1.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
2.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
3.
Helsinki
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Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
4.
Espoo
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Espoo is the second largest city and municipality in Finland. The population of the city of Espoo was 269,802 as of 1 January 2016. It is part of the Finnish Capital Region, and most of its population lives in the urban core of the Helsinki metropolitan area, along with the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa. Espoo shares its border with Helsinki and Vantaa, while enclosing Kauniainen. The city is on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, other bordering municipalities of Espoo are Nurmijärvi and Vihti in the north, and Kirkkonummi in the west. The national park of Nuuksio is situated in northwestern Espoo, Espoo encompasses 312 square kilometres, of which 312 km2 is land. Espoo has several regional centers. Espoo is thus divided into seven areas, Vanha-Espoo, Suur-Espoonlahti, Pohjois-Espoo, Suur-Kauklahti, Suur-Leppävaara, Suur-Matinkylä. Aalto University is based in Otaniemi, Espoo, along with a thriving community that includes numerous startups. The city of Espoo is officially bilingual, the majority of the population,83. 6%, speaks Finnish as their mother tongue, while a minority of 8. 3% speaks Swedish. 8% of Espoos population has a first language other than Finnish or Swedish, the name was first mentioned in 1431. The banks of the River Espoo are even today heavily populated with aspen, the first inhabitants in the area arrived about 9,000 years ago. Physical evidence indicates agriculture from ca.1000 AD, but there are no historical records, up to the 13th century, the area was a borderland between the hunting grounds of Finnish Proper and Tavastian Finns, with a sparse population. Immigrants from Sweden established permanent agricultural settlements during the 12th and 13th centuries, Espoo was a subdivision of the Kirkkonummi congregation until 1486-7. The oldest known document referring to Kirkkonummi is from 1330, Espoo as a subchapter has been dated to the 1380s, the construction of the Espoo Cathedral, the oldest preserved building in Espoo, marks the independence of Espoo. Administratively, Espoo was a part of Uusimaa, when the province was split to Eastern and Western provinces governed from the Porvoo and Raasepori castles, respectively, the eastern border of the Raasepori province was in Espoo. The 13th century road connecting the most important cities in Finland at that time, in 1557, King Gustaf Wasa decided to stabilize and develop the region by founding a royal mansion in Espoo. The government bought the villages of Espåby and Mankby and transferred the population elsewhere, the royal mansion housed the kings local plenipotentiary, and collected royal tax in kind paid by labor on the mansions farm
5.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
6.
Otaniemi
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Otaniemi, or Otnäs, is a district of Espoo, Finland. It is located near the border of Helsinki, the capital of Finland, Otaniemi is the home of the Aalto University engineering schools campus, thus Otaniemi is often used as a synonym for Aalto. However, several research and business facilities are located in Otaniemi. Business is represented in the area by the business incubator Technopolis, in 2010, Otaniemi became home to Aalto University, formed from the merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, the University of Art and Design Helsinki, and the Helsinki School of Economics. As late as the 1940s, Otaniemi was part of the Hagalund manor and used as a park and farmland, from where an old linden allée survives. In 1949, the Government of Finland purchased the lands of Hagalund Manor for use as the campus of the Helsinki University of Technology and the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. First to be built was the student campus of the Helsinki University of Technology, several thousand students currently live in Otaniemi. The region has since built up around TKK and VTT. The area is unique, boasting buildings designed by leading Finnish architects including Alvar Aalto, Heikki and Kaija Sirén. Aalto is an alumnus of TKK, and the designer of both the city plan for the Otaniemi area and the building of TKK. The area is protected as a scenic area, representing the modernist and functionalist architecture for which Finland is internationally famous. Otaniemi hosts a vibrant—and at times rowdy—student community especially concentrated in the blocks of student housing called Teekkarikylä. Some buildings of Teekkarikylä are owned by the student association of Aalto University AYY, there are very few non-student apartments in Otaniemi, because almost all inhabitants are students, Otaniemi is technically a low-income area. Otaniemi has three daycares, a stadium and an arena, a small shopping center with an Alepa grocery store, pharmacy, kiosk, bank. The closest general services and shopping centers are in Tapiola, the name is a tribute to Alvar Aalto, a prominent architect known for his achievements in technology, economics, and art. Otaniemi is also the location of the Border and Coast Guard Academy, until 2008, the officer school of the Police College of Finland was also located there. Helsinki University of Technologys 10 national centers of excellence create most of Finlands hi-tech patents within this small area, major companies that have sites in Otaniemi are for instance Tieto and Pöyry. The Finnish Customs laboratory is located in Otaniemi, Otaniemi Chapel Otaniemi metro station Home pages of Otaniemi Helsinki University of Technology Map of Otaniemi Otaniemi at Google Maps
7.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
8.
Greater Helsinki
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Greater Helsinki is the metropolitan area including the smaller Capital Region urban kernel and commuter towns surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. Greater Helsinki is sometimes incorrectly called Helsinki Region due to a direct translation of the Finnish and Swedish terms Helsingin seutu. It is part of Uusimaa province and these regions are located in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, which is part of the Baltic Sea. The smaller Capital Region includes Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, the Greater Helsinki region is the largest urbanised area in the country with 1,420,284 inhabitants and is by far the most important economic, cultural, and scientific region of Finland. In the strictest sense, the Finnish Capital Region consists of four municipalities with city status, Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen, whose total population is about 1.1 million. This area is most often called the Capital region in English, Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish, the vast majority of the inhabitants live in the urban areas of the cities, but within the boundaries of these cities there are also suburban and rural areas. Commonly about ten more municipalities are considered to be part of Greater Helsinki, as they can be considered to be commuter towns and exurbs of Helsinki. When Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pornainen and Vihti are included, all of the municipalities belong to the region of Uusimaa. Of these, Kerava, Järvenpää, Mäntsälä, Tuusula, and Nurmijärvi are part of the urban area, as a part of Urban audit project the Eurostat has attempted to standardise the concept of metropolitan area. According to this study the Metropolitan area of Helsinki consists of the kernel of Helsinki, Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Helsinki Larger Urban Area consists of 12 cities and municipalities, the kernel of Helsinki and the aforementioned eight municipalities. Statistics Finland define the commuter belt of Helsinki to include a total of 24 municipalities, with an area of 7,359.80 km2. In addition to that, there are people from as far as Lahti, the table below lists population, area, and population density for the largest municipalities of the Greater Helsinki area. The commuter towns of Lohja and Porvoo are not usually included, though, if they were, they would raise the overall population to nearly 1.5 million people
9.
