1.
Albany, Georgia
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Albany is a city in the U. S. state of Georgia, and is the seat of Dougherty County. Located in southwest Georgia, it is the city of the Albany. The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U. S. Census, the area where Albany is located was formerly inhabited by the Creek Indians, who called it Thronateeska after their word for flint because of the mineral flint that was found near the river. The Creeks used this flintstone to make tools and weapons such as arrowheads, American settlement began with Nelson Tift, from Groton, Connecticut, who took land along the Flint River in October 1836 after Indian removal. The Creek were forced to relocate to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, Tift named his new town Albany after the capital of New York, both were located at the navigable heads of rivers. Alexander Shotwell laid out the town in 1836 and it was incorporated as a city by an act of the General Assembly of Georgia on December 27,1838. Tift for decades was the citys leading entrepreneur, an ardent booster, he promoted education, business, and railroad construction. During the Civil War he provided naval supplies and helped build two ships and he opposed Radical Reconstruction inside the state and in Congress, and was scornful of the Yankee carpetbaggers who came in. John Fair concludes that Tift became more Southern than many natives and his pro-slavery attitudes before the war and his support for segregation afterward made him compatible with Georgias white elite. The area was developed by planters using slave labor for clearing land, by 1840, Dougherty Countys majority population was black, composed overwhelmingly of slaves. The market center for cotton plantations, Albany was in a location for shipping cotton to markets by steamboats on the river. In 1858, Tift hired Horace King, a slave and bridge builder. Kings bridge toll house still stands, already important as a shipping port, Albany later became an important railroad hub in southwestern Georgia. Seven lines were constructed to the town, an exhibit on trains is located at the Thronateeska Heritage Center in the former railroad station. While integral to the life of the town, the Flint River has flooded regularly. There was extensive property damage in 1841 and 1925, some late twentieth-century floods were extreme. In 1994, a flood was caused by rainfall from Tropical Storm Alberto, it killed 14 people. The state supported a $150 million renovation of the Albany State University campus to repair storm damage, New housing was built on the south side of town to replace what had been destroyed
2.
Las Vegas Valley
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The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Nevada. The largest urban agglomeration in the state, it is the heart of the Las Vegas–Paradise-Henderson, the Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a 600 sq mi basin area surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east and west of the metropolitan area. The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada, Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas, six unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada. Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen exponential growth, in 2014, a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area, producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion. The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party, including Rivera, in the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name Las Vegas. The area was settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been identified as a center as well as a resort destination. Nellis Air Force Base is located in the northeast corner of the valley, the ranges that the Nellis pilots use and various other land areas used by various federal agencies, limit growth of the valley in terms of geographic area. Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels, as well as television, legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well, and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years. The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base. The influx of personnel and casino job-hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off. The Las Vegas area remains one of the top entertainment destinations. The valley is contained in the Las Vegas Valley landform and this includes the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, and Henderson, and the unincorporated towns of Paradise, Spring Valley, Sunrise Manor, Enterprise, Winchester, and Whitney. The valley is located within the larger metropolitan area, as the metropolitan area covers all of Clark County -including parts that do not fall within the valley. The government of Clark County has an Urban Planning Area of Las Vegas and this definition is a roughly rectangular area, about 20 mi from east to west and 30 miles from north to south. Notable exclusions from the Urban Planning Area include Red Rock, Blue Diamond, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county. The department does not exercise jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Nellis Air Force Base
3.
Nevada
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Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges
4.
Betty Grable
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Elizabeth Ruth Betty Grable was an American actress, pin-up girl, dancer, and singer. Her 42 movies during the 1930s and 1940s grossed more than $100 million, the U. S. Treasury Department in 1946 and 1947 listed her as the highest-salaried American woman, she earned more than $3 million during her career. Grable began her career in 1929 at age 12, after which she was fired from a contract when it was learned she signed up under false identification. She had contracts with RKO and Paramount Pictures during the 1930s, Grable came to prominence in the Broadway musical DuBarry Was a Lady, which brought her to the attention of 20th Century-Fox. She replaced Alice Faye in Down Argentine Way, her first major Hollywood film, Fox cast Grable in a succession of Technicolor musicals during the decade that were immensely popular, co-starring with such leading men as Victor Mature, Don Ameche, John Payne, and Tyrone Power. In 1943, she was the number-one box-office draw in the world and, in 1947, two of her biggest film successes were the musical Mother Wore Tights and the comedy How to Marry a Millionaire, one of her last films. Grable retired from acting in 1955 after she withdrew from her Fox contract, although she continued to perform on the stage. Throughout her career, Grable was a sex symbol. Her bathing suit poster made her the number-one pin-up girl of World War II and it was later included in the Life magazine project 100 Photographs that Changed the World. Hosiery specialists of the era often noted the ideal proportions of her legs as thigh, calf, Grables legs were famously insured by her studio for $1 million as a publicity stunt. Elizabeth Ruth Grable was born on December 18,1916 in St. Louis and she was the youngest of three children born to Lillian Rose and John Charles Grable, a stockbroker. She had Dutch, English, German, and Irish and ancestry, nicknamed Betty as a child, she was pressured by her mother—a stubborn and materialistic woman—to become a performer. She was entered in multiple beauty contests, many of which she won or for which she achieved considerable attention, despite her success, she suffered from a fear of crowds and sleepwalking. A 12-year-old Grable and her mother traveled to Hollywood in 1929, shortly after the stock market crash. To get her daughter jobs, Lillian Grable lied about her daughters age, claiming she was 15 to movie producers, the same year, after assuming the stage name Betty Grable, she made her film debut in Happy Days. This eventually led to her having small roles in Lets Go Places, in 1930, at age 13, Grable began a partnership with producer Samuel Goldwyn, she thereby became one of the original Goldwyn Girls, along with Lucille Ball, Virginia Bruce, and Paulette Goddard. As a member of the group of attractive young starlets, Grable appeared in a series of small parts in movies. Although she received no credit for her performance, she led the films opening musical number
5.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
6.
Big band
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A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day, a big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra and this does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a big band specifically. The music is traditionally called charts, improvised solos may be played only when called for by the arranger. There are two periods in the history of popular bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then consisting of 10–25 pieces. At that time they played a form of jazz that involved very little improvisation, which included a string section with violins. A few bands also had violas and cellos, usually one or two along with them, the dance form of jazz was characterized by a sweet and romantic melody. Orchestras tended to stick to the melody as it was written and vocals would be sung, many of these artists changed styles or retired after the introduction of swing music. Although unashamedly commercial, these bands often featured front-rank jazz musicians - for example Paul Whiteman employed Bix Beiderbecke, there were also all-girl bands such as Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically jazz and this form of music never gained the popularity of the sweet dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with music, Johnny Mercer. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, some big ensembles, like the Joe King Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on head arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, there the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry Red Allen, J. C. Earl Hines became the star of Chicago with his Grand Terrace Cafe band, meanwhile, in Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Benny Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Radio was a factor in gaining notice and fame for Benny Goodman. Soon, others challenged him, and the battles of the bands became a staple at theater performances featuring many groups on one bill
7.
