocals, two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as In My Room. All five members would sing lead, although most often Brian Wilson or Mike Love would sing lead with guitarists Carl Wilson and Al Jardine, examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include Nowhere Man, Because, Day Tripper, and This Boy. Former guitarist John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers sang nearly all backing vocals often singing some parts without accompaniment from lead vocalist Anthony Kiedis, the bands bassist Flea occasionally filled in for additional vocals. Frusciante usually sang one song by himself during concerts, another example is No Frontiers by The Corrs, which is sung by Sharon and Caroline. In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing, one famous example is Freddie Mercury of Queen singing the first part of Bohemian Rhapsody himself by overdubbing. With the exception of a few songs on album, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie. Some bands, such as Hawthorne Heights and Finch have the backup singers do harsh vocals to highlight specific lyrics. Pop and R&B vocalists such as Diana Ross, Ariana Grande, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé Knowles, Brandy, Faith Evans, DAngelo, when they perform live, they may have backing vocalists that impersonate their voices. Some bands use backing vocals in order to contrast with the singer who may be performing an unusual vocal technique. In rap music, a rapper who chants and rhymes to support the main artist is often referred to as hype man
15.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
17.
Top of the Pops
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Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, is a British music chart television programme, made by the BBC and originally broadcast weekly between 1 January 1964 and 30 July 2006. It was traditionally shown every Thursday evening on BBC1, except for a period on Fridays in mid-1973 before being again moved to Fridays in 1996. Each weekly programme consisted of performances from some of that weeks best-selling popular music artists, additionally, there was a special edition of the programme on Christmas Day, featuring some of the best-selling singles of the year. With its high viewing figures the show became a significant part of British popular culture, although the weekly show was cancelled in 2006, the Christmas special has continued. It also survives as Top of the Pops 2, which began in 1994, in the 1990s, the shows format was sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown in nearly 100 countries. Editions of the programme from the 1970s are being repeated on most Thursdays and Fridays on BBC Four, Top of the Pops was created by BBC producer Johnnie Stewart, inspired by the popular Teen and Twenty Disc Club which aired on Radio Luxembourg. It was first aired in 1964 and was based on the Top 20. By 1970 the Top 30 was being used and the show was extended from 30 to 45 minutes duration, the show was also now shown in colour following the BBC1 upgrade in November 1969. A switch to the Top 40 was made in 1984, the show saw many changes through the decades, in style, design, fashion and taste. It periodically had some aspect of its sequence, logo and theme tune, format, or set design altered in some way. The programme had several executive producers during its run, in charge of the production of the show. When Stewart left the show in 1973, after nearly 10 years in charge, both Stewart and Nash made brief returns to the show as producer after they left, in 1976 and 1981 respectively. Stewart devised the rules which governed how the show would operate, the programme would end with the number one record. The show would include the highest new entry and the highest climber on the charts, tracks could be featured in consecutive weeks in different formats. For example, if a song was played over the chart countdown or the closing credits, when the programmes format changed in November 2003, it concentrated increasingly on the top 10. Later, during the BBC Two era, the top 20 was regarded as the main point, with the exception made for up. Singles from below the top 40 were shown if the band were up, if a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words New Entry were shown and not the chart position. Top of the Pops was first broadcast on Wednesday,1 January 1964 at 6,35 pm and it was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, Manchester
18.