Nicholas I of Russia
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Nicholas I was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland and his biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky says that Nicholas displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a junior officer totally consumed by spit. A handsome man, he was nervous and aggressive. Trained as an engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail, in his public persona, says Riasanovsky, Nicholas I came to represent autocracy personified, infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate. His reign had an ideology called Official Nationality that was proclaimed officially in 1833 and it was a reactionary policy based on orthodoxy in religion, autocracy in government, and Russian nationalism. He was the brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brothers throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him and his aggressive foreign policy involved many expensive wars, having a disastrous effect on the empires finances. He was successful against Russias neighbouring southern rivals as he seized the last territories in the Caucasus held by Persia by successfully ending the Russo-Persian War and he ended the Russo-Turkish War successfully as well. Later on, however, he led Russia into the Crimean War with disastrous results, historians emphasize that his micromanagement of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. Fuller notes that historians have concluded that the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy. On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers. Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina to Grand Duke Paul, five months after his birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became emperor and empress of Russia. He was a brother of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who succeeded to the throne in 1801. Riasanovsky says he was, the most handsome man in Europe, Nicholas was not brought up to become the Emperor of Russia, he had two elder brothers. However, as both of them failed to produce sons, Nicholas remained second in the line of succession, in 1825, when Alexander I died suddenly of typhus, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to his second-eldest brother, Constantine Pavlovich, and accepting the throne for himself. The interregnum lasted until Constantine, who was in Warsaw at that time, additionally, on 25 December, Nicholas issued the manifesto proclaiming his accession to the throne. That manifesto retroactively named 1 December, the date of Alexander Is death, during this confusion, a plot was hatched by some members of the military to overthrow Nicholas and to seize power
10.
Aalto University
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Aalto University is a university primarily located in Greater Helsinki, Finland. It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities, the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, the close collaboration between the scientific, business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research. The Finnish government, in 2010, set out to create a university that fosters innovation, the university is composed of six schools with close to 20,000 students and 4,500 staff members, making it Finlands second largest university. The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi, Espoo, other functions of the School of Business are located in Töölö. The School of Arts, Design and Architecture is located in Arabianranta, in addition, the university operates several units outside Greater Helsinki in Mikkeli, Pori and Vaasa. Aalto universitys operations showcase Finland’s experiment in higher education, in 2004, a workgroup led by Anne Brunila of the Finnish Ministry of Finance concluded that Finland had too many universities and other institutes of tertiary education which should be consolidated. Following this, Yrjö Sotamaa, president of the University of Art and Design Helsinki at the time, sotamaas line of reasoning was that this move would create a unique interdisciplinary university that was needed to create new innovative thought. The idea received attention within the Finnish Ministry of Education, which appointed Raimo Sailas, after Sailas group reported that it considered the merger to be beneficial to the Finnish academic world and economy, the Finnish government decided to go on with the project on November 11,2007. On May 29,2008, the government announced that the new university would be named after the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto in honor of his achievements in technology, economics and art. On December 19,2008, Prof. Tuula Teeri was selected by the Board to be the first President of Aalto University, Aalto University started operating on January 1,2010. In the process of creating the university the university law of Finland was rewritten for the university to be allowed to collect endowment, the university managed to reach its goal of collecting 200 million euros in private donations. The sum was augmented by 2.5 times by the Finnish state, as the Aalto University was founded the four schools of science and engineering were formed out of the departments of the Helsinki University of Technology, founded in 1849 by Grand Duke Nicholas I. It received university status in 1908, in 1966, the University of Technology moved from Hietalahti in downtown Helsinki to its current Otaniemi campus, designed by Alvar Aalto. At the time of creation of Aalto University, TKK had about 250 professors and this means the largest part of the Aalto University is formed from the former Helsinki University of Technology. The Helsinki School of Economics was established in Helsinki in 1904 by the community and was given the status of a university in 1911. It operated as a university until 1974, when the state of Finland was given the financial responsibility of the university. Following the merger, the university was briefly renamed Aalto University School of Economics, the University of Art and Design Helsinki has been the largest art university in the Nordic countries. Media Centre Lume - the National Research and Development Center of audiovisual media - is also located in the university, the university awarded the following academic degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Arts
11.
Alvar Aalto
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Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was a Finnish architect and designer, as well as a sculptor and painter. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware and his furniture designs were considered Scandinavian Modern. The Alvar Aalto Museum, designed by Aalto himself, is located in what is regarded as his home city Jyväskylä, hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, when Aalto was 5 years old, the family moved to Alajärvi, and from there to Jyväskylä in Central Finland. Aalto studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, where he completed his education in 1916. In 1916 he then enrolled to study architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology and his studies were interrupted by the Finnish Civil War, which he fought in. He fought on the side of the White Army and fought at the Battle of Länkipohja and he built his first piece of architecture while still a student, a house for his parents, at Alajärvi. Afterwards, he continued his education, graduating in 1921, in the summer of 1922 he began his official military service, finishing at the Hamina reserve officer training school, and was promoted to reserve second lieutenant in June 1923. In 1920, while still a student, Aalto made his first trip abroad, travelling via Stockholm to Gothenburg, in 1922, he accomplished his first independent piece at the Industrial Exposition in Tampere. In 1923 he returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office under the name Alvar Aalto, Architect, at that same time he also wrote articles for the Jyväskylä newspaper Sisä-Suomi under the pseudonym Remus. During this time, he designed a number of small houses in Jyväskylä. On October 6,1924, Aalto married architect Aino Marsio, their journey to Italy was Aaltos first trip there. The latter trip together sealed an intellectual bond with the culture of the Mediterranean region that was to remain important to Aalto for the rest of his life, following winning the architecture competition for the Southwest Finland Agricultural Cooperative building in 1927 the Aaltos moved their office to Turku. They had made contact with the citys most progressive architect, Erik Bryggman, already before moving, Aaltos biographer, Göran Schildt, claimed that Bryggman was the only architect with whom Aalto cooperated as an equal. With increasing works in the Finnish capital, the Aaltos office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki, in 1926 the young Aaltos designed and had built for themselves a summer cottage in Alajärvi, Villa Flora. Aino Aalto died of cancer in 1949, Aino and Alvar Aalto had 2 children, a daughter Johanna Hanni Alanen, born Aalto,1925, and a son Hamilkar Aalto,1928. In 1952 Aalto married architect Elissa Mäkiniemi, who had been working as an assistant in his office, in 1952 Aalto designed and had built a summer cottage, the so-called Experimental House, for himself and his new wife in Muuratsalo in Central Finland. Alvar Aalto died on 11 May 1976, in Helsinki, and is buried in the Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki and his wife and the office employees continued the works of the office which were still in progress
12.
Amphitheatre
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An amphitheatre or amphitheater /ˈæmfᵻˌθiːətər/ is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον, from ἀμφί, ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. In modern usage, amphitheatre is used to describe theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round. Natural formations of similar shape are known as natural amphitheatres. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were major public venues, circular or oval in plan and they were used for events such as gladiator combats, chariot races, venationes and executions. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across the area of the Roman Empire, the earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the 1st century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire, the largest could accommodate 40, the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble, stucco and statuary. After the end of games in the 5th century and of staged animal hunts in the 6th. Their materials were mined or recycled, some were razed, and others were converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places, in some of these, in modern usage, an amphitheatre is a circular, semicircular or curved, acoustically vibrant performance space, particularly one located outdoors. Small-scale amphitheatres can serve to host outdoor local community performances, notable modern amphitheatres include the Shoreline Amphitheatre and the Hollywood Bowl. The term amphitheatre is used for some indoor venues such as the Gibson Amphitheatre. The term amphitheatre can also be used to naturally occurring formations which would be ideal for this purpose. Arena Stadium Thingplatz List of Roman amphitheatres List of contemporary amphitheatres List of indoor arenas List of ancient Greek theatres Roman theatre Bomgardner, the Story of the Roman Amphitheatre
13.