Swing music
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Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the swing feel where the emphasis is on the off–beat or weaker pulse in the music, Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, the verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Notable musicians of the era include Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman. Swing has roots in the late 1920s as larger ensembles began using written arrangements, a typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass. The most common style consisted of having a soloist take center stage, Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors. By the late 1940s, swing had morphed into traditional pop music, or evolved into new styles such as jump blues, Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Ella Fitzgerald. Swing blended with other genres to create new styles, in country music, artists such as Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and Bob Wills introduced many elements of swing along with blues to create a genre called western swing. Gypsy swing is an outgrowth of Venuti and Langs jazz violin swing, in the 1970s, and 1980s, fans of big band music attended swing music performances at supper clubs. In the late-1980s a trendier, more urban-styled swing-beat emerged called new jack swing, in the late 1990s and into the 2000s there was a swing revival, led by Squirrel Nut Zippers, Brian Setzer, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and Lavay Smith. In Canada, some of the early 2000s records by The JW-Jones Blues Band included swing revival elements, the 1920s saw parallel trends in jazz and popular music that would later converge into the swing style. New Orleans style jazz was based on a meter and contrapuntal improvisation led by a trumpet or cornet, typically followed by a clarinet. The rhythm section consisted of a tuba and drums, and sometimes a banjo, by the early 1920s guitars and pianos sometimes substituted for the banjo and a string bass sometimes substituted for the tuba. Further innovations in small ensemble playing led to development of the Chicago style identified with Louis Armstrong, a stint with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra familiarized him with arranged ensemble playing that differed from the New Orleans style, in which saxophones became the dominant sound among the reeds. Armstrong brought those back to his smaller ensembles, the soloist played over an ensemble relegated to a supporting role in the background. The string bass also lent itself to playing in a 4/4 rhythm rather than the 2/4 rhythm dictated by the tuba. The new format gave the soloist the opportunity to play with more rhythmic freedom, but playing with swing remained the province of the soloist, not the ensemble. The late 1920s saw increasingly sophisticated arrangements used by bigger ensembles, some arrangements used call-response between horn sections to build the melody
8.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
9.
Ben Pollack
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Ben Pollack was an American drummer and bandleader from the mid-1920s through the swing era. His eye for talent led him to musicians such as Benny Goodman, Jack Teagarden, Glenn Miller, Jimmy McPartland. This ability earned him the nickname the Father of Swing, Ben Pollack was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1903. He played drums in school and formed groups on the side and he joined the Harry Bastin Band and then the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in the 1920s. In 1924 he played for bands, including some on the west coast, which ultimately led to his forming a band. In 1926, he had a band named the Ten Californians, Pollack formed his own band in 1926. Over time the band included Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Jack Teagarden, one of the earliest members of his band was Gil Rodin, a saxophonist whose business acumen served him well later as an executive for the Music Corporation of America. Combining Pollacks regular recordings with these groups made Pollacks one of the more prolific bands of the 1920s and 1930s. Pollacks band played in Chicago and moved to New York City around the fall of 1928, having obtained McPartland and this outfit enjoyed immense success, playing for Broadway shows and winning an exclusive engagement at the Park Central Hotel. Pollacks band was involved in extensive recording activity at that time, the orchestra also made a Vitaphone short subject sound film. Pollack, in the meantime, had fancied himself as more of a bandleader-singer type instead of a drummer, to this end, he signed Ray Bauduc to handle the drumming chores. Benny Goodman and Jimmy McPartland left the band in the summer of 1929 and they were replaced by Matty Matlock on clarinet and Jack Teagardens brother, Charlie, on trumpet. Eddie Miller was also signed as a tenor saxophonist in 1930, the band broke up in 1934. Many of its members formed a group led by Bob Crosby. Pollack reformed his band with Harry James and Irving Fazola, with James he wrote the hit Peckin. In the early 1940s, he orgainzed a band led by comedian Chico Marx and he started Jewel Records, opened restaurants in Hollywood and Palm Springs, appeared as himself in the movie The Benny Goodman Story, and made a cameo in The Glenn Miller Story. Pollack and Doris Robbins, who had no children, were divorced in 1957, in later years, after suffering a series of financial losses, Pollack grew despondent and committed suicide by hanging in his home in Palm Springs in 1971. He was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, in 1992, Pollack was inducted into the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame
10.
Benny Goodman
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Benjamin David Benny Goodman was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader, known as the King of Swing. In the mid-1930s, Goodman led one of the most popular groups in America. Goodmans bands launched the careers of many jazz artists. During an era of segregation, he led one of the first well-known integrated jazz groups. Goodman performed nearly to the end of his life while exploring an interest in classical music, Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. His father, David Goodman, came to America in 1892 from Warsaw in partitioned Poland and his mother, Dora, came from Kaunas, Lithuania. His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born, hundreds of houses are unconnected with the street sewer. Money was a constant problem in the family, Bennys father earned at most $20 per week. On Sundays, his father took the children to free concerts in Douglas Park. The following year Benny joined the club band at Jane Addamss Hull House. By joining the band, he was entitled to two weeks at a summer camp about fifty miles from Chicago. It was the time he was able to get away from the bleak environment of his urban neighborhood. He also received two years of instruction from the classically trained clarinetist Franz Schoepp and his early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinetists working in Chicago, notably Johnny Dodds, Leon Roppolo and Jimmie Noone. Goodman learned quickly, becoming a player at an early age. Goodman made his debut in 1921 at the Central Park Theater on Chicagos West Side. He entered Harrison High School in Chicago in 1922 and he joined the musicians’ union in 1923 and by the age of 14 was in a band featuring Bix Beiderbecke. Goodman attended Lewis Institute in 1924 as a sophomore, while also playing the clarinet in a dance hall band. When Goodman was 16, he joined one of Chicagos top bands, when he was 17, his father was killed by a passing car after stepping off a streetcar
11.
Buddy Rich
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Bernard Buddy Rich was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. Widely considered one of the most influential drummers of all time and known for his technique, power. He performed with many bandleaders, most notably Tommy Dorsey, Harry James, Count Basie, Rich was born in Brooklyn to Jewish-American parents Bess and Robert Rich, both vaudevillians. His talent for rhythm was first noted by his father, who saw that Buddy could keep a beat with spoons at the age of one. He began playing drums in vaudeville when he was 18 months old, at the peak of Richs childhood career, he was reportedly the second-highest paid child entertainer in the world. At age 11, he was performing as a bandleader and he received no formal drum instruction and went so far as to claim that instruction would only degrade his musical talent. He also never admitted to practicing, claiming to play the only during performances and was not known to read music. Rich first played jazz with a group in 1937 with Joe Marsala. He then played with Bunny Berigan and Artie Shaw, and even instructed a 14-year-old Mel Brooks in drumming for a period when playing for Shaw. At 21, Rich participated in his first major recording with the Vic Schoen Orchestra, in 1938, he was hired to play in Tommy Dorseys orchestra, where he met and performed with Frank Sinatra. In 1942, Rich left the Dorsey band to join the United States Marine Corps, in which he served as an instructor, never saw combat. He rejoined the Dorsey group after leaving the Marines two years later, in 1946, Rich formed his own band with financial support from Sinatra, and continued to lead different groups on and off until the early 1950s. In the early 50s, Rich played with Dorsey and began to perform with trumpeter Harry James, in 1966, Rich left James to develop a new big band. For most of the period from 1966 until his death, he led successful big bands in an era when the popularity of big bands had waned from their 1930s and 1940s peak. Rich also served as the drummer for many recordings, where his playing was often much more understated than in his own big-band performances. In 1968 Rich collaborated with the Indian tabla player Ustad Alla Rakha in the studio album Rich à la Rakha by Buddy Rich and Alla Rakha. Perhaps his most popular later performance was an arrangement of a medley derived from Leonard Bernsteins West Side Story. The West Side Story Suite is a complex arrangement which highlights Richs ability to blend the rhythm of his drumming into his bands playing of the musical chart
12.
