1.
UTC Aerospace Systems
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UTC Aerospace Systems was formed by United Technologies Corporation in August 2012 by combining two companies, Goodrich Corporation and Hamilton Sundstrand. UTC Aerospace Systems is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, UTC Aerospace Systems is one of the world’s largest suppliers of aerospace and defense products. They are engaged in designing, manufacturing and servicing systems and components for commercial, regional, business and military aircraft, helicopters, UTC Aerospace Systems is also a major supplier to international space programs. UTC Aerospace Systems has two segments, Aircraft Systems and Power, Control & Sensing Systems. These segments are then broken down into several business units, the Aircraft Systems consists of Actuation & Propeller Systems, Aerostructures, Air Management Systems, Interiors, and Landing Systems. The Power, Control & Sensing Systems consists of Electric Systems, Engine Systems, ISR & Space Systems, UTC Aerospace Systems is the owner of Ithaco Space Systems, Inc. formerly owned by Goodrich Company. Ithaco produced items for the field of control since 1962, such as Earth sensors, reaction/momentum wheels, magnetometers. In addition to over 100 U. S. satellites, equipment made by Ithaco flew on Japanese, Canadian, French, German, Spanish, Swedish, the ROSAT reaction wheels lasted over 8 years. List of aircraft propeller manufacturers UTC Aerospace Systems website
2.
Aircraft
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An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the lift of an airfoil. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation, crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as type, aircraft propulsion, usage. Each of the two World Wars led to technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras, Pioneers of flight, first World War,1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars,1918 to 1939, Second World War,1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age,1945 to the present day, aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, a balloon was originally any aerostat, while the term airship was used for large, powered aircraft designs – usually fixed-wing. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. – though none had yet been built, the advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by an outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, then several accidents, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a balloon is an aerostat and an airship is a powered one. A powered, steerable aerostat is called a dirigible, sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes dirigible balloon is regarded as the definition of an airship. Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back and these soon became known as blimps. During the Second World War, this shape was adopted for tethered balloons, in windy weather
3.
Propeller (aeronautics)
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An aircraft propeller or airscrew converts rotary motion from an engine or other mechanical power source, to provide propulsive force. It comprises a rotating hub, to which are attached several radial airfoil-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis. The blade pitch may be fixed, manually variable to a few set positions, the propeller attaches to the power sources driveshaft either directly or, especially on larger designs, through reduction gearing. Most early aircraft propellers were carved by hand from solid or laminated wood, more recently, composite materials are becoming increasingly used. The earliest references for vertical flight came from China, since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor between ones hands, the spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD Daoist book Baopuzi by Ge Hong reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft, designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in Renaissance paintings and other works. It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an aerial screw, that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became accepted, men continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. Many of these models and machines would more closely resemble the ancient bamboo flying top with spinning wings. In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a spring device. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments, a dirigible airship was described by Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier presented in 1783. The drawings depict a 260-foot-long streamlined envelope with internal ballonnets that could be used for regulating lift, the airship was designed to be driven by three propellers. In 1784 Jean-Pierre Blanchard fitted a hand-powered propeller to a balloon, sir George Cayley, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and his writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers. William Bland sent designs for his Atmotic Airship to the Great Exhibition held in London in 1851 and this was an elongated balloon with a steam engine driving twin propellers suspended underneath. Alphonse Pénaud developed coaxial rotor model helicopter toys in 1870, also powered by rubber bands, in 1872 Dupuy de Lome launched a large navigable balloon, which was driven by a large propeller turned by eight men
4.
Boeing
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The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, and satellites worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services, Boeing stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The Boeing Companys corporate headquarters are located in Chicago and the company is led by President, Boeing is organized into five primary divisions, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Engineering, Operations & Technology, Boeing Capital, and Boeing Shared Services Group. Boeing bought Heaths shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which became his first airplane factory. Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15,1916, Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19,1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University, worked initially in the timber industry and this knowledge proved invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplanes. The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the supply of spruce wood. William Boeing founded his company a few months after the June 15 maiden flight of one of the two B&W seaplanes built with the assistance of George Conrad Westervelt, a U. S. Navy engineer. Boeing and Westervelt decided to build the B&W seaplane after having flown in a Curtiss aircraft, Boeing bought a Glenn Martin Flying Birdcage seaplane and was taught to fly by Glenn Martin himself. Boeing soon crashed the Birdcage and when Martin informed Boeing that replacement parts would not become available for months, Westervelt agreed to build a better airplane and soon produced the B&W Seaplane. This first Boeing airplane was assembled in a hangar located on the northeast shore of Seattles Lake Union. Many of Boeings early planes were seaplanes, on April 6,1917, the U. S. declared War on Germany and later in the year entered World War I. On May 9,1917, the became the Boeing Airplane Company. With the U. S. entering the war, Boeing knew that the U. S. Navy needed seaplanes for training, so Boeing shipped two new Model Cs to Pensacola, Florida, where the planes were flown for the Navy. The Navy liked the Model C and ordered 50 more, the company moved its operations to a larger former shipbuilding facility known as Boeing Plant 1, located on the lower Duwamish River, Washington state. Others, including Boeing, started selling other products, Boeing built dressers, counters, and furniture, along with flat-bottom boats called Sea Sleds. In 1919 the Boeing B-1, flying boat made its first flight and it accommodated one pilot and two passengers and some mail. Over the course of eight years, it made international airmail flights from Seattle to Victoria, on May 24,1920, the Boeing Model 8 made its first flight
5.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
6.
Sikorsky Aircraft
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The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford, Connecticut. It was established by Igor Sikorsky in 1925 and was among the first companies to manufacture helicopters for civilian, previously owned by United Technologies Corporation, in November 2015 Sikorsky was sold to Lockheed Martin. Sikorsky was founded in 1925 by aircraft engineer Igor Sikorsky, an immigrant to the United States who was born in Kiev, the company, named Sikorsky Manufacturing Company, began aircraft production in Roosevelt, New York, that year. In 1929 the company moved to Stratford, Connecticut and it became a part of United Aircraft and Transport Corporation in July of that year. In the United States, Igor Sikorsky originally concentrated on the development of multi-engined landplanes, in the late 1930s, sales declined and United Aircraft merged his division with Vought Aircraft. He took this opportunity to work on developing a practical helicopter. It is a defense contractor. Sikorsky has supplied the Presidential helicopter since 1957, sikorskys VH-3 and VH-60 currently perform this role. The company acquired Helicopter Support Inc. in 1998, HSI handles non-U. S. government after-market support for parts and repair for the Sikorsky product lines. United Technologies Corporation acquired Schweizer Aircraft Corp. in 2004, which now operates as a subsidiary of Sikorsky, the Schweizer deal was signed on August 26,2004, exactly one week after the death of Paul Schweizer, the companys founder and majority owner. In late 2005, Sikorsky completed the purchase of Keystone Helicopter Corporation, located in Coatesville, Keystone had been maintaining and completing Sikorsky S-76 and S-92 helicopters prior to the sale. In 2007, Sikorsky opened the Hawk Works, a Rapid Prototyping and Military Derivatives Completion Center located west of the Elmira-Corning Regional Airport in Big Flats and that same year Sikorsky purchased the PZL Mielec plant in Poland. The plant is assembling the S-70i for international customers, in February 2009, Sikorsky Global Helicopters was created as a business unit of Sikorsky Aircraft to focus on the construction and marketing of commercial helicopters. The business unit combines the main civil helicopters that were produced by Sikorsky Aircraft and it is based at Coatesville, Pennsylvania. The commercial products had already moved to their Coatesville, Pennsylvania facility. Sikorskys main plant and administrative offices are located in Stratford, Connecticut, other Sikorsky facilities are in Trumbull, Shelton, and Bridgeport, Connecticut, Fort Worth, Texas, West Palm Beach, Florida, and Huntsville, and Troy, Alabama. Other Sikorsky-owned subsidiaries are in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, and Grand Prairie, Texas, in 2015, UTC considered Sikorsky to be less profitable than its other subsidiaries, and analyzed a possible spin-off rather than a tax-heavy sale. On July 20,2015, Lockheed Martin announced an agreement to purchase Sikorsky from UTC for $9.0 billion, final approval came in November 2015
7.