Steel Wheels
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Steel Wheels is the 19th British and 21st American studio album by The Rolling Stones, released in 1989. It is also long-time bassist Bill Wymans final full-length studio album with the Stones, Wymans final tenure with the band would be on two studio tracks for 1991s Flashpoint. Following the release of 1986s Dirty Work, and Jaggers active pursuit of a solo career, while Jagger released the tepidly received Primitive Cool in 1987, Richards recorded Talk Is Cheap, his solo debut, which would be released in 1988 to rave reviews. The two years largely apart appeared to have healed the wounds sufficiently to begin resurrecting their partnership, recording in Montserrat and London during the spring months, Steel Wheels was designed to emulate a classic Rolling Stones sound. The one notable exception was Continental Drift, an Eastern-flavoured piece, with The Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar, recorded in June 1989 in Tangier, with much of the past disagreements behind them, sessions for Steel Wheels were fairly harmonious. Critical reaction was warm, with Steel Wheels reaching No.2 in the UK, follow-up singles were Rock and a Hard Place, Almost Hear You Sigh and Terrifying. Overall sales were strong worldwide selling over 5.5 million copies, the mammoth Steel Wheels Tour, which finished in mid-1990 after being re-titled the Urban Jungle Tour, was an enormous financial success. In 1990, FOX aired a 3-D television special of the Steel Wheels tour, unlike anaglyphic 3-D which requires the familiar red and green glasses, the method used was the Pulfrich Effect which permitted full-color video. The film was shot by Gerald Marks of PullTime 3-D in NYC, an IMAX film of the tour was released the next year, which still plays sporadically at IMAX venues around the world. Against all odds, and at this date, the Stones have once again generated an album that will have the world dancing to deeply troubling. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes The Stones sound good, and Mick and it doesnt make for a great Stones album, but its not bad, and it feels like a comeback – which it was supposed to, after all. The album was the Rolling Stones first digital recording, in 1994, Steel Wheels was remastered and reissued by Virgin Records, and again in 2009 by Universal Music. On December 2,2015, a new SHM-CD version will be released by Universal Japan, all songs composed by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except Almost Hear You Sigh co-written by Steve Jordan
19.
Gallus (album)
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Gallus is the second album from Scottish rock band Gun. Singles Higher Ground, Steal Your Fire, and Welcome to the Real World reached #48, #24, gallus itself peaked at the #14 slot on the countrys official albums chart. The releases cover shows Benny Lynch, a renowned Scottish boxer from Glasgow, he achieved international fame during his career and continued notoriety after his death in August 1946. The albums release took place when the group was a made up of vocalist Mark Rankin alongside guitarists Alex Dickson and Giuliano Gizzi, bassist Dante Gizzi. Gallus was produced by Kenny MacDonald, who had previously produced work by singer-songwriter Lloyd Cole, al Clay did the audio engineering on the album. He had previously engineered releases by such as the American groups Pixies
20.
Swagger (Gun album)
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Swagger is the third album from the Glasgow, Scotland based rock band Gun. It features their most successful single, their cover of Word Up, done in the groups melodic hard rock style, provided a commercial boost to its parent album. Their version earned the band the Best Cover trophy at the first international MTV Europe Music Awards, the track was originally recorded by American funk group Cameo. The album produced a total of four U. K, top 40 singles between July 1994 and April 1995, Word Up. Dont Say Its Over, The Only One, and Something Worthwhile, the first track was on the official British singles chart for a total of seven weeks. Swagger has also received mixed to positive reviews from various publications such as Allmusic. The albums release took place after a change in the bands line-up, with the group becoming a quartet made up of Mark Rankin, Giuliano Gizzi, Dante Gizzi. Swagger was produced and engineered by Chris Sheldon and he had previously worked with other English, Irish, and Scottish artists such as the singer-songwriters Hugh Cornwell, Gary Numan, and Roger Waters in the 1980s and 1990s. Nina Schultz took the photographs of the group from which the cover was picked. In 2005, the album was ranked #465 in the German language book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time, an online article from the publication stated that each and every track on the album could potentially serve as a hit single. A supportive yet mixed review by music critic Tim DiGravina of Allmusic stated that the group finds it hard to settle on any one style throughout Swagger while noting the large cult following. The critic also remarked on the similarity of style in some respects to Simple Minds, mentioning how Guns then drummer, Mark Kerr, is the brother of that other groups vocalist, Jim Kerr. Guns version of Word Up. won the Best Cover trophy at the first international MTV Europe Music Awards, with that event being held on November 24,1994 at Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. Said event was hosted by notable singer-songwriter Tom Jones, Gun edged out Wet Wet Wets take on Love Is All Around and the Pet Shop Boys cover of Go West among other songs. Swagger reached the peak of #5 on the official British albums chart, stand in Line Find My Way Word Up. Dont Say Its Over The Only One Something Worthwhile Seems Like Im Losing You Crying Over You One Reason Vicious Heart 1994 in music Chris Sheldon production discography Gun - Official Website
21.