Louie Bellson
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Luigi Paulino Alfredo Francesco Antonio Balassoni, known by the stage name Louie Bellson, was an American jazz drummer. He was a composer, arranger, bandleader, and jazz educator, Bellson was an internationally acclaimed artist who performed in most of the major capitals around the world. Bellson and his wife, actress and singer Pearl Bailey, had the second highest number of appearances at the White House and he was a vice president at Remo, a drum company. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1985, Bellson was born in Rock Falls, Illinois, in 1924 and started playing drums at three years of age. At 15, he pioneered using two bass drums at the same time, at age 17, he triumphed over 40,000 drummers to win the Slingerland National Gene Krupa contest. After graduating from school, he worked with big bands throughout the 1940s, with Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Harry James. In 1952, he married jazz singer Pearl Bailey, during the 1950s, he played with the Dorsey Brothers, Jazz at the Philharmonic, acted as Baileys music director, and recorded as a leader for Norgran Records and Verve Records. In an interview in 2005 with Jazz Connection magazine, he cited as influences Jo Jones, Sid Catlett, I have to give just dues to two guys who really got me off on the drums – Big Sid Catlett and Jo Jones. All three of us realized what Jo Jones did and it influenced a lot of us and we all three looked to Jo as the Papa who really did it. Gene helped bring the drums to the foreground as a solo instrument, Buddy was a great natural player. But we also have to back at Chick Webbs contributions. Ellington called these concerts the most important thing I have ever done, bellsons album The Sacred Music of Louie Bellson and the Jazz Ballet appeared in 2006. She recalled how Ellington explained to Louie that in the beginning there was lightning and thunder, Ellington exclaimed, pointing out that Louies drums were the thunder. Both Ellington and Louie, says Mrs. Bellson, were deeply religious, on December 5,1971 he took part in a memorial concert at Londons Queen Elizabeth Hall for drummer Frank King. This tribute show also featured Buddy Rich and British drummer Kenny Clare, the orchestra was led by Irish trombonist Bobby Lamb and American trombonist Raymond Premru. A few years later, Rich paid Bellson a compliment by asking him to lead his band on tour while he was disabled by a back injury. As a prolific creator of music, both written and improvised, his compositions and arrangements embrace jazz, jazz/rock/fusion, romantic orchestral suites, symphonic works, Bellson was also a poet and a lyricist. His only Broadway venture, Portofino, was a flop that closed after three performances
13.
Helen Forrest
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Helen was born Helen Fogel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on April 12,1917. Her parents, Louis and Rebecca Fogel, were Russian-born Jews, while she was still an infant, Helens father died from influenza. Helen was raised by her mother, who blamed her husbands death on the birth of Helen. She believed that God had taken her husband because she had wished so much for a baby girl, Helen had three older brothers, Harry, Ed, and Sam. The family relocated to Brooklyn when Helen was in her teenage years. Her mother married a painter, a man that Helen disliked. Soon, Helens mother and stepfather turned the home into a brothel. At age 14, Helen was nearly raped by her stepfather, Helen defended herself with a kitchen knife, injuring him. Following this, she was permitted by her mother to live with her teacher, Honey Silverman. While teaching her piano, Honey noticed Helens singing ability and encouraged her to focus on singing instead, anxious to find a career in singing, Helen dropped out of high school to pursue her dream. Helen returned to Atlantic City and began singing with her brother Eds band and she soon returned to New York City, where she visited song publishers and performed an audition for a 15-minute slot for a local radio show. Around this time, Helen was encouraged to change her name from Fogel to Forrest because her name sounded too Jewish, in 1934, 17-year-old Helen began singing for WNEW in New York. She also performed for WCBS where she was known as “Bonnie Blue” and “The Blue Lady of Song. ”Eventually she found a job at the Madrillon Club, in Washington. After seeing Forrest at the Madrillon, bandleader Artie Shaw asked her to go on tour with him, for a time she and Holiday were both working with Shaws band. In some venues, African-American performers were required to remain off stage until they performed, when Forrest became aware of this, she stated that like Holiday, she would also not take the stage until she was to sing. She recorded 38 singles with Shaws band, Two of her biggest hits with Shaw were the songs They Say and All the Things You Are. During her time with Shaw, Helen Forrest became a national favorite, in November 1939, Shaw broke up his band. Helen joined Benny Goodman in December 1939, with whom she recorded a number of celebrated songs, Helen recorded 55 studio recordings with Goodman
14.
Fraser MacPherson
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John Fraser MacPherson CM was a Canadian jazz musician born in Saint Boniface, Manitoba. He moved to Victoria, British Columbia as a child, where he learned piano, clarinet, alto and he took a years leave in 1958 to study in New York City, adding the flute to his list of instruments. He played on the CBC and won a Juno Award for Best Jazz Album in 1983 and he was awarded the Order of Canada in 1987. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s MacPherson was a studio player in Vancouver. MacPhersons first album as leader of a jazz group, Live at the Planetarium, was originally recorded for broadcast on the French-language CBC radio network. MacPherson leased the tapes and released them on his own independent label. The album was picked up and re-released on the Concord label. He also recorded for Torontos Sackville records and Montreals Justin Time label, in the summer of 1993, Pacific Music Industry Association created the Fraser MacPherson Scholarship Fund which annually awards grants of $2000 to four to eight aspiring music students. Later that year MacPherson died in Vancouver, aged 65, biography at vancouverjazz. com 1976 CBC interview allmusic. com Entry 1966 documentary Diary of a Musician
15.
Circus
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The term circus also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the father of the circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature, as styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating, from the late 18th to late 19th century custom-made circus buildings were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents, commonly known as Big Tops were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues and these tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled a horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times. In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, the Roman circus buildings were, however, not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank, There were also various state boxes for the giver of the games, the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood, after being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people, it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, a fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius, its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. For some time after the fall of Rome, large buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs, Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the arena as a Circle and the building as an amphitheatre. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth, or, the Royal Circus opened in London on 4 November 1782 by Charles Dibdin and his partner Charles Hughes
16.
Arban method
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The Arban Method is a complete pedagogical method for students of trumpet, cornet, and other brass instruments. The original edition was published by Jean-Baptiste Arban sometime before 1859 and is currently in print and it contains hundreds of exercises, ranging in difficulty. The method begins with basic exercises and progresses to very advanced compositions, Arban covers the range of the cornet. He also details alternate fingerings and describes the use of the tuning slide, Arban states his opinion that the mouthpiece should be two-thirds on the lower lip and one-third on the upper. Arban then stresses the proper attack technique and he uses the tu pronunciation, which in French is said with the tongue in the tee position. Arban concludes with proper breathing technique, Arban then begins his method with a focus on tone. The next studies familiarize the student with fingerings, develop his or her range, in the next section, which is devoted to syncopation, goes from a simple quarter-half-quarter rhythm to a sixteenth-eighth-sixteenth repeated rhythm. Next, Arban focuses on the dotted eighth-sixteenth and eighth-double sixteenth rhythms and he ends the First Studies with 10 studies on the 6/8 meter. Professor Arban devotes the next section of his vast method to slurring or legato playing and he begins with simple slurs that are accomplished by the variation of valves. He suggests pronouncing taw-ee while playing, the editor recommends adding little more air on the top note. Arban devotes half of this section, though, to lip slurs. He concludes this section with a series of advanced studies combining slurred, Arbans series on scales includes studies of major, minor, and chromatic scales, as well as numerous variations thereof. Arban admits to giving minor scales limited treatment, but Gordon refutes this by citing the nonexistence of limits on the use of the Trumpet and Cornet, next, Arban teaches the student the various ornaments that can be played on a trumpet or cornet. He details the simple appoggiatura, grace note, portamento, double appoggiatura, the turn, the trill, Arban concludes the fourth section by combining the various ornaments and integrating them into various tunes. Next, Arban focuses on triple tonguing, double tonguing, Arban uses various tu-ku pronunciation combinations, and Gordon subsequently replaces these with tee-kee combinations. In his studies on double tonguing, Arban includes a score of studies in which he combines double tonguing with slurs occurring on various beats, the Art of Phrasing was written by Arban in 1866, but was never added to the original French edition of the Method. These songs and duets first appeared in the American Edition of the Arban Method published by the Jean White Company in 1872 and this new version added 28 duets entitled 28 Recreations,32 Melodies, and 100 Art of the Phrasing songs. Pepper also added the Art of Phrasing to their Arban Methods in the late 1800s, as in his other sections, Arban progresses from simple pieces to more challenging ones
17.
