1.
Departments of France
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In the administrative divisions of France, the department is one of the three levels of government below the national level, between the administrative regions and the commune. There are 96 departments in metropolitan France and 5 overseas departments, each department is administered by an elected body called a departmental council. From 1800 to April 2015, they were called general councils, the departments were created in 1791 as a rational replacement of Ancien Régime provinces with a view to strengthen national unity, the title department is used to mean a part of a larger whole. Almost all of them were named after geographical features rather than after historical or cultural territories which could have their own loyalties. The earliest known suggestion of it is from 1764 in the writings of dArgenson and they have inspired similar divisions in many countries, some of them former French colonies. Most French departments are assigned a number, the Official Geographical Code. Some overseas departments have a three-digit number, the number is used, for example, in the postal code, and was until recently used for all vehicle registration plates. For example, inhabitants of Loiret might refer to their department as the 45 and this reform project has since been abandoned. The first French territorial departments were proposed in 1665 by Marc-René dArgenson to serve as administrative areas purely for the Ponts et Chaussées infrastructure administration, before the French Revolution, France gained territory gradually through the annexation of a mosaic of independent entities. By the close of the Ancien Régime, it was organised into provinces, during the period of the Revolution, these were dissolved, partly in order to weaken old loyalties. Their boundaries served two purposes, Boundaries were chosen to break up Frances historical regions in an attempt to erase cultural differences, Boundaries were set so that every settlement in the country was within a days ride of the capital of the department. This was a security measure, intended to keep the national territory under close control. This measure was directly inspired by the Great Terror, during which the government had lost control of rural areas far from any centre of government. The old nomenclature was carefully avoided in naming the new departments, most were named after an areas principal river or other physical features. Even Paris was in the department of Seine, the number of departments, initially 83, was increased to 130 by 1809 with the territorial gains of the Republic and of the First French Empire. Following Napoleons defeats in 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna returned France to its pre-war size, in 1860, France acquired the County of Nice and Savoy, which led to the creation of three new departments. Two were added from the new Savoyard territory, while the department of Alpes-Maritimes was created from Nice, the 89 departments were given numbers based on their alphabetical order. The department of Bas-Rhin and parts of Meurthe, Moselle, Vosges and Haut-Rhin were ceded to the German Empire in 1871, following Frances defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
4.
Regions of France
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France is divided into 18 administrative regions, including 13 metropolitan regions and 5 overseas regions. The current legal concept of region was adopted in 1982, the term région was officially created by the Law of Decentralisation, which also gave regions their legal status. The first direct elections for representatives took place on 16 March 1986. In 2016, the number of regions was reduced from 27 to 18 through amalgamation, in 2014, the French parliament passed a law reducing the number of metropolitan regions from 22 to 13 with effect from 1 January 2016. However, the region of Upper and Lower Normandy is simply called Normandy. Permanent names were to be proposed by the new regional councils by 1 July 2016, the legislation defining the new regions also allowed the Centre region to officially change its name to Centre-Val de Loire with effect from January 2015. Two regions, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, opted to retain their interim names, between 1982 and 2015, there were 22 regions in Metropolitan France. Before 2011, there were four regions, in 2011 Mayotte became the fifth. Regions lack separate legislative authority and therefore cannot write their own statutory law and they levy their own taxes and, in return, receive a decreasing part of their budget from the central government, which gives them a portion of the taxes it levies. They also have considerable budgets managed by a council made up of representatives voted into office in regional elections. A regions primary responsibility is to build and furnish high schools, in March 2004, the French central government unveiled a controversial plan to transfer regulation of certain categories of non-teaching school staff to the regional authorities. Critics of this plan contended that tax revenue was insufficient to pay for the costs. In addition, regions have considerable power over infrastructural spending, e. g. education, public transit, universities and research. This has meant that the heads of regions such as Île-de-France or Rhône-Alpes can be high-profile positions. Number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1986, Overseas region is a recent designation, given to the overseas departments that have similar powers to those of the regions of metropolitan France. Radio France Internationale in English Overseas regions Ministère de lOutre-Mer some explanations about the past and current developments of DOMs and TOMs
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Prefectures in France
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There are 101 prefectures in France, one for each department. The official in charge is the prefect, the prefect represents the national government at the local level and as such exercises the powers that are constitutionally attributed to the national government. The prefect issues ordinances written for the application of law, to close a building that does not conform to safety codes. In the past, the prefect was head of the department, but since 1982, there is an exception in Paris and its three surrounding departments. These departments are administered by a prefecture for law enforcement and security purposes, called the Prefecture of Police. The power of law enforcement is usually invested in the mayor in other French communes, the departments are divided into arrondissements, themselves divided into cantons. The chef-lieu darrondissement is the subprefecture, the official in charge is the subprefect (French, sous-préfet. Cantons have relatively few competences, the most important one being the local organisation of elections, administrative divisions of France French National Police
6.
