1.
Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania
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Hollidaysburg is a borough and the county seat of Blair County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located on the Juniata River,5 miles south of Altoona and is part of the Altoona, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1900,2,998 people lived in the borough, in 1910,3,734 lived there, the population was 5,791 at the 2010 census. Coal, iron ore, ganister, and limestone are found in the vicinity, in the past, the borough had foundries and machine shops, a silk mill, car works and classification yards. From 1834 to 1854, the borough was an important port on Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, the famous toy known as the Slinky is manufactured within Hollidaysburg by Poof-Slinky, Inc. More than a quarter billion Slinkys have been manufactured in the toys history, the center of Hollidaysburg is frequently referred to as The Diamond, where the buildings and parking spaces form a diamond. This area serves as the hub for parades, festivals and other town celebrations, Hollidaysburg became the main transfer point between the Pennsylvania Canal and the Portage Railroad, a gateway to western Pennsylvania. The canal and Portage Railroad spurred industrial and commercial development in Hollidaysburg in the 1830s, in 1836, Hollidaysburg was established as a borough. When Blair County was organized in 1846, the Borough of Hollidaysburg was designated the county seat and this designation allowed the borough to prosper when politicians and attorneys became attracted to the borough. In 1903, the Pennsylvania Railroad constructed a large switching yard, in addition, The Pennsylvania Railroad Constructed the Hollidaysburg Car shop to help ease the bustling of the Altoona Shops. Years later, Conrail also built a car plant on the property. Hollidaysburg Reclamation plant and car shop are still operational and operated by Norfolk Southern Railway Corporation. The Borough of Hollidaysburg has a Council-Manager form of government, voters elect a seven-member Borough Council who serve four-year terms. The Borough Council is responsible for formulating policies, enacting ordinances, setting tax rates, approving the annual budget, Council is a policy making board and the Manager is Chief Administrative Officer. The roles of a Council are to adopt goals and objectives, establish priorities, approve programs, approve expenditures, the Borough of Hollidaysburg established a local Historic District in 1989 and implemented a historic district ordinance. The purpose of the ordinance is to preserve the architectural and historical qualities of the borough. This ordinance regulates alterations, additions, new construction and demolition in the district, the Hollidaysburg Historic District encompasses the central part of the Borough. There are roughly 400 structures in the District and these structures are classified as Significant, Contributing, and Non-Contributing
2.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
3.
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Altoona is a city in south central Pennsylvania Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the city of the Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 46,320 at the time of the 2010 Census and this includes the adjacent boroughs of Hollidaysburg and Duncansville, adjacent townships of Logan, Allegheny, Blair, Frankstown, Antis, and Tyrone, as well as nearby boroughs of Bellwood and Newry. Having grown around the industry, the city is currently working to recover from industrial decline. The city is home to the Altoona Curve baseball team of the Double A Eastern League and it also houses the 75-plus-year-old Altoona Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Teresa Cheung. As a major town, Altoona was founded by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1849 as the site for a shop. Altoona was incorporated as a borough on February 6,1854, and as a city under legislation approved on April 3,1867, one explanation of the citys name is that the word Altoona is a derivative of the Latin word altus, meaning high. This explanation is contradicted by Pennsylvania Place Names, although Altoona, in Blair Country, is popularly known as the Mountain City, its name has no direct or indirect etymological relation to the Latin adjective altus, signifying elevated, lofty. Two very different explanations of the origin of name are current. He was then the oldest continuous resident of the city and he was much respected, and had long been one of the private pensioners of Andrew Carnegie. The etymological derivation of the name Altona is not known with certainty, the town grew rapidly in the late 19th century, its population approximately 2,000 in 1854,10,000 in 1870, and 20,000 in 1880. The demand for locomotives during the Civil War stimulated much of this growth, Altoona was also the site of the first Interstate Commission meeting to create and design the Gettysburg National Cemetery following the devastating Battle of Gettysburg. The centrality and convenience of the rail transportation brought these two important gatherings to the city during the war. Horseshoe Curve, a section of track built by the PRR, has become a tourist attraction. The curve was used to trains to a sufficient elevation to cross the Allegheny Ridge to the west. The PRR built many of its own locomotives at the Works, some 7,873 in all, PRR had significant influence on the city, creating the citys fire departments and relocating the hospital to a site nearer to the shops gates. Today, the department employs 65 personnel and is the largest career department between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. PRR sponsored a city band and constructed Cricket Field, in 1853, the PRR built the Mechanics Library, the first industrial library in the nation which exists today as the Altoona Area Public Library
4.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
5.
DeWolf Hopper
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William DeWolf Hopper was an American actor, singer, comedian, and theatrical producer. A star of the theater, he became best known for performing the popular baseball poem Casey at the Bat. Hopper was born in New York City, the son of John Hopper and his father was a wealthy Quaker lawyer and his mother came from a noted Colonial family. Though his parents insisted he become a lawyer, Hopper did not enjoy that profession and he made his stage debut in New Haven, Connecticut, October 2,1878. Originally, he wanted to be an actor, but at 65 and 230 pounds. He had a loud bass singing voice, however, and made his mark in musicals, beginning in Harrigan and he achieved the status of leading man in The Black Hussar and appeared in the hit Erminie in 1887. Eventually, he starred in more than thirty Broadway musicals, including Castles in the Air, Wang, Panjandrum, the role that he remembered with greatest pleasure was Old Bill in The Better Ole. Known for his talents, Hopper popularized many comic songs and appeared in a number of Gilbert and Sullivan comic patter roles from 1911 to 1915, including The Mikado, Patience. He released a version on phonograph record in 1906. It was in The Black Hussar that Hopper first incorporated a theme that drew notice in the sporting press. To accompany a song with a baseball stanza, Mr. Hopper enacts the pitcher, Mr. Bell, with a cage on his head and boxing gloves on his hands, plays catcher. Cottrelly handles a diminutive bat as striker and endeavors to make a home run, in 1889, Hopper became founding president of the Actors Amateur Athletic Association of America. Back in 1886, besides organizing a regular ball team among actors, the following year, he helped organize an actors benefit for a sick young actress. In the first inning, someone presented him with an eight-inch sunflower, also in 1889, Bell, Hopper and fellow McCaull Comic Opera Company actor Jefferson De Angelis were doing the following skit for their third encore in Boccaccio. Bell returns with a bat in his hand, followed by De Wolf Hopper, the slider tumbles Bell, and when he rises from the somersault all three yell out to the audience for judgment, and go off kicking like Anson and Ewing. It is a gag and takes immediately, the Brooklyn Eagle said. That year, Bell called Hopper the biggest baseball crank that ever lived, physically, of course, he is a corker, but when I say big I mean big morally and intellectually. But he says the Garrison finishes are worth it, and he is perfectly right, Hopper always was a baseball crank, long before the public knew anything about it
6.