Bruce Dickinson
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Paul Bruce Dickinson, known professionally as Bruce Dickinson, is an English singer, songwriter, musician, airline pilot, author and broadcaster. He is the singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden and is renowned for his wide-ranging operatic vocal style. Born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, Dickinson began his career in music fronting small pub bands in the 1970s while attending school in Sheffield and university in London. In 1979, he joined the new wave of British heavy metal band Samson, with whom he gained popularity under the stage name Bruce Bruce. He left Samson in 1981 to join Iron Maiden, replacing Paul DiAnno, during his first tenure in the band, they issued a series of US and UK platinum and gold albums in the 1980s. Dickinson quit Iron Maiden in 1993 to pursue his solo career and he rejoined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, with whom he has released five subsequent studio albums. Since his return to Iron Maiden, he issued one further solo record in 2005 and his younger cousin, Rob Dickinson, is the former lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel, while his son, Austin, fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain. Outside his career in music, Dickinson is well known for his variety of other pursuits. Following Astraeus closure, he created his own maintenance and pilot training company in 2012. Paul Bruce Dickinson was born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire and his mother, Sonia, worked part-time in a shoe shop, and his father, Bruce, was a mechanic in the army. Dickinsons birth hurried the young couple, then just teenagers, into marriage, initially, he was brought up by his grandparents, his grandfather was a coal-face worker at the local colliery and his grandmother was a housewife. This is referred to in his song Born In 58 from the album Tattooed Millionaire, Dickinson started school at Manton Primary in Worksop while his parents moved away to Sheffield. Soon afterwards, when he was six, he was despatched to Sheffield. After six months, his parents decided to move him to a private school called Sharrow Vale Junior. Due to constant moving, Dickinson states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to close friends. Dickinson has a sister, professional showjumper Helena Stormanns, who was born in 1963. He tried to isolate himself from her as much as he could when he was young, supposedly out of spite because she, unlike him, was a planned pregnancy and birth. Dickinsons first musical experience was dancing in his grandparents front room to Chubby Checkers The Twist, the first record Dickinson recalls owning was The Beatles single She Loves You, which he managed to persuade his grandfather to buy him, which made him more interested in music
22.
Jim Kerr
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James Jim Kerr is a Scottish musician and singer-songwriter, best known as lead singer of the rock band Simple Minds, who achieved five UK No.1 albums and a No.1 single Ballad of the Streets EP. He released his first solo album, Lostboy, AKA Jim Kerr, on 27 May 2010. Kerrs voice has been described as David Bowies rich baritone melded with Bryan Ferrys velvety croon, born in Toryglen, Glasgow with Irish ancestry, Kerr attended Holyrood R. C. He had a stammer during childhood and in his early teens, in 1977, he was one of the founding members of the 6-piece punk rock band Johnny and the Self Abusers. Calling himself Pripton Weird, he played keyboards and shared vocals with John Milarky, allan McNeill was also involved with the band, and went on to be the manager of the Pop band Hue and Cry. The band lasted 8 months, during which time Kerr emerged as one of the main songwriters. In November 1977 they changed their name to Simple Minds, quickly reduced to 4 members, then increased to 5, then 6, then back to 5 before a period of stability ensued. He continues to record and tour with Simple Minds, who released their latest album Big Music in October 2014 and are working on their 18th album. Jim currently lives in Taormina, Sicily, where he runs a hotel, three UK club dates in the spring of 2010 featured both new material and Simple Minds back catalogue and a full European tour followed. Shadowland was released as the first single from the album, the album version of the song was made available to listen as an audio stream on 13 March 2010. A new remix, more suitable for airplay, was done by Cenzo Townshend whom Jim Kerr chose because of Townshendss previous work with Simple Minds latest album Graffiti Soul. A promotional single with the new mixes of the song was shipped to radio stations on 4 April 2010. Shadowland was originally meant to be released as a physical release. The three tracks on the single were the same three tracks previously available on the Shadowland radio promo single. The album version of Refugee was premiered on Billy Sloans show on 7 March 2010, a week later, the full album version of Refugee was made available as a download from the initial www. lostboyaka. com website. On 13 April 2010 Refugee was released as the track of the Welcome Gift 1 free download twin pack which was released as part of the main website launch of www. lostboyaka. com. In addition to the released album version of Refugee, the free download twin pack included the track What Goes On. The package also included the artwork and a text file requesting that the tracks not be uploaded to any other site and she Fell in Love With Silence was released as a single on 15 August 2010
23.