Pratt & Whitney
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Pratt & Whitney is an American aerospace manufacturer with global service operations. It is a subsidiary of United Technologies, Pratt & Whitneys aircraft engines are widely used in both civil aviation and military aviation. Its headquarters are in East Hartford, Connecticut, as one of the big three aero-engine manufacturers, it competes with General Electric and Rolls-Royce, although it has also formed joint ventures with both of these companies. In addition to engines, Pratt & Whitney manufactures gas turbines for industrial and power generation. As of 2014, the company reported having 31,500 employees supporting more than 11,000 customers in 180 countries around the world, in 2013, Pratt & Whitneys revenue totaled $14.5 billion. In April 1925, Frederick Rentschler, an Ohio native and former executive at Wright Aeronautical, was determined to start a business of his own. Frederick Rentschler approached these men as he sought capital and assets for his new venture, deeds and G. Mead, and colleagues, all formerly of Wright Aeronautical. Conceived and designed by Mead, the new engine would be a large, air-cooled, Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool was going through a period of self-revision at the time to prepare itself for the post–Great War era, discontinuing old product lines and incubating new ones. P&WMTs future growth would depend on innovation and it lent Rentschler $250,000, the use of the Pratt & Whitney name, and space in their building. This was the beginning of the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, Pratt & Whitney Aircrafts first engine, the 425 horsepower R-1340 Wasp, was completed on Christmas Eve 1925. On its third test run it easily passed the Navy qualification test in March 1926, by October, the Wasp exhibited performance and reliability that revolutionized American aviation. The R-1340 powered the aircraft of Wiley Post, Amelia Earhart, the R-1340 was followed by another very successful engine, the R-985 Wasp Junior. Eventually a whole Wasp series was developed, both engines are still in use in agricultural aircraft around the world and produce more power than their original design criteria. George Mead soon led the next step in the field of large, state-of-the-art, air-cooled and it was basically a bigger Wasp. In 1929, Rentschler ended his association with Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool and merged Pratt & Whitney Aircraft with Boeing and other companies to form the United Aircraft and his agreement allowed him to carry the Pratt & Whitney name with him to his new corporation. In October 2014, Pratt & Whitney was awarded a million contract with US Defense Department to supply 36 F135 engines for the F-35 fighter. In January 2017,10 employees reportedly left the company, including the head of the F135 engine program, incurred expenses used to transport South Korean officials to the companys West Palm Beach facility in 2012 were deemed unethical, which lead to the departure of the employees. In 2015, the stadium was renamed to Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in time for the 2015-2016 University of Connecticut football season
8.
Douglas DC-6
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The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, more than 700 were built and many still fly today in cargo, military, and wildfire control roles. The United States Army Air Forces commissioned the DC-6 project as the XC-112 in 1944, the Army Air Forces wanted a lengthened, pressurized version of the DC-4-based C-54 Skymaster transport with more powerful engines. By the time the prototype XC-112A flew on 15 February 1946 the war was over, the USAAF had rescinded its requirement, Douglas Aircraft modified the design into a civil transport 80 in longer than the DC-4. The civil DC-6 first flew on 29 June 1946, being retained by Douglas for testing, the first airline deliveries were to American Airlines and United Airlines on 24 November 1946. A series of inflight fires grounded the DC-6 fleet in 1947, the cause was found to be a fuel vent next to the cabin cooling turbine intake, all DC-6s were modified and the fleet was flying again after four months on the ground. In April 1949, United, American, Delta, National, United flew them to Hawaii, Braniff flew them to Rio de Janeiro, and Panagra flew Miami-Buenos Aires, KLM, SAS, and Sabena flew DC-6s across the Atlantic. BCPA DC-6s flew Sydney to Vancouver, and Philippine flew Manila to London, pan Am used DC-6Bs to start transatlantic tourist-class flights in 1952. These were the first DC-6Bs that could gross 107,000 lb, several European airlines followed with their own transatlantic services. The DC-6A/B/C subtypes could perhaps fly nonstop from the eastern US to Europe, the military version, similar to the DC-6A, was the USAF C-118 Liftmaster, the USN R6D version used the more powerful R-2800-CB-17 engines. These were later used on the commercial DC-6B to allow international flights, the R6D Navy version had Curtiss Electric constant-speed reversing propellers. The USAF and USN renewed their interest in the DC-6 during the Korean War, Harry Trumans first presidential aircraft was an Air Force short-fuselage DC-6 which was designated VC-118, and named The Independence. It is preserved in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton, total production of the DC-6 series was 704, including military versions. In the 1960s two DC-6s were used as platforms for educational television, based at Purdue University, in a program called the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction. DC-6/7s surviving into the jet age were replaced in frontline intercontinental passenger service by the Boeing 707, basic prices of a new DC-6 in 1946–47 were around £210, 000–£230,000 and had risen to £310,000 by 1951. By 1960, used prices were around £175,000 per aircraft, prices for the DC-6A in 1957–58 were £460, 000–£480,000. By 1960, used prices were around £296,000, equivalent prices for the DC-6B in 1958 were around £500,000. Used prices in 1960 were around £227,000, from 1977 to 1990 five yellow-painted Douglas DC-6Bs were used as water bombers in France by the Sécurité Civile
9.
Douglas DC-3
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The Douglas DC-3 is a fixed-wing propeller-driven airliner. Its cruise speed and range revolutionized air transport in the 1930s and 1940s and its lasting effect on the airline industry and World War II makes it one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made. The DC-3 was a twin-engine metal monoplane, developed as a larger and it had many exceptional qualities compared to previous aircraft. It was fast, had a range and could operate from short runways. It was reliable and easy to maintain and carried passengers in greater comfort, before the war it pioneered many air travel routes. Civil DC-3 production ended in 1942 with 607 aircraft being produced, however, together with its military derivative, the C-47 Skytrain, and with Russian- and Japanese-built versions, over 16,000 were built. Following the Second World War, the market was flooded with surplus C-47s and other transport aircraft. While the DC-3 was soon made redundant on main routes by more advanced such as the Douglas DC-6 and Lockheed Constellation. Large numbers continue to see service in a variety of niche roles well into the 21st century. In 2013 it was estimated that approximately 2,000 DC-3s and military derivatives were still flying, the DC-3 was the culmination of a development effort that began after an inquiry from Transcontinental and Western Airlines to Donald Douglas. TWA asked Douglas to design and build an aircraft that would allow TWA to compete with United, Douglas design, the 1933 DC-1, was promising, and led to the DC-2 in 1934. The DC-2 was a success, but there was room for improvement, Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of Americans intention to purchase twenty aircraft. The new aircraft was engineered by a led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond over the next two years, and the prototype DST first flew on December 17,1935. Its cabin was 92 in wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3, there was no prototype DC-3, the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines. The DC-3 and DST popularized air travel in the United States, eastbound transcontinental flights could cross the U. S. in about 15 hours with three refueling stops, westbound trips against the wind took 17 1⁄2 hours. A few years such a trip entailed short hops in slower and shorter-range aircraft during the day. A variety of engines were available for the DC-3. Early-production civilian aircraft used Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9s, but later used the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp
10.