William Hopper
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William DeWolf Hopper, Jr. was an American stage, film, and television actor. The only child of actress and Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper, he appeared in minor roles in more than 80 feature films in the 1930s and 40s. After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, he left acting and he became best known for his work in television, as private detective Paul Drake in the long-running CBS series, Perry Mason. William DeWolf Hopper, Jr. was born January 26,1915 and he was the only child of noted actor, singer, comedian, and theatrical producer DeWolf Hopper and his fifth wife, actress Hedda Hopper. He had one older half-brother, John A. Hopper, from his fathers marriage in the 1880s. Hopper made his debut as a baby in his fathers 1916 silent movie Sunshine Dad. His mother divorced his father in 1922 and moved to Hollywood with their son, Hedda Hopper became one of Americas best-known gossip columnists, with nearly 30 million readers in newspapers nationwide. Hopper began his career as a teenager. He made his first stage appearance at the Pasadena Community Playhouse and he worked in summer stock in Ogunquit, Maine. He appeared on Broadway in the short-lived comedy Order Please and as a member of the ensemble in Katharine Cornells production of Romeo, in March 1936, Hopper — then working under the name Wolfe Hopper — won a contract at Paramount Pictures. Early in his career, Hopper appeared in numerous movies, uncredited. In 1936, he played a role as a soldier in the Columbia Pictures film The King Steps Out starring Grace Moore. In 1937, he portrayed the man in two films, Public Wedding with Jane Wyman and Over the Goal with June Travis. He also enjoyed significant roles alongside Ann Sheridan in The Footloose Heiress, Hopper became an actor because his mother expected it of him. When I worked at Warner Bros, Hopper said, I was so scared I stuttered all the time. Hopper served with the United States Navy during World War II, as a volunteer with the Office of Strategic Services and he received a Bronze Star and several other medals during operations in the Pacific. For eight years after the war, Hopper became involved in business and he combined car sales and acting when opportunities came up during the advent of television. I didnt even think about acting much until a friend, director Bill Wellman, asked me to do a part in The High and the Mighty, Hopper recalled
7.
Gossip columnist
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A gossip columnist is someone who writes a gossip column in a newspaper or magazine, especially a gossip magazine. Some gossip columnists broadcast segments on radio and television, Gossip columnists have a reciprocal relationship with the celebrities whose private lives are splashed about in the gossip columns pages. Newspaper and magazine editorial policies normally require gossip columnists to have a source for all of their allegations, in the mid-1960s, rulings by the United States Supreme Court made it harder for the media to be sued for libel in the U. S. The court ruled that only occurred in cases where a publication printed falsehoods about a celebrity with “reckless disregard” for the truth. A celebrity suing a newspaper for libel must now prove that the published the falsehood with actual malice. Moreover, the court ruled that only factual misrepresentation is libel, thus if a gossip columnist writes that they “. think that Celebrity X is an idiot, ” the columnist does not face a risk of being sued for libel. He became the most feared journalist of his era, in Hollywoods golden age in the 1930s and 1940s, gossip columnists were courted by the movie studios, so that the studios could use gossip columns as a powerful publicity tool. During this period, the film studios had stables of contractually obligated actors. From the 1930s through the 1950s, the two best-known - and competing - Hollywood gossip columnists were Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons, well-timed leaks about a stars purported romantic adventures helped the studios to create and sustain the publics interest in the studios star actors. Having fallen into ill-repute after the heyday of Hopper and Parsons and these mainstream gossip columns provide a light, chatty glimpse into the private lives and misadventures of the rich and famous. Notable gossip columnists include, Gossip columns that are not named after a specific columnist, along with the source, include, 3am — Daily Mirror. My Lips Are Sealed, Confessions of a Gossip Columnist
8.
Louella Parsons
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Louella Parsons was the first American movie columnist and a screenwriter. She was retained by William Randolph Hearst, possibly because she had praised Hearsts mistress Marion Davies, at her peak, her columns were read by 20 million people in 400 newspapers worldwide. She remained Queen of Hollywood until the arrival of flamboyant Hedda Hopper, who displayed similar talents, Louella Parsons was born Louella Rose Oettinger in Freeport, Illinois, the daughter of Helen and Joshua Oettinger. Her father was of German Jewish descent, as was her grandfather, while her maternal grandmother. During her childhood, her parents attended an Episcopal church and she had two brothers, Edwin and Fred, and a sister, Rae. In 1890, her mother married John H. Edwards. They lived in Dixon, Illinois, later hometown of Ronald Reagan, in her teens, Louella was already a smart and intelligent young woman, but there were few literary outlets for her ambitions. It wasnt until high school that Louella decided to become a writer or a reporter, on June 4,1901, at her high school graduation, Louella gave a foretelling speech, entitled Great Men, after which her principal announced that she would become a great writer. After high school, Parsons enrolled in a course at a local Dixon college. She received a contribution from a distant German relative. While still in college, Parsons obtained her first newspaper job as a writer for the Dixon Star. In 1902, she became the first female journalist in Dixon and she and her first husband, John Parsons, moved to Burlington, Iowa. Her only child, Harriet, who grew up to become a producer, was born there. While in Burlington, Parsons saw her first motion picture, The Great Train Robbery, when her marriage broke up, Parsons moved to Chicago. In 1912, she had her first taste of the industry by selling a script for $25 to the Essanay Company. Her small daughter, Harriet, was billed as Baby Parsons in several movies and she also wrote a book titled How to Write for the Movies. In 1914, Parsons began writing the first gossip column in the United States for the Chicago Record Herald, William Randolph Hearst bought that newspaper in 1918 and Parsons was out of a job, as Hearst had not yet discovered that movies and movie personalities were news. Parsons then moved to New York City and started working for the New York Morning Telegraph writing a similar movie column, in 1923, after shrewd bargaining on both sides, she signed a contract and joined the Hearst newspaper the New York American
9.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
10.
Conservatism
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
11.
McCarthyism
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McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. It originated with President Trumans Executive Order 9835 of March 21,1947, McCarthyism soon took on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. The term is now used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators, many people suffered loss of employment or destruction of their careers, some even suffered imprisonment. McCarthyism was a social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate. The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthys own involvement in it, many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them extending back to the years of the First Red Scare, inspired by Communisms emergence as a recognized political force. While the United States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected. That same year, Mao Zedongs Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang, in 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U. S. U. N. and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China. The following year saw several significant developments regarding Soviet Cold War espionage activities. In January 1950, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury, in Great Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested in 1950 on charges of stealing atomic bomb secrets for the Soviets and were executed in 1953, there were also more subtle forces encouraging the rise of McCarthyism. It had long been a practice of conservative politicians to refer to progressive reforms such as child labor laws. This tendency increased in the 1930s in reaction to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in general, the vaguely defined danger of Communist influence was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti-Communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity. He produced a piece of paper which he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department and this speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and established the path that made him one of the most recognized politicians in the United States. The first recorded use of the term McCarthyism was in a cartoon by Washington Post editorial cartoonist Herbert Block. The cartoon depicted four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant to stand on a platform atop a stack of ten tar buckets. Block later wrote that there was nothing particularly ingenious about the term, if anyone has a prior claim on it, hes welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it. I will also throw in a set of dishes and a case of soap
12.
Communism
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Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine, in the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the emphasis with a rational. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana, in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels, in 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to power of Lenins Bolsheviks. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority, the event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development, Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule, the moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalins attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party and its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a role in many independence movements
13.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
14.
