Hackney carriage

LTI TX2 cab

LTI FX4 cab

LEVC TX cab

London growler circa 1900

The Beardmore was an alternative taxi design used in London during the 1960s and 1970s

Until the late 1950s, vehicles licensed as London taxis were required to be provided with an open-access luggage platform in place of the front passenger seat found on other passenger cars (including taxis licensed for use in other British cities).

Cabs carrying the Spice Girls at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony at the Olympic Stadium, London

A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab, black cab, hack or London taxi) is a carriage or car for hire.^[1] A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise.^[2]

In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage today refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office, local authority (non-metropolitan district councils, unitary authorities) or the Department of the Environment depending on region of the country.^{[citation needed]}

In the United States, the police department of the city of Boston has a Hackney Carriage Unit, analogous to taxicab regulators in other cities, that issues Hackney Carriage medallions to its taxi operators.^[3]

Etymology[edit]

'Hackney' is derived from the village name Hackney (now part of London). Hackney supplied horses from its surrounding meadows.^[4] The word was once thought to be an anglicized derivative of French haquenée — a horse of medium size recommended for lady riders.^[5]

The place-name, through its fame for its horses and horse-drawn carriages, is also the root of the Spanish word jaca, a term used for a small breed of horse^[6] and the Sardinian achetta horse. The first documented hackney coach—the name later extended to the newer and smaller carriages—operated in London in 1621.

The New York City colloquial terms "hack" (taxi or taxi-driver), hackstand (taxi stand), and hack license (taxi license) are probably derived from hackney carriage. Such cabs are now regulated by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission.^{[citation needed]}

History[edit]

"An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent" was approved by Parliament in 1654, to remedy what it described as the "many Inconveniences [that] do daily arise by reason of the late increase and great irregularity of Hackney Coaches and Hackney Coachmen in London, Westminster and the places thereabouts".^[7] The first hackney-carriage licences date from a 1662 Act of Parliament establishing the Commissioners of Scotland Yard to regulate them. Licences applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as hansom cabs (1834), that operated as vehicles for hire. The 1662 act limited the licences to 400; when it expired in 1679, extra licences were created until a 1694 act imposed a limit of 700,^[8] which was increased by later acts and abolished in 1832.^[9]

There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a hackney coach, a hireable vehicle with specifically four wheels, two horses and six seats, and driven by a Jarvey (also spelled jarvie).

In 19th century London, private carriages were commonly sold off for use as hackney carriages, often displaying painted-over traces of the previous owner's coat of arms on the doors.

The Clarence or growler was a type of four-wheel, enclosed carriage drawn by two horses^[10] used as a hackney carriage, that is, as a vehicle for hire with a coachman. It is distinguished from a cab, hansom cab or cabriolet, in that those had only two wheels. It is distinguished from most coaches by being of slightly smaller size, nominally holding four passengers,^[11] and being much less ostentatious.

A small, usually two-wheeled, one-horse hackney vehicle called a noddy once plied the roads in Ireland and Scotland. The French had a small hackney coach called a fiacre.

Motorisation[edit]

This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2017)

Electric hackney carriages appeared before the introduction of the internal combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1901. In fact there was even London Electrical Cab Company: the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them, Walter C. Bersey. Another nickname was Hummingbirds from the sound that they made.^[12] In August 1897 25 were introduced, and by 1898 there were 50 more. During the 20th century, cars generally replaced horse-drawn models, and the last horse-drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947.^{[citation needed]}

UK regulations define a hackney carriage as a taxicab allowed to ply the streets looking for passengers to pick up, as opposed to private hire vehicles (sometimes called minicabs), which may pick up only passengers who have previously booked or who visit the taxi operator's office. In 1999, the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were tried out in London. The "Millennium Cab" built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in the Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by Judd Hirsch, the star of the television series Taxi. ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001.^{[citation needed]}

Continuing horse-drawn cab services[edit]

This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2017)

Horse-drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK, for example in Cockington, Torquay.^[13] The town of Windsor, Berkshire, is believed to be the last remaining town with a continuous lineage of horse-drawn hackney carriages, currently run by Orchard Poyle Carriages, the licence having been passed down from driver to driver since 1830.

The Royal Borough now licences the carriage for rides around Windsor Castle and the Great Park, however the original hackney licence is in place allowing for passenger travel under the same law that was originally passed in 1662. The city of Bath has an occasional horse-drawn Hackney, principally for tourists, but still carrying hackney plates.