American Airlines
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American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out of ten located in Dallas/Fort Worth, Charlotte, Chicago-OHare, Philadelphia, Miami, Phoenix, Washington, DC-National, Los Angeles, New York-JFK. American operates its primary base at Tulsa International Airport in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is Americans largest passenger carrying hub handling 51.1 million passengers annually with an average of 140,000 passengers daily, the company as of 2015 employs over 113,300 people. Through the airlines parent company, American Airlines Group, it is traded under NASDAQ. American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines, the two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first formed in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation and this in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system, between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001. In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, in 2013, US Airways and American Airlines merged. Eventually operations were merged under one operating certificate to create the largest United States airline which kept the American Airlines brand name, American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The headquarters is located in two buildings in the CentrePort office complex and these buildings together have about 1,400,000 square feet of space. As of 2014 over 4,300 employees work at this complex, before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas, the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth, in 2015 the airline announced it will build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy is scheduled for summer 2019, the airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building
11.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
12.
Milwaukee
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Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigans western shore, Milwaukees estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 2,046,692 as of 2015. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the citys population during the 1840s, with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades. Known for its traditions, Milwaukee is currently experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been built in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront, the word Milwaukee may come from the Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, Gathering place. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area are the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, many of these people had lived around Green Bay before migrating to the Milwaukee area around the time of European contact. In the second half of the 18th century, the Indians at Milwaukee played a role in all the wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of Ojibwas, in the American Revolutionary War, the Indians around Milwaukee were some of the few Indians who remained loyal to the American cause throughout the Revolution. After American independence, the Indians fought the United States in the Northwest Indian War as part of the Council of Three Fires, during the War of 1812, Indians held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack Chicago. This resulted in the Battle of Fort Dearborn on August 15,1812, the War of 1812 did not end well for the Indians, and after the Black Hawk War in 1832, the Indians in Milwaukee signed their final treaty with the United States in Chicago in 1833. This paved the way for American settlement, Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries, alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac settled a trading post, therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names, Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, for many years, printed records gave the name as Milwaukie. One story of Milwaukees name says, ne day during the thirties of the last century a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, the spelling Milwaukie lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three founding fathers, Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker, Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler but founded a town called Juneaus Side, or Juneautown, in competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side
13.
Thomas F. Hamilton
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Thomas Foster Hamilton was a pioneering aviator and the founder of the Hamilton Standard Company. Since 1930, Hamilton Standard was involved with revolutionizing propulsion technology of propeller-driven aircraft, the introduction of Frank Caldwells variable-pitch propeller made Hamilton Standard one of the leading aerospace companies of today. But, there is known about the first name sake of this company – Thomas Foster Hamilton. Hamilton contributed a great deal in shaping the industry into what it is today. He was involved in the beginnings of aviation inventions and development. Hamilton worked hard from an age to the understand technical concepts and their application to aircraft design. He was also a good businessman and marketer, known in social and political settings. Hamilton was born on July 28,1894 and he spent most of his childhood in Seattle, Washington. He was the older of two boys to his parents, Hamiltons early interests in aviation began when he was around 10 years old. Mrs. Hamilton may have made a connection with Chanute at the fair since the young Tom Hamilton did not make the trip with her. Because, some later, Hamilton indicated that he often wrote to Chanute concerning technical matters related to his early aircraft. During the 1909 Alaskan-Yukon Exposition, held in Seattle, the young Hamilton and this job would also allow him to ride what he repaired which helped fuel his continuing interest in aviation. Also, during time, Hamilton and a school friend, Paul J. Palmer established a partnership and called their company “Hamilton. Their office and factory were located in their parents garage. The two built and experimented with various biplane glider designs of the time, the two quickly gained a better understanding of the principles of how aircraft worked and were put together. Three gliders were built and flown around the steep hills around their neighborhood in Seattle called Leschi which was on the west shores of Lake Washington. The second glider jerked out of the hands of Palmer and soared away, many years later, Hamilton would recall that even though he got a scar on his left hand from one of the flights, he had learned how to fly from those tests. In 1910, after finishing their experiments with the gliders they moved on to building propeller-driven aircraft, at this point, there was a disagreement between Palmer and Hamilton and the former was no longer involved with the company and was totally removed from the partnership
14.
Charles Lindbergh
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Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a U. S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris. He covered the 33 1⁄2-hour,3,600 statute miles alone in a single-engine purpose-built Ryan monoplane and this was the first solo transatlantic flight, and the first non-stop flight between North America and mainland Europe. Lindbergh was an officer in the U. S. Army Air Corps Reserve, and he received the United States highest military decoration and his achievement spurred interest in both commercial aviation and air mail, and Lindbergh himself devoted much time and effort to promoting such activity. Lindberghs historic flight and instantaneous world fame led to tragedy, in March 1932, his infant son, Charles Jr. was kidnapped and murdered in what was widely called the Crime of the Century and described by H. L. Mencken as the biggest story since the resurrection. The case prompted the United States Congress to upgrade kidnapping from a crime to a federal crime once the kidnapper had crossed state lines with his victim. By late 1935 the hysteria surrounding the case had driven the Lindbergh family into exile in Europe. Before the United States formally entered World War II, some people accused Lindbergh of being a fascist sympathizer, in his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh had six children with his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, on February 4,1902, and spent most of his childhood in Little Falls, Minnesota, and Washington, D. C. Charles parents separated in 1909 when he was seven, congressman from 1907 to 1917, was one of the relatively few Congressmen to oppose the entry of the U. S. into World War I. Lindberghs mother was a teacher at Cass Technical High School in Detroit. Lindbergh also attended over a dozen schools from Washington, D. C. From an early age, Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation, including his familys Saxon Six automobile, and later his Excelsior motorbike. By the time he started college as an engineering student, he had also become fascinated with flying. A few days later Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that same machine and he also briefly worked as an airplane mechanic at the Billings, Montana municipal airport. With the onset of winter, however, Lindbergh left flying, though Lindbergh had not touched an airplane in more than six months, he had already secretly decided he was ready to take to the air by himself. After a half-hour of dual time with a pilot who was visiting the field to pick up another surplus JN-4, Lindbergh flew solo for the first time in the Jenny he had just purchased for $500. After spending another week or so at the field to practice, Lindbergh took off from Americus for Montgomery, Alabama, some 140 miles to the west and he went on to spend much of the rest of 1923 engaged in almost nonstop barnstorming under the name of Daredevil Lindbergh
15.
Spirit of St. Louis
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The Spirit of St. Claude Ryan, in 1926. The Spirit is now on permanent display in the main entryways Milestones of Flight gallery at the Smithsonian Institutions National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D. C. It is known, however, that Hawley Bowlus was the manager who oversaw construction of the Ryan NYP. Hall and Ryan Airlines staff worked closely with Lindbergh to design, although what was actually paid to Ryan Airlines for the project is not clear, Mahoney offered to do it at cost. Mahoney was away from the factory, but Ryan answered, Can build plane similar M-1, Lindbergh wired back that due to competition, delivery in less than three months was essential. Many years later, Jon van der Linde, chief mechanic of Ryan Airlines, recalled, But nothing fazed B. F. Mahoney, Mahoney telegraphed Lindbergh back the same day, Can complete in two months. Lindbergh arrived in San Diego on February 23 and toured the factory with Mahoney meeting factory manager, Bowlus, chief engineer Donald Hall, and sales manager A. J. After further discussions between Mahoney, Hall and Lindbergh, Mahoney offered to build the Spirit for $10,580, Lindbergh himself contributed $2,000 toward the cost of the Spirit that he had saved from his earnings as an Air Mail pilot for Robertson Aircraft Corporation. Lindbergh was convinced, I believe in Halls ability, I like Mahoneys enthusiasm, I have confidence in the character of the workmen Ive met. He then went to the airfield to familiarize himself with a Ryan aircraft, either an M-1 or an M-2, then telegraphed his St. Louis backers and recommended the deal, Mahoney lived up to his commitment. Working exclusively on the aircraft and closely with Lindbergh, the completed the Spirit of St. Louis 60 days after Lindbergh arrived in San Diego. Powered by a Wright Whirlwind J-5C 223-hp radial engine, it had a 14 m wingspan,3 m longer than the M-1, Lindbergh believed that multiple engines resulted in a greater risk of failure while a single engine design would give him greater range. To increase fuel efficiency, the Spirit of St. Louis was also one of the most advanced, Lindbergh believed that a flight made in a single-seat monoplane designed around the dependable Wright J-5C Whirlwind radial engine provided the best chance of success. The Ryan NYP had a fuel capacity of 450 U. S. gallons or 2,710 pounds of gasoline. The fuel was stored in five tanks, a forward tank, the main. At Lindberghs request, the main and forward fuel tanks were placed in the forward section of the fuselage, in front of the pilot. This arrangement improved the center of gravity and reduced the risk of the pilot being crushed to death between the tank and the engine in the event of a crash. This design decision meant that there could be no front windshield, and this did not concern Lindbergh as he was used to flying in the rear cockpit of mail planes with mail bags in the front
16.