Emperor of All Russia
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Emperor of All Russia, Empress of All Russia was the title of the ruler of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917. It was created in connection with the victory in the Great Northern War, the suffix of All Russia was transformed from the previous version of All Rus. Article 1 of the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire stated that Emperor of All Russia is an autocratic, to obey his supreme authority, not only out of fear but out of conscience as well, God himself commands. The article points to the fact that Russia had an unrestricted monarchy, the full title of the emperor in the 20th century, The title of the Emperor of All Russia was introduced to Peter the Great. On November 2,1721 Peter I accepted the title, since then the Russian State was referred to as the Russian Empire
14.
Grand Duke of Finland
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Grand Duke of Finland or the Grand Prince of Finland was from around 1580 to 1809 a title in use by most Swedish monarchs. Between 1809 and 1917, it was the title of the head of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. The anachronistic female form of the title in English is usually Grand Princess of Finland, the only women to have used the title were the Swedish Queens regnant Christina and Ulrika Eleonora. A few crown princes of Sweden also were called Grand Prince of Finland, the use of Grand Prince on Johns behalf was a countermeasure to signify his mighty position as sovereign of Sweden, also a multinational or multi-country realm, and equal to a Tsardom. Not only was Finland added, but Karelia, Ingria, and it is said that the first use of the new title was in an occasion to contact Tsar Ivan. As the title had only subsidiary nature without any concrete meaning, the last Swedish monarch to use the title was Ulrika Eleonora who abdicated in 1720. However, in 1802, King Gustav IV Adolf gave the title to his son, Prince Carl Gustaf. The Imperial Grand Prince ruled Finland through his governor and a native Senate appointed by him, although no Grand Prince ever explicitly recognized Finland as separate state in its own right, the country nevertheless enjoyed a high degree of autonomy, until its independence in 1917. Finland was declared an independent nation state on 6 December 1917, after the Civil War in 1918, there was a brief attempt to make Finland a kingdom from 9 October to 14 December 1918. In 1919, Finland was declared a republic, since then, all titles of monarchs are obsolete in the country. Today, there are no pretenders to the title of the Grand Prince of Finland, anjala conspiracy Dukes of Swedish Provinces Finnish Declaration of Independence Governor-General of Finland History of Finland List of Finnish monarchs Monarchy of Finland
15.
Vaasa
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Vaasa is a city on the west coast of Finland. It received its charter in 1606, during the reign of Charles IX of Sweden and is named after the Royal House of Vasa, today, Vaasa has a population of 67,495, and is the regional capital of Ostrobothnia. The city is bilingual with 69. 8% of the population speaking Finnish as their first language and 24. 8% speaking Swedish, the surrounding Ostrobothnia municipalities have a Swedish-speaking majority. Over the years, Vaasa has changed its name several times, due to alternative spellings, political decisions and language condition changes. At first it was called Mustasaari or Mussor after the village where it was founded in 1606, Mustasaari or Korsholm remains as the name of the surrounding mostly rural municipality, which since 1973 surrounds the city. In 1611, the town was chartered and renamed after the Royal House of Vasa, thanks to the sea connections, ship building and trade, especially tar trade, Vaasa flourished in the 17th century and most of the inhabitants earned their living from it. In 1683, the three-subject or Trivial school moved from Nykarleby to Vaasa, the first library in Finland was founded in Vaasa in 1794. In 1793, Vaasa had 2,178 inhabitants, and in the year of the town fire of 1852 the number had risen to 3,200. During the Finnish War, fought between Sweden and Russia in 1808–1809, Vaasa suffered more than any other city, in June 1808, Vaasa was occupied by the Russian forces, and some of the local officials pledged allegiance to the occupying force. On June 25,1808, the Swedish colonel Johan Bergenstråhle was sent with 1,500 troops, there was heavy fighting in the streets and in the end the Swedish forces were repelled and forced to retreat back the way they came. The massacre in Vaasa was exceptional during the Finnish war as the Russian forces had avoided that kind of cruelty that far and it was probably a result of the frustration the Russians felt because of intensive guerilla activity against them in the region. On June 30, the Russian forces withdrew from Vaasa, and all officials that had pledged allegiance to Russia were discharged, and some were assaulted by locals. On September 13, the Russian forces returned and on the day the decisive Battle of Oravais. By winter 1808, the Russian forces had all of Finland. Vaasa would now become a part of the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire, the mainly wooden and densely built town was almost utterly destroyed in 1852. A fire started in a barn belonging to district court judge J. F. Aurén on the morning of August 3, at noon the whole town was ablaze and the fire lasted for many hours. By evening, most of the town had burned to the ground, out of 379 buildings only 24 privately owned buildings had survived, among them the Falander–Wasastjerna patrician house which now houses the Old Vaasa Museum. The Court of Appeal, some Russian guard-houses along with a gunpowder storage, the ruins of the greystone church, the belfry, the town hall and the trivial school can still be found in their original places
16.
Turku
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Turku is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Southwest Finland. Turku, as a town, was settled during the 13th century and founded most likely at the end of the 13th century and it quickly became the most important city in Finland, a status it retained for hundreds of years. Because of its history, it has been the site of many important events. Along with Tallinn, the city of Estonia, Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011. In 1996, it was declared the official Christmas City of Finland, due to its location, Turku is a notable commercial and passenger seaport with over three million passengers traveling through the Port of Turku each year to Stockholm and Mariehamn. As of 31 December 2016, the population of Turku was 187,564, there were 318,168 inhabitants living in the Turku sub-region, ranking it as the third largest urban area in Finland after the Greater Helsinki area and Tampere sub-region. The city is bilingual as 5.2 percent of its population identify Swedish as a mother-tongue. The Finnish name Turku originates from an Old East Slavic word, tǔrgǔ, the word turku still means market place in some idioms in Finnish. The Swedish word for market place is torg, and was borrowed from Old East Slavic. The Swedish name Åbo may be a combination of å. As this pattern does not appear in any other Swedish place names in Finland, one theory is that it comes from Aabo, the Finnish rendition of the Russian Avram, which could also be the origin of the name of the river Aura. There is however an old legal term called åborätt, which gave citizens the right to live at land owned by the crown. In Finnish, the genitive of Turku is Turun, meaning of Turku, the Finnish names of organizations and institutes of Turku often begin with this word, as in Turun yliopisto for the University of Turku. Turku has a history as Finlands largest city and occasionally as the administrative center of the country. The citys identity stems from its status as the oldest city in Finland, originally, the word Finland referred only to the area around Turku. Although archaeological findings in the date back to the Stone Age. The Cathedral of Turku was consecrated in 1300, during the Middle Ages, Turku was the seat of the Bishop of Turku, covering the then eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden until the 17th century. Even if Turku had no official status, both the short-lived institutions of Dukes and Governors-General of Finland usually had their Finnish residences there
17.