Black cabs[edit]

Illuminated for hire signage is a distinguishing feature of the hackney carriage

A TX4 hackney carriage at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5

Motorised hackney cabs in the UK^[14] are known as black cabs, although they are now produced in a variety of colours, sometimes in advertising brand liveries (see below). The 50 golden cabs produced for the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002 were notable.^[15]

Vehicle design[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Historically four-door saloon cars have been highly popular as hackney carriages, but with disability regulations growing in strength and some councils offering free licensing for disabled-friendly vehicles, many operators are now opting for wheelchair-adapted taxis such as The London Taxi Company (LTI). Other models of specialist taxis include the Peugeot E7 and rivals from Fiat, Volkswagen, Metrocab and Mercedes-Benz. These vehicles normally allow six or seven passengers, although some models can accommodate eight. Some of these minibus taxis include a front passenger seat next to the driver, while others reserve this space solely for luggage.

Many black cabs have a turning circle of only 25 ft (8 m). One reason for this is the configuration of the famed Savoy Hotel: The hotel entrance's small roundabout meant that vehicles needed the small turning circle in order to navigate it. That requirement became the legally required turning circles for all London cabs, while the custom of a passenger's sitting on the right, behind the driver, provided a reason for the right-hand traffic in Savoy Court, allowing hotel patrons to board and alight from the driver's side.^[16]

The design standards for London taxis are set out in the Conditions of Fitness, which are now published by Transport for London. The first edition was published in May 1906, by the Public Carriage Office, which was then part of the Metropolitan Police. These regulations set out the conditions under which a taxi may operate and include regulating the taximeter (not compulsory until 1907), the maximum age of the taxi (not more than 15 years), advertisements and the turning circle of 8.535 m (28 ft).^[12][17]

As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities,^[18] in 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, the black cab was elected by Londoners as their favourite transport design icon.^[19][20]

Driver qualification[edit]

In London, hackney-carriage drivers have to pass a test called The Knowledge to demonstrate that they have an intimate knowledge of the geography of London streets, important buildings, etc. Learning The Knowledge allows the driver to become a member of the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers. There are two types of badge, a yellow one for the suburban areas and a green one for all of London. The latter is considered far more difficult. Drivers who own their cabs as opposed to renting from a garage are known as "mushers" and those who have just passed the "knowledge" are known as "butter boys".^[21] There are currently around 21,000 black cabs in London, licensed by the Public Carriage Office.^[22]

Elsewhere, councils have their own regulations. Some merely require a driver to pass a DBS disclosure and have a reasonably clean driving licence, while others use their own local versions of London's The Knowledge test.^{[citation needed]}

Notable drivers[edit]

• Alfred Collins, who retired in 2007 at the age of 92, was the oldest cab driver and had been driving for 70 years.^[23]
• Fred Housego is a former London taxi driver who became a television and radio personality and presenter after winning the BBC television quiz Mastermind in 1980.^[24][25]
• John Worboys is a convicted serial rapist. Known as the Black Cab Rapist because he drove a London cab, he was convicted in March 2009 for attacks on 12 women.^[26]
• Clive Efford MP for the London constituency of Eltham was a cab driver for 10 years before entering parliament in 1997.

Private users[edit]

Oil millionaire Nubar Gulbenkian drove about in a custom-built gold and black car, designed to look like a vintage London taxi and powered by a Rolls-Royce engine, because he had been told "it can turn on a sixpence."^[27][28][29] Other celebrities are known to have used hackney carriages both for their anonymity and their ruggedness/manoeuvrability in London traffic. Users included Prince Philip, whose cab was converted to run on liquefied petroleum gas,^[30] author and actor Stephen Fry,^[31] and the Sheriffs of the City of London. A black cab was used in the band Oasis's video for the song "Don't Look Back in Anger." Black cabs also have recently served as recording studios for indie band performances and other performances in the Black Cab Sessions internet project.^{[citation needed]}

Ghosthunting With... featured a black cab owned by host of the show, Yvette Fielding. Bez of the Happy Mondays owns one, it was featured on the UK edition of Pimp My Ride. Noel Edmonds used a black cab to commute from his home to the Deal or No Deal studios in Bristol. He placed a fully dressed mannequin in the back so that he could use special bus/taxi lanes and so that the public would not attempt to hail his cab.^[32]

The Governor's official car in the Falkland Islands was a London taxi between 1976 and 2010.^[33]

In other countries[edit]