Beaumont, Texas
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Beaumont is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Texas in the United States, within the Beaumont–Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beaumont was founded as a town in 1835 by Northerners, the early European-American settlement had an economy based on the development of lumber, farming, and port industries. Rice became an important commodity crop in Texas, and is now cultivated in 23 counties, a big change occurred in 1901 with the Spindletop gusher, which demonstrated the potential of the huge oil field. With Spindletop, several companies developed in Beaumont, and some continue. The area rapidly developed as one of the major petro-chemical refining areas in the country, along with Port Arthur and Orange, Beaumont forms the Golden Triangle, a major industrial area on the Texas Gulf Coast. Beaumont is home of Lamar University, a national Carnegie Doctoral Research university with 14,966 students, including undergraduates and post graduates. Over the years, several corporations have been based in this city, gSUs Edison Plaza headquarters is still the tallest building in Beaumont. In 1824 Noah and Nancy Tevis settled on the west bank of the Neches River, soon after that, a small community grew up around the farm, which was named Tevis Bluff or Neches River Settlement. They began planning a town to be out on this land. Their partnership, J. P. Pulsifer and Company, controlled the first 50 acres upon which the town was founded and this town was named Beaumont, after Jefferson Beaumont, the brother-in-law of Henry Millard. They added more property for a total of 200 acres, Beaumont became a town on 16 December 1838. Beaumonts first mayor was Alexander Calder, from the towns founding in 1835, business activities included real estate, transportation, and retail sales. Later, other businesses were formed, especially in construction and operation, new building construction, lumber sales. The Port of Beaumont became a regional shipping center. Beaumont was a center for cattle raisers and farmers in its early years. With an active riverport by the 1880s, it became an important lumber and it exported rice as a commodity crop. The Beaumont Rice Mill, founded in 1892 by Joseph Eloi Broussard, was the first commercially successful rice mill in Texas, in addition, Broussard founded a company to operate an irrigation system to support rice culture. This helped stimulate the expansion of cultivation from 1500 acres in 1892 to 400,000 acres in 23 counties by his death in 1956
18.
Sight-reading
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Sight-reading, also called a prima vista, is the reading and performing of a piece of music or song in music notation that the performer has not seen before. Sight-singing is used to describe a singer who is sight-reading, both activities require the musician to play or sing the notated rhythms and pitches. Many believe that sight-singing is the challenging of the two, because the musicians do not have any keys, frets or valves to help them obtain the correct pitches. However, difficulty is related both to the instrument and the difficulty of the piece itself, Udtaisuk and some other authors prefer the use of the more specific terms sight-playing and sight-singing where applicable. This differentiation leaves a third, more restricted use of the term sight-reading for the silent reading of music without creating sound by instrument or voice. Highly skilled musicians can sight-read silently, that is, they can look at the printed music, less able sight-readers generally must at least hum or whistle in order to sight-read effectively. This distinction is analogous to ordinary prose reading during the early Middle Ages, franz Liszt was famous for his capacity to play advanced piano pieces sight-reading the notes. The term a prima vista is also used, as Italian words, to play a musical piece a prima vista means to play it at first sight. According to Payne, the ability to hear the notes on the page is clearly akin to music reading, egregious errors can occur when a student, analyzing a piece of music, makes no effort to play or hear the composition but mechanically processes the notes on the page. The ability to sight-read is important for all musicians, even amateur performers, some professional orchestras ask prospective candidates for positions to sight-read orchestral parts. Some musicians can transpose music during performance to suit particular instruments or vocal ranges, to make the playing of the instrument or singing easier, according to Udtaisuk, many use the term sight-reading for instrumental sight-reading performance. Some authors, according to Udtaisuk, use the term sight-singing for vocal sight-reading, as with sight-playing, Udtaisuk advocates and uses the more descriptive term sightsinging for vocal sight-reading because sight-singing combines sight-reading and singing skills. The ability to sight-read partly depends on a strong short-term musical memory, storage of notational information in working memory can be expressed in terms of the amount of information and the time for which it must be held before being played. The relationship between load and latency changes according to tempo, such that t = x/y, where t is the change in tempo, x is the change in load, and y is the change in latency. Some teachers and researchers have proposed that the span can be trained to be larger than it would otherwise be under normal conditions. Human memory can be divided into three categories, Long-term Memory, Sensory Memory, and Short-term Memory. The paramount feature that distinguishes the working memory from both the long-term and sensory memory is this ability to simultaneously process and store information. Experiments dealing with memory span have been conducted by George Miller in 1956 that indicated, Most common number of items that can be stored in the memory is five plus or minus two. ”However, if this information is not retained and stored in ones long-term memory
19.
Cornet
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The cornet /ˈkɔːrnɪt/ is a brass instrument similar to the trumpet but distinguished from it by its conical bore, more compact shape, and mellower tone quality. The most common cornet is an instrument in B♭, though there is also a soprano cornet in E♭. Both are unrelated to the renaissance and early baroque cornett, the cornet was initially derived from the post horn around 1820 in France. Among the first manufacturers of modern cornets was Parisian Jean Asté in 1828, cornets first appeared as separate instrumental parts in 19th century French compositions. This instrument could not have developed without the improvement of piston valves by Silesian oboe player Friedrich Blühmel. These two instrument makers almost simultaneously invented valves, though it is likely that Blühmel was the inventor and they jointly applied for a patent and were granted this for a period of ten years. Later, and most importantly, François Périnet received a patent in 1838 for a valve which is the basis of all modern brass instrument piston valves. Up until the early 20th century, the trumpet and cornet coexisted in musical ensembles, symphonic repertoire often involves separate parts for trumpet and cornet. As several instrument builders made improvements to instruments, they started to look and sound more alike. The modern day cornet is used in bands, concert bands. The name cornet derives from corne, meaning horn, itself from Latin cornu, while not musically related, instruments of the Zink family are named cornetto or cornett in modern English to distinguish them from the valved cornet described here. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica referred to serpents as old wooden cornets, the Roman/Etruscan cornu is the lingual ancestor of these. It is a predecessor of the post horn from which the evolved and was used like a bugle to signal orders on the battlefield. The instrument was once referred to as a cornopean, referencing the earliest cornets with the Stölzel valve system. The cornet was invented by adding valves to the post horn in 1814, the valves allowed for melodic playing throughout the register of the cornet. Trumpets were slower to adopt the new technology, so for the next 100 years or more. The trumpet would play fanfare-like passages, while the cornet played more melodic passages, the modern trumpet has valves that allow it to play the same notes and fingerings as the cornet. Cornets and trumpets made in a key play at the same pitch
20.
