Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steel-making process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century for almost one hundred years. He also played a significant role in establishing the town of Sheffield, nicknamed ‘Steel City’, as a major industrial centre.
Bessemer c. 1890s
Bessemer converter
Bessemer converter, Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield, England in 2010
Captioned "Steel", caricature of Bessemer by Leslie Ward in Vanity Fair, 6 November 1880
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.
Bessemer converter, schematic diagram
Bessemer converter, Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield, England (2010).
Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo described the Japanese use of the Bessemer process.
William Kelly is credited with experimenting with a similar process before Bessemer's patent.