A London taxi (TX1 model) in Switzerland

A London taxi (TX4 model) in Singapore

Between 2003 and 1 August 2009, it was possible to purchase the London taxi model TXII in the United States.^[34] Today there are approximately 250 TXIIs in the US, operating as taxis in San Francisco, Dallas, Long Beach, Houston, New Orleans, Las Vegas, Newport, Rhode Island, Wilmington, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon. There are also a few operating in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The largest London taxi rental fleet in North America is located in Wilmington and owned by The British Taxi Company. Cabs can also be seen in Saudi Arabia, Romania, South Africa, Lebanon, Egypt, Bahrain and Cyprus, as well as in Israel, where a Chinese-made version of LTI's model TX4 built by Geely Automobile is available for sale. In February 2010, a number of TX4s started operating in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, and are known as London Taxi.^[35]

Singapore has used London-style cabs since 1992; starting with the "Fairway". The flag down fares for the London Taxis are the same as for other taxis. SMRT Corporation, the sole operator, has as of March 2013 replaced its fleet of 15 ageing multi coloured (gold, pink, etc.) taxis with new white ones. These remain the only wheelchair accessible taxis in Singapore and have been brought back following an outcry after the removal of the service.^{[citation needed]}

As of 2011, a thousand of a Chinese-made version of LTI's latest model, TX4, were ordered by Baku Taxi Company. The plan is part of a program originally announced by Azerbaijan's Ministry of Transportation to introduce London cabs to the capital, Baku.^[36][37] The move was part of £16 million agreement between the London Taxi Company and Baku Taxi Company.^[38][39]

Variety of models[edit]

There have been different makes and types of hackney cab through the years,^[40] including:

• Mann & Overton - including Carbodies, The London Taxi Company and currently London EV Company
  • Unic sold in London from 1906 to 1930s
  • Austin London Taxicab
  • Austin FX3
  • Austin/Carbodies/LTI FX4 and Fairway
  • LTI TX1, TXII and TX4
  • LEVC TX
• Mercedes-Benz
  • Vito W639^[41]
• Morris
• London General Cab Co.
  • Citroën
• Beardmore
  • Nuffield Oxford Taxi
  • Beardmore Marks I to VII
• Metrocab (originally formed by Metro Cammell Weymann)
  • MCW/Reliant/Hooper Metrocab

Use in advertising[edit]

• 

  An example of an Eyetease digital screen on top of a hackney carriage

• 

  Primelocation livery

• 

  Vodafone livery

• 

  Vita Coco coconut water livery

The unique body of the London taxi is occasionally wrapped with all-over advertising, known as a "livery".^[42]

In October 2011 the company Eyetease Ltd. first introduced the use of digital screens on the roofs of London taxis for the purposes of broadcast advertising.^[43]

Future[edit]

On 14 December 2010, the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, released an air quality strategy paper encouraging a phase-out of the oldest of the LT Cabs and proposing a £1m fund to encourage taxi owners to upgrade to low emission vehicles such as electric taxi cabs. On the same day, the then Secretary of State for Transport, Philip Hammond, unveiled the £5,000 electric car subsidy.^{[citation needed]}

In the longer term, black cabs are predicted to be largely automated and driverless.^[44]

Digital hailing[edit]

2011 saw the launch of many digital hailing applications for hackney carriages that operate through smartphones, including GetTaxi and Hailo. Many of these applications also facilitate payment and tracking of the taxicabs.^{[citation needed]}

United Kingdom Law[edit]

Laws about the definition, licensing and operation of hackney carriages have a long history involving much legislation.^[45] The most significant pieces of legislation by region are:

• In England and Wales: the Town Police Clauses Act 1847, and the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976. In Wales, responsibility for licensing is now devolved to the National Assembly for Wales. In September 2017, a consultation started about future of such licensing.
• In London: the Metropolitan Public Carriage Act 1869 and the London Cab Order 1934.
• In Scotland: the Civic Government (Scotland Act) 1982.
• In Northern Ireland: the Taxis Act (Northern Ireland) 2008^[45]

See also[edit]

• Illegal taxicab operation
• Wagon
• Cabmen's Shelter Fund
• Cabvision
• M4 bus lane

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxis of London.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cab.

• Fairway Owners Club and Forum
• Taxi fare calculator based on fares set by local authorities
• Taxis and private hire Transport for London Public Carriage Office
• London hackney coach regulations, 1819. Genealogy UK Genealogy and Family History.