Schwarzenau Brethren
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The Schwarzenau Brethren, or German Baptist Brethren as it is known in America, originated in Germany, the outcome of the Radical Pietist ferment of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. They thereby attempted to translate the Philadelphian idea of love into concrete congregational ordinances obligatory for all the members, unlike the Philadelphians, Brethren rejected Leades embrace of direct revelation and emphasized early Christianity as the binding standard for congregational practices. The founding Brethren were also in conversation with Mennonites and influenced by Anabaptist writings, in Germany the Brethren became known as Neue Täufer, in distinction from the older Baptist groups with which they had no formal ties. In the United States they became known as Dunkers, Dunkards, or Tunkers, forms that stem from the German verb tunken, to dip. Another religious group related historically to the same Radical Pietist ferment as the Brethren is the Community of True Inspiration, the Schwarzenau Brethren was first organized in 1708 under the leadership of Alexander Mack in Schwarzenau, Germany, now part of Bad Berleburg in North Rhine-Westphalia. A notable influence was Ernest Christopher Hochmann von Hochenau, a traveling Pietist minister, while living in Schriesheim, his home town, Mack invited Hochmann to come and minister there. Like others who influenced the Brethren, Hochmann considered the church to be spiritual. Religious persecution drove the Brethren to take refuge in Friesland, in the Netherlands, in 1719 Peter Becker brought a group to Pennsylvania. In 1720 forty Brethren families settled in Surhuisterveen in Friesland and they settled among the Mennonites and remained there until 1729, when all but a handful emigrated to America, in three separate groups from 1719 to 1733. Peter Becker organized the first American congregation at Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1743 Christopher Sauer, an early pastor and a printer by trade, printed a Bible in German, the first published in a European language in North America. Many members of the Schwarzenau Brethren came from the Southwest of Germany, because they settled in Pennsylvania among other Germans, who mainly came from the Palatinate and adjacent regions, they took part in the dialect leveling, that was the cradle of Pennsylvania German. Their language therefore was or soon became what today is called Pennsylvania Dutch or better Pennsylvania German, in 1782 the Brethren forbade slaveholding by its members. In 1871 these Brethren adopted the title German Baptist Brethren at their Annual Meeting, the group continued to expand and from Pennsylvania, they migrated chiefly westward. By 1908 they were most numerous in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Brethren typically kept this teaching to themselves, and it was largely abandoned by the late nineteenth century. They were among the first to take Christian universalism to America when they emigrated there, the church leaders are ministers, teachers, and deacons, though the positions may vary slightly in the various branches. The official role of elder, while no longer recognized in most congregations, was the most respected position in the church, ministers and deacons are elected by the members of the congregation in which they hold membership. Ministers preach the word, baptize, assist deacons in anointing, solemnize marriages, deacons serve the church by arranging for visitation to members or their families during illness or crisis, and often function in the capacity of stewards. The first schism from the body of German Baptist Brethren occurred in 1728
15.
Pennsylvania Dutch
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The Pennsylvania Dutch are a cultural group formed by early German-speaking immigrants to Pennsylvania and their descendants. The word Dutch does not refer to the Dutch people or their descendants, the early wave of settlers, which would eventually coalesce to form the Pennsylvania Dutch, began in the late 17th century and concluded in the late 18th century. Historically they spoke the dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch, the first major emigration of Germans to America resulted in the founding of the Borough of Germantown, in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, on October 6,1683. Mass emigration of Palatines began out of Germany in the early 18th century from areas along the Rhine River, the Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutheran or Reformed, but with many Anabaptists as well. The Anabaptist religions promoted a lifestyle, and their adherents were known as Plain people or Plain Dutch. This was in contrast to the Fancy Dutch, who tended to more easily into the American mainstream. Over time, the dialects spoken by these immigrants fused into a unique dialect known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch. At one time, more than one-third of Pennsylvanias population spoke this language, a number of German cultural practices continue to this day, and German Americans remain the largest ancestry group claimed in Pennsylvania by people in the census. Pennsylvania Dutch is most likely a corruption of the endonym Deitsch, the word Dutch and Deutsch share the same origin and similar pronunciation. The pronunciation though for Dutch is with the u like in but, so in the latter it sounds like Doych. During the Middle Ages the use of Dutch in English referred to West Germanic speakers of continental Europe in general, from c.1600 onward it was mainly restricted to the inhabitants of the Low Countries. This has resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada. Today, the language is spoken in the Waterloo Region. Many Pennsylvania Dutch are descendants of refugees from the Palatinate of the German Rhine, most of the Pennsylvania Dutch have roots going much further back in the Palatinate. During the War of the Grand Alliance, French troops pillaged the Palatinate, the War of the Palatinate, also called the War of the League of Augsburg, began in 1688 as Louis XIV took claim of the Electorate of the Palatinate. French forces devastated all major cities of the region, including Cologne, by 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick, now Rijswijk in the Netherlands, and the Palatinate remained free of French control. However, by 1702, the War of Spanish Succession began, French expansionism forced many Palatines to flee as refugees. Mass emigration of Palatines began out of Germany in the early 18th century, in the spring of 1709, Queen Anne granted refuge to about 7,000 Palatines who had sailed the Rhine to Rotterdam
16.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
17.
Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.
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He also produced the musical Show Boat. He was known as the glorifier of the American girl, Ziegfeld is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was born on March 21,1867, in Chicago and his mother, Rosalie, who was born in Belgium, was the grandniece of General Count Étienne Maurice Gérard. His father, Florenz Ziegfeld, Sr. was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor of Jever in Friesland, Ziegfeld was baptized in his mothers Roman Catholic church. As a child Ziegfeld witnessed first-hand the Chicago fire of 1871 and his father ran the Chicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, the Trocadero, to obtain business from the 1893 Worlds Fair. To help his fathers nightclub succeed, Ziegfeld hired and managed the strongman, during a trip to Europe, Ziegfeld came across a young Polish-French singer by the name of Anna Held. His promotion of Anna Held in America brought about her rise to national fame. It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Follies to Ziegfeld and her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especially The Parisian Model, was a major reason for his starting a series of lavish revues in 1907. Much of Helds popularity was due to Ziegfelds creation of publicity stunts, Ziegfelds stage spectaculars, known as the Ziegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7,1907, and were produced annually until 1931. The Ziegfeld Follies featured the famous Ziegfeld Girls, female dancers who wore elaborate costumes. The Follies featured many performers who, though known from previous work in other theatrical genres, achieved unique financial success. Included among these are Nora Bayes, Fanny Brice, Ruth Etting, fields, Eddie Cantor, Marilyn Miller, Will Rogers, Bert Williams and Ann Pennington. Ziegfeld married Held in 1897, but she divorced him in 1913, Held and Ziegfeld were never formally married, in 1897 they had announced to friends that they were husband and wife, eliminating any questions about their marital status. But by 1912 they had lived long enough to establish a common-law marriage. Held served Ziegfeld with divorce papers on April 14,1912, Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfelds relationship with another woman. He remained in love with Lorraine for the rest of his life, however, Ziegfeld and actress Billie Burke were married April 11,1914, after meeting at a party on New Years Eve. They had one child, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson, the family lived on his estate in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and in Palm Beach, Florida. At a cost of $2.5 million, Ziegfeld built the 1600-seat Ziegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets, designed by Joseph Urban and Thomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped with the stage at the narrow end
18.