Angle of attack
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In fluid dynamics, angle of attack is the angle between a reference line on a body and the vector representing the relative motion between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. Angle of attack is the angle between the reference line and the oncoming flow. This article focuses on the most common application, the angle of attack of a wing or airfoil moving through air, since a wing can have twist, a chord line of the whole wing may not be definable, so an alternate reference line is simply defined. Often, the line of the root of the wing is chosen as the reference line. Another choice is to use a line on the fuselage as the reference line. Some authors do not use a chord line, but use the zero lift axis. Some British authors have used the angle of incidence instead of angle of attack. However, this can lead to confusion with the term angle of incidence meaning the angle between the chord of an airfoil and some fixed datum in the airplane. The lift coefficient of a fixed-wing aircraft varies with angle of attack, increasing angle of attack is associated with increasing lift coefficient up to the maximum lift coefficient, after which lift coefficient decreases. The figure shows a curve for a cambered straight wing. A symmetrical wing has zero lift at 0 degrees angle of attack, the lift curve is also influenced by the wing shape, including its airfoil section and wing planform. A swept wing has a lower, flatter curve with a critical angle. The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack which produces maximum lift coefficient and this is also called the stall angle of attack. Below the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack increases, conversely, above the critical angle of attack, as angle of attack increases, the air begins to flow less smoothly over the upper surface of the airfoil and begins to separate from the upper surface. On most airfoil shapes, as the angle of attack increases, at the critical angle of attack, upper surface flow is more separated and the airfoil or wing is producing its maximum coefficient of lift. As angle of attack increases further, the surface flow becomes more and more fully separated. Above this critical angle of attack, the aircraft is said to be in a stall, a fixed-wing aircraft by definition is stalled at or above the critical angle of attack rather than at or below a particular airspeed. The airspeed at which the aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft, the load factor, however the aircraft always stalls at the same critical angle of attack
17.
Collier Trophy
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The Collier Trophy is an annual aviation award administered by the U. S. Robert J. Collier, publisher of Colliers Weekly magazine, was an air sports pioneer and president of the Aero Club of America. He commissioned Baltimore sculptor Ernest Wise Keyser to make the 525 pound trophy in 1911, Collier also was the owner of a Wright Model B biplane which he purchased in 1911. After presenting it several times, Collier died in 1918 after the end of World War I and it was renamed in his honor in 1922 when the Aero Club dissolved, and the award was taken over in 1923 by its replacement the NAA. The name became official in 1944, and the award presented once a year by the NAA president, with the trophy on permanent display at the U. S. National Air and Space Museum. As such, the trophy was in the custody of its 1969 co-recipient Michael Collins during his directorship of the museum, the trophy was stolen briefly in 1978, but was recovered. 1911 – Glenn H. Curtiss, for development of the hydro-aeroplane. 1912 – Glenn H. Curtiss, for the invention of the single-pontoon seaplane,1913 – Orville Wright, for development of his automatic stabilizer. 1915 – W. Starling Burgess, for the Burgess-Dunne BD series of semi-flying wing seaplanes,1921 – Grover Loening, for development of the Loening Flying Yacht. 1922 – United States Air Mail Service, for the first transcontinental air mail route,1923 – United States Air Mail Service, for the first transcontinental air mail route involving night flight. 1925 – Sylvanus Albert Reed, for the metal propeller,1926 – Major Edward L. Hoffman, for the development of a practical parachute 1928 – Aeronautics branch of the United States Department of Commerce for development of airways and navigation facilities. 1929 Fred Weick, for design of the NACA cowling which revolutionized civil air transport by making aircraft faster and it also found application on the bombers and fighters of World War II. 1930 Harold Frederick Pitcairn and associates for development of the autogyro,1931 Packard Motor Car Co. for the design/development of the first, practical diesel aircraft engine, the DR-980 radial engine. Https, //airandspace. si. edu/collection-objects/packard-dr-980-radial-9-engine-01932 Glenn L. Martin for the design of the Martin B-10 bomber,1933 Frank W. Caldwell of Hamilton Standard for the hydraulically controllable propeller. 1934 Albert Francis Hegenberger for the first blind flying landing system,1935 Donald W. Douglas and his technical and production personnel. 1936 Pan American Airways for establishment of an airline and the successful execution of extended overwater navigation in regular operations. 1937 Army Air Corps for the design and development of the Lockheed XC-35,1938 Howard Hughes 1945 Luis W. Alvarez for the Ground Controlled Approach which allowed radar operators to talk a pilot down. 1947 Chuck Yeager for piloting the Bell X-1, the first aircraft to break the sound barrier, according to his biography, Yeager used the trophy in his garage to store nuts and bolts. 1950 The Helicopter Industry, the Military Services, and the Coast Guard – For development,1951 John Stack for the Langley transonic wind tunnel 1952 Leonard S. Hobbs of United Aircraft Corp
18.
Boeing 707
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The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized, long-range, narrow-body, four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979. Its name is pronounced as seven oh seven. Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers, developed as Boeings first jet airliner, the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines. Although it was not the first jetliner in service, the 707 was the first to be commercially successful, dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s, the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age. It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft, the later 720,727,737, and 757 share elements of the 707s fuselage design. The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80, a prototype jet first flown in 1954, a larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial-production 707-120, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines, which first flew on December 20,1957. Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26,1958, later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320, both of which entered service in 1959. A smaller short-range variant, the 720, was introduced in 1960, the 707 has been used on domestic, transcontinental, and transatlantic flights, and for cargo and military applications. A convertible passenger-freighter model, the 707-320C, entered service in 1963, military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports. Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series, ten Boeing 707s were in commercial service in July 2013. During and after World War II, Boeing was known for its military aircraft, the company had produced innovative and important bombers, from the B-17 Flying Fortress and B-29 Superfortress, to the jet-powered B-47 Stratojet and B-52 Stratofortress. The companys civil aviation department lagged far behind Douglas and other competitors, during 1949–1950, Boeing embarked on studies for a new jet transport, realizing that any design must be aimed at both the military and civilian markets. At the time, aerial refueling was becoming a standard technique for military aircraft, with the advent of the Jet Age, a new tanker was required to meet the USAFs fleet of jet-powered bombers, this was where Boeings new design would potentially win military orders. Boeing studied numerous wing and engine layouts for its new transport/tanker, some of which were based on the B-47 and C-97, before settling on 367–80. The Dash 80 took less than two years from launch in 1952 to rollout on May 14,1954, then first flew on July 15,1954. The prototype was an aircraft for both military and civilian use. The United States Air Force was the first customer, using it as the basis for the KC-135 Stratotanker aerial refueling platform, whether the passenger 707 would be profitable was far from certain. In a demonstration flight over Lake Washington outside Seattle, on August 7,1955, the 132-inch wide fuselage of the Dash 80 was large enough for four-abreast seating like the Stratocruiser
19.
