1.
Kogal
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Kogal is a Japanese fashion culture that involves schoolgirls wearing an outfit based on their uniform, but with very short skirts. The short skirts are worn irrespective of the season, the girls may also wear loose socks, scarves and have dyed hair. The word kogal is anglicized from kogyaru, a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru, the girls refer to themselves as gyaru, although this word is applied to several other fashion looks as well. Aside from the miniskirt or microskirt, and the socks, kogals favor platform boots, makeup. They may also dye their hair brown and get artificial suntans and they have a distinctive slang peppered with English words. They are often, but not necessarily, enrolled students, centers of kogal culture include the Harajuku and Shibuya districts of Tokyo, in particular Shibuyas 109 Building. Pop singer Namie Amuro promoted the style, Kogals are avid users of photo booths, with most visiting at least once a week, according to non-scientific polls. While critics condemned the gyaru as shallow, materialistic, and devoted to conspicuous consumption, admirers describe them as kindhearted, active women in exuberant health. The word kogal is a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru and it originated as a code used by disco bouncers to distinguish adults from minors. The term is not used by the girls it refers to and they call themselves gyaru, a Japanese pronunciation of the English word gal. The term gyaru was first popularized in 1972 by an ad for a brand of jeans. In the 1980s, a gyaru was a dressed woman. When written 子, ko means young woman, so kogyaru is sometimes understood in the sense of young gal, however, if this was the meaning originally intended, wakai gyaru would be more logical. Kogals have been accused of conspicuous consumption, living off their parents, critics decry their materialism as reflecting a larger psychological or spiritual emptiness in modern Japanese life. Some kogals support their lifestyle with allowances from wealthy parents, living a parasite single existence that grates against traditional principles of duty and industry. Others have charged that the phenomenon is less about the girls and their fashions than a media practice to fetishize school uniforms. I wish that I were in school at a different time. Now, with kogal being such an issue in Japan, nobody can see me for me and they only see me as kogal, like the ones they see on TV
2.
Japanese street fashion
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There are many styles of street fashion in Japan, created from a mix of both local and foreign labels. Some of these styles are extreme and avant-garde, similar to the haute couture seen on European catwalks. The rise and fall of many of these trends has been chronicled by Shoichi Aoki since 1997 in the fashion magazine Fruits, in 2003, Japanese hip-hop, which had long been present among underground Tokyos club scene, influenced the mainstream fashion industry. The popularity of the music was so influential that Tokyos youth imitated their favorite hip hop stars from the way they dress with oversized clothes to tanned skin, though the styles have changed over the years, street fashion is still prominent in Tokyo today. Young adults can often be found wearing subculture attire in large urban districts such as Harajuku, Aoyama, Ginza, Odaiba, Shinjuku. Containing many different themes within its boundaries, Lolita has become one of the larger, the more well-known styles within Lolita fashion are as follows, Gothic Lolita - is Lolita with a heavy influence from the Eastern and Victorian Goth style. Often characterized by dark colors, crosses, bats and spiders, Victorian iron gates and architectural designs are also often seen in dress prints. Skirts are usually worn knee length with petticoats beneath for volume, blouses or shirts are lace-trimmed or ruffled in the Victorian style. Knee length socks with boots, bonnets, brooches, and a parasol finish out this style of Lolita, Sweet Lolita - is the most childlike style, mostly characterized by baby animals, fairy tale themes and innocent, childlike attire. It was originally inspired by Victorian childrens clothing and Alice in Wonderland, hello Kitty, Rilakkuma and other cute pop culture characters are popular among the Sweet lolitas. Pastel colors are used, as well as other muted colors like black and dark reds, large headbows, cute purses, elegant parasols and stuffed animals are popular accessories for Sweet Lolita. Punk Lolita - An experimental style, mixing the influences of Punk with Lolita and it can sometimes look deconstructed or crazy, while keeping most of the Lolita silhouette. It is more business-like and focuses on light colors such as, blue, green, kodona, a. k. a. boystyle and ouji, is a more masculine counterpart of lolita, influenced by Victorian boys clothing. Prince pants, which are short capri-style pants that are cut off the knee, usually some sort of detail are commonly worn with masculine blouses, top hats. Gyaru, which is known as ganguro, which is actually a subcategory of gyaru, is a type of Japanese street fashion that originated in the 1970s. Gyaru focuses on style, dwelling on man-made beauty. Gyaru is also inspired by Western fashion. The ganguro style of Japanese street fashion became popular among Japanese girls in the early 1990s, ganguro falls into the larger subculture of gyaru fashion
3.