Simple Minds
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Simple Minds are a Scottish rock band that formed in Glasgow in 1977. Simple Minds are the most commercially successful Scottish band of the 1980s and they have achieved five UK number one albums during their career and have sold 30 million records worldwide. Despite various personnel changes, they continue to record and tour, the band scored a string of hit singles, becoming best known internationally for their 1985 hit Dont You, from the soundtrack of the film The Breakfast Club. Their other more prominent hits include Alive and Kicking and Belfast Child, in 2016, they won the British Academys Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection. The core of the band is the two remaining founding members – Jim Kerr and Charlie Burchill, the other current band members are Andy Gillespie, drummer Mel Gaynor and Ged Grimes. Former members include bass guitarist Derek Forbes, drummer Brian McGee, the roots of Simple Minds are in the short-lived punk band Johnny & The Self-Abusers, founded on the South Side of Glasgow in 1977. The band was conceived by would-be Glasgow scene-maker Alan Cairnduff, although he left the job of organising the band to his friend John Milarky. At Cairnduff’s suggestion, Milarky teamed up two musicians he had never worked with before – budding singer and lyricist Jim Kerr and guitarist Charlie Burchill. Kerr and Burchill had known each other since the age of eight, after joining Johnny & The Self-Abusers, they brought in two of their school friends, Brian McGee on drums and Tony Donald on bass. With Milarky established as singer, guitarist and saxophonist, the line-up was completed by his friend Allan McNeill as third guitarist, Kerr and Burchill also doubled on keyboards and violin respectively. In common with the punk bands, various members took on stage names—Milarky became Johnnie Plague, Kerr became Pripton Weird, MacNeil chose Sid Syphilis. Johnny & The Self-Abusers played their first gig on Easter Monday,11 April 1977, the band played support to rising punk stars Generation X in Edinburgh two weeks later. The band went on to play a summer of concerts in Glasgow, in November 1977, Johnny & The Self-Abusers released its only single, Saints and Sinners, on Chiswick Records. The band split on the day that the single was released, with Milarky. Ditching the stage names and the overt punkiness, the members continued together as Simple Minds. In January 1978, Simple Minds recruited Duncan Barnwell as a second guitarist, meanwhile, Kerr had abandoned keyboards to concentrate entirely on vocals. In March 1978, Kerr, Burchill, Donald, Barnwell, the band rapidly established a reputation as an exciting live act and gained a management deal with Bruce Findlay, owner of the Bruces Records chain of record shops. Findlay also owned Zoom Records, and used his position to get Simple Minds signed to Arista, by early 1980, Findlay would have become the bands full-time manager via his Schoolhouse Management company
24.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
25.
INXS
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INXS were an Australian rock band, formed as The Farriss Brothers in 1977 in Sydney, New South Wales. They began playing covers in Western Australian pubs and clubs, occasionally playing some of their original music, mainstays were main composer and keyboardist Andrew Farriss, drummer Jon Farriss, guitarists Tim Farriss and Kirk Pengilly, bassist Garry Gary Beers and main lyricist and vocalist Michael Hutchence. For twenty years, INXS was fronted by Hutchence, whose good looks. Initially known for their new style, the band later developed a harder pub rock style that included funk. In 1980, INXS first charted in their native Australia with their debut self-titled album, but later garnered moderate success in countries with Shabooh Shoobah. Though The Swing brought more success from around the world, its single Original Sin was even greater commercially, in the 1990s, INXS achieved a greater fan following through Hutchences romance with fellow Australian singer Kylie Minogue, and achieved greater acclaim in the United Kingdom. However, starting with Welcome to Wherever You Are, in 1992, after Hutchence was found dead in his hotel suite in Sydney in November 1997, the band did not perform publicly for a year. They made appearances with several guest singers, including Jimmy Barnes, Terence Trent DArby and Jon Stevens, Stevens formally joined the band for a tour and recording session in 2002. In 2005, members of INXS participated in Rock Star, INXS, with Fortune, the band released Pretty Vegas and Afterglow as singles, and the album Switch. In late 2010, the recorded and released Original Sin. INXS won six Australian Recording Industry Association awards including three for Best Group in 1987,1989 and 1992, and was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2001, as of June 2015, INXS has sold over 50 million records worldwide. The origins of the band began with Andrew Farriss convincing his fellow Davidson High School classmate, Michael Hutchence, to join his band, Doctor Dolphin. The band contained two other classmates, Kent Kerny and Neil Sanders and a player, Garry Beers and Geoff Kennely, from a nearby high school. In 1977, Tim Farriss, Andrews older brother, invited Andrew, Hutchence and Beers to join him, Tim and Pengilly had been playing together since 1971 as either an acoustic duo, Kirk and Tim, or as a four-piece band called Guinness. The band made their debut on 16 August 1977 at Whale Beach,40 km north of Sydney. Andrew Farriss remembers, I thought the show went really well, but I think my dad summed it up the day, Great show. I think everyone might have been stoned and they briefly performed as The Vegetables, singing We Are the Vegetables, before returning to Sydney ten months later, where they recorded a set of demos. At a chance meeting in the car park of the Narrabeen Antler, a pub in Narrabeen on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Tim was approached by Gary Morris, the manager of Midnight Oil
26.