Flugelhorn
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The flugelhorn is a brass instrument pitched in B♭, and resembles a trumpet, but has a wider, conical bore. The instrument known today as the flugelhorn is a descendant of the valved bugle, the valved bugle provided Adolphe Sax with the inspiration for his B♭ soprano saxhorns, on which the modern-day flugelhorn is modeled. The German word Flügel translates into English as wing or flank, the flugelhorn is built in the same B♭ pitch as many trumpets and cornets. It usually has three valves and employs the same fingering system as other brass instruments, but four-piston valve. It can thus be played too much trouble by trumpet and cornet players. It is usually played with a more deeply conical mouthpiece than either trumpets or cornets, some modern flugelhorns feature a fourth valve that lowers the pitch a perfect fourth. This adds a low range that, coupled with the flugelhorns dark sound. More often, however, players use the valve in place of the first and third valve combination. A pair of bass flugelhorns in C, called fiscorns, are played in the Catalan cobla bands which provide music for sardana dancers, the tone is fatter and usually regarded as more mellow and dark than the trumpet or cornet. The sound of the flugelhorn has been described as halfway between a trumpet and a French horn, whereas the sound is halfway between a trumpet and a flugelhorn. The flugelhorn is as agile as the cornet but more difficult to control in the high register and it is not generally used for aggressive or bright displays as trumpets and cornets often are, but tends more towards a softer and more reflective role. The flugelhorn is a member of the British-style brass band. It also appears occasionally in orchestral and concert band music, famous orchestral works with flugelhorn include Igor Stravinskys Threni, Ralph Vaughan Williamss Ninth Symphony, Danzon no.2 by Arturo Marquez, and Michael Tippetts third symphony. The flugelhorn is sometimes substituted for the post horn in Mahlers Third Symphony, in HK Grubers trumpet concerto Busking the soloist is directed to play a flugelhorn in the slow middle movement. The flugelhorn figured prominently in many of Burt Bacharachs 1960s pop song arrangements and it is featured in a solo role in Bert Kaempferts 1962 recording of That Happy Feeling. Flugelhorns have occasionally used as the alto or low soprano voice in a drum. The flugelhorns in these orchestras are pitched in B-flat, with sporadically an E-flat soloïst, due to bad intonation these E-flat flugelhorns are mostly being replaced by the E-flat trumpet or cornet. Joe Bishop, as a member of the Woody Herman band in 1936, was one of the earliest jazz musicians to use the flugelhorn, shorty Rogers and Kenny Baker began playing it in the early fifties, and Clark Terry used it in Duke Ellingtons orchestra in the mid-1950s
21.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
22.
You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)
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You Made Me Love You is a popular song. The music was written by James V. Monaco, the lyrics by Joseph McCarthy, the song was published in 1913. It was introduced in the Broadway revue The Honeymoon Express and used in the 1973 revival of the musical Irene, one of the earliest recordings of the song was by Al Jolson. Jolson recorded the song on June 4,1913 and it was released on Columbia A-1374. He performed it on the soundtrack of the 1946 film The Jolson Story, the record was released on Decca 23613. Roger Edens wrote additional lyrics to the song for Judy Garland, the new lyrics cast Garland in the role of a teenage fan of Clark Gable. Garland sang the song to Gable at a party thrown for him by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. MGM executives were so charmed by her rendition that she and the song were added to the film Broadway Melody of 1938, Garland recorded the Gable version on September 24,1937. It was released on Decca 1463, MGM released the song as a b-side in 1939, opposite Garlands recording of Over the Rainbow for The Wizard of Oz. Harry James performed an instrumental version of the song as a trumpet solo. It topped the charts in 1941, the Four Freshmen included it on their 19554 Freshmen and 5 Trombones album. Screamin Jay Hawkins recorded the song for a single in 1957 You Made Me Love You / Darling and it later appeared on his 1957 debut album At Home with Screamin Jay Hawkins. Country Music singer Patsy Cline recorded the song for her 1962 album Sentimentally Yours, Aretha Franklin recorded the song for her album The Electrifying Aretha Franklin. Harry Nilsson sings the song on his 1973 covers album A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night, british comedian Bernard Manning performed the song on side one of his 1975 album My Kind of Music. Canadian Brass recorded a version of the song for their CD High Society. Rufus Wainwright sings the song on his 2007 album, Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall, barry Manilow covered the song on his 2010 collection, The Greatest Love Songs of All Time. Gloria Estefan covered the song on her 2013 album, The Standards, Taylor Walling of the band The Wallings Jr. covered the song on the soundtrack for the 2014 romantic drama The Song. The melody was featured prominently in the score for the 1943 Edward Dmytryk movie Tender Comrade starring Ginger Rogers, doris Day performed the song in the 1955 Ruth Etting biographical film Love Me or Leave Me
23.
Private Buckaroo
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Private Buckaroo is a 1942 American musical film directed by Edward F. Cline starring The Andrews Sisters, Dick Foran, Harry James, Shemp Howard, Joe E. Lewis, and Jennifer Holt. The film tells the story of army recruits following basic training, entertainer Lon Prentice initially is keen to enlist in the US Army but is prevented from this due to his having one flat foot. After having the fixed, he is accepted for enlistment. Soon after basic training begins, Private Prentice informs his commanding officer that he finds most military training useless, unnecessary and his commander orders all the men that Private Prentice is exempt from doing things he doesnt want to do, which turns the entire camp against him. The Andrews Sisters Dick Foran as Lon Prentice Joe E. Lewis as Lancelot Pringle McBiff Ernest Truex as Col. Elias Weatherford Jennifer Holt as Joyce Mason Shemp Howard as First Sgt. Muggsy Shavel Harry James as Himself Richard Davies as Lt. Howard Mason Mary Wickes as Bonnie-Belle Schlopkiss Donald OConnor as Donny Peggy Ryan as Peggy Huntz Hall as Cpl. OBrien, Gene ODonnell, Eddie Parker, Tommy Rall, Joey Ray, Addison Richards, Jeffrey Sayre, Edwin Stanley and Billy Wayne appears uncredited
24.
Two Girls and a Sailor
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Two Girls and a Sailor is a 1944 musical film about two singing sisters who are helped to set up a canteen to entertain soldiers by a mysterious wealthy admirer. It featured a host of celebrity performances, including Jimmy Durante doing his hallmark Inka Dinka Doo, Gracie Allen, richard Connell and Gladys Lehman were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Two sisters, Jean and Patsy Deyo, are born into a family. One night, they invite a bunch of servicemen to their apartment and they are both attracted to a sailor named Johnny. Jean points out to Johnny an unused nearby warehouse they wish they could make into a canteen to entertain the troops, an anonymous benefactor they call Somebody starts fulfilling that goal. First, a Mr. Nizby shows up and hands them the keys to the warehouse, a horde of cleaners tidy up, and the place is made into an inviting canteen, all courtesy of Somebody. Famous entertainers perform, as do Jean and Patsy, Johnny starts dating Jean, unaware that Patsy is also in love with him. Meanwhile, Patsy tries to discover who Somebody is, finally, she learns that it is none other than Johnny. It also turns out that Johnny is in love with Patsy, and Jean with Sergeant Frank Miller, everything gets straightened out in the end. To top it off, Billy spots a sailor who looks just like a version of himself. He and his son are joyfully reunited, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2004, AFIs 100 Years
25.
Springtime in the Rockies
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Springtime in the Rockies is an American Technicolor musical comedy film released by Twentieth Century Fox in 1942. It stars Betty Grable, with support from John Payne, Carmen Miranda, Cesar Romero, Charlotte Greenwood, also appearing were Grables future husband Harry James and his band. The screenplay was based on the short story Second Honeymoon by Philip Wylie, during the thirty-fourth week of their hit Broadway show, dancer Vicky Lane awaits the arrival of her partner, Dan Christy, but as usual, he is late. Vicky thinks that Dan is buying her an engagement ring and is infuriated to discover that he has been on a date with socialite Marilyn Crothers. Fed up with Dans womanizing and insensitivity, Vicky quits the show and returns to her dancing partner and beau, Victor Prince. Three months pass as Dan sinks into a depression and cannot find a backer for his new show and he sits in bars, drinking by himself. His agent, the Commissioner, tells him that financiers Bickel and Brown will back his show, Dan is pessimistic, for Vicky and Victor are beginning a new engagement with Harry James and His Music Makers at the famous Lake Louise resort in the Canadian Rockies. The Commissioner tells Dan to romance Vicky so that she come back. He then asks bartender McTavish to get the drunken Dan on the plane to Lake Louise. McTavish is an eccentric whose wealthy aunt bankrolled him to several college degrees, Dan meets Vicky, who happily shows off her engagement ring from Victor. Dan is discouraged but hits upon the scheme of making Vicky jealous by romancing Rosita and his plan appears to be working until Vicky learns the truth from Rosita, who has aroused the interest of Victor, although she prefers McTavish. Vickys friend, Phoebe Gray, is intrigued by McTavish. One evening, Dan barges into Vickys room and refuses to even when she summons Victor. He hides, but is discovered by Victor, who accuses Vicky of being unfaithful, later that evening, Vicky and Dan reconcile. Dan proposes marriage and promises to be honest with her and he tries to tell her about the new show, but she rushes off to plan their departure the next morning. So instead he suggests a honeymoon in New York, as she is checking out in the morning, Vicky meets the Commissioner, and Bickel and Brown, who have just arrived. They spill the beans about the show, thinking that Dan is using her once again, Vicky runs off in tears, but quick-thinking Rosita covers up for Dan, convincing Vicky that he intended to take her to California for their honeymoon. In the process, however, Bickel and Brown are lost as backers, the show opens with Vicky and Dan as the star performers, supported by Harry James, Rosita and Victor, and McTavish and Phoebe
26.