Ziegfeld Follies
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The Ziegfeld Follies was a series of elaborate theatrical revue productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. They became a program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, the Ziegfeld Follies were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld, reportedly at the suggestion of his then-wife, the shows producers were turn-of-the-twentieth-century producing titans Klaw & Erlanger. The Follies were a series of revues, something between later Broadway shows and the more elaborate high class Vaudeville variety show. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris, during the Follies era, many of the top entertainers, including W. C. They usually wore elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon, the Tableau vivants were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915. After Ziegfelds death his widow, Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. The name was used by other promoters in New York City, Philadelphia. Featuring numbers by Ray Bolger, Dennis Morgan, Virginia Bruce, and Harriet Hoctor, the MGM blockbusters show-stopper was the Irving Berlin-composed, A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody, which, by itself, cost more to produce than one of Ziegfelds entire stage shows. In 1941 MGM released Ziegfeld Girl, starring Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, James Stewart, celebrated numbers from Ziegfeld Revues were recreated, including the famed Wedding Cake set which had been used for Metros earlier film, The Great Ziegfeld. According to modern sources, Turners character was modeled after Ziegfeld Girl Lillian Lorraine, Brice appeared in the Follies for more than ten years. The 1964 musical, Funny Girl, starring Barbra Streisand as Fanny Brice, the 1968 Columbia film of the musical also starred Barbra Streisand as Brice and Walter Pidgeon as Florenz Ziegfeld. Esthers Follies The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies Alfred Cheney Johnston The Passing Show Joseph Urban Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld on Musicals101. com Ziegfeld Follies at Internet Broadway Database
19.
Prima donna
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In opera or commedia dellarte, a prima donna is the leading female singer in the company, the person to whom the prime roles would be given. The prima donna was normally, but not necessarily, a soprano, the corresponding term for the male lead is primo uomo. Prime donne often had grand off-stage personalities and were seen as demanding of their colleagues, in nineteenth-century Italy, the leading woman in an opera or Commedia dellarte company was known as the prima donna, literally the first lady. This woman, usually the principal soprano of the company, would typically perform leading roles, famous opera prime donne have often caused opera enthusiasts to divide into opposing clubs supporting one singer over another. The rivalry between the fans of Maria Callas and Renata Tebaldi, for example, was one of the most famous, the designation prima donna assoluta is occasionally applied to a prima donna of outstanding excellence. It has also used to describe the creators of heroic coloratura roles in the first half of the 19th century. Convenienze Diva Rupert Christiansen, Prima Donna, A History, Viking,1985
20.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
21.
Carole Lombard
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Carole Lombard was an American film actress. She was particularly noted for her energetic, often off-beat roles in the comedies of the 1930s. She was the star in Hollywood in the late 1930s. Lombard was born into a family in Fort Wayne, Indiana. At 12, she was recruited by the film director Allan Dwan, eager to become an actress, she signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation at age 16, but mainly played bit parts. She was dropped by Fox after a car accident left a scar on her face, Lombard appeared in 15 short comedies for Mack Sennett between 1927 and 1929, and then began appearing in feature films such as High Voltage and The Racketeer. After a successful appearance in The Arizona Kid, she was signed to a contract with Paramount Pictures, Paramount quickly began casting Lombard as a leading lady, primarily in drama films. Her fame increased when she married William Powell in 1931, a turning point in Lombards career came in 1934, when she starred in Howard Hawks pioneering screwball comedy Twentieth Century. During this period, Lombard married the King of Hollywood, Clark Gable, keen to win an Oscar, at the end of the decade, Lombard began to move towards more serious roles. Unsuccessful in this aim, she returned to comedy in Alfred Hitchcocks Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Lombards career was cut short when she died at the age of 33 in an aircraft crash on Mount Potosi, Nevada, while returning from a War Bond tour. Lombard was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on October 6,1908, christened with the name Jane Alice Peters, she was the third child and only daughter of Frederick Christian Peters and Elizabeth Jayne Bessie Peters. Her two older brothers, to each of whom she was close, both growing up and in adulthood, were Frederick Charles and John Stuart. Lombards parents both descended from families and her early years were lived in comfort, with the biographer Robert Matzen calling it her silver spoon period. The marriage between her parents was strained, however, and in October 1914, her mother took the children, although the couple did not divorce, the separation was permanent. Described by her biographer Wes Gehring as a tomboy, the young Lombard was passionately involved in sports. At Virgil Junior High School, she participated in tennis, volleyball, and swimming, at the age of 12, this hobby unexpectedly landed Lombard her first screen role. While playing baseball with friends, she caught the attention of the film director Allan Dwan, out there knocking the hell out of the other kids, playing better baseball than they were. And I needed someone of her type for this picture, with the encouragement of her mother, Lombard happily took a small role in the melodrama A Perfect Crime
22.
Numerology
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In Chinese tradition, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious or inauspicious based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to. The numbers 0,6,8, and 9 are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names similar to words that have positive meanings. The superstitious aspects of this primarily grow out of the Cantonese culture, the number 0 is a whole number and it is also an even number for money because it ends in 0. The number 2 is most often considered a number in Chinese culture. There is a Chinese saying, good things come in pairs and it is common to repeat characters in product brand names, such as double happiness, which even has its own character 囍, a combination of two 喜. In Cantonese, two is homophone of the characters for easy and bright, in Northern China, the number, when used as an adjective, can also mean stupid. The number 3 sounds similar to the character for birth, and is considered a lucky number, the number 3 is significant since there are three important stages in a man’s life. 3 is also used for the word Sandwich, the number 5 is associated with the five elements in Chinese philosophy, and in turn was historically associated with the Emperor of China. For example, the Tiananmen gate, being the main thoroughfare to the Forbidden City, has five arches, the number 6 sounds similar to the character 流 which means to flow and also sounds like luck or road. Therefore, Six is considered lucky in business, on the other hand, Six in Cantonese which has a similar pronunciation to that of lok6. The number 7 (七, Pinyin, qī chut symbolizes togetherness and it is a lucky number for relationships. It is also recognized as the luckiest number in the West and it is a lucky number in Chinese culture, because it sounds alike to the Chinese word 起 in Mandarin meaning arise, and also 气 meaning life essence. In Cantonese it sounds like the verb to leave which adds emphasis, for example, three and seven together in Cantonese emphasizes that you not only are able to grow, but you can also grow out of any situation you might be trying to have. It is for this reason it is auspicious, the word for eight sounds similar to the word which means prosper or wealth. In regional dialects the words for eight and fortune are also similar, the word is also phonetically similar to the word for a hundred, alluding to greater wealth. Note as well, this particular symbol matches the symbol of infinity. While Chinese does have other words for luck, this understanding of luck that includes the infinity concept marries into a Chinese understanding of this particular word. There is also a resemblance between two digits,88, and 囍, the shuāng xĭ, a popular decorative design composed of two stylized characters 喜
23.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
24.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
25.
The Battle of Hearts
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The Battle of Hearts is a 1916 American silent drama film written and directed by Oscar Apfel, and produced and distributed by Fox Film Corporation. It starred William Farnum and Elda Furry, the story was by Frances Marion, then still an actress herself. This is Hoppers first motion picture, hopper screened small portions of it in 1942 in her self-produced short series Hedda Hoppers Hollywood. It is unknown if she had a print of this film at the time. These portions can be today in her 1942 short
26.