Nanterre
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Nanterre is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km north-west of the centre of Paris, Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre. The city of Nanterre also includes the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, the name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum and it is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning shrine or sacred place and the Celtic word duron hard, tough, enduring. The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a shrine that existed in antiquity. Inhabitants of Nanterre are called Nanterriennes and Nanterriens, the sacred shrine of antiquity that is referred to etymologically had been placed by tradition in Mont-Valérien. Lutetia is mentioned by Julius Caesar in 50 BCE, reporting an assembly in Lutetia in 53 BC between himself, commander of the Roman Legions, and local Gallic leaders. Although this had been thought to possibly be Île de la Cité, largely since Caesar mentions an island, in 52 BC, the Parisii took up arms with the Gallic war leader Vercingetorix, and were defeated by Titus Labienus, one of Caesars legates. Caesar mentions in his Commentarii that the Parisii destroyed the bridges, the archeological work in Nanterre has suggested over 15 hectares of pre-Roman or Roman era construction. These archeologic findings may be an indication that Nanterre was the closest pre-Roman settlement to the Citys modern centre, sainte Genevieve, patron saint of Paris, was born in Nanterre ca. On 27 March 2002, Richard Durn, a local activist, shot. Nanterre is divided into three cantons, Nanterre-Nord canton has a population of 33,173, nanterre-Sud-Est canton has a population of 22,350. Nanterre-Sud-Ouest canton has a population of 28,758, Nanterre is served by three stations on RER line A, Nanterre – Préfecture, Nanterre – Université, and Nanterre – Ville. Nanterre – Université station is also a station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. Société Générale has its headquarters in the Tours Société Générale in La Défense, the company moved into the building in 1995. Faurecia, the sixth-largest automotive parts supplier, has its headquarters in Nanterre, groupe du Louvre and subsidiary Louvre Hôtels have their head office in Village 5 in La Défense and Nanterre. The rugby union club Racing 92, currently based in another Paris suburb, the venue, scheduled to open in September 2017, is tentatively known as U Arena. It will have a capacity of 32,000 for rugby and 40,000 for concerts, Nanterre is twinned with, La Défense business district
7.
Subprefectures in France
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In France, a subprefecture is the administrative center of a departmental arrondissement that does not contain the prefecture for its department. The term also applies to the building houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement. The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title commissaire adjoint de la République. Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon, and Marseille) are divisions of the city rather than the prefecture, and so are not arrondissements in the same sense
8.
Antony, Hauts-de-Seine
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Antony is a French commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.3 km from the centre of Paris, Antony is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the arrondissement of Antony. Watered by the Bièvre, a tributary of the Seine, Antony is located at the crossroads of important transport routes. Little urbanized until the early 20th century, the city grew considerably between the two wars, under Senator-Mayor Auguste Mounié, from 4,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. In the early 1960s the population increased from 25,000 to 50,000 to accommodate the repatriated people from Algeria. Antony is a city in the suburbs of Paris located in the Hurepoix and is the chief town of the arrondissement of Hauts-de-Seine -12.5 km south-west of Notre-Dame Cathedral. Its altitude is 48m above sea level at the lowest point at rue Gabriel Chamon in the Bièvre Valley, one branch of the Bièvre upstream flows in the open through Heller Park in an area where the Bièvre is maintained by the Inter-communal association for development of the Bièvre Valley. From there it has been channeled and covered since the decision of the council on 26 October 1950 nearly all the way to Paris. It then becomes part of the network of the Inter-departmental association for sanitation of the Paris agglomeration, since the early 2000s, the restoration of the open air to the Bièvre at Antony and downstream has been envisaged. In 2003 this was done to Fresnes at the Pars des Prés on the edge of the La Fontaine district of Antony. Antony is bisected by the South Parisian Green corridor which forms a portion of the via Turonensis, the commune area is 956 hectares with the altitude varying between 45 and 103 m. The plateaux of Beauce ends in the north in an area crossed by tributaries of the Seine. Antony is located in the extreme north-east of this area, called Hurepoix, the crust of limestone of Beauce ends with a ledge at the edge of the Bois de Verrières. These green and blue form a completely waterproof layer about 10 m thick. These set the date of these layers to the Tertiary period when the sea occupying the centre of the Paris Basin began to retreat, the old village of Antony is located on the green marl at the edge of the outcrop of the Water table. Antony climate type is of degraded oceanic, the most commonly used meteorological observation stations for Antony are those at Orly and at the airport of Vélizy-Villacoublay, both being communes located near Antony. The climate in the departments of the suburbs of Paris is characterized by sunshine. Crossing Antony from east to west is the A86 autoroute which, since 1996, the A86 is heavily used by Parisians during peak hours in the morning and late afternoon
9.
Boulogne-Billancourt
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Boulogne-Billancourt is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.2 km from the centre of Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt. With an average income in 2013 of €47,592, nearly twice the French average of €25,548. Boulogne-Billancourt is the most populous suburb of Paris and one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe, formerly an important industrial site, it has successfully reconverted into business services and is now home to major communication companies headquartered in the Val de Seine business district. The original name of the commune was Boulogne-sur-Seine, before the 14th century, Boulogne was a small village called Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud. The church, meant to become a pilgrimage centre closer to Paris than the distant city of Boulogne-sur-Mer, was named Notre-Dame de Boulogne la Petite, gradually, the village of Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud became known as Boulogne-la-Petite, and later as Boulogne-sur-Seine. In 1924, Boulogne-sur-Seine was officially renamed Boulogne-Billancourt to reflect the development of the neighbourhood of Billancourt annexed in 1860. As for the name Billancourt, it was recorded for the first time in 1150 as Bullencort and it comes from Medieval Latin cortem, accusative of cors, meaning enclosure, estate, suffixed to the Germanic patronym Buolo, thus having the meaning of estate of Buolo. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, the communes of Auteuil and Passy were disbanded and divided between Boulogne-Billancourt and the city of Paris. Boulogne-sur-Seine received a part of the territory of Passy. Some of the events of the 1900 Summer Olympics took place in Boulogne-Billancourt. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne, which was divided between the communes of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine, was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris. On that occasion, Boulogne-Billancourt, to which most of the Bois de Boulogne belonged, Boulogne-Billancourt is famous for being the birthplace of three major French industries, cinema, automobile with Renault at Île Seguin, and aircraft. It is also famous for being the setting of the TV show Code Lyoko, with the city of Sèvres, Boulogne-Billancourt is part of the communauté dagglomération Val de Seine. Boulogne-Billancourt is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 10, Boulogne – Jean Jaurès and Boulogne – Pont de Saint-Cloud and it is also served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 9, Marcel Sembat, Billancourt, and Pont de Sèvres. The Musée Albert-Kahn at 14, rue du Port, Boulogne-Billancourt is a museum and includes four hectares of gardens. The museum also includes photographs and film. The Musée des Années Trente is a museum of artistic and industrial objects from the 1930s, see also, Enseignement à Boulogne-Billancourt The public collèges in the commune include Jacqueline-Auriol, Bartholdi, Paul-Landowski, and Jean-Renoir
10.
