An habitation à loyer modéré, is a form of low-income housing in France, Algeria, Senegal, and Quebec. It may be public or private, with rent subsidies.

The Caisse des dépôts et consignations is an idiosyncratic French public financial institution created in 1816, often referred to as the investment arm of the French State. It is defined in the French Monetary and Financial Code as a "public group serving the public interest" and a "long-term investor". Its governance framework places it under the control of the Parliament.