Tommy Dorsey
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Thomas Francis Tommy Dorsey, Jr. was an American jazz trombonist, composer, conductor and bandleader of the Big Band era. He was known as the Sentimental Gentleman of Swing, because of his smooth-toned trombone playing and his technical skill on the trombone gave him renown among other musicians. He was the brother of bandleader Jimmy Dorsey. After Dorsey broke with his brother in the mid-1930s, he led an extremely popular and he is best remembered for standards such as Opus One, Song of India, Marie, On Treasure Island, and his biggest hit single Ill Never Smile Again. Thomas Francis Dorsey, Jr. was born in Mahanoy Plane, Pennsylvania, the second of four born to Thomas Francis Dorsey, Sr. a bandleader himself. He and Jimmy, his brother by slightly less than two years, would become famous as the Dorsey Brothers. The two younger siblings were Mary and Edward, Tommy Dorsey initially studied the trumpet with his father, only to later switch to the trombone. At age 15, Jimmy recommended Tommy as the replacement for Russ Morgan in the 1920s territory band The Scranton Sirens, Tommy and Jimmy worked in several bands, including those of Tal Henry, Rudy Vallee, Vincent Lopez, Nathaniel Shilkret. In 1923, Dorsey followed his brother Jimmy to Detroit to play in Jean Goldkettes band, in 1927 he joined Paul Whiteman. In 1929, the Dorsey Brothers had their first hit with Coquette for OKeh records, in 1934, the Dorsey Brothers band signed with Decca records, having a hit with I Believe In Miracles. Ongoing acrimony between the brothers, however, led to Tommy Dorseys walking out to form his own band in 1935, Dorseys orchestra was known primarily for its renderings of ballads at dance tempos, frequently with singers such as Jack Leonard and Frank Sinatra. Tommy Dorseys first band was formed out of the remains of the Joe Haymes band, if he admired a vocalist, musician or arranger, he would think nothing of taking over their contracts and careers. Dorsey had a reputation for being a perfectionist and he was volatile and also known to hire and fire musicians based on his mood. The new band was popular from almost the moment it signed with RCA Victor with On Treasure Island, after his 1935 recording however, Dorseys manager cut the hot jazz that Dorsey had mixed with his own lyrical style and instead had Dorsey play pop and vocal tunes. Dorsey would keep his Clambake Seven as a Dixieland group that played during performances, the Dorsey band had a national radio presence in 1936, first from Dallas and then from Los Angeles. Tommy Dorsey and his Orchestra took over comedian Jack Pearls radio show in 1937, by 1939, Dorsey was aware of criticism that his band lacked a jazz feeling. He hired arranger Sy Oliver away from the Jimmie Lunceford band, Sy Olivers arrangements include On The Sunny Side of the Street and T. D. s Boogie Woogie, Oliver also composed two of the new bands signature instrumentals, Well, Git It and Opus One. In 1940, Dorsey hired singer Frank Sinatra from bandleader Harry James, Frank Sinatra made eighty recordings from 1940 to 1942 with the Dorsey band
27.
Glenn Miller
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Alton Glenn Miller was an American big band musician, arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. He was the recording artist from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known big bands. While he was traveling to entertain U. S. troops in France during World War II, Miller was born in Clarinda, Iowa, the son of Mattie Lou and Lewis Elmer Miller. He attended grade school in North Platte in western Nebraska, in 1915, Millers family moved to Grant City, Missouri. Around this time, Miller had finally made enough money from milking cows to buy his first trombone, originally, Miller played cornet and mandolin, but he switched to trombone by 1916. In 1918, the Miller family moved again, this time to Fort Morgan, Colorado, in the fall of 1919, he joined the high school football team, Maroons, which won the Northern Colorado Football Conference in 1920. He was named the Best Left End in Colorado, during his senior year, Miller became very interested in a new style of music called dance band music. He was so taken with it that he formed his own band with some classmates, by the time Miller graduated from high school in 1921, he had decided to become a professional musician. He dropped out of school after failing three out of five classes one semester, and decided to concentrate on making a career as a professional musician and he later studied the Schillinger technique with Joseph Schillinger, under whose tutelage he composed what became his signature theme, Moonlight Serenade. In 1926, Miller toured with groups, eventually landing a good spot in Ben Pollacks group in Los Angeles. He also played for Victor Young, allowing him to be mentored by other professional musicians, in the beginning, he was the main trombone soloist of the band. But when Jack Teagarden joined Pollacks band in 1928, Miller found that his solos were cut drastically, from then, he realized that, rather than being a trombonist, his future lay in arranging or writing music. He also had a songbook published in Chicago in 1928 entitled Glenn Millers 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone by the Melrose Brothers copyrighted in 1927, during his stint with Pollack, Miller wrote several musical arrangements of his own. He also co-wrote his first composition, Room 1411, written with Benny Goodman and released as a Brunswick 78,4013, in 1928, when the band arrived in New York City, he sent for and married his college sweetheart, Helen Burger. He was a member of Red Nicholss orchestra in 1930, and because of Nichols, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Miller managed to earn a living working as a freelance trombonist in several bands. On a March 21,1928, Victor session, Miller played alongside Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, and Joe Venuti in the All-Star Orchestra, directed by Nat Shilkret. On November 14,1929, an original vocalist named Red McKenzie hired Miller to play on two records that are now considered to be classics, Hello, Lola and If I Could Be With You One Hour Tonight. Beside Miller were clarinetist Pee Wee Russell, guitarist Eddie Condon, drummer Gene Krupa, Miller composed the songs Annies Cousin Fanny, Dese Dem Dose, Harlem Chapel Chimes, and Tomorrows Another Day for the Dorsey Brothers Band in 1934 and 1935
28.