Douglas DC-8
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The Douglas DC-8 is a four-engine long-range narrow-body jet airliner built from 1958 to 1972 by the Douglas Aircraft Company. The DC-8s design allowed it a larger cargo capacity than the 707. After World War II Douglas had a position in the commercial aviation market. Boeing had pointed the way to the modern all-metal airliner in 1933 with its Model 247, Douglas produced a succession of piston-engined aircraft through the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. When de Havilland flew the first jet airliner, the Comet, in 1949, all three companies were working on a new generation of piston-engined designs, with an eye to turboprop conversion in the future. De Havillands pioneering Comet entered airline service in 1952, initially it was a success, but it was grounded after several fatal crashes in 1953 and 1954. The understanding of metal fatigue that the Comet investigation produced would play a part in the good safety record of later types like the DC-8. In 1952 Douglas remained the most successful of the aircraft manufacturers. They had almost 300 orders on hand for the piston-engined DC-6 and its successor, the DC-7, the Comet disasters, and the airlines subsequent lack of interest in jets, seemed to show the wisdom of their staying with propeller-driven aircraft. Boeing took the step of starting to plan a pure-jet airliner as early as 1949. Boeings military arm had gained experience with large, long-range jets through the B-47 Stratojet, with thousands of jet bombers on order or in service, Boeing had developed a close relationship with the US Air Forces Strategic Air Command. Boeing also supplied the SACs refueling aircraft, the piston-engined KC-97 Stratofreighters, the B-52, in particular, had to descend from its cruising altitude and then slow almost to stall speed to work with the KC-97. Believing that a requirement for a tanker was a certainty. As an airliner it would have seating capacity to the Comet. First presented in 1950 as the Model 473-60C, Boeing failed to any interest at the airlines. Boeing remained convinced that the project was worthwhile, and decided to press ahead with a prototype, after spending $16 million of their own money on construction, the Dash-80 rolled out on May 15,1954, and flew the next month. Boeings plans became obvious, despite the older model number. Douglas secretly began jet transport project studies in mid-1952
20.
Windsor Locks, Connecticut
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Windsor Locks is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 12,498 and it is the site of Bradley International Airport, which serves the Greater Hartford-Springfield region and occupies approximately 1/3 of the town. Windsor Locks is also the site of the New England Air Museum, the Enfield Falls Canal circumvents the Enfield Falls and its nearby shallows. Originally part of Windsor, Windsor Locks broke off into its own settlement in 1854 after the thriving Enfield Locks going around Enfield Falls which opened in 1829, the Bradley International Airport opened in 1940 and to civilian use in 1947. In 1967 the town boundary was altered due to the opening of the Bradley Connector. The 1965 Little League World Series winning team is from Windsor Locks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 9.4 square miles, of which 9.0 square miles is land and 0.35 square miles. Windsor Locks has a subtropical climate with hot and humid summer days to cold sometimes frigid winter nights. Average January temperature high is 36 °F and a low of 18 °F temps can reach zero degrees or below 4 nights a year, summer in Windsor Locks can be hot with the average July temperature of 87 °F at daytime and 63 °F at nighttime. Temperatures at or above 90 can occur 15 to 25 days per year, the hottest temperature at Windsor Locks was 103 °F on July 22,2011 and the coldest recorded temperature was -26 °F on January 22,1961. Average rainfall in Windsor Locks is 46.27 inches, as of the census of 2000, there are 12,043 people,4,935 households, and 3,306 families residing in the town. The population density is 1,333.8 inhabitants per square mile, there are 5,101 housing units at an average density of 218.1 persons/km². The racial makeup of the town is 92. 47% White,2. 67% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 57% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 42% from two or more races. 2. 22% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11. 3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.43 and the family size is 2.97. In the town, the population is out with 23. 7% under the age of 18,6. 2% from 18 to 24,31. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age is 39 years, for every 100 females there are 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.1 males, the median income for a household in the town is $48,837, and the median income for a family is $59,054
21.
Convair 880
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The Convair 880 was a narrow-body jet airliner produced by the Convair division of General Dynamics. It was designed to compete with the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 by being smaller and faster, when it was first introduced, some aviation circles claimed that at 615 mph, it was the fastest jet transport in the world. The Convair 990 was a stretched and faster variant of the 880, Convair began development of a medium-range commercial jet in April 1956, to compete with announced products from Boeing and Douglas. It was powered by General Electric CJ-805-3 turbojets, a version of the J79 which powered the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom. The first example of the production version, the Model 22. The final assembly of the 880 and 990 took place at the Convair facilities in San Diego, the airliner never became widely used and the production line shut down after only three years. In addition, the General Electric engines had a specific fuel consumption than the Boeings Pratt & Whitney JT3Cs. General Dynamics lost around $185 million over the lifetime of the project, the losses incurred in the Convair 880/990 are generally thought to be the largest losses incurred by a corporation up to that time. The aircraft were involved in 17 accidents and five hijackings, a more major modification to the 880 became the Convair 990, produced in parallel with the 880-M between 1961 and 1963. Swissair named theirs Coronado, after an island off the San Diego coast, the design entered service with Delta Air Lines in May 1960, slightly modified as the 880-22m, having newer version 805-3B engines. The 880s were flown by Cathay Pacific, Delta, Japan, Northeast, Swissair, TWA, as they left commercial service, many 880s were bought by American Jet Industries for various uses. One example was converted to use in 1974, and flew until 1982 with various companies. Another was used to train FAA flight examiners until it was destroyed by an explosion in the cargo hold in 1995. Most of the examples were scrapped by 2000. The United States Navy acquired one 880-M in 1980, modifying it as an in-flight tanker and it had been purchased new from Convair by the FAA, and used for 18 years. Unofficially designated UC-880, it was assigned to the Naval Air Test Center at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, Convair designed and manufactured the Tomahawk and Advanced Tomahawk Cruise Missile in San Diego where the 880 and 990 were produced. The sole UC-880 was damaged in a cargo hold explosive decompression test at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, the aircraft managed to remain theoretically controllable via backup systems unique to the 880 and 990. This flight was to be a training sortie for two Delta captains who were being type-rated on the 880
22.
FADEC
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FADECs have been produced for both piston engines and jet engines. The goal of any control system is to allow the engine to perform at maximum efficiency for a given condition. Originally, engine control systems consisted of mechanical linkages connected physically to the engine. By moving these levers the pilot or the engineer could control fuel flow, power output. Analog electronic control varies an electrical signal to communicate the desired engine settings, the system was an evident improvement over mechanical control but had its drawbacks, including common electronic noise interference and reliability issues. Full authority analogue control was used in the 1960s and introduced as a component of the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engine of the transport aircraft Concorde. However, the more critical inlet control was digital on the production aircraft, following analog electronic control, the next step was to digital electronic control systems. Later in the 1970s, NASA and Pratt and Whitney experimented with the first experimental FADEC, the first FADEC in service was developed for the Harrier II Pegasus engine by Dowty and Smiths Industries Controls. True full authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override available, if a total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails. If the engine is controlled digitally and electronically but allows for manual override, an EEC, though a component of a FADEC, is not by itself FADEC. When standing alone, the EEC makes all of the decisions until the wishes to intervene. FADEC works by receiving multiple input variables of the current flight condition including air density, throttle position, engine temperatures, engine pressures. The inputs are received by the EEC and analyzed up to 70 times per second, engine operating parameters such as fuel flow, stator vane position, bleed valve position, and others are computed from this data and applied as appropriate. FADEC also controls engine starting and restarting, the FADECs basic purpose is to provide optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition. FADEC not only provides for efficient engine operation, it allows the manufacturer to program engine limitations and receive engine health. For example, to avoid exceeding a certain temperature, the FADEC can be programmed to automatically take the necessary measures without pilot intervention. With the operation of the engines so heavily relying on automation, redundancy is provided in the form of two or more, separate identical digital channels. Each channel may provide all engine functions without restriction, FADEC also monitors a variety of data coming from the engine subsystems and related aircraft systems, providing for fault tolerant engine control
23.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
24.