Abitur
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Abitur is a university-preparatory school leaving qualification in Germany, Lithuania, Finland, and Estonia. It is conferred to students who pass their exams at the end of their secondary education. As a matriculation examination, Abitur can be compared to A-level, Matura or the International Baccalaureate Diploma, thus, it encompasses the functions of both a school graduation certificate and a college entrance exam. The official term in Germany for this certificate of education is Allgemeine Hochschulreife, in 2005, a total of 231,465 students passed the Abitur exam in Germany. The numbers have risen steadily and in 2012, a total of 305,172 students obtained the Allgemeine Hochschulreife and this number, reflecting those who pass the traditional Abitur at their high school, is, however, lower than the total count. Adding the 51,912 students who obtained the Hochschulreife at vocational training schools, if those who obtain the Fachhochschulreife are also added, then the total of those who obtained the right to study at a university or a Fachhochschule is 501,483. Until the 18th century, every German university had its own entrance examination, in 1788 Prussia introduced the Abiturreglement, a law, for the first time within Germany, establishing the Abitur as an official qualification. It was later established in the other German states. In 1834, it became the university entrance exam in Prussia. Since then, the German state of Hesse allows students with Fachhochschulreife to study at the universities within that state, the academic level of the Abitur is comparable to the International Baccalaureate, the GCE Advanced Level and the Advanced Placement tests. Indeed, the requirements for the International Baccalaureate differ little from the German exam requirements. It is the only school-leaving certificate in all states of Germany that allows the graduate to move directly to university, the other school leaving certificates, the Hauptschulabschluss and the Realschulabschluss, do not allow their holders to matriculate at a university. However, the Abitur is not the path to university studies. Students who successfully passed a Begabtenprüfung are also eligible, a person who does not hold the Abitur and did not take an aptitude test may still be admitted to university by completing at least the 10th grade and doing well on an IQ-Test. The official meaning behind the word Abitur in Germany is Zeugnis der allgemeinen Hochschulreife, during the two final years of secondary school studies and in their final exams, students receive grades on a scale of 15 to 0 points. The points are weighted and then added up and converted to the grade on a scale from 1 to 6. Student who receive 13.72 points or more on average in all courses, in German, the European Baccalaureate is called europäisches Abitur, and the International Baccalaureate is called internationales Abitur, both not to be confused with the German Abitur. The term Fachabitur was used in all of Western Germany for a variation of the Abitur until the 1990s and this qualification includes only one foreign language
18.
Brand
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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
19.
Aalto University School of Business
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The Aalto University School of Business, is the largest business school in Finland. Founded in 1911, it is the second oldest business school in Finland, the school became part of Aalto University as of 1 January 2010. It has been known as Helsinki School of Economics, Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration. Consisting of about 3,500 students and 500 researchers, the Aalto University School of Business is conducting research with relations with the business community. The Aalto University School of Business was established in Helsinki in 1904 by the community and was given the status of a university in 1911. It operated as a university until 1974, when the state of Finland was given the financial responsibility of the university. Nevertheless, the school has remained autonomous in its administration and internal affairs, since the foundation in 1911,23,000 students have graduated from different programmes. The school is also a member of the CEMS and PIM. Since 2005 the Financial Times has ranked the CEMS program among the top Masters in Management programs in the world, the Aalto University School of Business is an active member of this joint program. Financial Times ranked Aalto University School of Business 29th in the European Business school rankings in 2013, 78th in Global MBA program, 43rd in Master in Management program. In its degree programmes, the school has a two-step program structure, accordingly with the Bologna Treaty, new students start by studying towards the BSc in Economics and Business Administration degree and on completion, are eligible to continue to study for the masters degree. A doctoral degree takes four additional years. From 2013, the School offers the following Bachelors Programmes, Economics & Business Management International Business, there is a tuition fee in the MBA program unlike in the BSc/MSc degree programs. Each year, around 400 students are admitted into the Bachelors Programmes, Bachelors admissions are based mainly on an admissions test and the nationwide matriculation examination. Non-Finnish speakers and international students have the opportunity to gain admission through the SAT conducted in English, applicants with an appropriate bachelors degree may apply in the Master’s admissions to take only the degree of Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration. More information on School of Business admissions is available at aalto. fi/studies, the Aalto University School of Business has exchange partnerships with over 150 universities in six different continents. Each year, close to 400 students go abroad on their exchange, the School of Business is collaborating with the leading business schools in Europe within the CEMS Community. In the CEMS network, partner schools include HEC Paris, ESADE in Spain, the CEMS includes 30 academic institutions from 5 continents, over 70 corporate partners and 4 social partners from around the globe
20.
Aalto University School of Science
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Aalto University is a Finnish university established on January 1,2010 in the merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki School of Economics and University of Art and Design Helsinki. Aalto University School of Science consists of seven departments and two separate institutes, the School of Science and its units are located in various facilities on the Otaniemi campus, Espoo. V. Lounasmaa Laboratory Helsinki Institute for Information Technology In addition, the School is the host of European Institute of Innovation, Aalto University School of Science has five Centres of Excellence in Research funded by the Academy of Finland. In three of them, the School cooperates with other universities, the Centres of Excellence are in the forefront of their field in international terms. Aalto Universitys ranking in the latest Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU, field Engineering/Technology, in Times Higher Education ranking 2014, Aalto University was ranked among the top 100 universities in the world and the best university in Finland for Engineering and Technology subjects. The Aalto University School of Science offers a range of university degrees at the Bachelor, Master. The School of Science follows a two-phase degree structure, the students first complete a lower degree and then a higher degree. Bachelors degree is a university degree, which requires students to complete 180 credits. It can be completed in three years of full-time study. Bachelor level studies are available in Finnish/Swedish only, Master of Science in Technology is a higher university degree, which requires students to complete 120 credits. The degree can be completed in two years of full-time study. Aalto University School of Science offers ten Masters programmes in English, three of the programmes are double degree programmes offered with international partner universities. The 9 research fields offered by the Doctoral Programme represent the Schools strong research traditions, Aalto University School of Science Official Page
21.
Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering
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Special fields include automation and systems technology, electronics and information technology, power engineering, communications engineering and bio information technology. Actual technical vocational training began in Helsinki after a reform in 1858. The technical trade departments of engineering, mechanical engineering, architecture, chemical technology, in 1872 the school was renamed the Polytechnic School and in 1879 the Polytechnic Institute. In 1877 the Polytechnic School moved to its own premises when the next to Hietalahti Market was completed. The main extensions of the building were completed in 1904 and 1927. The Polytechnic Institute was made a school in 1908 and renamed the Technological University of Finland. The first degree at the university was one of an engineer. The title diploma engineer – which corresponds to a M. Sc. degree – was adopted in the early 1940s in conjunction of a reform at the same time as the lower technical degrees were defined. Move to Otaniemi After the Second World War the city blocks available began to be too small. The final decision to move the University out of the city was made in 1948, next year, the State bought the lands of Otaniemi Manor in the eastern part of the rural municipality of Espoo to serve as the new campus. Development began in Otaniemi with housing for students, called Teekkarikylä or student village and its first residents were not students, however, but athletes taking part in 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics. The first functions of the University moved to Espoo in 1955, the main part of the main building was completed in 1964 and the move from Hietalahti was finalised ten years later. In the 1950s and 60s Otaniemi became one of the most interesting sites of Finnish architecture, architect Alvar Aalto made the general plan of the campus and he was in charge of the main building and the Otahalli sports hall and of several other buildings. Reima Pietilä and Raili Paatelainen designed Dipoli, and the office of Heikki and Kaija Siren designed the oldest dormitories, the Servin Mökki restaurant, Aalto University School of Science and Technology divided into four new schools 1 January 2011. The new schools are formed of the university faculties and their names are School of Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, School of Science. 1883 The teaching of electrical engineering begun at the Polytechnic Institute,1887 Gottfried Strömberg started electrical engineering laboratory practises at the Polytechnic Institute. 1908 Electrical Engineering study branch is established and Johannes Sohlmann is appointed the first professor in engineering at the Technological University of Finland. 1911 Master of Science degree can also be carried out in electrical engineering,1926 Power Systems Laboratory was built in Hietalahti, Helsinki
22.
Bologna Process
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The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications. The process has created the European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention and it is named after the University of Bologna, where the Bologna declaration was signed by education ministers from 29 European countries in 1999. The process was opened to countries in the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe. Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Charta Universitatum was issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna in 1988, the Bologna Process has 50 participating countries. Monaco and San Marino are the members of the Council of Europe which did not adopt the process. The ESU, EUA, EURASHE, EI, ENQA, UNICE, other groups at this level are ENIC, NARIC and EURODOC. Four countries are not members of the process, Israel is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although it has observer status. Although Israel is not geographically part of Europe, it is part of the UNESCO European Region, Israel is also a signatory of the Lisbon Recognition Convention but, under the criteria of the Berlin Communiqué, ineligible for the Bologna Process. Kosovo is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although Serbia is a party, Kosovo declared independence from it and is theoretically a part of the Bologna Process since the 1999 war. It was suggested that Kosovo could be associated with the process in a category appropriate to its situation, Northern Cyprus satisfies the criteria for membership applications to the Bologna process established in the 2003 Berlin communique. The universities in Northern Cyprus can freely follow the Bologna priorities such as the degree system, quality assurance. This scheme enables undergraduate students and teachers to spend one year abroad at an EU university/higher education institution, the basic framework is three cycles of higher-education qualifications. In describing the cycles, the uses the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, First cycle, typically 180–240 ECTS credits. Second cycle, typically 90–120 ECTS credits, usually awarding a masters degree Third cycle, There is no concrete ECTS range, since the disciplines vary in length and comprehensiveness. In most cases, it would take three to four years to earn a degree and another one or two years for a masters degree. Doctoral degrees usually require two to four years of specialization, primarily individual research under a mentor. Degree names may vary by country, one academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits, equivalent to 1, 500–1,800 hours of study. In order to enhance its competitiveness by cutting down costs, therefore a Europe-wide standardization of the values produced in each of the national higher educational systems is called for
23.
Helsinki University of Technology
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The Helsinki University of Technology was a technical university in Finland. It was located in Otaniemi, Espoo in the area of Greater Helsinki. The university was founded in 1849 by Grand Duke Nicholas I and it moved from Helsinki to Otaniemi campus area in 1966. It was merged into Aalto University in 2010 and briefly had the name Aalto University School of Science, much of the universitys Otaniemi campus was designed by Alvar Aalto. As the proportion of matriculation diploma holders in the student intake gradually increased, in 1908, TKK was given university status along with its present name, thus becoming the second university to be founded in Finland. In 1955, building of the new campus started with the housing village. In 1966, TKK moved from Helsinki to the new campus in Otaniemi, in 2010, TKK was merged with Helsinki School of Economics and University of Art and Design Helsinki into Aalto University. All engineering programmes offered by TKK led to the degree of diplomi-insinööri, the only exceptions to this were the architecture programmes that lead to the masters degrees of architecture and landscape architecture. From 2005, according to the Bologna process, all students also complete an intermediate degree before the DI or architects degree. This degree is considered a degree and enables enrollment in foreign universities where a bachelors degree is required. TKK did not offer programs terminating in a degree, a student might only be accepted to study for the Masters level degree. TKK required a degree from foreign students studying in English. Apart from numerous programs in Finnish language, various international Masters programs were offered exclusively for studies in English, the university was organized in four faculties, each consisting of departments and separate laboratories, and separate units not operating under any faculty. More recently, the university has invested in the research of nanotechnology, operating the largest cleanroom facility in Northern Europe. TKK was located in Otaniemi, Espoo, several high-tech companies, the Finnish forest industrys joint experimental laboratory KCL, and business incubators Innopoli and Technopolis are also situated there. It is also adjacent to Keilaniemi, with Life Science Center. The area is connected by a 15-minute bus ride to the center of Helsinki, TKK was known for its active student community and technology students are highly noticeable, as they wear a distinctive hat and often brightly colored overalls to many of their public events. The community has also organised important charity events, TKK students are also famous for, and Finlands leading practitioners of, student pranks, similar in principle to MIT hacks
24.
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
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VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd is a state owned and controlled non-profit limited liability company. VTT provides research and innovation services and information for domestic and international customers and partners, VTT is part of Finlands innovation system and operates under the mandate of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. VTT was founded in 1942 to do research work and to boost manufacturing during wartime. Nowadays VTT is an organisation whose research and development work covers all the different fields of technology. Digitalisation and sustainability are the two guiding trends in VTTs research activities, VTT has its headquarters in Otaniemi. Customers rate the impact of VTTs activities high, 68% reported increased competitiveness based on their co-operation with VTT. VTT operations are now organised into three areas,1. Knowledge Intensive Products and Services - focus areas, industrial internet, digital health, smart Industry and Energy Systems - focus areas, machinery and automation, efficient energy and smart cities 3. Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment - focus areas, bioeconomy, circular economy, VTT has for years been the most active Finnish participant in EU-funded research projects. VTT is engaged in over 400 international public research projects each year, VTT plays a key role in national and international innovation partnerships. 96% of VTTs customer survey respondents reported that their co-operation with VTT in a project promoted their networking, over 30% of VTTs revenues come from public and private sector outside Finland. VTT has 2,470 employees, of which over 80% have a university degree, VTT has a patent portfolio of 1,200 patents and 1,500 publications yearly
25.