Rock Radio Scotland
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Rock Radio Glasgow is a New Scottish independent local radio station owned by RockScotLtd. The majority of programming will soon broadcast from its studios in Glasgow, the station launched as Rock Radio Scotlands first classic rock station by GMG Radio when they bought the licence previous owned by UTV Radio and branded as Q96, playing pop music of all types. On 28 July 2011 it was announced that GMG Radio would be rebranding sister station 106.1 Rock Radio as Real Radio XS for its Manchester audience. Around the same time, the director announced his departure from the station. Two months later, GMG announced the station would not be sold off and it was confirmed in March that the relaunch would take place on 7 April 2014. At other times the station simulcasts Xfm London content, the station was based at Baillieston to the east of Glasgow and broadcast to Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, West Central Scotland and Central Scotland until the end of 2015 as XFM. The licence has since been readvertised for Glasgow and The West of Scotland, the relaunch of 96. 3FM is due to be announced, with officials suggesting that the station may launch in the Summer. Tom Russell Billy Rankin Ted Rock Jim Gellatly Official website
27.
Music therapy
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Neurologic music therapy is the therapeutic application of music to cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunctions that come from human neurologic diseases. NMT treatment is based on stimulating music perception and production parts in the brain. Here are seven common neurologic dysfunctions categorized into one of four domains that are motor, sensory, cognitive, for each dysfunction, specific parts of the brain are impaired, and the corresponding locations of the brain are denoted with Brodmann area numbers. In neuroscience, a Brodmann area is a way to express different regions of cerebral cortex based on diverse cortical functions. Motor dysfunction involves malfunctioning of the system controlling muscles and movement of body. For stroke patients, the circuit has a difficult time being activated by itself. Using music-supported therapy, their motor circuit can be co-activated along with auditory cortex and this therapy is based on neuroplasticity, the capacity of brain to induce plastic changes and repair damaged brains of adults. After brain damage, new connections and pathways can be built, reshaped. Music-supported therapy has developed recently to improve the upper extremity function of stroke patients. Patients learn to play electronic pianos and electronic drums, each serving as a training method for fine. An intensive one-month program is conducted on stroke patients which teaches them to move their upper extremities in sync along with the song. After finishing this program, chronic stroke patients showed significant motor improvements in Action Research Arm Test, there was partial re-establishment of the default dynamics of the motor circuit, and this is induced by auditory-motor network co-activation. Also, after finishing this program, the song was played to these patients. From this fMRI study, researchers discovered bilateral activation of both auditory and motor circuits, stroke patients can improve on initiating movements by music-supported therapy which utilizes auditory cortex for co-activation of motor circuit system. An experiment was done on cats to prove rescue effect of enriched acoustic environment from hearing loss, fourteen short-hair, wild-type cats were exposed to a traumatizing noise of high frequency around 40 dB for two hours as an experimental group. As a result of the exposure, significant damage is observed in the frequency region of cochlea. This decrease in firing rates shifts the cortical tonotopic map toward a lower frequency range and this reorganization of cortical tonotopic map can result in tinnitus or phantom sound. After this impairment, half of the cats were placed in a room
28.