Apollo 11
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Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20,1969, at 20,18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02,56,15 UTC and they spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moons surface, Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rendezvousing with Columbia in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, and was the fifth manned mission of NASAs Apollo program. After being sent toward the Moon by the Saturn Vs upper stage, Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface, the astronauts used Eagles upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew in human spaceflight history, a previous solo veteran flight had been made on Soyuz 1 in 1967 by Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Collins was originally slated to be the Command Module Pilot on Apollo 8 but was removed when he required surgery on his back and was replaced by Jim Lovell, his backup for that flight. In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969, charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator Ronald Evans Owen K. Garriott Don L. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release, the Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell spacecraft fired by a giant cannon in Jules Vernes 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon. The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the bird of the United States, the bald eagle. The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for peaceful lunar landing by the United States and he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too warlike and after some discussion, All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch. When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the design provided the eagle for its reverse side. The design was used for the smaller Susan B
25.
Fuel cell
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A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as these inputs are supplied, the first fuel cells were invented in 1838. The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a later in NASA space programs to generate power for satellites. Since then, fuel cells have been used in other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and they are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, buses, boats, motorcycles and submarines. There are many types of cells, but they all consist of an anode, a cathode. The anode and cathode contain catalysts that cause the fuel to undergo reactions that generate positively charged hydrogen ions and electrons. The hydrogen ions are drawn through the electrolyte after the reaction, at the same time, electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. At the cathode, hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen react to form water, Individual fuel cells produce relatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are stacked, or placed in series, to create sufficient voltage to meet an applications requirements. In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide. The energy efficiency of a cell is generally between 40–60%, or up to 85% efficient in cogeneration if waste heat is captured for use. The fuel cell market is growing, and in 2013 Pike Research estimated that the fuel cell market will reach 50 GW by 2020. The first references to hydrogen fuel cells appeared in 1838 and he used a combination of sheet iron, copper and porcelain plates, and a solution of sulphate of copper and dilute acid. In a letter to the publication written in December 1838 but published in June 1839. His letter discussed current generated from hydrogen and oxygen dissolved in water, grove later sketched his design, in 1842, in the same journal. The fuel cell he used similar materials to todays phosphoric-acid fuel cell. In 1939, British engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell and this became known as the Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell. GE went on to develop this technology with NASA and McDonnell Aircraft and this was the first commercial use of a fuel cell
26.
Primary Life Support System
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The PLSS is generally worn like a backpack. When used in a microgravity environment, a propulsion system is generally needed for safety and control. Some of the water was used to remove excess heat from the astronauts breathing air. The PLSS also contained a radio transceiver and antenna for communications, PLSS controls were provided in the Remote Control Unit mounted on the astronauts chest. Oxygen and water were rechargeable for multiple EVAs from the environmental control system. An emergency backup was provided in case the system failed, by a separate unit called the Oxygen Purge System, mounted on top of the PLSS. The OPS maintained suit pressure and removed carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor through a continuous, when activated, the OPS provided oxygen to a separate inlet on the pressure suit, once a vent valve on a separate suit outlet was manually opened. The OPS provided a maximum of about 30 minutes of oxygen for breathing and cooling. This could be extended to 75 to 90 minutes with a buddy system hose that used the other astronauts functional PLSS for cooling and this allowed the vent valve to be partly closed to decrease the oxygen flow rate. The PLSS was 26 inches high,18 inches wide, and 10 inches deep and it was tested in space for the first time by Russell Schweickart in a stand-up EVA in Earth orbit on Apollo 9. His PLSS weighed 84 pounds on Earth, which translated to a weight of only 14 lb on the Moon, the OPS weighed 41 pounds on Earth. The OPS was also used as a backup on tethered in-space EVAs where a spacecraft provided oxygen to the astronaut through an umbilical hose, similar systems have been used by Space Shuttle astronauts, and are currently used by International Space Station crews. The Primary Life Support System for the EMU suit used on the Space Shuttle and it is mounted to the back of the Hard Upper Torso assembly. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are drawn from the extremities of the suit by the Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment or LCVG, when gas enters the PLSS, activated charcoal removes odors and lithium hydroxide removes carbon dioxide. Next, the gas passes through a fan which maintains a flow rate of about six feet per minute. A sublimator then condenses water vapor, which is removed by a slurper, the removed water is stored and used to supplement the water supply used in the LCVG. The sublimator also cools the remaining oxygen to about 55 °F, a flow sensor monitors the flow rate. Extra oxygen is added to the flow from a tank as necessary
27.
Hamilton Sundstrand
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Hamilton Sundstrand was an American globally active corporation that manufactured and supported aerospace and industrial products for worldwide markets. A subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, it was headquartered in Windsor Locks, the company was formed from the merger of Hamilton Standard and Sundstrand Corporation in 1999. In 2012, Hamilton Sundstrand was merged with Goodrich Corporation to form UTC Aerospace Systems, on June 10,1999, Hamilton Standard and the Sundstrand Corp. were merged, forming Hamilton Sundstrand. Hamilton Sundstrand traces its roots to the founding of the Sundstrand Corp. in 1905, in early 2001, Claverham Ltd was sold to Hamilton Sundstrand. In 2012, Hamilton Sundstrand was merged with Goodrich Corporation to form UTC Aerospace Systems, Hamilton Sundstrand was among the largest global suppliers of technologically advanced aerospace and industrial products. Their three major businesses were Aircraft Systems, Industrial and Energy, and Space and Defense, Hamilton Sundstrand supplied integrated systems solutions for military, commercial, regional, and corporate aircraft. In 2013, The four industrial companies became subsidiaries of new parent company Accudyne Industries, Claverham Limited, was an international subsidiary of Hamilton Sundstrand based in Bristol, England
28.
United Technologies
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United Technologies Corporation is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Farmington, Connecticut. UTC is also a military contractor, getting about 10% of its revenue from the U. S. government. Gregory Hayes is the current CEO, in 1974, Harry Gray left Litton Industries to become the CEO of United Aircraft. The diversification was partially to balance civilian business against any overreliance on military business, UTC became a mergers and acquisitions –focused organization, with various forced takeovers of unwilling smaller corporations. The next year, UTC forcibly acquired Otis Elevator, in 1979, Carrier Refrigeration and Mostek were acquired, the Carrier deal was forcible, while the Mostek deal was a white knight move against hostile takeover designs by Gould. Although M&A activity was not new to United Aircraft, the M&A activity of the 1970s and 1980s was higher-stakes, rather than aviation being the central theme of UTC businesses, high tech was the new theme. Some Wall Street watchers questioned the value of M&A at almost any price. Mostek was sold in 1985 to the French electronics company Thomson, UTC acquired Sundstrand Corporation in 1999, and merged it into UTCs Hamilton Standard unit to form Hamilton Sundstrand. In 2003, UTC entered the fire and security business by purchasing Chubb Security, in 2004, UTC acquired the Schweizer Aircraft Corporation which planned to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary under their Sikorsky Aircraft division. In 2005, UTC further pursued its stake in the fire, also in 2005, UTC acquired Boeings Rocketdyne division, which was merged into the Pratt & Whitney business unit. In 2007, UTC opened the Hawk Works, a Rapid Prototyping and Military Derivatives Completion Center located west of the Elmira-Corning Regional Airport in Big Flats, NY. In March 2008, UTC made a $2.63 billion bid to acquire Diebold, Diebold rejected the buyout bid as inadequate. In November 2008, UTCs Carrier Corporation acquired NORESCO, which is one of the nations largest energy service companies, in December 2009, it was announced that UTC would acquire a 49. 5% stake in Clipper Windpower for $206 million. In October 2010, UTC agreed with Clipper to acquire the rest of the company, in September 2011, UTC acquired a $18.4 billion deal for aircraft components maker Goodrich Corporation. In June 2012, it was discovered that UTC sold military technology to the Chinese, for pleading guilty to violating the Arms Export Control Act and making false statements, United Technologies and its subsidiaries were fined $75 million. In July 2012, United Technologies acquired Goodrich and merged it with Hamilton Sundstrand, in February 2013, UTC Power was sold to ClearEdge Power. In October 2014, Toshiba and United Technologies made a deal to expand their joint venture outside Japan, in January 2015, UTC Building & Industrial Systems completed the acquisition of CIAT Group, a leading HVAC manufacturing company in France. In November 2015, Lockheed Martin completed its $9.0 billion acquisition of Sikorsky Aircraft. ”In December, Carrier agreed to keep the Indianapolis plant open, keeping 1,100 jobs in Indianapolis
29.