University of Helsinki
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The University of Helsinki is a university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but was founded in the city of Turku in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo, at that time part of the Swedish Empire. It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available, around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes. As of August 1,2005, the University complies with the structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor, Master, Licenciate. Admission to degree programmes is determined by entrance examinations, in the case of bachelors degrees. It has been ranked a top 100 university in the according to the 2016 ARWU, QS. The university is bilingual, with teaching officially provided both in Finnish and Swedish, generally speaking, however, the university is monolingual Finnish, as courses taught in Swedish are very few and far apart. Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master, Licentiate, remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos, the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard. It is a member of various prominent international university networks, such as Europaeum, UNICA, the Utrecht Network, the first predecessor of the university, The Cathedral School of Åbo, was presumably founded in 1276 for education of boys to become servants of the Church. It was the university founded in the Swedish Empire, following Uppsala University. The second period of the Universitys history covers the period when Finland was a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, as Finland became part of the Russian Empire in 1809, Emperor Alexander I expanded the University and allocated substantial funds to it. In the capital the primary task of the University was to educate the Grand Duchy’s civil servants, the University became a community subscribing to the new Humboldtian ideals of science and culture, studying humanity and its living environment by means of scientific methods. The Alexander University was a centre of life that promoted the birth of an independent Finnish State. The great men of 19th century Finland, Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Elias Lönnrot, in the 19th century university research changed from being collection-centred to being experimental, empirical, and analytical. The more scientific approach of the university led to specialisation and created new disciplines, as the scientific disciplines developed, Finland received ever more scholarly knowledge and highly educated people, some of whom entered rapidly evolving industry or the government. The third period of the universitys history began with the creation of the independent Republic of Finland in 1917, once Finland gained her independence in 1917 the University was given a crucial role in building the nation state and, after World War II, the welfare state. Members of the community promoted the international relations of the new state. Furthermore, they were involved in national politics and the struggle for equality. In the 20th century, scholarly research at the University of Helsinki reached the level of the European elite in many disciplines. I, virtanen and the Nobel Prize in Medicine shared by Professor Ragnar Granit
26.
Cryogenics
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In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but scientists assume a gas to be cryogenic if it can be liquefied at or below −150 °C. The U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology has chosen to consider the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below −180 °C or −292.00 °F or 93.15 K. A person who studies elements that have been subjected to cold temperatures is called a cryogenicist. Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature scales present in nature, Cryogenics The branches of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures. Cryobiology The branch of biology involving the study of the effects of low temperatures on organisms, cryoconservation of animal genetic resources The conservation of genetic material with the intention of conserving a breed. Cryosurgery The branch of surgery applying very low temperatures to destroy malignant tissue, cryoelectronics The field of research regarding superconductivity at low temperatures. Cryotronics The practical application of cryoelectronics, Cryonics Cryopreserving humans and animals with the intention of future revival. Cryogenics is sometimes used to mean Cryonics in popular culture. The word cryogenics stems from Greek kρύο – cold + genic – having to do with production, Cryogenic fluids with their boiling point in kelvins Liquefied gases, such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium, are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world, Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the lowest attainable temperatures to be reached. These liquids may be stored in Dewar flasks, which are double-walled containers with a vacuum between the walls to reduce heat transfer into the liquid. Typical laboratory Dewar flasks are spherical, made of glass and protected in a metal outer container, Dewar flasks for extremely cold liquids such as liquid helium have another double-walled container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named after their inventor, James Dewar, the man who first liquefied hydrogen, thermos bottles are smaller vacuum flasks fitted in a protective casing. Cryogenic barcode labels are used to mark dewar flasks containing these liquids, Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used on LNG piers to transfer liquefied natural gas from LNG carriers to LNG storage tanks, as are cryogenic valves. The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear, based on this theory of cryogenic hardening, the commercial cryogenic processing industry was founded in 1966 by Ed Busch. This evolved in the late 1990s into the treatment of other parts, cryogens, such as liquid nitrogen, are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications. Some chemical reactions, like those used to produce the active ingredients for the popular statin drugs, special cryogenic chemical reactors are used to remove reaction heat and provide a low temperature environment
27.
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
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The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is −89.2 °C, which was at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica by ground measurements. On August 10,2010, satellite observations measured a temperature of −93.2 °C at 81. 8°S59. 3°E. The result was reported at the 46th annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, in December 2013, it is a provisional figure, and may be subject to revision. The value may not be listed as the record coldest temperature as it was measured by remote sensing satellites and not by ground-based thermometers, unlike the 1983 record. The temperature announced reflects that of the ice surface, while the Vostok readings measured the air above the ice, however, it is most likely that the real temperature on the site was lower than that recorded at Vostok. On January 21,1838 a recording was made by the Russian merchant Neverov in Yakutsk, wild reported that a temperature of −68 °C was noted in Verkhoyansk. A later measurement at the place in February 1892 was reported as −69.8 °C. Soviet researchers later announced a recording of −67.6 °C, the next reliable measurement was made during the 1957 season at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica, yielding −73.6 °C on May 11 and −74.5 °C on September 17. A subsequent measurement of −88.3 °C, on August 24,1960, held the record until a temperature of −89.2 °C was measured at the Soviet Vostok Station, on the Antarctic Plateau and this remains the record for a directly recorded temperature. In 1904 Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes created a special lab in Leiden with the aim of producing liquid helium, in 1908 he managed to lower the temperature to less than −269 °C, which is less than four degrees above absolute zero. Only in this exceptionally cold state will helium liquefy, the point of helium being at −268.94 °C. Kamerlingh Onnes received a Nobel Prize for his achievement, Onnes method relied upon depressurising the subject gases, causing them to cool by adiabatic cooling. This follows from the first law of thermodynamics, Δ U = Δ Q − Δ W where U = internal energy, Q = heat added to the system, consider a gas in a box of set volume. If the pressure in the box is higher than atmospheric pressure, as this expansion is adiabatic and the gas has done work Δ Q =0 Δ W >0 ⇒ Δ U <0 Now as the internal energy has decreased, so has the temperature. As of November 2000, nuclear spin temperatures below 100 pK were reported for an experiment at the Helsinki University of Technology Low Temperature Lab. However, this was the temperature of one type of motion—a quantum property called nuclear spin—not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees of freedom. At such low temperatures, the concept of temperature becomes multifaceted since molecular motion cannot be assumed to average out across degrees of freedom, Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature of 100 pK, or 1.0 × 10−10 K in 1999. The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages, the first utilizes a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins, then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins
28.