Ganguro
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Ganguro is an alternative fashion trend among young Japanese women that started in the mid-1990s, distinguished by a dark tan and contrasting make-up liberally applied by fashionistas. Ganguro instead tanned their skin, bleached their hair and used a lot of makeup in unusual ways. Ganguro has a connection to Japanese folklore of ghosts and demons who are depicted with a similar such as those in kabuki. This connection is further underlined by the offshoot style yamanba, named after a witch in Japanese folklore. The ganguro trend faded out afterwards, although its influence can be observed in yamanba and manba styles, ganguro appeared as a new fashion style in Japan in the early 1990s and was prevalent mostly among young women. In ganguro fashion, a deep tan is combined with hair dyed in shades of orange to blonde, black ink is used as eye-liner and white concealer is used as lipstick and eyeshadow. False eyelashes, plastic facial gems, and pearl powder are added to this. Platform shoes and brightly coloured outfits complete the ganguro look, also typical of ganguro fashion are tie-dyed sarongs, miniskirts, stickers on the face, and many bracelets, rings, and necklaces. Ganguro falls into the subculture of gyaru, a slang term used for various groups of young women. This is their attempt at individuality, self-expression, and freedom, in defiance of school standards. Fashion magazines like Egg and Ageha have had a influence on the ganguro. Other popular ganguro magazines include Popteen and Ego System, the ganguro culture is often linked with para para, a Japanese dance style. However, most para para dancers are not ganguro, and most ganguro are not para para dancers, though there are many who are ganguro or gal and dance para para. One of the most famous early ganguro girls was known as Buriteri, Egg made her a star by frequently featuring her in its pages during the height of the ganguro craze. After modelling and advertising for the Shibuya tanning salon Blacky, social pressure, yamanba and manba are styles which developed from ganguro. Stickers on the face died out shortly after 2004 and, for a while, manba then became more extreme, with multicoloured and usually synthetic hair. Manba in 2008 saw a darker tan, and no facial stickers, hair was usually neon/bright colours, with pink being a favourite. Wool emulating dreadlocks, extensions, and clips were worn to make hair appear longer, clothing remained the same, although leis were worn less frequently
4.
Contact lens
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A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye. Contact lenses are considered medical devices and can be worn to correct vision, in 2004, it was estimated that 125 million people use contact lenses worldwide, including 28 to 38 million in the United States. In 2010, worldwide market for contact lenses was estimated at $6.1 billion, multiple analysts estimated that the global market for contact lenses would reach $11.7 billion by 2015. As of 2010, the age of contact lens wearers globally was 31 years old. People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons, aesthetics and cosmetics are the main motivating factors for people who want to avoid wearing glasses or to change the appearance of their eyes. Others wear contact lenses for functional or optical reasons, when compared with spectacles, contact lenses typically provide better peripheral vision, and do not collect moisture or perspiration, this makes them ideal for sports and other outdoor activities. Contact lens wearers can also wear sunglasses, goggles, or other eyewear of their choice without having to fit them with prescription lenses or worry about compatibility with glasses. Additionally, there are such as keratoconus and aniseikonia that are typically corrected better with contact lenses than with glasses. The size of the contact lens market is likely to due to the increasing occurrence of eye related conditions such as astigmatism. The other drivers are increasing population and the desire to make fashion statements, by the end of 2020, the value of the contact lens market is predicted to reach $13.5 billion. Neither idea was practically implementable in da Vincis time and he did not suggest his idea be used for correcting vision, as he was more interested in learning about the mechanisms of accommodation of the eye. Descartes proposed another idea in 1636, a tube filled with liquid placed in direct contact with the cornea. The protruding end was to be composed of glass, shaped to correct vision, however. In 1801, Thomas Young made a pair of contact lenses based on Descartes model. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes, which neutralized its refractive power and he then corrected for it with another pair of lenses. However, like da Vincis, Youngs device was not intended to correct refraction errors and this enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. It was not until 1887 that German glassblower F. E. Muller produced the first eye covering to be seen through, in 1888, German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens. These lenses were made from heavy blown glass and were 18–21 mm in diameter, Fick filled the empty space between cornea/callosity and glass with a dextrose solution
5.