Patrick Devedjian
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Patrick Devedjian is a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement party. Devedjian was born in Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne and he is the grandson of the Turkish-Armenian zoologist and Ottoman bureaucrat Karekin Deveciyan. His father was born in Sivas, Ottoman Empire and arrived in France after escaping the Armenian Genocide, Devedjian received his early education in an Armenian school in Sèvres. He continued his education at the Panthéon-Assas University, where he was a member of the far-right group Occident and he was admitted to the Paris Bar in 1970. He became a militant in the Gaullist movement in 1971 and took part in the foundation of the Rally for the Republic party in 1976, in 1983, Devedjian was elected Mayor of Antony, a position he would hold until 2002 with re-elections in 1989,1995 and 2001. In 1986, he became a Deputy in the National Assembly from the Hauts-de-Seine department and was re-elected six times in 1988,1993,1997,2002,2007 and 2012. He was member of the Assembly Committee on Finance, and was rapporteur of the General Agreement on Tariffs, in 1992, he was one of the few members of the RPR who voted to support the Maastricht Treaty. During the 1995 presidential campaign, he supported Édouard Balladur together with Nicolas Sarkozy and he became a close adviser to Nicolas Sarkozy, and came back into favour during the presidential campaign of 2002. As President Chirac had requested that ministers did not carry local executive powers and he was also replaced in Parliament by his substitute Georges Siffredi. When Nicolas Sarkozy became Minister of the Economy and Finance in 2004, in June 2005, new Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin did not include Patrick Devedjian in his government. As a result, Georges Siffredi resigned from Parliament in October in order for Devedjian to be reelected in the Hauts-de-Seine 13th constituency, Devedjian added a statement to the amendment that according to media would prevent any provocations and political demonstrations organized by a foreign country. When Nicolas Sarkozy resigned from Government and became President of the Union for a Popular Movement party, instead, Sarkozy chose Rachida Dati, the first woman of Northern African ancestry to hold a Ministry in France. Devedjian was not included in François Fillon’s government, on that occasion, Devedjian bitterly remarked, I am in favour of a government open to a wide range of people—even to Sarkozists. The joke earned him the 2007 Prize for Political Humour, instead, Devedjian took the presidency of the Hauts-de-Seine General Council on 1 June, becoming head of the richest département in France. He left the UMP leadership to Xavier Bertrand on 8 December, governmental functions Minister of Economic Recovery Plan, 2008-2010. Elected in 1986, reelected in 1988,1993,1997,2002,2005,2007 and 2012, General Council President of the Hauts-de-Seine General Council, Since 2007 Vice-president of Hauts-de-Seine General Council, 2004-2007. Municipal Council Mayor of Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, 1983-2002, elected in 1983, reelected in 1989,1995,2001. Municipal councillor of Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, 1983-2005, Agglomeration community Council President of the Agglomeration community of Hauts de Bièvre, 2002-2005
11.
Union for a Popular Movement
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The Union for a Popular Movement was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party. The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several parties under the leadership of President Jacques Chirac. In May 2015, the party was renamed and succeeded by the Republicans, Nicolas Sarkozy, then the president of the UMP, was elected President of France in the 2007 presidential election, but was defeated by PS candidate François Hollande in a run-off five years later. After the November 2012 party congress, the UMP experienced internal fractioning and was plagued by scandals which forced its president, Jean-François Copé. After his re-election as UMP president in November 2014, Sarkozy put forward an amendment to change the name of the party into The Republicans, since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right have joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their defeat in the 1981 and 1988 legislative elections, before the 1993 legislative election, the Gaullist Rally for the Republic and the centrist Union for French Democracy formed an electoral alliance, the Union for France. However, in the 1995 presidential campaign they were divided between followers of Jacques Chirac, who was eventually elected, and supporters of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur. After their defeat in the 1997 legislative election, the RPR, before the 2002 presidential campaign, the supporters of President Jacques Chirac, divided in three centre-right parliamentary parties, founded an association named Union on the Move. After Chiracs re-election, in order to contest the election jointly. It was renamed Union for a Popular Movement and as established as a permanent organisation. In the UMP four major French political families were represented, Gaullism, republicanism, Christian democracy. Chiracs close ally Alain Juppé became the partys first president at the founding congress at the Bourget in November 2002. Juppé won 79. 42% of the vote, defeating Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of the partys Eurosceptic Arise the Republic faction, and three other candidates. During the partys earlier years, it was marked by tensions, in the 2004 European Parliament election on 13 June 2004, the UMP also suffered another heavy blow, winning 16. 6% of the vote, far behind the Socialist Party, and only 16 seats. Juppé resigned the presidency on 15 July 2004 after being found guilty in a corruption scandal in January of the same year. Nicolas Sarkozy rapidly announced that he would take over the presidency of the UMP and resign his position as finance minister, ending months of speculation. On 28 November 2004, Sarkozy was elected to the presidency with 85. 09% of the votes against 9. 1% for Dupont-Aignan and 5. 82% for Christine Boutin. Having gained control of what had been Chiracs party, Sarkozy focused the party machinery, however, during this time, the UMP under Sarkozy gained a record number of new members and rejuvenated itself in preparation of the 2007 election
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
14.
