1.
Hampton Court Palace
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Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the town of East Molesey, Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, England,11.7 miles south west and upstream of central London on the River Thames. Redevelopment began to be carried out in 1515 for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the King seized the palace for himself and later enlarged it. Along with St Jamess Palace, it is one of two surviving palaces out of the many owned by King Henry VIII. In the following century, King William IIIs massive rebuilding and expansion project, work ceased in 1694, leaving the palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles, domestic Tudor and Baroque. While the palaces styles are an accident of fate, a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks, King George II was the last monarch to reside in the palace. In addition, London Buses routes 111,216,411, the structure and grounds are cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown. In addition the palace continues to display a number of works of art from the Royal Collection. The palaces Home Park is the site of the annual Hampton Court Palace Festival, Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, Chief Minister and favourite of Henry VIII, took over the site of Hampton Court Palace in 1514. It had previously been a property of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, over the following seven years, Wolsey spent lavishly to build the finest palace in England at Hampton Court. Wolsey rebuilt the manor house to form the nucleus of the present palace. Today, little of Wolseys building work remains unchanged, the first courtyard, the Base Court, was his creation, as was the second, inner gatehouse which leads to the Clock Court which contained his private rooms. The Base Court contained forty-four lodgings reserved for guests, while the court contained the very best rooms – the state apartments – reserved for the King. Henry VIII stayed in the apartments as Wolseys guest immediately after their completion in 1525. Perpendicular Gothic owed nothing historically to the Renaissance style, yet harmonised well with it and this blending of styles was realised by a small group of Italian craftsmen working at the English court in the second and third decades of the sixteenth century. They specialised in the adding of Renaissance ornament to otherwise straightforward Tudor buildings and it was one of these, Giovanni da Maiano who was responsible for the set of eight relief busts of Roman emperors which were set in the Tudor brickwork. Wolsey was only to enjoy his palace for a few years, in 1528, knowing that his enemies and the King were engineering his downfall, he passed the palace to the King as a gift. Wolsey died two years later in 1530, within six months of coming into ownership, the King began his own rebuilding and expansion. Henry VIIIs court consisted of one thousand people, while the King owned over sixty houses and palaces
2.
Hampstead
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Hampstead, commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an area of London, England,4 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath and it has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any area of the United Kingdom. The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the waters in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas, the spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind. Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this remains to this day. The large Victorian Hampstead Library and Town Hall was recently converted and extended as a creative industries centre, on 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains, Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The borough town hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency, since May 2015 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillors Tom Currie, Oliver Cooper and Stephen Stark. The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, often referred to as Hampstead Liberalism, michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy. As applied to an individual, the term Hampstead Liberal is not synonymous with champagne socialist, the term is also rather misleading. As of 2016, all the component wards of Hampstead elect a full slate of Conservative councillors, the bridge pictured is known locally as The Red Arches or The Viaduct, built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century. The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, George Martins AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Hensons Creature Shop was before it relocated to California. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust, notable and longstanding are La Gaffe, Gaucho Grill, Jin Kichi, Tip Top Thai, Villa Bianca and, in May 2016, Patara. Hampsteads rural feel lends itself for use on film, an example being The Killing of Sister George starring Beryl Reid
3.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
4.
Palladian architecture
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Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio. That which is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladios original concepts, Palladios work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. From the 17th century Palladios interpretation of classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century, Palladianism became popular briefly in Britain during the mid-17th century, but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the Civil War and the imposition of austerity which followed. In the early 18th century it returned to fashion, not only in England but also, the style continued to be popular in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings. However, as a style it has continued to be popular and to evolve, its pediments, symmetry. Buildings entirely designed by Palladio are all in Venice and the Veneto, with an especially rich grouping of palazzi in Vicenza and they include villas, and churches such as Redentore in Venice. Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting, if on a hill, such as Villa Capra, facades were frequently designed to be of equal value so that occupants could have fine views in all directions. Also, in cases, porticos were built on all sides so that occupants could fully appreciate the countryside while being protected from the sun. Palladio sometimes used a loggia as an alternative to the portico and this can most simply be described as a recessed portico, or an internal single storey room, with pierced walls that are open to the elements. Occasionally a loggia would be placed at floor level over the top of a loggia below. Loggias were sometimes given significance in a facade by being surmounted by a pediment, Villa Godi has as its focal point a loggia rather than a portico, plus loggias terminating each end of the main building. Palladio would often model his villa elevations on Roman temple facades, the temple influence, often in a cruciform design, later became a trademark of his work. Palladian villas are built with three floors, a rusticated basement or ground floor, containing the service and minor rooms. The proportions of each room within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratios like 3,4 and 4,5, earlier architects had used these formulas for balancing a single symmetrical facade, however, Palladios designs related to the whole, usually square, villa. Palladio deeply considered the purpose of his villas as both farmhouses and palatial weekend retreats for wealthy merchant owners. These symmetrical temple-like houses often have symmetrical, but low, wings sweeping away from them to accommodate horses, farm animals. The wings, sometimes detached and connected to the villa by colonnades, were designed not only to be functional but also to complement, the Palladian, Serlian, or Venetian window features largely in Palladios work and is almost a trademark of his early career
5.