Chesterfield (cigarette)
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Chesterfield is a brand of cigarette made by Altria. It was named for Chesterfield County, Virginia and it was one of the most recognized brands of the early and mid 20th century, but sales have declined steadily over the years. Chesterfields were originally produced by the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company, in 1999, Liggett sold the L&M, Lark and Chesterfield brands to Philip Morris Companies Inc. The brand is still being made today, it is popular in Europe. In the 1930s through the 1950s, Chesterfield sponsored popular radio programs, an early one was the radio series Music That Satisfies which was broadcast in 1932-1933. The Chesterfield Hour featured big bands such as those of Paul Whiteman and Glenn Miller, Liggett & Myers sponsored Dragnet, both on radio and on TV, during the 1950s. The 1954 theatrical version of Dragnet also had Chesterfield product placements, such as advertisements in scenes taking place at drug stores and news counters, joe Friday was seen smoking Chesterfields in the movie and TV series. Also in the 1950s, Gunsmoke on both radio and TV was similarly sponsored primarily by Chesterfields and L&Ms, at the end of The Twilight Zone, for several seasons Rod Serling frequently smoked and promoted Chesterfields. Ian Fleming frequently makes references to different smoking products in his famous James Bond novels, the Chesterfield brand of cigarette are portrayed as one of Bonds favorites as seen in the 1959 book Goldfinger. In this novel, James Bond demands of Goldfingers servant, Oddjob, I want a lot of food, and a bottle of bourbon, soda and ice. Also a carton of Chesterfields, king-size, longtime college football coach Paul Bear Bryant smoked unfiltered Chesterfields, often two to three packs per day. The habit was the contributing factor to his fatal heart attack in 1983 at age 69. In Quentin Tarantinos 1992 movie Reservoir Dogs, Mr. White offers Mr. Pink a Chesterfield cigarette in an attempt to calm him. In another Tarantino-penned movie, 1993s True Romance, Clarence Worleys father, Clifford, smokes a Chesterfield before his execution at the hands of Blue Lou Boyles consigliere, in Donald Fagens 1982 title track of The Nightfly, Ive got plenty of java and Chesterfield Kings. In Jack Claytons 1974 adaptation of The Great Gatsby, Gatsby splits the last Chesterfield in his pack with Nick Carraway while the two chat on Carraways porch, Nick Carraway is a thinly-disguised F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby. Fitzgeralds favorite cigarette was Chesterfields, so the scene is an accurate adaptation, in the popular HBO TV series Boardwalk Empire, Agent Knox is seen giving three packs of Chesterfield cigarettes to Clayton. In Jim Jarmuschs 1984 film Stranger Than Paradise the main characters smoke Chesterfields, in the Coen brothers 2001 The Man Who Wasnt There, a black and white neo-noir film set in 1949, the main character is an unfiltered Chesterfield chain smoker. Humphrey Bogart frequently appeared in Chesterfield advertisements, a scene from the movie To Have and Have Not shows him with a pack of Chesterfields
29.
Danny Kaye
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David Daniel Kaminsky, better known by his screen name Danny Kaye, was an American actor, singer, dancer, comedian, and musician. His performances featured physical comedy, idiosyncratic pantomimes, and rapid-fire novelty songs, Kaye starred in 17 movies, notably Wonder Man, The Kid from Brooklyn, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, The Inspector General, Hans Christian Andersen, White Christmas, and The Court Jester. His films were popular, especially his performances of songs and favorites such as Inchworm. He was the first ambassador-at-large of UNICEF in 1954 and received the French Legion of Honour in 1986 for his years of work with the organization, david Daniel Kaminsky was born to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants in Brooklyn on January 18,1911. Kaye was the youngest of three born to Jacob and Clara Nemerovsky Kaminsky. Jacob and Clara and their two sons, Larry and Mac, left Dnipropetrovsk two years before his birth, he was the son born in the United States. His mother died when he was in his early teens, not long after his mothers death, Kaye and his friend Louis ran away to Florida. Kaye sang while Louis played the guitar, the pair eked out a living for a while, when Kaye returned to New York, his father did not pressure him to return to school or work, giving his son the chance to mature and discover his own abilities. Kaye said that as a boy he had wanted to be a surgeon. He held a succession of jobs after leaving school, as a jerk, insurance investigator. Most ended with his being fired and he lost the insurance job when he made an error that cost the insurance company $40,000. The dentist who hired him to look after his office at lunch hour did the same when he found Kaye using his drill on the office woodwork and he learned his trade in his teenage years in the Catskills as a tummler in the Borscht Belt. Kayes first break came in 1933 when he joined the Three Terpsichoreans and they opened in Utica, New York, where he used the name Danny Kaye for the first time. The act toured the United States, then performed in Asia with the show La Vie Paree, the troupe left for a six-month tour of the Far East on February 8,1934. While they were in Osaka, Japan, a hit the city. The hotel where Kaye and his colleagues stayed suffered heavy damage, the strong wind hurled a piece of the hotels cornice into Kayes room, had he been hit, he might well have been killed. By performance time that evening, the city was in the grip of the storm, there was no power, and the audience was restless and nervous. To calm them, Kaye went on stage, holding a flashlight to illuminate his face, the experience of trying to entertain audiences who did not speak English inspired him to the pantomime, gestures, songs, and facial expressions that eventually made his reputation
30.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
31.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
32.
Young Man with a Horn (film)
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Young Man with a Horn is a 1950 musical drama film based on a novel of the same name by Dorothy Baker inspired by the life of Bix Beiderbecke, the jazz cornetist. The movie stars Kirk Douglas, Lauren Bacall, Doris Day, and Hoagy Carmichael, the screenplay was written by Carl Foreman and Edmund H. North. As a young boy, after his mother dies, Rick Martin sees a trumpet in the window of a pawn shop and he works in a bowling alley to save up enough money to buy it. Rick grows up to be a musician, tutored by jazzman Art Hazzard. He lands a job playing for the big band of Jack Chandler, getting to know the piano player Smoke Willoughby, Chandler orders him to always play the music exactly as written. Rick prefers to improvise, and one night, during a break with Chandlers band, he leads an impromptu jam session, Jo has fallen for Rick and finds him a job in New York with a dance orchestra. One night, her friend Amy North accompanies her to hear Rick play, Amy, studying to be a psychiatrist, is a complicated young woman still disturbed by her own mothers suicide. She claims to be incapable of feeling love, but she and Rick begin an affair, rarely together at the same time because of their demanding schedules, Rick and Amy constantly quarrel. She fails in her attempts to become a doctor and takes it out on Rick and he begins drinking and his mood deteriorates to the point that one day he even takes it out on Art Hazzard, a man who had done so much for him. Before Rick can apologize, Art is hit by a car, Rick becomes an alcoholic who neglects his music and even destroys his horn. He disappears, until one day Smoke finds him in a drunk tank, Jo is contacted and rushes to Ricks side, helping him to recover his love of music and of her—a happy ending found neither in the novel nor in the life of Bix Beiderbecke. Amy becomes the patron of a woman artist. The film is notable as being an example of 1940s film noir with a character who isnt heterosexual. Regarding Jo, Amy says, It must be wonderful to wake up in the morning, composer-pianist Hoagy Carmichael, playing the sidekick role, added realism to the film and gave Douglas insight into the role, being a friend of the real Beiderbecke. Famed trumpeter Harry James performed the music Kirk Douglas is shown playing on screen, in her authorized biography, Doris Day described her experience making the film as utterly joyless, as she had not found working with Douglas to be pleasant. In the book, Douglas said that he felt her ever-cheerful persona was only a mask, Day countered that while Douglas had been civil, he was too self-centered to make any real attempt to get to know either her or anyone else. According to The New York Times, banalities of the script are quite effectively glossed over in the slick pictorial smoothness of Michael Curtizs direction, the result is that there is considerable good entertainment in Young Man With a Horn despite the productions lack of balance. This is an instance where the soundtrack is more than a complementary force and it is the very soul of the picture because if it were less provocative and compelling the staleness of the drama could be stultifying
33.