Communes in France
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The commune is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to civil townships incorporated municipalities in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany, the United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and have received significant powers of governance to manage the populations, the communes are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France. A French commune may be a city of 2.2 million inhabitants like Paris, communes typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All communes have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are communes, a commune is a town, city, or municipality. Use of commune in English is a habit, and one that might be corrected. There is nothing in commune in French that is different from town in English. The French word commune appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin communia, as of January 2015, there were 36,681 communes in France,36,552 of them in metropolitan France and 129 of them overseas. This is a higher total than that of any other European country. The whole territory of the French Republic is divided into communes and this is unlike some other countries, such as the United States, where unincorporated areas directly governed by a county or a higher authority can be found. There are only a few exceptions, COM of Saint-Martin and it was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe région. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Martin became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007, COM of Wallis and Futuna, which still is divided according to the three traditional chiefdoms. It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe region, the commune structure was abolished when Saint-Barthélemy became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007.88 square kilometres. The median area of metropolitan Frances communes at the 1999 census was even smaller, the median area is a better measure of the area of a typical French commune. This median area is smaller than that of most European countries. In Italy, the area of communes is 22 km2, in Belgium it is 40 km2, in Spain it is 35 km2, and in Germany. Switzerland and the Länder of Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thuringia in Germany were the places in Europe where the communes had a smaller median area than in France. The communes of Frances overseas départements such as Réunion and French Guiana are large by French standards and they usually group into the same commune several villages or towns, often with sizeable distances among them
15.
Estuary
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An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a zone between river environments and maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflows of sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. Most existing estuaries formed during the Holocene epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea began to rise about 10. Estuaries are typically classified according to their geomorphological features or to water-circulation patterns, the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60% of the worlds population living along estuaries and the coast. The word estuary is derived from the Latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. However, this definition excludes a number of water bodies such as coastal lagoons. This broad definition also includes fjords, lagoons, river mouths, an estuary is a dynamic ecosystem having a connection to the open sea through which the sea water enters with the rhythm of the tides. The sea water entering the estuary is diluted by the water flowing from rivers. The pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of water, the tidal range. Drowned river valleys are known as coastal plain estuaries. In places where the sea level is rising relative to the land, sea water progressively penetrates into river valleys and this is the most common type of estuary in temperate climates. Well-studied estuaries include the Severn Estuary in the United Kingdom and the Ems Dollard along the Dutch-German border, the width-to-depth ratio of these estuaries is typically large, appearing wedge-shaped in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. Water depths rarely exceed 30 m, examples of this type of estuary in the U. S. are the Hudson River, Chesapeake Bay, and Delaware Bay along the Mid-Atlantic coast, and Galveston Bay and Tampa Bay along the Gulf Coast. They are relatively common in tropical and subtropical locations and these estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches. Formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters, bar-built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. They are extensive along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U. S. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments, barrier beaches form in shallow water and are generally parallel to the shoreline, resulting in long, narrow estuaries
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Banlieue
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In France, a banlieue is a suburb of a large city. Banlieues are divided into autonomous entities and do not constitute part of the city proper. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris area live outside the city of Paris, communities in the countryside beyond the near-urban ring are regarded as being outside the citys strongest social and economic sphere of influence, and are termed communes périurbaines. In either case, they are divided into autonomous administrative entities. The word banlieue is, in use, a socially neutral term, designating the urbanized zone located around the city centre. Therefore, in the Parisian metropolitan area, for example, the suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine may be referred to as a banlieue the same as the poor suburb of La Courneuve. To distinguish them, Parisians refer to a banlieue aisée for Neuilly, the Paris region can be divided into several zones. In the northwest and the northeast, many areas are vestiges of former working-class and industrial zones, in the case of Seine-Saint-Denis, in the west, the population is generally upper class, and the centre of business and finance, La Défense, is also located there. The southeast banlieues are less homogenous, close to Paris, there are many communities that are considered sensitive or unsafe, divided by residential zones with a better reputation. The farther away from the Paris city centre, the more the banlieues of the south of Paris can be divided into two zones. On one side, there are the banks of the Seine, the banlieues rouges are the outskirt districts of Paris where, traditionally, the French Communist Party held mayorships and other elected positions. Examples of these include Ivry-sur-Seine, and Malakoff, such communities often named streets after Soviet personalities, such as rue Youri Gagarine. The banlieues of large cities like Lyon and Marseille, especially those around Paris, are severely criticized, since the 1980s, petty crime has increased in France, much of it blamed on juvenile delinquency fostered within the banlieues. As a result, the banlieues are perceived to have become unsafe places to live, in the summer of 1981, events involving young Franco-Maghrebis brought about many different reactions from the French public. Within the banlieues, events, called rodeos, would occur, then, before the police could catch them, they would abandon the cars and set them on fire. In July and August 1981, around 250 cars were vandalized, shortly afterward, grass- roots groups began to demonstrate in public in 1983 and 1984 to publicize the problems of the Beurs and immigrants in France. In doing so, Arabs in France began to develop a stronger identity unified by the problems that have been imposed on them economically and politically, the banlieue became a unifying point for the marginalised immigrants of France even if there are various identities that constitute these individual groups. We dont consider ourselves completely French, in the eyes of the French we are Arabs
17.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
18.