Burlington House
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Burlington House is a building on Piccadilly in London. It was originally a private Palladian mansion, and was expanded in the century after being purchased by the British government. The house was one of the earliest of a number of large private residences built on the north side of Piccadilly, previously a country lane. The first version was begun by Sir John Denham about 1664 and it was a red-brick double-pile hip-roofed mansion with a recessed centre, typical of the style of the time, or perhaps even a little old fashioned. In 1704 the house passed to the ten-year-old Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, who was to become the patron of the Palladian movement in England. The colonnade separated the house from increasingly urbanized Piccadilly with a cour dhonneur, inside, Baroque decorative paintings in the entrance hall and staircase by Sebastiano Ricci and Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini resulted in some of the richest interiors in London. In between his two Grand Tours of Italy young Lord Burlingtons taste was transformed by the publication of Giacomo Leonis Palladio. In 1717 or 1718, Colen Campbell was appointed to replace Gibbs, the ground floor became a rusticated basement, which supported a monumental piano nobile of nine bays. This had no centrepiece, but was highlighted by venetian windows in the end bays. Other alterations included a monumental screening gateway to Piccadilly and the reconstruction of most of the principal interiors, with typical Palladian features such as rich coved ceilings. The Saloon, constructed immediately after William Kents return from Rome in December 1719, has survived in the most intact condition and its plaster putti above the pedimented doorcases were probably by Giovanni Battista Guelfi. Lord Burlington transferred his energies to Chiswick House after 1722. On Burlingtons death in 1753, Burlington House passed to the Dukes of Devonshire, the 4th Dukes younger son Lord George Cavendish and a Devonshire in-law, the 3rd Duke of Portland, each used the house for at least two separate spells. Portland had some of the interiors altered by John Carr in the 1770s. Eventually Lord George, who was a man in his own right due to a marriage to an heiress. Like Carrs work Wares was sympathetic with the Palladian style of the house, providing an example of the Kent Revival. In 1819 the Burlington Arcade was built along the part of the grounds. In 1854, Burlington House was sold to the British government for £140,000 and this plan, however, was abandoned in the face of strong opposition and in 1857 Burlington House was occupied by the Royal Society, the Linnean Society and the Chemical Society
6.
Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
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Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork, KG PC, born in Yorkshire, England, was the son of the 2nd Earl of Burlington and 3rd Earl of Cork and Juliana Noel. He is remembered for bringing Palladian architecture to Britain and Ireland and his major projects include Burlington House, Westminster School, Chiswick House and Northwick Park. Lord Burlington was born in Yorkshire into a wealthy Anglo-Irish aristocratic family, often known as the architect Earl, he was instrumental in the revival of Palladian architecture in both Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. He succeeded to his titles and extensive estates in Yorkshire and Ireland at the age of nine, during his minority, which lasted until 1715, his English and Irish lands and political interests were managed on his behalf by his mother and guardian, the dowager countess Juliana. He showed a love of music. Georg Frideric Handel dedicated two operas to him, while staying at Burlington House, Teseo and Amadigi di Gaula, three foreign Grand Tours 1714 –1719 and a further trip to Paris in 1726 gave him opportunities to develop his taste. His professional skill as an architect was extraordinary in an English aristocrat and he carried his copy of Andrea Palladios book I quattro libri dellarchitettura with him in touring the Veneto in 1719, and made notes on a small number of blank pages. In 1719 he was one of main subscribers in the Royal Academy of Music, Burlington never closely inspected Roman ruins or made detailed drawings on the sites, he relied on Palladio and Scamozzi as his interpreters of the classic tradition. With Some Additional Designs that were by Kent and Burlington, the important role of Jones pupil Webb in transmitting the palladian—neo-palladian heritage was not understood until the 20th century. Burlingtons Palladio drawings include many reconstructions after Vitruvius of Roman buildings, in the meantime, in 1723 he adapted the palazzo facade in the illustration for the London house of General Wade in Old Burlington Street, which was engraved for Vitruvius Britannicus iii. The process put a previously unknown Palladio design into circulation, the courtyard front of Burlington House, prominently sited in Piccadilly, was the first major executed statement of neo-Palladianism. By the early 1730s Palladian style had triumphed as the accepted manner for a British country house or public building. For the rest of his life Burlington was the Apollo of the arts as Horace Walpole phrased it—, in 1739, Lord Burlington was involved in the founding of a new charitable organisation called the Foundling Hospital. Burlington was a governor of the charity, but did not formally take part in planning the construction of this large Bloomsbury childrens home completed in 1742, architect for the building was a Theodore Jacobsen, who took on the commission as an act of charity. Many of Burlingtons projects have suffered, from rebuilding or additions, from fire, brettinghams engraved publication of Holkham credited Burlington specifically with ceilings for the portico and the north dressing-room. Burlingtons architectural drawings, inherited by his son-in-law the Duke of Devonshire, are preserved at Chatsworth, in 1751 he sent some of his drawings to Francesco Algarotti in Potsdam together with a book on Vitruvius. In the original house, the corner pavilion blocks of Inigo Jones Wilton were provided with the Palladian window motif to be seen at Burlington House. Old Burlington Street, London, houses, including one for General Wade,1723, General Wades house adapted the genuine Palladio facade in Burlingtons collection of drawings
7.