William Farnum
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William Farnum was an American stage and film actor. One of three brothers, Farnum grew up in a family of actors and he made his acting debut at the age of ten in Richmond, Virginia in a production of Julius Caesar, with Edwin Booth playing the title character. His first major success was as the character of Ben-Hur in 1900 though replacing the original actor Edward Morgan who premiered the character in 1899. In The Spoilers in 1914, Farnum and Tom Santschi staged a classic movie fight which lasted for a full reel, in 1930, Farnum and Santschi coached Gary Cooper and William Boyd in the fight scene for the 1930 version of The Spoilers. Other actors influenced by the Farnum/Santschi scene were Milton Sills and Noah Beery in 1923 and Randolph Scott, from 1915 to 1925, Farnum devoted his life to motion pictures. While becoming one of the biggest sensations in Hollywood, he became one of the highest-paid actors. Farnums silent pictures, the western Drag Harlan and the drama-adventure If I Were King survive from his years contracted to Fox Films, married three times, Farnum had a daughter, Sara Adele, with his second wife, Olive White. He had three children with his wife, Isabelle, named, Isabelle, Elizabeth and William Farnum Jr. Farnum died from uremia. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, on February 8,1960, Farnum received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard. He was the brother of major film actor Dustin Farnum. He had another brother, Marshall Farnum, who was a silent film director who died in 1917, William Farnum and daughter Adele Farnum
27.
Virtuous Wives
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Virtuous Wives is a lost 1918 American silent drama film directed by George Loane Tucker, and stars Anita Stewart. Future gossip columnist Hedda Hopper co-starred, based on the novel of the same name by Owen Johnson, the film was produced Anita Stewarts, production company. It was also the first film produced by Louis B and it is not known whether the film currently survives. Based upon a review in a magazine, Amy and Andrew Forrester are happy in the first few weeks of their married life with the comforts that his $25,000 income brings. Andrew turns down an opportunity with steel magnate Maurice Delabarre, but Delabarre decides he needs Andrews business abilities. Amy finds her living standard wanting, and demands that Andrew accept the offer even though it will cause them to be separated, after he accepts, Amy throws herself into the gaieties of the social set and even challenges the position of Delabarres wife Irma. Irma, finding her social throne tottering, sends for Andrew, on his return, he judges Amys new lifestyle by old standards and wonders whether she is a virtuous wife
28.
Anita Stewart
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Anita Stewart was an American actress and film producer of the early silent film era. Stewart was born in Brooklyn, New York as Anna May Stewart on February 7,1895 and she began her acting career in 1911 while still attending Erasmus Hall High School in extra and bit parts for the Vitagraph film studios at their New York City location. Stewart was one of the earliest film actresses to achieve recognition in the nascent medium of motion pictures. In 1917, she married Rudolph Cameron and became the sister-in-law of film director and actor Ralph Ince, who began giving the young actress more prominent roles in films for Vitagraph. Throughout the 1910s and into the early 1920s, Anita Stewart was one of the silent screens most popular actresses and was paired in romantic roles with real-life husband. Stewart was also featured opposite such screen legends as Mae Busch and it was alleged that Stewart was recovering from an illness in a Los Angeles hospital when Mayer convinced her to leave Vitagraph for an undisclosed but exorbitant sum of money. Between 1918 and 1919 Stewart produced seven moderately successful vehicles, starring in all of them, throughout the 1920s, Stewart continue to be featured in prominent roles in silent films. Following Stewarts divorce from Cameron in 1928, Stewart married George Peabody Converse the following year, like many of her silent film contemporaries, Stewart found the transition to sound film extremely difficult. After making just one short in 1932, The Hollywood Handicap. On May 4,1961, Stewart died of an attack in Beverly Hills. For her contribution to motion picture industry as an actress, Anita Stewart was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6724 Hollywood Boulevard. Anita Stewart at the Internet Movie Database Anita Stewart at AllMovie Anita Stewart at the Women Film Pioneers Project Literature on Anita Stewart 1924 passport photo Anita Stewart at Find a Grave
29.
Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon
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Lucy Christiana, Lady Duff-Gordon was a leading British fashion designer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who worked under the professional name of Lucile. The first British-based designer to achieve international acclaim, Lucy Duff-Gordon was a widely acknowledged innovator in couture styles as well as in fashion industry public relations. When her mother remarried in 1871 to the bachelor David Kennedy, Lucy moved with them and her sister, the future novelist Elinor Glyn, to Saint Helier on the Isle of Jersey. Lucy acquired her love of fashion through dressing her collection of dolls, by studying gowns worn by women in family paintings, and by later making clothes for herself and Elinor. Returning to Jersey, after a visit to relatives in England in 1875, Lucy, in 1884, Lucy married for the first time, to James Stuart Wallace, with whom she had a child, Esme. Wallace was an alcoholic and regularly unfaithful, and Lucy sought consolation in love affairs, the Wallaces separated circa 1890, and Lucy started divorce proceedings in 1893. In 1900, Lucy Sutherland Wallace married a Scottish baronet, landowner, in order to support herself and her daughter after the end of her first marriage, Lucy Duff-Gordon began working as a dressmaker from home. In 1893, she opened Maison Lucile at 24 Old Burlington St. in the heart of the fashionable West End of London, in 1897, Lucy Duff-Gordon opened a larger shop at 17 Hanover Square, before a further move to 14 George St. In 1903, the business was incorporated as Lucile Ltd and the year moved to 23 Hanover Square. Duff Gordon was eventually bankrupted after she revealed in the American press that she was not designing much of the clothing that was attributed to her name and she spent her later years selling imported clothing and smaller collections in a succession of unsuccessful small boutiques. Lucile Ltd served a wealthy clientele including aristocracy, royalty, the business expanded, with salons opening in New York City in 1910, Paris in 1911, and Chicago in 1915, making it the first leading couture house with full-scale branches in three countries. Lucile was most famous for its lingerie, tea gowns, and its luxuriously layered and draped garments in soft fabrics of blended pastel colors, often accentuated with sprays of hand-made silk flowers, became its hallmark. However, Lucile also offered simple, smart tailored suits and daywear, the dress illustrated at right typifies the classically draped style often found in Lucile designs. The example illustrated was worn by Miss Firbank and is preserved in the Victoria, Lucy Duff-Gordon is also widely credited with training the first professional fashion models as well as staging the first runway or catwalk style shows. These affairs were theatrically inspired, invitation-only, tea-time presentations, complete with a stage, curtains, mood-setting lighting, music from a band, souvenir gifts. Another innovation in the presentation of her collections was what she called her emotional gowns and these dresses were given descriptive names, influenced by literature, history, popular culture and her interest in the psychology and personality of her clients. Lucile creations were also featured in Pathé and Gaumont newsreels of the 1910s and 20s. In her memoir, Lucy Duff-Gordon credited her corps of assistants for their contributions to the success of the New York branch of Lucile Ltd
30.
Louis B. Mayer
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Louis Burt Mayer was an Belarusian-Canadian-American film producer and co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios in 1924. Mayer was skilled at developing star actors, including actors, then placing them in consistently slick productions, such as musicals or comedies. Under Mayers management, MGM became the most prestigious film studio and he renovated and expanded several other theaters in the Boston area catering to higher end audiences. After expanding and moving to Los Angeles, he teamed up with Irving Thalberg, Mayer handled the business part of running the studio, such as setting budgets and approving new productions, while Thalberg, still in his twenties, ran all MGM productions. During his reign at MGM, after Thalbergs early death in 1936, some stars did not appreciate his control over their lives, while others saw him as a father figure, important in their lives. He believed in wholesome entertainment and went to lengths to discover new actors. Actors working under Mayer would generally portray an idealized vision of men and women, family life, virtue and he believed that movies should not be a mere reflection of life, but be an entertaining escape from life. Because of his gift for understanding the nature of stardom and the needs of the audience and he was forced to resign MGM as its vice president in 1951, when the studios parent company, Loews, Inc. wanted to improve MGMs declining profits. Mayer was a conservative, at one time the chairman of Californias Republican party. In 1927 he was one of the founders of AMPAS, famous for its annual Academy Awards, Mayer was born Lazar Meir to a Jewish family in Minsk, Russian Empire. Probably his date of birth was July 12,1884 and his parents were Jacob Meir and Sarah Meltzer, and he had two sisters—Yetta, born in 1878, and Ida, born in 1883. Mayer first moved with his family to Rhode Island, where lived from 1887 to 1892. Then, they moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada where Mayer attended school and his father started a scrap metal business, J. Mayer & Son. An immigrant unskilled in any trade, he struggled to earn a living, young Louis quit school at age twelve to work with his father and help support his family. He roamed the streets with a cart that said Junk Dealer, wilson remembered that he was impressed with the boys good manners and bright personality. Whenever Mayer visited Saint John in later years, he placed flowers on Wilsons grave and it was a crappy childhood, said Mayers nephew Gerald. His family was poor, and Mayers father spoke little English and had no valuable skills and it thereby became young Mayers ambition and drive which supported the family. With his family speaking mostly Yiddish at home, his goal of self-education when he quit school was more difficult
31.