Seine-Saint-Denis
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Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region. Locally, it is referred to colloquially as quatre-vingt treize or neuf trois. The learned and rarely used demonym for the inhabitants is Séquano-Dionysiens, Seine-Saint-Denis is located to the northeast of Paris. It has an area of only 236 km², making it one of the smallest departments in France. Seine-Saint-Denis and two other departments, Hauts-de-Seine and Val-de-Marne, form a ring around Paris, known as the Petite Couronne. They form, together with Paris the Greater Paris since January 1st 2016, Seine-Saint-Denis is made up of three departmental arrondissements and 40 communes, Seine-Saint-Denis was created in January 1968, through the implementation of a law passed in July 1964. It was formed from the part of the Seine department to the north and north-east of the Paris ring road, Seine-Saint-Denis has a history as a veritable left-wing stronghold, belonging to the ceinture rouge of Paris. The French Communist Party especially has maintained a strong presence in the department. A commune of Seine-Saint-Denis, Clichy-sous-Bois, was the scene of the death of two youths which sparked the riots of autumn 2005. In October - November,9,000 cars were burned and 3,000 rioters were arrested, Seine-Saint-Denis is the French department with the highest proportion of immigrants,21. 7% at the 1999 census. This figure does not include the children of immigrants born on French soil as well as some native elites from former French colonies, the ratio of ethnic minorities is difficult to estimate accurately as French law prohibits the collection of ethnic data for census taking purposes. However estimates suggest there are 500,000 Muslims out of a population of 1.53 million. Saint-Denis is home to the Union of French Islamic Organizations in the Bourget district, in 2005,56. 7% of young people under 18 were of foreign origin including 38% of African origin. Islam is believed to be the most practiced religion in the department, Seine-Saint-Denis was scheduled to be the site of a 2004 International Exhibition. Website of the General council Prefecture website Seine-Saint-Denis Tourist Board
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Communes of France
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The commune is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to civil townships incorporated municipalities in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany, the United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and have received significant powers of governance to manage the populations, the communes are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France. A French commune may be a city of 2.2 million inhabitants like Paris, communes typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All communes have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are communes, a commune is a town, city, or municipality. Use of commune in English is a habit, and one that might be corrected. There is nothing in commune in French that is different from town in English. The French word commune appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin communia, as of January 2015, there were 36,681 communes in France,36,552 of them in metropolitan France and 129 of them overseas. This is a higher total than that of any other European country. The whole territory of the French Republic is divided into communes and this is unlike some other countries, such as the United States, where unincorporated areas directly governed by a county or a higher authority can be found. There are only a few exceptions, COM of Saint-Martin and it was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe région. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Martin became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007, COM of Wallis and Futuna, which still is divided according to the three traditional chiefdoms. It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe region, the commune structure was abolished when Saint-Barthélemy became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007.88 square kilometres. The median area of metropolitan Frances communes at the 1999 census was even smaller, the median area is a better measure of the area of a typical French commune. This median area is smaller than that of most European countries. In Italy, the area of communes is 22 km2, in Belgium it is 40 km2, in Spain it is 35 km2, and in Germany. Switzerland and the Länder of Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thuringia in Germany were the places in Europe where the communes had a smaller median area than in France. The communes of Frances overseas départements such as Réunion and French Guiana are large by French standards and they usually group into the same commune several villages or towns, often with sizeable distances among them
20.
Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
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Sceaux is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.7 km from the center of Paris, Sceaux is famous for the Château de Sceaux, set in its large park, designed by André Le Nôtre, measuring 2 km2. The original château was transformed into a School of Agriculture during the Revolution and it was demolished at the beginning of the 19th century following its sale by the then French government. Sceaux castle was built by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister of finance to Louis XIV and purchased by Louis illegitimate son. His duchesse held court in a salon at Sceaux in the first decades of the eighteenth century. The present château, rebuilt between 1856 and 62 in a Louis XIII style, is now the museum of Île-de-France open for visits, housing costs are extremely high, higher than in many districts of Paris, especially with streets facing the Parc de Sceaux. Sceaux is one of the richest cities of France, according to the INSEE, Sceaux is served by three stations on Paris RER line B, Sceaux, Robinson, and Parc de Sceaux. The latter station is located at the border between the commune of Sceaux and the commune of Antony, on the Antony side of the border and it is also close to Paris-Orly Airport. Sceaux is connected to the A86 motorway that circles around Paris, the commune also offers a developed network of buses which are often used by the Scéens. The lycée Marie Curie was named after the famous scientist who was married in, lived in, the school also offers a middle school and highly ranked classes préparatoires undergraduate training. Famous French scientists and writers have graduated from lycée Lakanal, such as Nobel Prize winners Maurice Allais, Jean Giraudoux, Alain-Fournier, there is also a public vocational senior high, Lycée des métiers Florian. There is a junior high school, Externat Sainte-Jeanne-d’Arc. The Faculté Jean Monnet, the college of Law and Management of University of Paris-XI, the Bibliothèque municipale de Sceaux is the communal library. Sceaux is home to one highly active national theater, the théâtre des Gémeaux, the théâtre des Gémeaux attracts viewers from all over Île-de-France and Paris. Its main event is the Spring dance festival with a program of the highest quality. The commune also has a movie theater, the Trianon. The theater is known for showing independent films and hosting special events. In 2006, a debate revolving around ecology was organized and Al Gores An Inconvenient Truth was shown, various music events take place at Sceaux
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Bourg-la-Reine
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Bourg-la-Reine is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km from the center of Paris, the town is twinned with Kenilworth, UK, Yanqing, China, Reghin, Romania, Monheim am Rhein, Germany. In 1792, during the French Revolution, Bourg-la-Reine was renamed Bourg-lÉgalité, the name Bourg-la-Reine was restored in 1812. Bourg-la-Reine is served by Bourg-la-Reine station on Paris RER line B
22.
Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine
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Bagneux is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.7 km from the center of Paris, fontenay-aux-Roses Bagneux is served by Bagneux station on Paris RER line B. This station is located at the border between the commune of Bagneux and the commune of Cachan, on the Cachan side of the border. Primary schools include,10 preschools 7 elementary schools The commune has four high schools, Henri-Barbusse, Joliot-Curie, Romain-Rolland. The commune has one senior high school, Lycée professionnel Léonard-de-Vinci
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Fontenay-aux-Roses
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Fontenay-aux-Roses is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.6 km from the center of Paris, in 1880 a girls school École Normale Supérieure was opened in the town. It was one of the most prestigious of Paris and even of whole France in term of scientific research and it became a mixed school in 1986, and was relocated to Lyon in 2000. Fontenay is the location of the Commissariat à lénergie atomique, and former location of the first french nuclear reactor, Zoé, the climate of Fontenay-aux-Roses is oceanic gradient. The observation stations used for the weather in Fontenay-aux-Roses are at Orly, the climate is characterized by sunshine and fairly low rainfall. The average rainfall is about 650 mm per year, spread over 111 rainy days on average, temperatures are mild, the coldest month is January with an average temperature of 4. 7° C and the hottest months are July and August with a mean temperature of 20° C. Fontenay-aux-Roses is served by Fontenay-aux-Roses station on Paris RER line B, lycée professionnel privé Saint François dAssise, a private vocational high school, is in the commune. Bagneux Châtillon Clamart Le Plessis-Robinson Sceaux Borehamwood, United Kingdom since 1974 Wiesloch, indeed, many school projects are organized each year. Paul Scarron - writer, lived in Fontenay-aux-Roses, theresa Cabarrus - Known as Madame Tallien whose residence has become the École Normale Supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses. However, he refused the post, and preferred to remain an alderman, joris-Karl Huysmans - Lived in Fontenay in July 1881, living where he worked in the book À Rebours, with the hero des Esseintes who lives in Fontenay-aux-Roses. Ferdinand Lot - medieval historian, has lived in Fontenay-aux-Roses. Pierre Bonnard - Born in Fontenay at the corner of dEstienne dOrves Neyts and André, near the College des Ormeaux, paul Léautaud - writer, lived in Fontenay. Jacques Déprats - Born in Fontenay, geologist, valery Larbaud - writer, lived in Fontenay-aux-Roses. Mikhail Larionov - Painter of the Russian avant-garde, died in Fontenay-aux-Roses, alexandra Exter - Artist of the Russian avant-garde, died at Fontenay-aux-Roses. René Barthélemy - French physicist, lived in Fontenay and is based on communal cemetery, rené Letourneur - Painter and sculptor, lived in Fontenay-aux-Roses. Boris Vildé - Resistance fighter executed by the Germans, lived in Fontenay-aux-Roses, yves Klein - painter, lived in Fontenay-aux-Roses. Dieudonné Mbala Mbala - comedian, born in Fontenay, laurent Aiello - Born in Fontenay, racing driver. Kamsoo Queen - model, comedian, lives in Fontenay-aux-Roses, andrei Sinyavsky - Russian writer, dissident, gulag survivor
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Le Plessis-Robinson
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Le Plessis-Robinson is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.5 km from the center of Paris, as of 2009, it has 26,581 inhabitants. Plessis was first mentioned in 839 as Plessiacus apud Castanetum, meaning plessis near Castanetum, a plessis was a village surrounded by a fence made of branches. In 1112 the village church was founded, of which the tower still survives as the oldest monument of Le Plessis. At the end of the 12th the village was renamed Le Plessis-Raoul, after the local lord Raoul, in 1407 it came into the hands of Jean Piquet de La Haye, who built a castle in the village, now called Le Plessis-Piquet. In 1614 a monastery of the Congregation of the Feuillants was built in the village, in 1682 Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Minister of Finances under Louis XIV had a pond dug which fed the fountains of the nearby Château de Sceaux. Pierre de Montesquiou dArtagnan purchased the estate in 1699, and expanded the gardens, in 1790, as a result of the French Revolution, Antoine Moullé was elected the first mayor of Le Plessis. The commune was renamed Le Plessis-Liberté, the monastery was nationalised and demolished. The commune was renamed back to Le Plessis-Piquet in 1801, in 1848, a guinguette was established in the area as a suite of interconnected tree houses. It was named Le grand Robinson after the house described in Swiss Family Robinson. Several other popular establishments arose in the area, and remained popular until the 1960s, in 1909, the commune of Le Plessis-Piquet was officially renamed Le Plessis-Robinson, after Le grand Robinson. In 1854, Louis Hachette bought the castle and the grounds and he later became the mayor of Le Plessis-Piquet and a city councillor. The village and the castle were ruined in the War of 1870, Le Plessis-Robinson is not served by the Paris Métro, RER, or the suburban rail network. The closest station to Le Plessis-Robinson is Robinson station on Paris RER line B and this station is located in the neighboring commune of Sceaux,1.5 km from the town center of Le Plessis-Robinson. Primary schools include two groups of nurseries and preschools, five standalone nurseries/preschools, four standalone elementaries, and Ecole Raymond Aumont
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Clamart