Airbus
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Airbus SAS is a division of the multinational Airbus Group SE that manufactures civil aircraft. It is based in Blagnac, France, a suburb of Toulouse, with production and manufacturing facilities mainly in France, Germany, Spain, China, United Kingdom, Airbus began as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers, Airbus Industrie. After a protracted sales process BAE sold its shareholding to EADS on 13 October 2006, Airbus has sixteen key sites in four countries, France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Final assembly production is based at Toulouse, France, Hamburg, Germany, Seville, Spain, Tianjin, China, Airbus has subsidiaries in the United States, Japan and India. The company produces and markets the first commercially viable digital fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320, and the worlds largest passenger airliner, Airbus Industrie began as a consortium of European aviation firms formed to compete with American companies such as Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Lockheed. While many European aircraft were innovative, even the most successful had small production runs, in the mid-1960s, tentative negotiations commenced regarding a European collaborative approach. The same year Hawker Siddeley teamed with Breguet and Nord to study airbus designs, the Hawker Siddeley/Breguet/Nord groups HBN100 became the basis for the continuation of the project. By 1966 the partners were Sud Aviation, later Aérospatiale, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Airbus, later Deutsche Airbus, a request for funding was made to the three governments in October 1966. On 25 July 1967 the three agreed to proceed with the proposal. In the two years following this agreement, both the British and French governments expressed doubts about the project, the MoU had stated that 75 orders must be achieved by 31 July 1968. With concerns at proposal of the A300B proposal in December 1968, and fearing it would not recoup its investment due to lack of sales, West Germany took this opportunity to increase its share of the project to 50%. Given the participation by Hawker Siddeley up to point, France. Thus the British company was allowed to continue as a privileged subcontractor, Hawker Siddeley invested GB£35 million in tooling and, requiring more capital, received a GB£35 million loan from the West German government. Airbus Industrie was formally established as a Groupement dIntérêt Économique on 18 December 1970 and it had been formed by a government initiative between France, West Germany and the UK that originated in 1967. Its initial shareholders were the French company Aérospatiale and the West German company Deutsche Airbus, Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus each took a 36. 5% share of production work, Hawker Siddeley 20% and the Dutch company Fokker-VFW 7%. Each company would deliver its sections as fully equipped, ready-to-fly items, in October 1971 the Spanish company CASA acquired a 4. 2% share of Airbus Industrie, with Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus reducing their stakes to 47. 9%. In January 1979 British Aerospace, which had absorbed Hawker Siddeley in 1977, the majority shareholders reduced their shares to 37. 9%, while CASA retained its 4. 2%. The Airbus A300 was to be the first aircraft to be developed, manufactured and marketed by Airbus, by early 1967 the A300 label began to be applied to a proposed 320 seat, twin engined airliner
30.
Bombardier Aerospace
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Bombardier Aerospace is a division of Bombardier Inc. It is headquartered in Dorval, Quebec, Canada, after acquiring Canadair in 1986 and restoring it to profitability, in 1989 Bombardier acquired the near-bankrupt Short Brothers aircraft manufacturing company in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The aerospace company now accounts for half of Bombardier Inc. s revenue. It also manufactured the Bombardier 415 amphibious water-bomber, and the Global Express, the CSeries, which Bombardier offers in several size versions, is competing with the Airbus A318 and Airbus A319, the Boeing 737 Next Generation 737-600 and 737-700 models, and the Embraer 195. The launch customer for the CSeries, Lufthansa, signed a letter of intent for up to 60 aircraft and 30 options in 2008, the manufacturing complex in Montreal was redeveloped by Ghafari Associates to incorporate lean manufacturing of its CSeries aircraft. In January 2012, the company began manufacturing simple structures such as controls for the CRJ series from a transitional facility near Casablanca, Morocco. On 30 September 2013 it broke ground on its permanent facility, the consortium would include Korea Aerospace Industries and Korean Air Lines. In November 2012, the signed the largest deal in its history, with Swiss business jet operator VistaJet. The deal included an option for Bombardier to manufacture and sell an additional 86 Global jets, in April 2013, Canadas Porter Airlines placed a conditional order for 12 CSeries aircraft, with options for another 18. However, this was conditional on the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport allowing jets to use the facilities, studies underway included an environmental assessment, master planning exercise and preliminary runway design. In 2015, the Government of Canada announced that it would not approve a change to allow jets at the airport, in January 2014, Bombardier Inc. cut 1,700 employees from Bombardier Aerospace to save costs due to a 19 percent drop in orders in 2013. In July the same year, Bombardier reorganized its structure in response to its underperformance. President Guy Hachey retired and Bombardier Aerospace was split into three divisions, business aircraft, commercial aircraft and aerostructures, and engineering services, as part of the corporate overhaul,1,800 jobs were cut. On 29 October 2015 Bombardier announced a US$4. 9-billion third-quarter loss, Bombardier also said it would cancel its Learjet 85 program, taking another US$1. 2-billion writedown and cancelling the 64 outstanding orders. Particularly because of the CSeries, the debt had reached approximately $9 Billion. Bombardier shares fell 17.4 per cent on that day, on 17 February 2016, Bombardier announced its 2015 profits were $138 million before taking a $5.4 billion write-down. That same week, the company announced it would cut 7,000 jobs. At the time, the company had only 243 firm orders and letters of intent and commitment for another 360, most of these were for the CS300 model
31.
Embraer
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Embraer S. A. is a Brazilian aerospace conglomerate that produces commercial, military, executive and agricultural aircraft and provides aeronautical services. It is headquartered in São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, seeking to develop a domestic aircraft industry, the Brazilian government made several investments in this area during the 1940s and 50s. However, it was not until 1969 that Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica was created as a government-owned corporation and its first president, Ozires Silva, was a government appointee, and the company initially produced a turboprop passenger aircraft, the Embraer EMB110 Bandeirante. The Brazilian Government contributed to Embraers early growth by providing production contracts, the company sold solely to the domestic market until 1975. Aimed at the market, this plane was the first of Embraers highly successful small airliners. In 1974, the company started to produce Piper Aircraft light planes under license, Piper first put together knock-down kits in their US factory for Embraer to assemble and market in Brazil and Latin America. By 1978, most of the parts and components were being sourced locally, between 1974 and 2000, nearly 2,500 license-built Pipers were produced by Embraer. Born from a Brazilian government plan and having been state-run from the beginning and this was a period of privatization for many state-controlled companies in Brazil. Embraer was sold on December 7,1994, which helped it avoid a looming bankruptcy, the company continued to win government contracts. The Brazilian government retains interest through possession of golden shares, which allow it veto power, in 2000, Embraer made simultaneous initial public offerings on the NYSE and BM&F Bovespa stock exchanges. In the mid-1990s, the company pursued a line more focused on small commercial planes over the military aircraft that had previously made up the majority of its manufacturing. It soon expanded to the production of larger airliners, with 70–110 seats. Today, the company manufactures for both defense and commerce, at the 2000 Farnborough Airshow, Embraer launched the Legacy 600, a business jet variant of the ERJ. In 2002, a business unit was organised as Embraer Executive Jets as the Legacy was introduced. In 2005, the Phenom 100 was then conceptualised as an air taxi like the Eclipse 500, competing with Cessna and it was introduced in 2008 and is the basis of the larger Phenom 300. The midsize Legacy 450 and Legacy 500 were jointly developed as clean sheet designs, in 2016, Embraer delivered its 1, 000th executive jet and have a market share of 17% by volume, acknowledging it lacks an ultra-long-range large cabin jet. On April 19,2007, Embraer announced it was considering the production of a military transport. Work began in May 2009 with funding from the Brazilian Air Force, correios, the Brazilian postal service, has shown interest in buying this aircraft
32.