T in the Park
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T in the Park festival is a major Scottish music festival that has been held annually since 1994. It is named after its sponsor, the brewing company Tennents. The event was held at Strathclyde Park, Lanarkshire but was held at the disused Balado airfield. In 2015 the festival moved to Strathallan Castle, Strathallan, Perthshire, originally a two-day event, the festival became a three-day event in 2007. Promoted by DF Concerts, the event attracts up to 255,000 people, the festival was founded in 1994 by Stuart Clumpas and Geoff Ellis, as part of a joint venture between DF Concerts and Tennents Lager with some help from Irish promotions company MCD Productions. Stuart Clumpas left as an organiser in 2001, selling his interests in the concert. Current festival director Geoff Ellis was involved from the start, Ellis came to Scotland in 1992 to manage King Tuts Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow. He organised the first T in the Park festival in 1994 with a smattering of bands playing to 17,000 people at its site at Strathclyde Park. The festival was held there for three years until 1997, where it was held at the disused Balado airfield, Kinross-shire. After moving to Balado the festival grew larger and by 2003, the festival was originally a two-day event until 2007, when the Friday became a mainstay event for live music. However, the 2007 festival was sullied for many festival-goers who missed acts on the Friday due to traffic jams of 10 miles on the A91. To prevent a repeat of the chaos, in 2008 organisers allowed a limited number of campers to pitch up on the Thursday in order to cut the number of cars on the roads on the Friday. As of 2013, it attracted up to 255,000 people over three days, drawing fans from across Britain and Europe, according to DF Concerts, 20% of the crowd is made up of visitors from outside Scotland, with about 2% attending from overseas. In recent years, the festival has shared much of its line-up with Oxegen, acts usually play T in the Park one day and Oxegen the next, or vice versa. In an attempt to boost ticket sales, the 2014 festival saw an extension of the duration on stage. On the Friday, the acts were scheduled to start around lunchtime as opposed to 5 pm, the 2014 festival was the last to take place at the Balado site. Despite having run on the site since 1997, safety concerns were expressed about the Forties Pipeline. In 2015 the festival moved 20.54 miles to the Strathallan Castle Estate in the county of Perthshire
29.
Shepherd's Bush Empire
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Shepherds Bush Empire is a music venue in Shepherds Bush, London, run by the Academy Music Group. It was built in 1903 as a hall and in 1953 became the BBC Television Theatre. Since 1994, it has operated as a music venue and it is a Grade II listed building. The Shepherds Bush Empire was built in 1903 for impresario Oswald Stoll, ashlys Circus performed at Shepherds Bush Empire and presented to George Strong a trophy for riding The Bucking Mule Sloper on 8 September 1905. The first performers at the new theatre were The Fred Karno Troupe including Charlie Chaplin, the Empire staged music-hall entertainments, such as variety performances and revues, until the early 1950s, by which time the popularity of these forms of entertainment was declining. During World War II, the Shepherds Bush Empire narrowly escaped being hit by a flying bomb, the Pavilion did not re-open until 1955. In 1953, the Empire was sold to the BBC, which put it to use as a television studio–theatre, among the programmes produced there were Crackerjack, The Old Grey Whistle Test, Thats Life. In 1985, the theatre was turned over for use by Wogan. The BBC vacated the building in 1991 and it was taken over again, this time in 1993 by entrepreneur Andrew Mahler, who invested over £1m in the building in improvements and refurbishments. In 1994 the building re-opened under its name of the Shepherds Bush Empire, since when it has hosted gigs. In November 2007 Amy Winehouse recorded I Told You I Was Trouble, in addition to this, Transatlantics third live release, Whirld Tour 2010, Live in London, was recorded and filmed at the venue. Folk rock band Mumford & Sons recorded their album Live from Shepherds Bush Empire there, in the dance music community it is also known to host raves and hard dance events, such as Frantic or Heat. The Empire has a capacity of only 2,000, but it has chosen as a venue for small gigs. Prior to their 1999 tour, the Rolling Stones put in a performance, with Sheryl Crow as support, dixie Chicks singer Natalie Maines made a famously controversial remark about George W. Bush at the club in 2003. Italian singer-songwriter Elisa performed on February 23rd,2017, history of Shepherds Bush Shepherds Bush Palladium Shepherds Bush Pavilion Denny, Barbara, Hammersmith and Shepherds Bush Past, Historical Publications Ltd, London, ISBN094866732 X
30.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
31.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
32.