Westminster School
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Westminster School is an English independent day and boarding school located within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It has the highest Oxford and Cambridge university acceptance rates of any school or college in the world. With origins before the 12th century, the tradition of Westminster probably dates back as far as AD960. Boys are admitted to the Under School at age seven and to the school at age thirteen. The school has around 750 pupils, around a quarter are boarders, most of whom go home at weekends and it is one of the original seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Charging up to £7,800 per term for day pupils and £11,264 for boarders in 2014/15, Westminster is the 13th most expensive HMC day school and 10th most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK. In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, the Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty Kings Scholars financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school, during Mary Is brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued. Elizabeth I refounded the School in 1560, with new statutes to select 40 Queens Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year. Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, Elizabeth I appointed William Camden as headmaster, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour, Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwells funeral procession in 1658, when Robert Uvedale, a Westminster schoolboy, succeeded in snatching the Majesty Scutcheon draped on the coffin. Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration. In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of the Abbeys traditional right of sanctuary, dr Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills. Until the 19th century, the curriculum was made up of Latin and Greek. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close, there followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the School. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge are ex officio members of the schools governing body. Westminster Under School was formed in 1943 in the school buildings in Westminster
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Tottenham, Wiltshire
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It is separated from the town by Savernake Forest, which is part of the Tottenham Park estate. The house, containing more than one hundred rooms, mostly dates from the 1820s, having then been remodelled by Charles Brudenell-Bruce and it incorporates parts of earlier houses on the site which were built by the Seymour family formerly of nearby Wulfhall, about one mile to the south. In England the first letter was dropped, and it became Sturmy, Sturmid, Stormey, Sturmer, Sturmyn, &c. In the seventeenth century they were Seigneurs de St. Privat and they bear Dazur a une fontaine dargent, surmontee dun renard couche de mime. Nothing can well be more unlike the coat of the English house, Argent, cowsfield-Esturmy in Wiltshire, and Lysse-Sturmy, in Hampshire, were two of his manors. His descendants continued, for a succession of generations, Foresters in fee of Savernake. In remembrance thereof, their Hunters horn of a mighty bignesse and tipt with silver, besides this great inheritance in Wiltshire, they possessed in Hampshire large holdings at Odiham, Dogmersfield, Winchfield, and Elvetham. —Woodwards Hampshire. His only daughter Maud married Roger Seymour, ancestor of the Dukes of Somerset and his descendants, transplanted into Wiltshire from their distant home on the Welsh border, held it close upon three hundred years. The family was represented in other parts of England—in the Eastern Counties, in Worcestershire, Shropshire. In Shropshire, the first of this race, says Eyton, there is no further mention of the family in Sussex, and their connection with Shropshire had ceased in the first part of the fourteenth century. Stanford-Sturmy and Sutton-Sturmy bear their name in Worcestershire and we find in the old White Book of the Bishopric, Willielmus Esturmy tenet Rushoke de dono domini Regis. They continued in possession in the reign of Ed. I. when Geoffrey Sturmy held it of the barony of William de Beauchamp, laurence Sturmy is reported in the Exchequer to have had it 28 Ed. I. it then descended to Harry Sturmy, and 20 Ed. III. to Henry Sturmy his heir, Sutton-Sturmy was in early ages the habitation of that Sturmy who distinguished himself by his zeal for the recovery of the Holy Land, and is buried in Tenbury church. This memorable name of Sturmy ended in Rushoke 7 Hen, VI. and the lands were dispersed among the general heirs of Henry Sturmy. —Nashs Worcestershire. Robert Sturmy was knight of the shire in 1309 and 1315, the Yorkshire Esturmies were Lords of Dromonby, in Cleveland, for four generations, their heiress married a younger son of Sir Robert Constable of Flamborough. —Graves Cleveland. William Sturmy, in 1316, was joint Lord of Worsall, Faceby, John was Admiral of the Fleet in 1325. Robert le Sturmy had received Stratton by grant from the Malherbes, the heiress of this family, Anne Sturmer, married Ralph Drury in the time of Edward IV. —Blomfields Norfolk. Another contemporary family was seated at Buxhall in Suffolk, of whom Sir William Esturmy was High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk from 1210 to 1214, in 1254 his grandson held the manor of Buxhall
9.