Gossip column
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A gossip columnist is someone who writes a gossip column in a newspaper or magazine, especially a gossip magazine. Some gossip columnists broadcast segments on radio and television, Gossip columnists have a reciprocal relationship with the celebrities whose private lives are splashed about in the gossip columns pages. Newspaper and magazine editorial policies normally require gossip columnists to have a source for all of their allegations, in the mid-1960s, rulings by the United States Supreme Court made it harder for the media to be sued for libel in the U. S. The court ruled that only occurred in cases where a publication printed falsehoods about a celebrity with “reckless disregard” for the truth. A celebrity suing a newspaper for libel must now prove that the published the falsehood with actual malice. Moreover, the court ruled that only factual misrepresentation is libel, thus if a gossip columnist writes that they “. think that Celebrity X is an idiot, ” the columnist does not face a risk of being sued for libel. He became the most feared journalist of his era, in Hollywoods golden age in the 1930s and 1940s, gossip columnists were courted by the movie studios, so that the studios could use gossip columns as a powerful publicity tool. During this period, the film studios had stables of contractually obligated actors. From the 1930s through the 1950s, the two best-known - and competing - Hollywood gossip columnists were Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons, well-timed leaks about a stars purported romantic adventures helped the studios to create and sustain the publics interest in the studios star actors. Having fallen into ill-repute after the heyday of Hopper and Parsons and these mainstream gossip columns provide a light, chatty glimpse into the private lives and misadventures of the rich and famous. Notable gossip columnists include, Gossip columns that are not named after a specific columnist, along with the source, include, 3am — Daily Mirror. My Lips Are Sealed, Confessions of a Gossip Columnist
32.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
33.
James Roosevelt
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James Jimmy Roosevelt II was an American businessman, activist and Democratic Party politician. The oldest son of U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt and he served as an official Secretary to the President and in the United States House of Representatives. Roosevelt was born in New York City at 125 East 36th Street and he attended the Potomac School and the National Cathedral School in Washington, D. C. and the Groton School in Massachusetts. At Groton, he rowed and played football, and as as a prefect in his senior year, after graduation in 1926, he attended Harvard College, where he rowed with the freshman and junior varsity crews. He graduated from Harvard in 1930 and was elected permanent treasurer of his class, after graduation, Roosevelt enrolled in the Boston University School of Law. He also took a job with Boston insurance agent Victor De Gerard. Roosevelt was so successful, that one year, he abandoned his law studies. In 1932 he started his own agency, Roosevelt and Sargent. As president of Roosevelt & Sargent, he made a substantial fortune and he resigned from the firm in 1937, when he officially went to work in the White House, but retained his half ownership. Roosevelt attended the 1924 Democratic National Convention where he served, in his words, as his fathers page, in 1928, he and some Harvard classmates campaigned for Democratic Presidential nominee Al Smith. In 1932, he headed FDRs Massachusetts campaign, he made two hundred campaign speeches that year. Though FDR lost the Massachusetts Democratic primary, he easily carried Massachusetts in the November election, James Roosevelt was viewed as his fathers political deputy in Massachusetts, allocating patronage in alliance with Boston mayor James Michael Curley. He was also a delegate from Massachusetts to the Constitutional Convention for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, Roosevelt was a close protege of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. In 1934, the two journeyed to England to obtain the market in post-prohibition liquor imports, many of Roosevelts controversial business ventures were aided by Kennedy, including his maritime insurance interests, and the National Grain Yeast Corp. affair. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. threatened to resign unless FDR forced James to leave the latter company, James Roosevelt was instrumental in securing Kennedys appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom. In April 1936, Presidential Secretary Louis Howe died, James Roosevelt unofficially assumed Howes duties. He accompanied his father to the Inter-American Conference at Buenos Aires in December as a military aide, on January 6,1937, he was officially appointed administrative assistant to the President, on July 1,1937, he was appointed Secretary to the President. He became White House coordinator for eighteen federal agencies in October 1937, James Roosevelt was considered among his fathers most important counselors
34.
Mayo Clinic
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Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit medical practice and medical research group based in Rochester, Minnesota. It employs more than 4,500 physicians and scientists and 57,100 allied health staff, the practice specializes in treating difficult cases through tertiary care. It spends over $660 million a year on research, William Worrall Mayo settled his family in Rochester in 1864 and opened a medical practice that evolved under his sons into Mayo Clinic. It has been on the list of 100 Best Companies to Work For published by Fortune magazine for thirteen consecutive years and it continued to achieve this ranking through 2015. In addition to their hospital in Rochester, the Mayo Clinic has major campuses in Arizona. The Mayo Clinic Health System also operates affiliated facilities throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, in 1863, William Worrall Mayo came to Rochester, Minnesota as part of his appointment as an examining surgeon for the military draft board during the American Civil War. The city was to his liking, and his wife and children joined him in early 1864, William Worrall Mayo opened his medical practice after the war, and served in several leadership roles in the community. Mayos sons, William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo grew up in Rochester, William graduated in 1883 and joined his fathers practice, with Charles joining after he completed his training in 1888. On August 21,1883, a tornado struck Rochester, causing at least 37 deaths in the area, one-third of the town was destroyed, but the Mayo family escaped serious harm. Mother Alfred Moes and the Sisters of Saint Francis were called in to act as nurses despite having been trained as teachers, on September 30,1889, Saint Marys Hospital was opened by the Sisters. Mayo,70 years old, was one of the physicians at the hospital. His two sons began seeing patients and performing surgeries at the hospital when they returned from school in the 1880s. In 1892, W. W. Mayo asked Augustus Stinchfield, after Stinchfield agreed, W. W. Mayo retired at the age of 73 and the practice continued to grow. The founders of Mayo Clinic are the Mayo brothers Will and Charlie, Stinchfield, Graham, Henry Plummer, Millet, Judd and these early founders and partners shared in the profits of the private group practice, while other staff hired by the partners were salaried. W. W. Mayo died in 1911 and in 1919 the remaining founders, with the exception of Graham, created the Mayo Properties Association, the founders gave the Clinic properties and furnishings to this newly formed association. The integrated practice model developed primarily by Plummer, created a foundation for what would grow into the Mayo Clinic, as the private practice grew, it required additional space. In 1914, the planned, designed and built a new clinic building. This was groundbreaking work, and the first building designed to facilitate the integrated group medical practice. The air exchange rate for the building was three minutes, one intriguing innovation was the Rookwood fountain in the main lobby that was designed to clean and humidify air from the outside
35.