Gyaru
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Gyaru is a Japanese transliteration of the English word girl. Its usage peaked in the 2000s and has gradually declined, the term gradually drifted to apply to an older group, whose seeming lack of interest in work or marriage gained the word a childish image. It is now used almost interchangeably with kogal, Gyaru subculture is still a large influence in Japans fashion economy with gyaru brands branching out and becoming more accessible in rural areas. In Tokyo, more often not, a shopping center at each main train station is dedicated to offering the newest and trendiest items from popular Gal brands. Some brands are also reaching overseas by having their items easily accessible in webshops offering world-wide shipping services, a Gal Circle is a meet up of gals to hang out together. Gyaru fashion and style varies greatly dependent on the subcategory, although in general the term describes the fashion and glamour reminiscent of Brigitte Bardot with tanned skin and blonde hair. The term is often applied to those imitating the bihaku glamour style created by Ayumi Hamasaki. Styles derived from gyaru are often referred to by their subcategory name, Gyaru fashion is a type of Japanese street fashion that originated in the 1970s. Its popularity peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s, Gyaru fashion is typically characterized by having heavily bleached or dyed hair, highly decorated nails, and dramatic makeup. The makeup typically consists of dark eyeliner and fake eyelashes used in ways intended to make the eyes appear larger, clothing pieces for gyaru fashion differ depending on which gyaru style the individual chooses. Popular gyaru models, icons and idols include Tsubasa Masuwaka, Kumiko Funayama, Rie Matsuoka, Hikari Shiina, Satomi Yakuwa, Sayoko Ozaki, there are various subcategories of gals depending on the choice of fashion, and also gender. Gyaru-kei, Basically the default gyaru style and it is an umbrella term for the many subcategories or themes of gal styles. Bibinba, This look usually includes a lot of gold, and it was said to be a joke in Egg magazine about this style, and was not a serious style. Banba, Banba is a form of manba. Banbas wear less white makeup than manbas, they use more glitter. Banbas wear more extreme-looking types of false eyelashes, and colored contact lenses, banbas wear darker colors than manbas, and sometimes dress in club wear. Hime gyaru, Also known as Hime-kei and it is one of the more over the top and also one of the most expensive style of dress of all of the categories. The hime style is based on the Rococo era
6.
Rococo
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Rococo artists and architects used a more jocular, florid, and graceful approach to the Baroque. Their style was ornate and used light colours, asymmetrical designs, curves, unlike the political Baroque, the Rococo had playful and witty themes. By the end of the 18th century, Rococo was largely replaced by the Neoclassic style. In 1835 the Dictionary of the French Academy stated that the word Rococo usually covers the kind of ornament, style and design associated with Louis XVs reign and it includes therefore, all types of art from around the middle of the 18th century in France. The word is seen as a combination of the French rocaille and coquilles, the term may also be a combination of the Italian word barocco and the French rocaille and may describe the refined and fanciful style that became fashionable in parts of Europe in the 18th century. The Rococo love of shell-like curves and focus on decorative arts led some critics to say that the style was frivolous or merely modish, when the term was first used in English in about 1836, it was a colloquialism meaning old-fashioned. While there is some debate about the historical significance of the style to art in general. Italian architects of the late Baroque/early Rococo were wooed to Catholic Germany, Bohemia and Austria by local princes, an exotic but in some ways more formal type of Rococo appeared in France where Louis XIVs succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. By the end of the long reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves. These elements are obvious in the designs of Nicolas Pineau. During the Régence, court life moved away from Versailles and this change became well established, first in the royal palace. The delicacy and playfulness of Rococo designs is seen as perfectly in tune with the excesses of Louis XVs reign. The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France, the style had spread beyond architecture and furniture to painting and sculpture, exemplified by the works of Antoine Watteau and François Boucher. The Rococo style was spread by French artists and engraved publications, william Hogarth helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing the movement, he argued in his Analysis of Beauty that the lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace. The development of Rococo in Great Britain is considered to have connected with the revival of interest in Gothic architecture early in the 18th century. The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like Voltaire and Jacques-François Blondel began to voice their criticism of the superficiality, Blondel decried the ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants in contemporary interiors. By 1785, Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order, in Germany, late 18th century Rococo was ridiculed as Zopf und Perücke, and this phase is sometimes referred to as Zopfstil
7.