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Clamart is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.7 km from the center of Paris, the town is divided into two parts, separated by a forest, bas Clamart, the historical centre, and petit Clamart with urbanization developed in the 1960s replacing pea fields. The canton of Clamart includes only a part of the commune, the other part of the commune belongs to the canton of Le Plessis-Robinson. The city name is famous in French gastronomy, a specialty with peas as a side-dish, is called à la Clamart. Close to Paris and its marketplace, Clamarts peas were the first of the season. On 22 August 1962 the French President Charles de Gaulle was the target of an assassination attempt organised by the French Air Force Lieutenant-Colonel, as de Gaulles black Citroën DS19 sped through Petit-Clamart it was met by a barrage of submachine-gun fire. De Gaulle and his entourage, which included his wife, survived the attempt without any casualties or serious injuries while the perpetrators were subsequently all arrested. The leader of the attempt, Jean Bastien-Thiry, was executed by firing squad after his 1963 conviction. Clamart is served by Clamart station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line, there are also several bus lines connecting Clamart to neighbouring towns. Clamart has multiple primary schools, and attendance is determined by ones residence, junior high schools, Collège Alain Founier Collège Maison Blanche Senior high school, Lycée Jacques Monod Henri Matisse lived in Clamart before the First World War. Jean Arp lived in Clamart in the 1930s, yasser Arafat died in the Hôpital dinstruction des armées Percy in 2004. Jean Bastien-Thiry, leader of 1962 assassination attempt against Charles de Gaulle, nikolai Berdyaev died here in 1948. Hatem Ben Arfa was born here in 1987, theofan, archbishop and theologian of Eastern Orthodox Church, lived here in 1931. Beauford Delaney, an American born artist, moved to the town in 1953
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Montrouge
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Montrouge is a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, located 4.4 km from the centre of Paris, France. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe, after a long period of decline, the population has increased again in recent years. The name of the community was first mentioned in documents in 1194. Throughout the Middle Ages, the hamlet was home to monasteries, on 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, most of the commune of Montrouge was annexed to Paris, forming what is now called Petit-Montrouge, the remainder of Montrouge was preserved as an independent town. In 1875, the town gained a few square metres from the neighbouring communes of Châtillon. On 8 January 2015, Municipal Police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe was shot and killed in the commune, Coulibaly was reported to be an accomplice of Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, the suspected perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting. The next day, he was gunned down by police during a siege that left four hostages dead, industrial development started in 1925 and soon, many printing factories were to be found in the town. Most of these have disappeared today, since the early years of the twenty-first century, professional services and telecommunications have been the main business activities. The Châtillon - Montrouge station is located at the border between the commune of Montrouge and the commune of Châtillon, on the Châtillon side of the border. The Mairie de Montrouge station was opened on 23 March 2013 as part of the extension of Metro Line 4 to the south, two further stations are due to open in 2020. Bus line 68 runs from Metro Châtillon Montrouge all the way up through Montparnasse, the Louvre, the Paris Opera and ends at the Place de Clichy, bus line 126 runs from Porte dOrléans to Boulogne-Billancourt, while line 128 goes from the same place to Robinson RER station. Bus line 323 runs on the border of Montrouge on its way between Issy-les-Moulineaux and Ivry-sur-Seine. Montrouge was the home of a number of twentieth century artists. Montrouge has seven primary schools, Aristide Briand, Buffalo, François Rabelais, Nicolas Boileau, Raymond Queneau, Renaudel A. Public junior high schools, Haut Mesnil, Maurice Genevoix, Robert Doisneau, public high schools, Lycée Jean Monnet, Lycée Maurice Genevoix. There is a secondary school, Groupe Scolaire du Haut-Mesnil. Émile Boutroux, philosopher and member of the Académie française Robert Brasillach French author, Émile Chatelain, Latinist and palaeographer Coluche, comedian and sometime political figure, founder of the Restos du cœur soup kitchens
27.
Malakoff
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Malakoff French pronunciation, is a suburban commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department southwest of Paris, France. It is located 5 km from the centre of the city, EUROCAE, the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment is based in Malakoff. The commune of Malakoff was created on 8 November 1883 by detaching its territory from the commune of Vanves. Its name was taken from an inn sign À la Tour de Malakoff, Malakoff is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 13, Malakoff – Plateau de Vanves and Malakoff – Rue Étienne Dolet. Malakoff is also served by Vanves – Malakoff station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line and this station is located on the border between the commune of Malakoff and the commune of Vanves, on the Vanves side. Post-secondary ENSAE ParisTech Charles Bourseul, scientist, inventor of a method of transmitting words using electricity and he lived at No.62 Rue dArcueil. Henri Rousseau, called The Customs Agent, painter, took his nickname from the fact that his job was as a Paris customs agent at the Porte de Vanves in Malakoff. Edmond Lachenal, potter who opened his first pottery works in the city, gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault, was a psychiatrist, an ethnologist, and a photographer. Lived in a villa on Rue Vincent Moris. Pierre Curie and Marie Curie rented a house on Rue du Marché and they used a shed on the property for their radium experiments. Henri Désiré Landru, notorious serial killer, ran a car repair shop on the Châtillon Road in the period of the First World War, eugène Christophe, cyclist, winner of the Milan-San Remo race and first wearer of the yellow jersey in the Tour de France. Roger Legris, stage and film actor, sanyu, painter, lived from 1928 to 1931 in Malakoff on Rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Francesca Solleville, singer, lives in Malakoff, pablo Reinoso, artist and designer, lives in Malakoff. Christian Boltanski, artist, lives and works in Malakoff, annette Messager, artist, lives and works in Malakoff. Sophie Calle, artist, lives and works in Malakoff, louis de Grandmaison, painter, lived in Malakoff. Sam Szafran, artist, lives and works in Malakoff Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department INSEE Official website
28.