William Kent
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William Kent was an eminent English architect, landscape architect and furniture designer of the early 18th century. As a landscape gardener he revolutionised the layout of estates, but had limited knowledge of horticulture and he complemented his houses and gardens with stately furniture for major buildings including Hampton Court Palace, Chiswick House, Devonshire House and Rousham. Kent was born in Bridlington, Yorkshire, and baptised, on 1 January 1686, Kents career began as a sign and coach painter who was encouraged to study art, design and architecture by his employer. A group of Yorkshire gentlemen sent Kent for a period of study in Rome, by 18 November he was in Florence, staying there until April 1710 before finally setting off for Rome. In 1713 he was awarded the medal in the second class for painting in the annual competition run by the Accademia di San Luca for his painting of A Miracle of S. Andrea Avellino. During his stay in Rome, he painted the ceiling of the church of San Giuliano dei Fiamminghi with the Apotheosis of St. Julian, the most significant meeting was between Kent and Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Kent started practising as a relatively late, in the 1730s. He is better remembered as an architect of the revived Palladian style in England, Burlington gave him the task of editing The Designs of Inigo Jones. With some additional designs in the Palladian/Jonesian taste by Burlington and Kent and these neo-antique buildings were inspired as much by the architecture of Raphael and Giulio Romano as by Palladio. Walpoles son Horace described Kent as below mediocrity as a painter, a restorer of science as an architect, a theatrically Baroque staircase and parade rooms in London, at 44 Berkeley Square, are also notable. Kents domed pavilions were erected at Badminton House and at Euston Hall, Kent could provide sympathetic Gothic designs, free of serious antiquarian tendencies, when the context called, he worked on the Gothic screens in Westminster Hall and Gloucester Cathedral. When Kent died, the work was completed by Stephen Wright, as a landscape designer, Kent was one of the originators of the English landscape garden, a style of natural gardening that revolutionised the laying out of gardens and estates. Smaller Kent works can be found at Shotover Park, Oxfordshire, including a faux Gothic eyecatcher and his all-but-lost gardens at Claremont, Surrey, have recently been restored. It is often said that he was not above planting dead trees to create the mood he required. Kents only real downfall was said to be his lack of knowledge and technical skill. Claremont, Stowe, and Rousham are places where their joint efforts can be viewed, Stowe and Rousham are Kents most famous works. At the latter, Kent elaborated on Bridgemans 1720s design for the property, adding walls, at Stowe, Kent used his Italian experience, particularly with the Palladian Bridge. At both sites Kent incorporated his naturalistic approach, the royal barge he designed for Frederick, Prince of Wales can still be seen at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
10.
British royal family
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The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. There is no legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the British royal family. Different terms may be applied to the same or similar group of relatives of the monarch in his or her role as sovereign of any of the other Commonwealth realms, for example, in Canada, the family is known as the Canadian royal family. Some members of the family have official residences named as the places from which announcements are made in the Court Circular about official engagements they have carried out. The state duties and staff of some members of the family are funded from a parliamentary annuity. Since 1917, when King George V changed the name of the house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, members of the royal family belong, either by birth or by marriage. In 2014, the family were regarded as British cultural icons. Today, they often perform ceremonial and social duties throughout the United Kingdom, in the other countries of the Commonwealth royalty do not serve as Counsellors of State, although they may perform ceremonial and social duties on behalf of individual states or the organisation. Wives of the said enjoy their husbands precedence, and husbands of princesses are unofficially but habitually placed with their wives as well and she did not alter the relative precedence of other born-princesses, such as the daughters of her younger sons. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy and they Serve the Queen, A New and Authoritative Account of the Royal Household. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England, symbol and Privilege, The Ritual Context of British Royalty. Britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy, Royal Family is a celebrated and reverential BBC documentary made by Richard Cawston to accompany the investiture of the current Prince of Wales. The documentary is frequently responsible for the greater press intrusion into the royal familys private life since its first broadcast. Official website of the royal family Official YouTube Channel House of Windsor Family Tree, archived from the original on 2010-12-02
11.
Duke of Cumberland
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Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British Royal Family, named after the county of Cumberland. The earldom of Cumberland had been created in 1525, but became extinct in 1643, the first creation of the dukedom, in the Peerage of England, was in 1644 for Prince Rupert of the Rhine, nephew of King Charles I. When he died without heirs, the title was created again in the Peerage of England in 1689 for Prince George of Denmark, husband of Princess Anne. He also died without heirs, in 1708, neither of these men, however, was usually known by their peerage title. The third creation, in the Peerage of Great Britain, was for Prince William, other titles granted to Prince William were Marquess of Berkhampstead, Earl of Kennington, Viscount Trematon and Baron Alderney. Since the Prince died unmarried and without children, his titles became extinct at his death, the titles Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn and Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale were later created in the Peerage of Great Britain. The sole title-holder was Prince Henry, the son of Frederick. He died without issue, and the dukedom again became extinct. This double dukedom, in the Peerage of Great Britain, was bestowed on Ernest Augustus, in 1919 it was suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 and, as of 2016, had not been restored to its titular heir
12.
Windsor Great Park
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Windsor Great Park is a Royal Park of 2020 hectares, including a deer park, to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England. The park was, for centuries, the private hunting ground of Windsor Castle. Historically the park covered an area many times the known as Windsor Forest. The park is managed and funded by the Crown Estate, most parts of the park are open to the public, free of charge, from dawn to dusk, although there is a charge to enter Savill Garden. The park is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks, the Great Park is a gently undulating area of varied landscape. It has sweeping deer lawns, small woods, coverts and areas covered by huge solitary ancient oak trees, there is a small river in the north of the park called the Battle Bourne running to the Thames near Datchet. The River Bourne runs through a number of ponds to the south, chief amongst these are Great Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond, near the great lake of Virginia Water. The most prominent hill is Snow Hill and the avenue of trees known as the Long Walk runs between here and Windsor Castle, the main Sheet Street Road into Windsor runs through the north-east of the park. On the western side of the park is The Village, built in the 1930s to house Royal estate workers, other buildings include the Royal Lodge, Cumberland Lodge, the Cranbourne Tower and Norfolk Farm. The park lies mostly within the parish of Old Windsor, though the eastern regions are in the Borough of Runnymede and there are small areas in the parishes of Winkfield. Areas associated with or attached to the Great Park, but not officially within its borders include the Home Park, Mote Park, Flemish Farm, Cranbourne Chase, Forest Lodge, the modern enclosed Deer Park is at the northern end of the Great Park. It is home to a herd of semi-wild deer, reflecting the original medieval purpose of the park. The Long Walk runs south from Windsor Castle to the 1829 Copper Horse statue of King George III atop Snow Hill where there are views of the castle. It is 2.65 miles from George IV Gateway at Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse, other equestrian statues in the park include one of the Prince Consort, to the west of the polo grounds, and one of Queen Elizabeth II near the Village. The Royal Lodge was built in the centre of the park as the Deputy Rangers house and it was made in to a retreat for the Prince Regent from 1812, but was largely pulled down after his death. The remains were renovated, in the 1930s, as a home for the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and it is now the official residence of the Prince Andrew, Duke of York and not accessible by the public. The Royal Chapel of All Saints was built after the chapels of the Royal, the chapel was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyattville and regularly used by George IV during the refurbishment of Windsor Castle. It was later remodelled in the Gothic Revival style by Samuel Sanders Teulon, Queen Victoria often attended the chapel as did the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and Queen Elizabeth
13.