Self-organizing map
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This makes SOMs useful for visualizing low-dimensional views of high-dimensional data, akin to multidimensional scaling. The artificial neural network introduced by the Finnish professor Teuvo Kohonen in the 1980s is sometimes called a Kohonen map or network. The Kohonen net is a convenient abstraction building on work on biologically neural models from the 1970s. Like most artificial neural networks, SOMs operate in two modes, training and mapping, training builds the map using input examples, while mapping automatically classifies a new input vector. A self-organizing map consists of components called nodes or neurons, associated with each node are a weight vector of the same dimension as the input data vectors, and a position in the map space. The usual arrangement of nodes is a regular spacing in a hexagonal or rectangular grid. The self-organizing map describes a mapping from a higher-dimensional input space to a lower-dimensional map space, the procedure for placing a vector from data space onto the map is to find the node with the closest weight vector to the data space vector. Useful extensions include using toroidal grids where opposite edges are connected and it is also common to use the U-Matrix. The U-Matrix value of a node is the average distance between the nodes weight vector and that of its closest neighbors. In a square grid, for instance, we consider the closest 4 or 8 nodes. In maps consisting of thousands of nodes, it is possible to perform operations on the map itself. The goal of learning in the map is to cause different parts of the network to respond similarly to certain input patterns. This is partly motivated by how visual, auditory or other information is handled in separate parts of the cerebral cortex in the human brain. The weights of the neurons are initialized either to small random values or sampled evenly from the subspace spanned by the two largest principal component eigenvectors, with the latter alternative, learning is much faster because the initial weights already give a good approximation of SOM weights. The network must be fed a number of example vectors that represent, as close as possible. The examples are usually administered several times as iterations, when a training example is fed to the network, its Euclidean distance to all weight vectors is computed. The neuron whose weight vector is most similar to the input is called the best matching unit, the weights of the BMU and neurons close to it in the SOM lattice are adjusted towards the input vector. The magnitude of the change decreases with time and with distance from the BMU, depending on the implementations, t can scan the training data set systematically, be randomly drawn from the data set, or implement some other sampling method
29.
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
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Artturi Ilmari Virtanen was a Finnish chemist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He invented AIV silage which improved milk production and a method of preserving butter, the AIV salt, Virtanen was born in Helsinki, Finland. He completed his education at the Classical Lyceum in Viipuri. He married the botanist Lilja Moisio in 1920 and had two sons with her, in 1933 he bought a farm near Helsinki where he tested some of his scientific results in practice. He saw in the overproduction of food only a temporary phenomenon and he loved the simple life, never had a car of his own, never smoked and never consumed alcohol. He died two weeks after a hip fracture from associated complications, Virtanen began his studies at the University of Helsinki in chemistry 1913 earning his Master and in 1918 his Phd in organic chemistry. In 1919 he started to work in the laboratories of Valio, in 1923 in Sweden he worked with Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929. Back in Finland he became lecturer at the University of Helsinki in 1924 and he worked in the laboratory of the Butter Export Association, which became a laboratory of the university. In 1930 the Institute for Biochemistry was founded and Virtanen stayed there until his death in 1973 and he became professor of biochemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology in 1931 and at the University of Helsinki in 1939. His research started with work on the phosphorylation of hexoses in 1924 and he was able to show that phosphorylation is the first step in many fermentation reactions, which was the foundation of the Embden–Meyerhof pathway. In 1925 his interests shifted to the bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants. The improved methods of preservation, by adding disodium phosphate to prevent acidic hydrolysis. This method was in use for decades in Finland. His research from 1925 till 1932 included the invention of a preservation method. The method, patented in 1932, was basically a kind of silage that improved the storage of green fodder, the process includes adding dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to newly stored grain. Increased acidity stops harmful fermentation and has no effect on the nutritive value of the fodder or the animals it is fed to. In 1945, Virtanen received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research and inventions in agricultural and his later years studies included the development of partially synthetic cattle feeds. The nitrogen for the synthesis of amino acids normally comes from proteins in the fodder, a special bacterial environment in the rumen of cattle allows to use urea and ammonium salts as source for the nitrogen instead of plant proteins like soybean or meat and bone meal
30.
Cleanroom
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More accurately, a cleanroom has a controlled level of contamination that is specified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a specified particle size. The modern cleanroom was invented by American physicist Willis Whitfield, as employee of the Sandia National Laboratories, Whitfield created the initial plans for the cleanroom in 1960. Prior to Whitfields invention, earlier cleanrooms often had problems with particles, Whitfield designed his cleanroom with a constant, highly filtered air flow to flush out impurities. Within a few years of its invention in the 1960s, Whitfields modern cleanroom had generated more than 50 billion USD in sales worldwide, entire manufacturing facilities can be contained within a cleanroom with factory floors covering thousands of square meters. They are used extensively in manufacturing, biotechnology, the life sciences. Staff enter and leave through airlocks, and wear protective clothing such as hoods, face masks, gloves, boots, equipment inside the cleanroom is designed to generate minimal air contamination. Only special mops and buckets are used, cleanroom furniture is designed to produce a minimum of particles and to be easy to clean. Common materials such as paper, pencils, and fabrics made from natural fibers are often excluded, cleanrooms are not sterile, only airborne particles are controlled. Particle levels are tested using a particle counter and microorganisms detected and counted through environmental monitoring methods. Some cleanrooms are kept at a positive pressure so if any leaks occur, some cleanroom HVAC systems control the humidity to low levels, such that extra equipment is necessary to prevent electrostatic discharge problems. Low-level cleanrooms may only require special shoes, with completely smooth soles that do not track in dust or dirt, however, for safety reasons, shoe soles must not create slipping hazards. Access to a cleanroom is usually restricted to wearing a cleanroom suit. In cleanrooms in which the standards of air contamination are less rigorous, an anteroom is used to put on clean-room clothing. Some manufacturing facilities do not use fully classified cleanrooms, but use some cleanroom practices to maintain their contamination requirements, cleanrooms maintain particulate-free air through the use of either HEPA or ULPA filters employing laminar or turbulent air flow principles. Laminar air flow systems are employed across 80% of a cleanroom ceiling to maintain constant air processing. Stainless steel or other non shedding materials are used to construct laminar air flow filters, turbulent, or non unidirectional, air flow uses both laminar air flow hoods and nonspecific velocity filters to keep air in a cleanroom in constant motion, although not all in the same direction. The rough air seeks to trap particles that may be in the air and drive them towards the floor, US FDA and EU have laid down guidelines and limit for microbial contamination which is very stringent to ensure freedom from microbial contamination in pharmaceutical products. In the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors, control of microorganisms is important, studying cleanroom microflora is of importance for microbiologists and quality control personnel to assess changes in trends
31.
Nokia
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Nokia Corporation, stylised as NOKIA, is a Finnish multinational communications and information technology company, founded in 1865. Nokia is headquartered in Espoo, Uusimaa, in the greater Helsinki metropolitan area, in 2014, Nokia employed 61,656 people across 120 countries, did business in more than 150 countries and reported annual revenues of around €12.73 billion. Nokia is a limited company listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange. It is the worlds 274th-largest company measured by 2013 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500 and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, the company has had various industries in its 151-year history. It was founded as a mill, and now focuses on large-scale telecommunications infrastructures. Nokias dominance also extended into the industry through its Symbian platform. Nokia eventually entered into a pact with Microsoft in 2011 to exclusively use Microsofts Windows Phone platform on future smartphones and its mobile phone business was eventually bought by Microsoft in an overall deal totaling $7.17 billion. Stephen Elop, Nokias former CEO, and several other joined the new Microsoft Mobile subsidiary of Microsoft as part of the deal. Nokia has a history, dating back to 1865 when Fredrik Idestam. A second pulp mill was created in 1868 near the town of Nokia, in 1871, Idestam together with friend Leo Mechelin formed a shared company and called it Nokia, after the town of the second pulp mill. For the next 90 years, Nokia on its own would be a forest and power industry company, in 1922, Nokia was jointly-owned with a trio partnership with Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works. Nokia Corporation now boasted many industries including rubber, forestry, cable, electricity, in the 1970s, the newly formed conglomerate started entering the networking and radio industry. Nokia also started making military equipment for Finlands defence forces, such as the Sanomalaite M/90 communicator in 1983, in 1979, Nokia went into a joint venture with television maker Salora, to create Mobira, which would lay out the foundation of Nokias future mobile phone division. In 1981, Mobira launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone service, the worlds first international cellular network, then in 1982, Mobira launched the Mobira Senator car phone, which can be considered as Nokias first mobile phone. At that time, though, Nokia had no interest at all in mobile phones and it is only due to the Salo, Finland-based Salora-Mobira that the idea was pushed through. In 1987, Finnish Cable Works discontinued production of cables at its Helsinki factory, nokian Tyres, a tyre producer that was originally formed as a division of Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit and this allowed Nokia Corporation to solely focus on communications. Jorma Ollila became CEO in 1992, Nokias first fully portable mobile phone was the Mobira Cityman 900 in 1987
32.