Kirk Douglas
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Kirk Douglas is an American actor, producer, director, and author. He is one of the last living people of the film industrys Golden Age, after an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for dramas, including westerns. During a 64-year acting career, he has appeared in more than 90 movies, other early films include Young Man with a Horn, playing opposite Lauren Bacall and Doris Day, Ace in the Hole opposite Jan Sterling, and Detective Story. He received a second Oscar nomination for his role in The Bad and the Beautiful, opposite Lana Turner. In 1955, he established Bryna Productions, which began producing films as varied as Paths of Glory, in those two films, he starred and collaborated with the then relatively unknown director, Stanley Kubrick. Douglas helped break the Hollywood blacklist by having Dalton Trumbo write Spartacus with an official on-screen credit and he produced and starred in Lonely Are the Brave, considered a cult classic, and Seven Days in May, opposite Burt Lancaster, with whom he made seven films. In 1963, he starred in the Broadway play One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, a story he purchased, which he gave to his son Michael Douglas. As an actor and philanthropist, Douglas has received three Academy Award nominations, an Oscar for Lifetime Achievement, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, as an author, he has written ten novels and memoirs. Currently, he is No.17 on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest male screen legends of classic Hollywood cinema, after barely surviving a helicopter crash in 1991 and then suffering a stroke in 1996, he has focused on renewing his spiritual and religious life. He lives with his wife, Anne, a producer. He turned 100 on December 9,2016, Douglas was born Issur Danielovitch in Amsterdam, New York, the son of Bryna Bertha and Herschel Harry Danielovitch. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Chavusy, Mogilev Region, in the Russian Empire, and his fathers brother, who emigrated earlier, used the surname Demsky, which Douglass family adopted in the United States. Douglas grew up as Izzy Demsky and legally changed his name to Kirk Douglas before entering the United States Navy during World War II. Even on Eagle Street, in the poorest section of town, where all the families were struggling, and I was the ragmans son. Growing up, Douglas sold snacks to mill workers to earn enough to buy milk, later, he delivered newspapers and during his youth worked at more than forty different jobs before getting a job acting. He found living in a family with six sisters to be stifling, in a sense, it lit a fire under me. In high school, after acting in plays, he knew he wanted to become a professional actor
34.
Doris Day
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Doris Day is a retired American actress and singer, and continuing animal welfare activist. After she began her career as a big band singer in 1939, her popularity increased with her first hit recording Sentimental Journey, in 1948, Day was given a key part in the film Romance on the High Seas, despite not having any acting experience. Its director, Michael Curtiz, gave her the part since she looked like the All-American Girl and it led to a 20-year career in film, including a string of musicals and romantic comedies beginning in the 1950s. She starred with leading men such as Clark Gable in Teachers Pet, Rock Hudson in Pillow Talk and Send Me No Flowers, Cary Grant in That Touch of Mink and she was usually one of the top 10 singers between 1951 and 1966. As an actress, she became the biggest female star in the early 1960s. In 2011 – well into her late 80s – she released her 29th studio album, My Heart, among her awards, Day has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a Legend Award from the Society of Singers. She has been Oscar nominated six times, and in 1989 was given the Cecil B, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures. In 2004, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom followed in 2011 by the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award. Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff was born on April 3,1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Alma Sophia, a housewife, and William Joseph Kappelhoff, All of her grandparents were German immigrants. The youngest of three siblings, she had two brothers, Richard and Paul, several years older. Due to her fathers alleged infidelity, her parents separated and she developed an early interest in dance, and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati. A car accident on October 13,1937, injured her legs, while recovering, Day started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had. But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, observing her daughter rekindled Almas interest in show business, and she decided to give Doris singing lessons. She engaged a teacher, Grace Raine, after three lessons, Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential, which led Alma to give her daughter three lessons a week for the price of one. Years later, Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style, during her radio performances, Day first caught the attention of Barney Rapp, who was looking for a girl vocalist and asked if Day would like to audition for the job. According to Rapp, he had auditioned about 200 singers when Day got the job, while working for Rapp in 1939, she adopted the stage surname Day, at Rapps suggestion. Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees, and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day, after working with Rapp, Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James, Bob Crosby, and Les Brown
35.
My Dog Skip (film)
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My Dog Skip is a 2000 family drama film, directed by Jay Russell and starring Frankie Muniz, Diane Lane, Luke Wilson, and Kevin Bacon with narration by Harry Connick, Jr. My Dog Skip was released on March 3,2000, by Warner Bros. receiving generally positive reviews from critics, the film earned $35,547,761 on a $4.5 million budget. Willie Morris as an adult is looking back on his childhood in the early 1940s and how it was colored by his beloved dog. His one companion is a man who lives next door, Dink Jenkins. However, when Dink is drafted to go to war, Willies mother decides to buy him a dog, against his fathers wishes, Willie and Skipper become firm friends very quickly. However, Willie gets bullied at school by Big Boy Wilkinson, Henjie Henick, the other boys demand he play ball in order to win back his belongings. Skipper leaps in to help him and that same day, the three boys talk Willie into spending the night in a graveyard, where they claim a witch is buried. If he stays there, he gets to join their gang and also keep the ball Dink Jenkins signed for them, Willie stays there for a number of hours, until he hears two moonshiners who are loading crates into a crypt. Skipper jumps on Millard, one the moonshiners, until the one, Junior. Willie uses a slingshot to hit Junior in the nose with an acorn and they are soon captured by Junior. He tells Willie not to move before sunrise or he will kill Skipper, the three boys return in the morning and accept Willie into their group for spending the night in the graveyard. The narrator then goes on to various changes in his life. Skipper, having always been a dog, is known by everyone in the town, including black people. Skipper leads Willie through the best parts of his life, his boyhood days, thanks to Skipper, Willie now has three friends, and a girlfriend, Rivers Ginny Grey. Skipper is there for him when Dink gets home, shell-shocked, however, when Willie’s first ball game comes along, Skipper and Willie have their first falling out. Dink promised to come along but does not bother, since the war he has found competitions do not matter to him anymore, and Willie is so upset by this that his game is ruined. Skipper, wanting to cheer him up, runs onto the field and sits wagging her tail, becoming increasingly frustrated, Willie hits her across the muzzle and she runs away. After the game, a devastated and tearful Willie is unable to find his dog, unbeknownst to him, Skipper had returned to the crypt, and been accidentally shut in the grave where moonshine alcohol was being stored
36.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
37.
Hannah and Her Sisters
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Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 American comedy-drama film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family over two years that begins and ends with a family Thanksgiving dinner. The film was written and directed by Woody Allen, who stars along with Mia Farrow as Hannah, Michael Caine as her husband, the films ensemble cast also includes Carrie Fisher, Farrows mother Maureen OSullivan, Lloyd Nolan, Max von Sydow and Julie Kavner. Several of Farrows children, including a pre-adolescent Soon-Yi Previn, have credited and uncredited roles, Hannah and Her Sisters was for a long time Allens biggest box office hit, with a North American gross of US$40 million. The film won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor and it is often considered one of Allens major works, with critics continuing to praise its writing and ensemble cast. The story is told in three arcs, with most of it occurring during a 24-month period beginning and ending at Thanksgiving parties hosted by Hannah and her husband. Hannah serves as the hub of the narrative, most of the events of the film connect to her. Elliot becomes infatuated with one of Hannahs sisters, Lee, Elliot attributes his behavior to his discontent with his wifes self-sufficiency and resentment of her emotional strength. Lee has lived for five years with a reclusive artist, Frederick and she finds her relationship with Frederick no longer intellectually or sexually stimulating, in spite of Fredericks professed interest in continuing to teach her. She leaves Frederick after he discovers her affair with Elliot, for the remainder of the year between the first and second Thanksgiving gatherings, Elliot and Lee carry on their affair despite Elliots inability to end his marriage to Hannah. Lee finally ends the affair during the second Thanksgiving, explaining that she is finished waiting for him to commit, Hannahs ex-husband Mickey, a television writer, is present mostly in scenes outside of the primary story. Flashbacks reveal that his marriage to Hannah fell apart after they were unable to have children because of his infertility, however, they had twins who are not biologically his, before divorcing. He also went on a date with Hannahs sister Holly when they were set up after the divorce. A hypochondriac, he goes to his doctor complaining of hearing loss, when tests prove that he is perfectly healthy, he is initially overjoyed, but then despairs that his life is meaningless. His existential crisis leads to unsatisfying experiments with religious conversion to Catholicism, ultimately, an unsuccessful suicide attempt leads him to find meaning in his life after unexpectedly viewing the Marx Brothers Duck Soup in a movie theater. The revelation that life should be enjoyed, rather than understood, helps to prepare him for a date with Holly. Hollys story is the third main arc. A former cocaine addict, she is an actress who cannot settle on a career. After borrowing money from Hannah, she starts a business with April
38.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
39.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