Virginia Water Lake
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Virginia Water Lake lies on the southern edge of Windsor Great Park, in the borough of Runnymede in Surrey and the civil parishes of Old Windsor and Sunningdale and Ascot in Berkshire, in England. It is a man-made lake taking its name from a body of water of the same name. There is a village of Virginia Water which stretches out to the east of the lake, the grounds of the lake, nearby Fort Belvedere, and the Clockcase are all Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Virginia Water Lake was originally more than a stream, which existed from at least the 17th century and may well be named after Elizabeth I. The lake itself was begun in 1746 by William, Duke of Cumberland who was then Ranger of the Park, the original lake was much smaller than the current form, and was destroyed in a flood in 1768. In 1780 Paul and Thomas Sandby began construction of a larger lake at the site. During World War II, the lake was drained, as its obvious shape provided enemy guidance at night to Windsor and other important military targets in the area. The circuit around the lake is about 4.5 miles, about half is paved, recently the lake has been used by the crews for the Harry Potter films for lakeside scenes. The Scottish alternative was deemed due to the number of midges. The River Bourne provides the water for the lake and it exits the lake at the end after the cascading waterfall. Royal Lake, the story of Virginia Water, Runnymede borough council - picture of cascading waterfall Walk around the lake
14.
Potternewton
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Potternewton is a suburb and parish of north-east Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, situated between Chapeltown and Chapel Allerton, mainly in the LS7 postcode and partly in LS8. It is between Scott Hall Road on the west and Roundhay Road on the east, with Harehills Lane on the north, the main thoroughfare is Chapeltown Road, and it is often taken to be part of a larger area referred to as Chapeltown. On some maps Potternewton included the Chapeltown and Scott Hall areas, there is overlap between the areas referred to as Chapeltown and Potternewton so that they can be two names for the same area. Potternewton is a village and most maps prioritise the name Potternewton over Chapeltown. Potternewton Park Mansion, Newton Lodge, Scott Hall and Potternewton Hall are typical examples, the Hall was a grand c. 1720 manor house which had been built by the Barker family. By the mid 19th century it was owned by the Lupton family, who also owned Newton Hall and the surrounding Newton Park. Wool merchants, brothers Darnton, Arthur and Francis Lupton, had worked to develop the land around these mansions and were planning subdivisions on the family estate as early as the 1850s. Both Francis and Darnton had lived at Potternewton Hall, Darnton, mayor of Leeds in 1844, was living there with his family from the 1830s. Francis – Darntons younger brother and business partner – had become the owner of the Potternewton Hall Estate by 1860, Francis had married in 1847, and raised his family at Potternewton Hall, including his eldest son, Francis Martineau, until the early 1860s. In 1870, the two brothers purchased together the adjacent Newton Hall Estate from their brother, Arthur Lupton who was also a cloth merchant, Arthur had owned the Newton Hall Estate since the 1840s. By 1880, a number of buildings had been erected on the Lupton estate. By the outbreak of the Second World War, both Newton Hall and Potternewton Hall had been demolished to make way for Leeds largest private housing estate, olive was born on the estate in 1881 at Newton Grove. Olive was the daughter of politician Francis Martineau Lupton, himself the son of Francis Lupton, built c. 1817 for James Brown, a wool merchant, Potternewton Mansion was originally called Harehills Grove. In 1900, the house and park were bought by the Leeds Corporation and Potternewton Park was created, Transport Direct uses the names Potternewton and Chapeltown when defining them as separate areas. However, Potternewton is defined as a small area around the north of Scott Hall Road. WYMetro and Transport Direct also identify the area as being in this location, Potternewton Lane is frequently served by bus service 7. Millfield Primary School, formerly known as Potternewton Primary, is located on Potternewton Mount, upon being renamed, the school received more pupils due to the nearby Miles Hill school being shut down and demolished. Sugarwell Hill Mill is also found here, new housing has also been constructed along Potternewton Crescent
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Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
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Sutton Park, Yorkshire
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Sutton Park is an 18th-century Georgian country house situated on the edge of the village of Sutton-on-the-Forest, North Yorkshire, England. It is approximately 10 miles north of York, in the ancient Forest of Galtres, the house, a Grade I listed building, is open to the public for part of the year and is the residence of Sir Reginald Sheffield, 8th Baronet and Lady Sheffield. The house was built in 1730 and later altered by Thomas Atkinson for Phillip Harland, the house was purchased by the Sheffield family in 1963 when they relocated from Normanby Hall, North Lincolnshire. The Sheffields relocated pieces of art and furniture from Normanby Hall, Sutton Park is of red brick and is styled as a villa. The main central building is flanked by two wings, on side, a set of colonnades joins a smaller structure to the central house. Venetian-style windows in the look out upon the houses gardens. Olive was the grandmother of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. The panelling and mantelpiece in the former Middleton room were designed by Henry Flitcroft in the 1720s, ornate plasterwork features throughout the house. Designed by Cortese, this use of plasterwork is especially prominent in the hall, where the Rococo style predominates, and in the library. Sheffield Baronets Official website Sutton Park at Gardens-Guide. com Historic England