Internal Revenue Service
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The Internal Revenue Service is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code and its duty to maximize tax revenue entails providing tax assistance to taxpayers, as well as pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings. The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs, and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act. The IRS originated with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, an office created in 1862 to assess the nations first income tax. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Unions war expenses and was allowed to expire a decade later, in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, in the 1950s, the agency was renamed the Internal Revenue Service and significantly reorganized. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 modernized the IRS and restructured it along a private sector model, in the 2015 fiscal year, the IRS processed almost 240 million returns and collected approximately $3.3 trillion in revenue, spending 35¢ for every $100 it collected. The Revenue Act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax and it copied a relatively new British system of income taxation, instead of trade and property taxation. The first income tax was passed in 1862, The initial rate was 3% on income over $800, in 1862 the rate was 3% on income between $600 and $10,000, and 5% on income over $10,000. In 1864 the rate was 5% on income between $600 and $5,000,7. 5% on income $5, 000–10,000, and 10% on income $10,000 and above. By the end of the war, 10% of Union households had paid some form of tax. After the Civil War, Reconstruction, railroads, and transforming the North and South war machines towards peacetime required public funding, however, in 1872, seven years after the war, lawmakers allowed the temporary Civil War income tax to expire. Income taxes evolved, but in 1894 the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax of 1894 unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co. a decision that contradicted Hylton v. United States, the federal government scrambled to raise money. In 1906, with the election of President Theodore Roosevelt, and later his successor William Howard Taft, by February 1913,36 states had ratified the change to the Constitution. It was further ratified by six states by March. Of the 48 states at the time,42 ratified it, connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah rejected the amendment, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida did not take up the issue. A copy of the very first IRS1040 form, dated 1913, in the first year after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, no taxes were collected—instead, taxpayers simply completed the form and the IRS checked it for accuracy. The IRSs workload jumped by ten-fold, triggering a massive restructuring, professional tax collectors began to replace a system of patronage appointments
36.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
37.
Joseph Cotten
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Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Jr. was an American film, stage, radio and television actor. Cotten achieved prominence on Broadway, starring in the stage productions of The Philadelphia Story. He first gained fame in the Orson Welles film Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons. He went on to one of the leading Hollywood actors of the 1940s, appearing in films such as Shadow of a Doubt, Love Letters, Duel in the Sun, Portrait of Jennie, The Third Man. One of his films was Michael Ciminos Heavens Gate. Joseph Cotten was born in 1905 in Petersburg, Virginia, the first of three born to Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Sr. an assistant postmaster, and Sally Willson Cotten. He grew up in the Tidewater region and showed an aptitude for drama, in 1923, when Cotten was 18, his family arranged for him to receive private lessons at the Hickman School of Expression in Washington, D. C. and underwrote his expenses. He earned spending money playing professional football on Sundays, for $25 a quarter, after graduation, he earned enough money as a lifeguard at Wilcox Lake to pay back his familys loan, with interest. He worked as an agent, and his work as a theatre critic inspired him to become involved in theatre productions, first in Virginia. Cotten made his Broadway debut in 1930, in 1934 Cotten met and became friends with Orson Welles, a fellow cast member on CBS Radios The American School of the Air. Welles regarded Cotten as a brilliant comic actor, and gave him the role in his Federal Theatre Project farce. Cotten was sure that Horse Eats Hat won him the notice of his future Broadway costar, Cotten made his film debut in the Welles-directed short, Too Much Johnson, a comedy that was intended to complement the aborted 1938 Mercury stage production of William Gillettes 1890 play. The film was never screened in public and was lost until 2013, Cotten returned to Broadway in 1939, creating the role of C. K. Dexter Haven opposite Katharine Hepburns Tracy Lord in the original production of Philip Barrys The Philadelphia Story. The play ran for a year at the Shubert Theatre, Hayward suggested that they call Cottens good pal, Orson Welles. Hes been making big waves out here, Hayward said, maybe nobody in Hollywood ever heard of the Shubert Theatre in New York, but everybody certainly knows about the Mercury Theatre in New York. After the success of Welless War of the Worlds 1938 Halloween radio broadcast, the two-picture deal promised full creative control for the young director below an agreed budget limit, and Welless intention was to feature the Mercury Players in his productions. Shooting had still not begun on a Welles film after a year, in mid-1940 filming began on Citizen Kane, portraying the life of a press magnate who starts out as an idealist but eventually turns into a corrupt, lonely old man. The film featured Cotten prominently in the role of Kanes best friend Jedediah Leland, nominated for nine Academy Awards in 1942, the film won only for Best Screenplay, for Mankiewicz and Welles
38.
Deanna Durbin
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Edna Mae Durbin, known professionally as Deanna Durbin, was a Canadian actress and singer, who appeared in musical films in the 1930s and 1940s. With the technical skill and vocal range of a lyric soprano. Durbin made her first film appearance with Judy Garland in Every Sunday and her success as the ideal teenaged daughter in films such as Three Smart Girls was credited with saving the studio from bankruptcy. In 1938, at the age of 17, Durbin was awarded the Academy Juvenile Award, as she matured, Durbin grew dissatisfied with the girl-next-door roles assigned to her, and attempted to portray a more womanly and sophisticated style. The film noir Christmas Holiday and the whodunit Lady on a Train were, however, Durbin retired from acting and singing in 1949, and withdrew from public life. She married film producer-director Charles Henri David in 1950, and the moved to a farmhouse near Paris. Edna Mae Durbin was born on December 4,1921, at Grace Hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the daughter of James Allen Durbin and his wife Ada, who were originally from Manchester, England. When she was an infant, her moved from Winnipeg to Southern California. At the age of one, Edna Mae was singing childrens songs, by the time she was 10, her parents recognized that she had definite talent and enrolled her in voice lessons at the Ralph Thomas Academy. Durbin soon became Thomass prize pupil, and he showcased her talent at local clubs. In early 1935, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was planning a film on the life of opera star Ernestine Schumann-Heink and was having difficulty finding an actress to play the young opera singer. MGM casting director Rufus LeMaire heard about a young soloist performing with the Ralph Thomas Academy. Durbin sang Il Bacio for the vocal coach, who was stunned by her mature soprano voice. She sang the number again for Louis B, Mayer, who signed her to a six-month contract. Durbin made her first film appearance in the short Every Sunday with a young Judy Garland, the film helped to prove the pair, as studio executives had questioned the wisdom of casting two female singers together. Louis B. Mayer decided to both girls, but by the time that decision was made, Durbins contract option had lapsed. Durbin signed a contract with Universal Studios, where she was given the professional name Deanna and she was 14 years old when she made her first feature-length film, Three Smart Girls. When producer Joe Pasternak cast the film, he wanted to borrow Garland from MGM, when Pasternak learned that Durbin was no longer with MGM, he cast her in the film instead
39.