Goodrich Corporation
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The Goodrich Corporation, formerly the B. F. Goodrich Company, was an American aerospace manufacturing company based in Charlotte, North Carolina. Founded in Akron, Ohio in 1870 as Goodrich, Tew & Co. by Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich, the company name was changed to the B. F. Goodrich Company in 1880, to BFGoodrich in the 1980s, and to Goodrich Corporation in 2001. In 1869 Benjamin Franklin Goodrich purchased the Hudson River Rubber Company, the following year Goodrich accepted an offer of $13,600 from the citizens of Akron, Ohio, to relocate his business there. Goodrich ranked 67th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts, the company grew to be one of the largest tire and rubber manufacturers in the world, helped in part by the 1986 merger with Uniroyal. This product line was sold to Michelin in 1988, and the merged with Rohr, Coltec Industries. The sale of the specialty chemicals division and subsequent change to the current name completed the transformation. In 2006, company sales were $5.8 billion, of which 18%, 16% and 12% of total revenues were accounted for by the U. S. government, Airbus and Boeing, respectively. Though BFGoodrich is a brand name of tires, the Goodrich Corporation exited the tire business in 1988. The tire business and use of the name was sold to Michelin, before the sale to Michelin, Goodrich ran television and print ads showing an empty blue sky, to distinguish themselves from the similar-sounding Goodyear tire company. The tag line was, See that blimp up in the sky, the company was also sometimes confused with Mr. Goodwrench as the two last names were similar, especially when B. F. Goodrich tires were featured on many General Motors cars and trucks. B. F. Goodrich sold radios from the 1930s to the 1950s and these radios were actually made by a variety of manufacturers for B. F. Goodrich. In 1936 the company entered the Mexican market in a joint venture with Euzkadi, the Troy, Ohio plant was purchased in 1946 from Waco. Since then, Goodrich has manufactured wheels and brakes for a variety of aircraft, among these are commercial, military, regional, and business programs. This successful operation lies at the core of Goodrichs business, competitors include the aerostructures divisions of companies such as Honeywell, Messier-Bugatti, Aircraft Braking Systems, and SNECMA. The Hood Rubber Company was sold before the Great Depression as a division of the B. F. Goodrich Company, by 1986 B. F. Goodrich had become an S&P 500-listed company in diverse business, including tire and rubber fabrication. B. F. Goodrich made high-performance replacement tires, B. F. Goodrich Company held a 50% stake in the new tire company. In 1987, its first full year of operation, the new Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company generated almost $2 billion in sales revenue, the merger soon proved to be difficult. In June 1988 B. F. Goodrich sold its 50% stake for $225 million, the buyers were a group of investors led by Clayton & Dubilier, Inc. a private New York investment firm
33.
Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529
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Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529 was an Embraer EMB120 Brasilia aircraft that crashed near Carrollton, Georgia on August 21,1995. Nine of the 29 passengers and crew on board were killed as a result of the accident, the accident bore similarities with Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311, which had occurred four years earlier, and resulted in the deaths of everyone on board. The inquiries of both concluded that design flaws in the aircrafts propellers were to blame. Flight 529 was a scheduled passenger flight from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport in Gulfport. On August 21,1995, the flight was operated using an Embraer EMB 120RT Brasilia, the aircraft made its first flight in 1989 and was delivered to Atlantic Southeast Airlines on March 3 of that same year. Before the fatal flight, it had made 18,171 cycles, the captain of the flight was Ed Gannaway, age 45, and the first officer was Matt Warmerdam, age 28. Gannaway was a pilot with 9,876 total hours of flying experience. Warmerdam was hired by the airline in April 1995 and had logged a total of 1,193 flight hours at the time of the accident, business travelers, ranging from 18 to 69 years of age, comprised most of the aircrafts passengers. Six engineers, two deputy sheriffs, two air force personnel, a minister, and a New Orleans woman planning to become a flight attendant were also on the aircraft. Flight 529 left the area at Atlanta at 12,10 Eastern Daylight Time. One of the blades of the Hamilton Standard propeller on the engine had failed. The flight crew initially tried to return to Atlanta for an emergency landing, the airplane was unable to stay in the air long enough and the pilots began searching for an open space to make an emergency landing. At 12,52,45 the airplane struck the tops of the trees and crashed into a field in Carroll County, Georgia near the community of Burwell. All of the passengers and crew aboard Flight 529 survived the initial impact, the fire started approximately one minute after impact and an oxygen bottle behind the First Officers seat leaked, contributing to the strength of the fire. Despite a dislocated shoulder, First Officer Warmerdam used the fire axe to cut through the thick cockpit glass. While he was being rescued, Warmerdam said to fire chief Steve Chadwick, Tell my wife, Amy, Chadwick replied, No sir, you tell her that you love her, because Im getting you out of here. In an ambulance, Warmerdam consoled paramedic Joan Crawford, who believed Warmerdam would soon die, Crawford had undressed him to cool him down and pinned his badge to his underwear, to help with identification later. Despite his injuries, Warmerdam survived the plane crash, a ninth victim died four months after the crash from severe burn injuries
34.
Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311
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Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 was a regularly scheduled commuter flight from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to Glynco Jetport in Brunswick, Georgia on April 5,1991. The flight, operated using a twin-turboprop Embraer EMB120 Brasilia, all 23 people aboard the plane were killed, including passengers Sonny Carter and John Tower. Four years later, another Embraer Brasilia of ASA crashed in the Georgia countryside in similar circumstances, the aircraft involved in the accident was an Embraer EMB120 Brasilia, manufactured on November 30,1990. It was equipped with two Pratt & Whitney PW-118 engines and Hamilton Standard 14RF-9 propellers, the airplane received its U. S. standard airworthiness certificate on December 20,1990. The aircraft had accumulated about 1,000 flying hours prior to the accident, only one deferred maintenance item was noted in the maintenance logs. This was for fuel leaking from the power unit cowling. The circuit breaker for the APU had been pulled while spare parts could be available to fix the cowling. Because they were not required at the time, the aircraft did not have a Cockpit Voice Recorder or Flight Data Recorder, captain Mark Friedline, age 34, had been hired by Atlantic Southeast Airlines in May 1981. He was fully qualified to fly three different commercial aircraft including the EMB-120 and it was estimated that at the time of the accident, he had accumulated about 11,724 total flying hours, of which 5,720 hours were in the EMB-120. He had been involved in the development of the EMB-120, and its introduction to service in the United States, an inspector described his knowledge of aircraft systems extensive, and his pilot techniques as excellent. First Officer Hank Johnston, age 36, was hired by Atlantic Southeast Airlines in June 1988 and he was a qualified flight instructor. Because more than 6 months had passed, since he had undergone an FAA medical inspection and he was issued with a first-class certificate, a second-class certification was adequate for his duties as a first officer. At the time of the accident, it was estimated that he had accumulated about 3,925 total flying hours, Flight Attendant Cindy Crabtree, age 30, was hired by Atlantic Southeast Airlines in 1986. On the morning of the accident, the captain and first officer arrived at the Dothan Regional Airport by taxi about 06,15 Eastern Standard Time, the taxi cab driver reported that the crew was in good spirits and readily engaged in conversation. The crew flew first to Atlanta, then performed a round trip to Montgomery, Alabama, after this round trip, the crew had a scheduled break for around two and a half hours, in which they were described to be well rested and talkative. Flight 2311 was scheduled initially to be operated by N228AS, another EMB-120, however, this airplane experienced mechanical problems, and so the flight was switched to N270AS. This aircraft had four times already on the day of the accident with no reports of any problems. Flight 2311 departed Atlanta, operating N270AS, at 13,47,23 minutes behind schedule, Flight 2311 deviated slightly in its flight path to Brunswick to avoid poor weather