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Lilford Hall
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Lilford Hall is a Grade I listed stately home in Northamptonshire in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1495 as a Tudor building, with a major Jacobean exterior extension added in 1635, the 100-room house is located in the eastern part of the County of Northamptonshire, south of Oundle and north of Thrapston. A Grade I listed building is considered by the UK government as of outstanding architectural, the Hall was the home of the Browne family from 1495 to 1711, and then the Powys family from 1711 to 1990. Lilford Hall is now the seat of the Micklewright family, only the family in over 500 years to live permanently at the Hall. The land which was turned into the parkland was mentioned in the Domesday Book, the Manor of Lilford was acquired in 1473 by William Browne a wealthy wool merchant and landowner from Stamford, from the estate of Baron Welles who was beheaded by King Edward IV for treason. William Browne passed on the Manor of Lilford to his only child Elizabeth in 1489, robert Browne, the founder of the Brownists, early Separatists from the Church of England, lived at Lilford Hall between 1616 and 1631 after he had returned to the Church of England. He held the benefice of Achurch Church from 1591 to 1631, the Hall was thereafter acquired for the Powys family in 1711 by Sir Thomas Powys who was Attorney General to King James II, and the chief prosecutor at the famous trial of the Seven Bishops. Alterations were made in the 18th century by the architect Henry Flitcroft for his grandson Thomas Powys and his son, Thomas Powys, was created the first Baron Lilford by the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger. The Jacobean house is considered as of significance, and Flitcrofts Georgian alterations in the 1740s are of a similar status. The play of the sequence of 18C rooms within the structure of the Jacobean house is one of the most notable features of the house, the play between these 18th-century interiors and the Jacobean exterior is a major feature of Lilford Hall. The alterations of the early 19th century are of significance as are William Gilbee Habershons work in the 1840s. However, the latter was concerned with the exterior and the integration of the garden with the house. The relationship of the Hall to its setting is notable, particularly because of the integration of the house with the pleasure grounds. Lilford Park was formalised between 1747 and 1776 by Flitcroft by removing all of the village as well as St Peter’s Church. The remains of the church were used to build a folly near the Achurch end of the Park. The Park also still contains several aviaries built for Thomas Powys, 4th Baron Lilford, the 7th Baron Lilford restocked the aviaries around 1970, containing more than 350 birds of 110 species, and opened the Park to the public. In the autumn of 1990 Lilford Park was closed to the public, the 4th Baron Lilford was a founder of the British Ornithologists Union in 1858 and its president from 1867 until his death. He was also the first president of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society, Lilford travelled widely, especially in the Mediterranean Region and his extensive collection of birds was maintained in the grounds of Lilford Hall
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St Giles in the Fields
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St Giles-in-the-Fields, also commonly known as the Poets Church, is a church in the London Borough of Camden, in the West End. It is close to the Centre Point office tower and the Tottenham Court Road tube station, the church is part of the Diocese of London within the Church of England. Several buildings have stood on the site, the present structure was built between 1731 and 1733. The first recorded church on site was a chapel of the parish of Holborn attached to a monastery and leper hospital founded by Matilda of Scotland. At that time, it well outside the boundaries of the city of London, though on the main road to Tyburn. This chapel probably came to function as the church of the village that grew up to provide services to the hospital. The hospital was supported by the Crown and administered by the City for its first two hundred years, in fact, it was named a free chapel. Beginning in 1299, on the order of Edward I, it was administered by the Order of Saint Lazarus, during the fourteenth century, the king, on several occasions, interfered by appointing a new head of the hospital. In 1391, Richard II sold the hospital, chapel, and lands to the Cistercian abbey of St Mary de Graces, just by the Tower of London. The property at the time included 8 acres of farmland, a survey-enumerated eight horses, twelve oxen, the grant was revoked in 1402 and the property returned to the Lazars. Lepers were cared-for at this location until the mid century, when the disease abated. During the reign of Henry V, in 1414, the village was the headquarters of Sir John Oldcastles abortive Lollard rebellion, the monastery was dissolved in 1539 during the reign of Henry VIII, with the lands eventually being granted to Lord Lisle in 1548. However, the chapel survived as a parish church. The first Rector of St Giles was appointed in 1547, an illustration from this time shows the church with a round tower and dome. A spire replaced this structure in 1617, the early church fell into disrepair and a Gothic brick structure was built between 1623 and 1630, mostly paid for by the Duchess of Dudley, the wife of Sir Robert Dudley. The new building was consecrated by William Laud, Bishop of London, an illuminated manuscript listing the subscribers to the rebuilding, is still kept in the church. Later moved again, his head was taken to Rome and then given to the Archbishop of Armagh, and is now at Drogheda and he was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1975. The five Jesuit fathers with whom Plunkett asked to be buried, Thomas Whitbread, William Harcourt, John Fenwick, John Gavan, Edward Coleman, secretary to the Duchess of York