Michael Wilding (actor)
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Michael Charles Gauntlet Wilding was an English stage, television and film actor. Born in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, England, and educated at Christs Hospital and he soon embarked on an acting career. He appeared in numerous British films, often opposite Anna Neagle and his screen performances included Sailors Three, In Which We Serve, Undercover, Piccadilly Incident, Spring in Park Lane, Stage Fright, Torch Song and The World of Suzie Wong. In 1952, British exhibitors voted him the fourth most popular star at the box office. His last appearance was in an uncredited, non-speaking cameo in Lady Caroline Lamb and he also appeared on television, including the title role in the 1957 episode The Trial of Colonel Blood of NBCs anthology series The Joseph Cotten Show. He and Taylor, who was 20 years his junior, had two sons, Michael Howard Wilding and Christopher Edward Wilding, in 1957, he had a short-lived romance with actress Marie McDonald, who was nicknamed The Body. In the 1960s, he was forced to cut back on his film appearances because of related to his lifelong epilepsy. Wilding died in Chichester, West Sussex, as a result of injuries suffered from a fall down a flight of stairs during an epileptic seizure. His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered
40.
Stewart Granger
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Stewart Granger was an English film actor, mainly associated with heroic and romantic leading roles. He was a leading man from the 1940s to the early 1960s. He was born James Lablache Stewart in Old Brompton Road, Kensington, West London, Granger was educated at Epsom College and the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. He was the great-great-grandson of the opera singer Luigi Lablache and the grandson of the actor Luigi Lablache, when he became an actor, he was advised to change his name in order to avoid being confused with the American actor James Stewart. Offscreen friends and colleagues continued to call him Jimmy for the rest of his life and he made his film debut as an extra in 1933. It was at time that he met Michael Wilding and they remained friends until Wildings death in 1979. Years of theatre work followed, initially at Hull Repertory Theatre and then, after a pay dispute, here he met Elspeth March, a leading actress with the company, who became his first wife. At the outbreak of World War II Granger enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders, however he suffered from stomach ulcers and he was invalided out of the army in 1942. His first starring role was as the acid-tongued Rokeby in the Gainsborough Pictures period melodrama, The Man in Grey. He followed this with the more popular Fanny by Gaslight. The New York Times reported that Granger is a man worth watching. Like his dark looks and his dash, he puts them in mind, all these films were successful at the box office and in 1945 The Times reported that this six-foot black-visaged ex-soldier from the Black Watch is Englands Number One pin up boy. Only Bing Crosby can match him for popularity, Granger followed this with Caravan and then The Magic Bow in which he played Niccolò Paganini. In 1945 he was voted the second-most popular British film star, the following year he was voted the third-most popular British star, and the sixth-most popular overall. He went over to Rank, for whom he made Captain Boycott, Blanche Fury and then Saraband for Dead Lovers, the screenplay was by John Dighton and Alexander Mackendrick, Mackendrick would later direct The Ladykillers and Sweet Smell of Success. Granger was cast as the outsider, the gambler who is perceived as not quite the ticket by the established order. Granger stated that this was one of his few films of which he was proud, in 1949 Granger was reported as earning around £30,000 a year. That year Granger made Adam and Evelyne, starring with Jean Simmons, Granger had first met the very young Jean Simmons when they both worked on Gabriel Pascals Caesar and Cleopatra
41.
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
42.
Mildred Pierce (film)
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Mildred Pierce is a 1945 American film noir directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Joan Crawford, Jack Carson and Zachary Scott, also featuring Eve Arden, Ann Blyth and Bruce Bennett. Based on a novel by James M. Cain, this was Crawfords first starring film for Warner Bros. after leaving MGM, and won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 1996, Mildred Pierce was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, while the novel is told by a third-person narrator in strict chronological order, the film uses voice-over narration. The story is framed by Mildreds interrogation by police after they discover the body of her second husband, the film, in noir fashion, opens with Beragon having been shot. He murmurs the name Mildred before he dies, the police tell Mildred that they believe the murderer is her first husband, Bert Pierce. Bert has already been interrogated and has confessed to the crime, Mildred protests that he is too kind and gentle to commit murder, and goes on to relate her life story in flashback. Mildred was married to Bert Pierce, who is presently unemployed, Bert had been a real estate partner of Wally Fay. Mildred has been supporting her family by baking and selling pies and cakes, Bert accuses Mildred of caring more about their daughters, and making them her priority instead of her husband. Mildred admits this, and the two decide to separate, Wally propositions Mildred the moment he learns that she and Bert separated. Mildred retained custody of her two daughters, the 16-year-old Veda, a bratty social climber and aspiring pianist, and 10-year-old Kay, Mildreds principal goal is to provide for Veda, who longs for possessions that her mother cant afford, and social status above that of her family. She is ashamed of her mothers work as a baker, Mildred searches for a job, but is hampered by her lack of employable skills. She has never worked outside her home except for her small baking business, the best she can find is as a waitress – a fact she hides from Veda. One day, Veda gives their maid, Lottie, Mildreds waitress uniform, Mildred confronts Veda and is forced to admit she is a waitress. Veda treats her with derision and makes it clear that she is ashamed of her mother, Bert arrives to take his daughters for his weekend visit. Kay contracts pneumonia on the trip and dies, Mildred channels her grief into work and throws herself into opening a new restaurant. With the help of her new friend and former supervisor, Ida, Wally helps Mildred buy the property, and she expands into a chain of Mildreds throughout Southern California. Mildred continues to smother Veda in affection and worldly goods, Veda, despite her mothers love and lavish gifts, remains spoiled, selfish, disrespectful and expresses her scorn of Mildreds common background and choice of profession. Vedas obsession with money and materialistic possessions only increases, Veda secretly marries a well-to-do young man for his money and position, but expresses unhappiness about her marriage
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Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
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Lobbying
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Lobbying is the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Lobbying is done by many types of people, associations and organized groups, including individuals in the sector, corporations, fellow legislators or government officials. Lobbyists may be among a legislators constituencies, meaning a voter or bloc of voters within their district, or not, they may engage in lobbying as a business. Professional lobbyists are people whose business is trying to influence legislation, regulation, or other government decisions, actions, individuals and nonprofit organizations can also lobby as an act of volunteering or as a small part of their normal job. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential, the ethics and morality of lobbying are dual-edged. Lobbying is often spoken of with contempt, when the implication is that people with inordinate socioeconomic power are corrupting the law in order to serve their own interests. The failure of government officials to serve the public interest as a consequence of lobbying by special interests who provide benefits to the official is an example of agent misdirection. One story held that the term originated at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC, a lobbyist is a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest or a member of a lobby. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying as part of laws to prevent political corruption, Lobby groups may concentrate their efforts on the legislatures, where laws are created, but may also use the judicial branch to advance their causes. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, for example, filed suits in state and their efforts resulted in the Supreme Court declaring such laws unconstitutional. They may use a device known as amicus curiae, literally friend of the court. Briefs are written documents filed with a court, typically by parties to a lawsuit, amici curiae briefs are briefs filed by people or groups who are not parties to a suit. These briefs are entered into the records, and give additional background on the matter being decided upon. Advocacy groups use these briefs both to share their expertise and to promote their positions, over the past twenty years lobbying in Australia has grown from a small industry of a few hundred employees to a multibillion-dollar per year industry. Lobbying has become a fact of life and is now endemic in local, state. It is not just the local councillors and state and federal politicians being lobbied, in Australia, lobbyists are expected to organise a pass to obtain access to the federal parliament. The Parliamentary Pass must be signed by two parliamentarians and it is administered by the Department of Parliamentary Services and has the enforcement of the Criminal Code Act 1995. The Pass is valid for two years, however, the Parliamentary Pass is not absolutely necessary, as some lobbyists are simply signed in on the day of their visit as guests of Senators or Members
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