Issy-les-Moulineaux
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Issy-les-Moulineaux is a commune in the southwestern suburban area of Paris, France, lying on the left bank of the river Seine. It is one of Paris entrances and is located 6.6 km from Notre-Dame Church, on 1 January 2010, Issy-les-Moulineaux became part of the Communauté dagglomération Grand Paris Seine Ouest. Originally, Issy-les-Moulineaux was simply called Issy, in 1893 Issy officially became Issy-les-Moulineaux. Les Moulineaux was the name of a hamlet on the territory of the commune, the town was once the location of the Château dIssy, destroyed in 1871, former home of the Princes of Conti. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes, on that occasion, about a third of the commune of Issy-les-Moulineaux was annexed to Paris, and forms now the neighborhood of Javel, in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. Issy-les-Moulineaux is home to a community of 5,000 Armenians that have established themselves in the area since the 1930s, Issy-les-Moulineaux became twin cities with Echmiadzin, Armenia in December 1989. The airfield of Issy-les-Moulineaux was the point of the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race. One of the planes crashed into the audience during take-off. It hosted the trap shooting events for the 1924 Summer Olympics, most of Voisins manufacturing facilities were then relocated in neighboring Issy-les-Moulineaux. Avions Voisin closed its doors in 1940, the last fixed wing flight occurred in 1953, after which the aerodrome handled only helicopters, it continues to do this, with the ICAO code LFPI. It is operated by Aeroports de Paris, since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, Issy forms one canton, Canton of Issy-les-Moulineaux. Multiple RATP bus lines have stops or their arrival/departure station in the city, multiple Vélib and Autolib stations allow subscribers of those services to share bicycles or electric cars. There was also a cable car project, abandoned in February 2008, the commune has 17 public preschools,16 public elementary schools. Four public junior high schools, one senior high school. Junior high schools, Collège de la Paix Collège Henri Matisse Collège Georges Mandel Collège Victor Hugo Lycée Eugène-Ionesco is the public senior high school. The island is divided into two parts, the urban side includes the offices and a residential area, the other side includes a park with the Tour aux Figures by Jean Dubuffet. Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer, a museum of playing cards Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department List of works by Auguste Carli INSEE Issy City Hall Issy Tourism Office Issy TV
29.
Vanves
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Vanves French pronunciation, is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 5.6 km from the center of Paris and it is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe and the tenth in France On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, about a third of the commune of Vanves was annexed to Paris, on 8 November 1883, about half of the territory of Vanves was detached and became the commune of Malakoff. Vanves is served by Malakoff – Plateau de Vanves station on Paris Métro Line 13 and this station is located at the border between the commune of Vanves and the commune of Malakoff, on the Malakoff side of the border. Vanves is also served by Vanves – Malakoff station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line
30.
Meudon
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Meudon is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine and it is located 9.1 km from the center of Paris. The town of Meudon is built on the hills and valleys of the Seine, the wood of Meudon lies for the most part to the west of the town. The northwest part of Meudon, overlooking the Seine, is known as Bellevue, at Meudon, the argile plastique clay was extensively mined in the 19th century. The first fossil of the European diatryma Gastornis parisiensis was discovered in deposits by Gaston Planté. Archaeological sites show that Meudon has been populated since Neolithic times, the Gauls called the area Mol-Dum, and the Romans Latinized the name as Moldunum. The handsome Galliera Institutions, on the hill of Fleury, were founded by the duchess of Galliera for the care of aged persons and orphans, the buildings were completed in 1885. The old castle of Meudon was rebuilt in Renaissance style in the mid-sixteenth century and it was bought by Louis XIV as a residence for Louis, le Grand Dauphin, under whom Meudon became a center of aristocratic life. A branch of the Paris Observatory was founded in 1877 on the ruins, the Meudon town hall is about 43 m in altitude above that of Paris and the climb from there to the observatory offers some rewarding views of Paris. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, the inventor of the worlds first automobile, is reported to have carried out some early trials at Meudon in the early 1770s, chalais-Meudon was important in the pioneering of aviation, initially balloons and airships, but also the early heavier-than-air machines. A Corps dAérostatiers under the command of Jean-Marie-Joseph Coutelle was established in 1794, Hangar Y was built in 1880 at the request of the military engineer Captain Charles Renard, for the construction of balloons and airships. The building is 70 m long,24 m wide and around 26 m high. The airship La France, designed by Renard and Arthur Krebs, was built in Hangar Y in 1884 and was the first airship which was controllable during flight and which could return to its starting point. Although a choice residential district, access to the railway and the Seine river have made Meudon a manufacturing center since the 1840s, metal products and military explosives have been continuously produced there since then. From 1921 to 1981 the Air Museum was located here until it moved to Le Bourget Airport, CNRS has a campus in Bellevue. Meudon is well served by public transports operated jointly by the SNCF, Meudon is served by the line C of the RER by the Meudon – Val Fleury station. Meudon is also served by the transilien line N through the Meudon station, the T2 tramway line links the Pont de Bezons station to the Porte de Versailles station. Meudon is served by the Brimborion station and the Meudon-sur-Seine station, the T6 tramway line runs from Châtillon to Viroflay
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Chaville
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Chaville is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.5 kilometres from the center of Paris, Chaville borders on the following communes, Meudon Sèvres Vélizy-Villacoublay Viroflay Ville-dAvray. Roughly 44% of the land is forest and it is situated between the forest of Meudon to the southeast and the forest of Les Fausses-Reposes to the northwest. The town was founded in the 9th century and its name evolved from Inchadivilla to the present Chaville. Chaville is located on route D910 between Paris and Versailles, there is one junior high school, Collège Jean Moulin de Chaville. It is served by the public high school/sixth-form college Lycée Jean Pierre Vernant in Sèvres, alsfeld, Hesse, Germany Barnet, London, England Settimo Torinese, Piedmont, Italy Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department INSEE Chaville website