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Ditchley
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Ditchley is a country house and estate near Charlbury in Oxfordshire. The estate was once the site of a Roman villa, later it became a royal hunting ground, and then the property of George Lee, 2nd Earl of Lichfield, who built the present house, designed by James Gibbs, in 1722. In 1933, the house was bought by an MP, Ronald Tree, during the war, they allowed their friend Winston Churchill to use the house as his country retreat, as it was hard to spot from the air. Later, Tree sold Ditchley to Sir David Wills of the tobacco family, Ditchley once provided lodging and access to the royal hunting ground of Wychwood Forest. In September 1603 James I dined with Sir Henry Lee at Ditchfield, the present house was erected in 1722 for George Lee, 2nd Earl of Lichfield and was designed by James Gibbs. It was the decoration of Ditchley which earned Nancy the reputation of having the finest taste of almost anyone in the world and she worked on it with Sibyl Colefax and the French decorator Stéphane Boudin of the Paris firm Jansen. In November 1933 Ronald was elected MP for Harborough, Leicestershire, Tree and his wife Nancy were among those who saw the Nazi threat, and had invited Winston Churchill and his wife to dinner on numerous occasions from 1937. Churchill had use of the Paddock bunker in Neasden, but only used it on one occasion for a cabinet meeting, however, this created additional difficulties on clear nights when a full moon was predicted – so the authorities looked for an alternative site north of London. Tree offered Churchill the use of Ditchley, which thanks to its heavy foliage, Churchill first went to Ditchley in lieu of Chequers on 9 November 1940, accompanied by Clementine and his daughter Mary. By late 1942, security at Chequers had been improved, notably including covering the road with turf, the last weekend Churchill attended Ditchley as his official residence was Trees birthday on 26 September 1942. Shortly after the end of the war, Tree divorced Nancy and married Marietta Peabody Fitzgerald, Marietta moved into Ditchley, but found English country life not to her liking. In 1958 Wills set up a trust called the Ditchley Foundation, which aims to promote international relations, during filming of the 2009 feature film The Young Victoria, Ditchley was used to represent Buckingham Palace, in particular Victorias sitting room. Ditchley is sometimes known as Ditchley Park or Ditchley House and it lies about 2 miles northeast of Charlbury. Ditchley was used to film scenes from the first episode of the season of Downton Abbey. There are remains of a Roman villa on the Ditchley Park estate at Watts Wells and it was a colonnaded house with outbuildings, threshing floors, and a granary with capacity for the produce of about 1,000 acres of arable land. It was surrounded by a rectangular ditch 360 yards by 330 yards, the villa site was identified by aerial archaeology in 1934 and excavated in 1935. It was found to have been first settled in about AD70 with a set of timber-framed buildings, in about AD200 a fire severely damaged the stone buildings and the site was abandoned. The site was reoccupied early in the 4th century, and occupation on a more modest scale than before continued until the end of that century
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Wentworth Woodhouse
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A similarly named country house in Yorkshire is Wentworth Castle. Wentworth Woodhouse is a Grade I listed country house in the village of Wentworth, near Rotherham in South Yorkshire and it is the largest private house in the United Kingdom and, with an east front of 606 feet, has the longest country house façade in Europe. The house has more than 300 rooms, although the number is unclear. It covers an area of more than 2.5 acres, and is surrounded by a 180-acre park, Wentworth Woodhouse comprises two joined houses, forming west and east fronts. The original house, now the west front, with the range facing northwest towards the village, was built of brick with stone details. The English Baroque, brick-built, western range of Wentworth Woodhouse was begun in 1725 by Thomas Watson-Wentworth and it replaced the Jacobean structure that was once the home of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, whom Charles I sacrificed in 1641 to appease Parliament. However the Baroque style was disliked by Whigs, and the new house was not admired, the model they settled on was Colen Campbells Wanstead House, illustrated in Vitruvius Britannicus i,1715. That same year the rebuilding was already well underway, in the 20th century, Nikolaus Pevsner would agree, but the mention of the architect-earl Burlington, arbiter of architectural taste, boded ill for the provincial surveyor-builder, Tunnicliffe. Contemporary engravings of the grand public East Front give Flitcroft as architect, the grand East Front is the more often illustrated. Most remnants of it were redesigned in the 19th century, Wentworth Woodhouse was inherited by Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, briefly Prime Minister in 1765–66 and again in 1782. He received Benjamin Franklin here in 1771, james Athenian Stuart contributed designs for panels in the Pillared Hall. The Whistlejacket Room was named for George Stubbs portrait that hung in it of Whistlejacket, the additions were completed in 1772. Wentworth Woodhouse, with all its contents, subsequently passed to the family of the Marquesss sister, a terrace centred on the main block effected a transition between the house and the rolling grazing land. Four obelisks stood on the green, dwarfed by the scale of the house. Two large pools, visible from the East Front and the drive, were excavated into a serpentine shape. Some of Flitcrofts outbuildings were demolished, though not Carrs handsome stable court, the grounds contain a number of follies, many with associations in the arena of 18th-century Whig politics. A tapering pyramid with a lantern, named for the ancient wood in which it was erected. The tower, which surveys the landscape like a watchtower, is open to the public on Sunday afternoons throughout the summer