Business incubator
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A business incubator in business speak is a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing services such as management training or office space. The National Business Incubation Association defines business incubators as a catalyst tool for regional or national economic development. Business incubators differ from research and technology parks in their dedication to startup, research and technology parks, on the other hand, tend to be large-scale projects that house everything from corporate, government or university labs to very small companies. Most research and technology parks do not offer business assistance services, however, many research and technology parks house incubation programs. Incubators also differ from the U. S, Small Business Administrations Small Business Development Centers in that they serve only selected clients. SBDCs are required by law to general business assistance to any company that contacts them for help. In addition, SBDCs work with any business at any stage of development. Many business incubation programs partner with their local SBDC to create a shop for entrepreneurial support. Within European Union countries there are different EU and state funded programs that support in form of consulting, mentoring, prototype creation and other services. TecHub is one of examples for IT companies and ideas, the formal concept of business incubation began in the USA in 1959 when Joseph Mancuso opened the Batavia Industrial Center in a Batavia, New York, warehouse. Incubation expanded in the U. S. in the 1980s and spread to the UK, the U. S. -based International Business Innovation Association estimates that there are about 7,000 incubators worldwide. A study funded by the European Commission in 2002 identified around 900 incubation environments in Western Europe, as of October 2006, there were more than 1,400 incubators in North America, up from only 12 in 1980. Her Majestys Treasury identified around 25 incubation environments in the UK in 1997, by 2005, in 2005 alone, North American incubation programs assisted more than 27,000 companies that provided employment for more than 100,000 workers and generated annual revenues of $17 billion. Manufacture New York is a Manhattan-based fashion incubator and small-run production facility, Incubators have been of increased presence since 2011. New experiments like Virtual Business Incubators are bringing the resources of entrepreneurship hubs like Silicon Valley to remote locations all over the world, since startup companies lack many resources, experience and networks, incubators provide services which helps them get through initial hurdles in starting up a business. These hurdles include space, funding, legal, accounting, computer services, technology incubators account for 39% of incubation programs. One example of a type of incubator is a bioincubator. Bioincubators specialize in supporting life science-based startup companies, entrepreneurs with feasible projects in life sciences are selected and admitted for these programs
33.
Keilaniemi
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Keilaniemi is a district in the south-eastern part of Espoo, Finland. It is a business district mostly known for the numerous head offices of large corporations located there. The district includes the offices of Microsoft Mobile, Kone, Fortum, Neste Oil. Keilaniemi rose to the position of a concentration in 1976. The 18-story building is one of the tallest office buildings in Finland. The distance from Keilaniemi to the centre of Helsinki along the Länsiväylä highway is about 8 km, länsimetro, an extension of the Helsinki metro, is under construction, includes a metro station in Keilaniemi. Significant new construction is planned, construction of new tower blocks for office. Immediately south of Keilaniemi proper, there is the peninsula of Karhusaari, where a 19th-century mansion. The mansion, owned by the City of Espoo, houses the Karhusaari Art Centre and is used for weddings, Keilaniemi metro station Districts of Espoo Media related to Keilaniemi at Wikimedia Commons
34.
Fortum
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Fortum Oyj is a Finnish energy company focusing on the Nordic and Baltic countries, Poland and Russia. Fortum operates power plants, including plants, and generates and sells electricity, heat. In addition, it has stakes in gas companies Gasum in Finland, the company also provides other energy related services and products. Fortum is listed on the NASDAQ OMX Helsinki stock exchange and shares the number one position in the Carbon Disclosure Projects Nordic climate index, the predecessor of Fortum was Imatran Voima, which was founded in 1932 to operate the Imatrankoski hydroelectric power plant in Imatra. Fortum Corporation was founded in 1998 and it was created from the merging of Imatran Voima and Neste Oy, the Finnish national oil company. Most of Nestes assets were divested into a separate stock-listed company Neste Oil in 2005, in 2007, Fortum acquired 25. 66% stake in TGK-1, operating in northwest Russia. In 2008, Fortum privatized the power and heat generation company TGK-10, operating in central, in 2011, Fortum sold its 25% stake in the Finnish transmission system operator Fingrid. In December 2013 Fortum announced the sale of its network in Finland to Suomi Power Networks. Suomi Power Networks is owned by First State Investments, Borealis Infrastructure, Keva, since 2015 the electrical distribution network in Sweden is owned by Ellevio. Hydro power has always been an activity to Fortum, and is the companys most significant renewable electricity production form. Fortum currently owns or co-owns 159 hydro power plants in Finland and Sweden, hydro power amounts to 48% of the power produced by Fortum in Nordic countries, and 1/3 of the total power produced by Fortum each year. The power plants with the largest capacity are located on the Dalälven, Indalsälven and Ljusnan rivers in central Sweden and on the Oulujoki, Kemijoki, Fortum meets the ISO14001 norm for preservation of the environment, and the OHSAS18001 norm for health and safety. Fortum has been producing nuclear power since 1977, the company owns the nuclear plant in Loviisa, Finland, which covers around 10% of the countrys energy production. Its nuclear assets also cover Sweden with a 45. 5% share ownership in the Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant, Fortum does not own nuclear power in Russia. The company also offers nuclear safety and waste management services, as well as supplies for the nuclear power industry. Fortum is also participating in the worlds largest decontamination operation of radioactive liquids at the Fukushima disaster cleanup, Fortum produces and sells heat in Nordic countries and Baltic countries, Russia and Poland, with 26 plants combining production of heat and electric power. Fortum is the 5th largest heat producer globally, in 2013, Fortum opened two new CHP utilities using waste as a fuel in Klaipeda, Lithuania, and Brista, Sweden as well as new biomass-fuelled CHP plants in Jelgava, Latvia, and Järvenpää, Finland. Fortum sells electricity, electricity products and services to 1.2 million customers in Sweden, Finland, in 2013, the company sold a total of 12.1 terawatt-hours of electricity