Gyaruo
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Gyaruo are a sub-group of modern Japanese youth culture. They are the equivalent of the gyaru. The o suffix that is added to the word, is one reading of the Kanji for male, Gyaruo are characterised by their deep tans, dyed hair, party lifestyle and a liking for all different types of trance music including para-para dancing music, Eurobeat, etc. Most major cities in Japan will have certain streets or districts within the city centre where Gyaruo, using the two biggest Gyaruo culture influencing cities as example, in Tokyo two of the popular places to hang out are around the Shibuya or Shinjuku areas. In Osaka, Amerikamura, which is shortened to Ame-mura. In 2005, Tokyu Hands opened up a branch of their popular girls gyaru fashion shopping complex,109. Two floors of the Shibuya located 109-② store are dedicated to Gyaruo brands such as Vanquish, Jack Rose, Varosh, Diavlo, Roi Franc, the rise in gyaruo fashion has led to openings of other 109-② stores featuring male brands in Fukuoka, Machida, Shizuoka and Nagoya. The 109-② in Shibuya has since been renamed 109-mens, with all floors dedicated to gyaruo fashion instead of the initial two, Gyaruo fashion can be seen in certain magazines such as Mens Egg, Mens Roses or Mens Egg Bitter and a fairly new magazine called Mens Digger. Then there is the popular Mens Knuckle magazine which is aimed at wearers of the more mature looking onii-kei fashion, hosts, Mens Egg is the most popular magazine amongst gyaruo, and is often described as the gyaruo bible. It is this magazine that has arguably had the largest influence on the development and constant change of gyaruo lifestyle, Mens Egg magazine which is published monthly, has everything from the latest fashion to articles about the sex lives of the readers. It was this last part that got the magazine a temporary ban by the government, due to complaints by parents, the events which are called Mens Egg Night, is often shortened to just mennai. Since gyaruo do not fit in with the normal Japanese tradition of blending into the crowd because of their appearance, the online blogs of the top Mens Egg magazine models The official website for the popular Mens Knuckle magazine Yukihide Sawamotos Blog Kazuaki Oishi Blog
8.
BBC News
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BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole
9.
Egg (magazine)
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Egg was a style magazine for gyaru fashion, distributed in Japan. It featured photos of girls and synopses of their tastes. The magazine also usually had photos of the newest fashions, where to buy them, latest hairstyles, cell phones and it also had candid photos of ganguro girls on the streets of Japan, similar to Fruits magazine. Egg had its own models which starred in every magazine, due to the decline of Gyaru popularity, the magazine shut down with the last issue on 31 May 2014. Along with the monthly issues, Egg also released special magazine issues. One was a beauty magazine called eggs Beauty which used to be released each year. Egg typically used the models for each issue of the magazine. Every so often, these older generation of models left the magazine, some girls who left the magazine returned to a normal life outside of the media world and were very rarely seen in the public eye again. Notable Egg models Rumi Itabashi and Kaoru Watanabe who were part of the magazine for a time have since left the magazine and have had children. Egg usually recruited new models for the magazine while finding girls for Street Snaps, usually in the famous Center Gai in Shibuya and this appeared in the Street Groove section of the magazine which is a mix of random girls and Egg models. After a while of appearing in Street Snaps and small features and sections, girls could debut as more regular and full-time models for the magazine. Models for the magazine had public blogs which were followed by fans, Egg had a few other counterpart magazines, including one for men called MensEGG, and also one for teenage boys called Mens Egg Youth. These magazines again had their own models who feature in every issue, MensEGG had a more grown-up and rockier style compared to Egg which mixed both cute and sexy styles, and Mens Egg Youth had a more colourful and extreme style. A sideline from Egg magazine was EggMgg TV which was an internet programme hosted by some of the models from MensEGG