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St Giles House, Wimborne St Giles
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St Giles House is located at Wimborne St Giles in East Dorset in England, just south of Cranborne Chase. It is the seat of the Ashley-Coopers, Earls of Shaftesbury. The estate covers over 5,500 acres, built in 1651, the Grade I listed house stands in a vast park through which the River Allen flows, feeding a seven-acre lake as it winds its way towards the small parish village of Wimborne St Giles. The 16th-century house is a low, quadrangular building, although the name of the architect is not known, the influence of Inigo Jones is obvious in the Renaissance north and east fronts with their Classical façades. The original plan of the called for a square courtyard. The house was once completely crenellated along the edge of the parapet, the east front, with its seven bays, remains much the same today. The surrounding estate park of 400 acres features a lake, a 1000-yard avenue of beech, garden ornaments. It is Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks, the Ashley family were originally from Wiltshire, where they had owned the manor of Ashley since the 11th century. The first ancestor to reside in Wimborne St Giles was Robert Ashley, he was the great grandfather of Anthony Ashley-Cooper. Robert Ashley acquired a family manor in Wimborne St Giles through his marriage to Egidia Hamelyn. Ashley and his two successors, Edmund Ashley, and Hugh Ashley flourished under King Henry IV. When Hugh Ashley died 29 April 1493, his estates transferred to his eldest son, Sir Henry Ashley I was married to Radegan Gilbert, daughter of Robert Gilbert of Somerset. Together, they had two sons, Henry II and Anthony of Damerham, when Sir Henry Ashley I died on 1 March 1549, his son Henry II inherited the estate at Wimborne St Giles. Sir Henry Ashley II was married to Catherine Bassett, sister of Anne Bassett, Sir Henry II was knighted at the coronation of Queen Mary and appointed ranger of Alice Holt Forest. He was succeeded by his son, Henry Ashley III, who was gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth, Sir Henry Ashley III was married to Anne Burgh, daughter of Lord Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh. Sir Henry and Anne had three sons and four daughters, all seven children died without heirs, and the family estates passed to Sir Henrys cousin, Sir Anthony Ashley of Wimborne St Giles. Anthony Ashley, born in 1551, was the son of Sir Anthony Ashley of Damerham and his younger brother was Sir Francis Ashley of Dorchester, born in 1569. Their mother was the sister of Henry Lyte, the botanist, Sir Anthony Ashley inherited the family estates at Wimborne St Giles on his cousin Sir Henry IIIs death
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Stowe, Buckinghamshire
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Stowe is a civil parish and former village about 2 miles northwest of Buckingham in the Aylesbury Vale district of Buckinghamshire, England. The parish includes the hamlets of Boycott, Dadford and Lamport, Stowe House is a Grade I listed country house in the parish and is occupied by Stowe School. A corner of the Silverstone Circuit is named after Stowe, stowes toponym probably refers to an ancient holy place of great significance in Anglo-Saxon times. The manor of Stowe predates the Norman conquest of England, the Domesday Book of 1086 assessed the manor at five hides. It listed William the Conquerors half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux as the feudal overlord. DOyly founded Oxford Castle and he and dIvry founded a college of canons there. Not long after 1086 the manor of Stowe was transferred to the colleges endowment, by 1150 the Augustinians of Osney Abbey had absorbed the college, and in 1278–79 it held three hides at Stowe. Osney Abbey retained Stowe until it was forced to surrender its estates to the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, in 1542 the Diocese of Oxford was instituted and Osney Abbey was consecrated as its first cathedral. The abbeys former estates, including Stowe, formed the bishoprics endowment, in 1590 John Underhill, Bishop of Oxford conveyed Stowe to Elizabeth I, who in the same year granted it to new secular owners. They sold it to John Temple of Burton Dasset in Warwickshire, whose grandson Sir Peter Temple, the village was probably abandoned at this time. The estate remained with the Temple-Grenville family until 1921, when it was sold by the Reverend Luis C. F. T, Stowe School was founded here in 1923. The earliest mention of the church of the Assumption of the Blesséd Virgin Mary is in Henry Is charter of 1130. The oldest part of the building is the late-13th century three-bay arcade between the nave and the north aisle. The west tower was added in the first half of the 13th century, followed by the chancel in about 1350, late in the 15th century both aisles were rebuilt and the Perpendicular Gothic nave clerestory and south porch were added. In the 16th century the Perpendicular Gothic north chapel was added, the church was altered in the 18th century and is now a Grade II* listed building. In the late 17th century a ring of five bells was hung in the bell tower, james Keene, who had foundries at Woodstock, Oxfordshire and Bedford, cast the second, fourth and fifth bells in 1654. Richard Keene cast the bell in 1660 and the tenor in 1665. In 1988 John Taylor & Co of Loughborough cast a new treble bell, the church has a Sanctus bell that was cast in about 1799