Prestatyn
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Prestatyn /prɛˈstætɪn/ is a seaside resort, town and community in Denbighshire, Wales. Historically a part of Flintshire, it is located on the Irish Sea coast, at the 2001 Census, Prestatyn had a population of 18,496, increasing to 18,849 at the 2011 census. There is evidence that the current town location has been occupied since prehistoric times, prehistoric tools found in the caves of Graig Fawr, in the nearby village of Meliden, have revealed the existence of early human habitation in the area. The Roman bathhouse is believed to be part of a fort on the road from Chester to Caernarfon, however, much of Roman Prestatyn has been destroyed as houses have been built over unexcavated land. The name Prestatyn derives from the Old English preosta and tun, although the Domesday Book only extended to demesnes in England, Prestatyn was included since it was at that time under English control. The Banastre family then moved to Bank Hall in Lancashire, the town appears to have been primarily a fishing village for hundreds of years. The beginning and end of High Street today mark the location of two maenolau called Pendre and Penisadre, the towns population remained at less than 1,000 until the arrival of the railways and the holidaymakers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Sunny Prestatyn became famous for its beach, clean seas and promenade entertainers, during the Second World War the holiday camps were used as billets for British soldiers, many of whom were also sent to live with locals. Prestatyn was the home of the first UK Kwik Save supermarket in 1965, the Kwik Save store was renamed Somerfield following a takeover in 2007, and was finally demolished in 2008 when surrounding land was bought by Tesco. The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm was opened in 2003, situated in Liverpool Bay,5 miles off the coast of Prestatyn, it was the UKs first major offshore wind farm. It has 30 wind turbines with a maximum capacity of 60 megawatts - enough to power 40,000 homes if it was sustained. Although Prestatyn remains a tourist destination and resort town, the town is diversifying in response to the decline of the British seaside holiday, merlin Cinemas have taken over the Scala cinema, a digital cinema with films, exhibition and theatre venues. Work is under way on the revival of the Ffrith Beach Festival Gardens, after a troubled few years when the seafront site has lain deserted, attractions are planned, such as tenpin bowling, quad bikes, dance studio and yoghurt bar. The town is at the end of the Offas Dyke Path. It also marks the end of the North Wales Path, a long-distance coastal route to Bangor. Other attractions include the remains of Roman baths and the nearby Neolithic mound, Pontins Holiday Centre was the location for a 1973 film of the popular British TV series, On the Buses. The town was in the Delyn parliamentary constituency from 1983 to 1997, Prestatyn railway station is on the North Wales Coast Line which connects the town with Holyhead to the west and Chester to the east. Bus services are provided by Arriva Buses Wales, shrewsbury Town F. C. goalkeeper coach Danny Coyne was born in Prestatyn
33.
North Wales
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North Wales is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales. Retail, transport and educational infrastructure are centred on Wrexham, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno and Bangor. It is bordered to the south by the counties of Ceredigion and Powys in Mid Wales, the southern boundary is arbitrary and its definition may depend on the use being made of the term. For example, the boundary of North Wales Police differs from the boundary of the North Wales area of the Natural Resources Wales, montgomeryshire is sometimes referred to as being in north Wales. The region is steeped in history and was for almost a millennium known as the Kingdom of Gwynedd, the mountainous stronghold of Snowdonia formed the nucleus of that realm and would become the last redoubt of independent Wales — only overcome in 1283. To this day it remains a stronghold of the Welsh language, the area is home to two of the three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales. These are Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and canal and, collectively, the Edwardian castles and town walls of the region which comprise those at Caernarfon, Beaumaris, Conwy and Harlech. It also shares with Powys and Ceredigion the distinction of hosting the only UNESCO Biosphere reserve in Wales, namely, the area is mostly rural with many mountains and valleys. This, in combination with its coast, has ensured that tourism is the principal industry, farming, which was once the principal economic force in the area, is now much reduced in importance. The average income per capita of the population is the lowest in the UK. The eastern part of North Wales contains the most populous areas, with more than 300,000 people living in the areas around Wrexham, Wrexham is North Wales largest town, with a population of 63,084 in 2001. The total population of North Wales is 687,937, the majority of other settlements are along the coast, including some popular resort towns, such as Rhyl, Llandudno and Pwllheli. The A55 road links these towns to cities like Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham, the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon, is situated in north west Wales. North Wales has a diverse and complex geology with Precambrian schists along the Menai Strait. To the east, around Llangollen, to the north on Halkyn Mountain, added to all this are the complexities posed by Parys Mountain and the outcrops of unusual minerals such as Jasper and Mona Marble which make the area of special interest to geologists. North Wales has a regional identity. Colloquially, a person from North Wales is known as a North Walian, areas close to the border with Cheshire can have Scouse accents of English, and along the coast Manchester accents are common. Two daily newspapers are published in the region, a weekly Welsh-language newspaper, Y Cymro is published each week by the Cambrian News from its Porthmadog office alongside two localised Welsh titles, Y Cyfnod and Y Dydd
