1.
Anthony Roll
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The Anthony Roll is a record of ships of the English Tudor navy of the 1540s, named after its creator, Anthony Anthony. It originally consisted of three rolls of vellum, depicting 58 naval vessels along with information on their size, crew, armament, the rolls were presented to King Henry VIII in 1546, and were kept in the royal library. In 1680 Charles II gave two of the rolls to Samuel Pepys, who had cut up and bound as a single volume book. The third roll remained in the collection until it was given by William IV to his daughter, Mary Fox. The Anthony Roll is the only fully illustrated inventory of ships of the English navy in the Tudor period. While the inventories listed in its text have proven to be accurate, most of the ship illustrations are rudimentary. The level of detail of the design, armament and especially rigging has therefore proven to be only approximate. The only known depictions of prominent Tudor era vessels like the Henry Grace à Dieu. Anthonys father was William Anthony a Fleming from Middelburg in Zeeland who migrated to England in 1503, William was a supplier of beer to the army, and Anthony followed in his fathers footsteps. He went into beer exporting no later than 1530 and became a supplier of beer to the navy, in 1533 Anthony was appointed gunner at the Tower of London, a position he retained nominally until his death. He rose to the rank of overseer of the Ordnance Office, the government body responsible for supplying the forces with artillery. In 1549 he was promoted to master surveyor of the ordnance in the Tower, Calais, Boulogne and he continued the work of supplying arms to English forces, and was active in the last month of his life supplying guns for an expedition against Le Havre. In 1939 Dutch historian Nicholas Beets proposed that the Flemish artist, the will of William Anthony did not mention any other sons and Anthonisz. is believed to have been the son of Antonis Egbertson, the daughter of Jacob Corneliszoon van Oostzanen. That Cornelis and Anthony were related is, in the words of Ann Payne, not, presumably, impossible, contemporary maps, or plats, were routinely decorated with detailed pictures of ships, to mark bodies of water as much as to liven up the scenes. Such maps were common at the time, and were embellished by artists if deemed too simple or drab. This painting, recently dated to around 1545, has also suggested as a likely source of inspiration to Anthony for his illustrations. The design of the ships in these paintings, especially that of the Brighton raid and it is not known exactly when work on the rolls began nor when it was finished. It is only certain that it was presented to the king the year it was dated,1546
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Woolwich Dockyard
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Woolwich Dockyard was an English naval dockyard along the river Thames in Woolwich, where a large number of ships were built from the early 16th century until the late 19th century. At its largest extent it filled a 56-acre site north of Woolwich Church Street, the area is now partly residential, partly industrial, with remnants of its historic past having been restored. Woolwich Dockyard was founded by King Henry VIII in 1512 to build his flagship Henri Grâce à Dieu, the ship was built at Gun Wharf in Old Woolwich, east of the area that was later known as Woolwich Dockyard or The Kings Yard, Woolwich. Like its counterpart Deptford Dockyard, Woolwich was probably chosen for its position - on the bank of the tidal River Thames conveniently close to Henrys palace at Greenwich. Initially situated further to the east, past Bell Water Gate, the yard moved in the 1540s to what was to become its permanent site, where a pair of dry docks formed the centre of operations. The two dry docks were rebuilt in the early 17th century when the dock was expanded. As at other Royal Dockyards, the Board of Ordnance maintained a gun wharf at Woolwich for storage and provision of guns, the wharf was sited east of Bell Water Gate. It was here that Woolwich Dockyard was founded in 1512 and the Great Harry was built in 1515, in the 1540s the dockyard moved away from Gun Wharf to an area further west. Gun Wharf continued to be used for storage, later the land was shared with the nearby Ropeyard. From the 1650s the Board of Ordnance began to use of open land further to the east of Gun Wharf, formerly used as a domestic warren, as a site for proving cannons. This was the beginning of what would become the Woolwich Royal Arsenal. In the 1570s a Royal Ropeyard was established in Woolwich, one of the largest in the world at the time, too long to fit within the confines of the Dockyard, its parallel sheds lay along the line of present-day Beresford Street. It remained in service until 1750, by which time similar establishments in other Royal Dockyards had begun to come to the fore, not long afterwards the Ropeyard suffered significant fire damage and its buildings were demolished in 1835. Engineer Samuel Bentham was a shipwright at the dockyard during the 1770s. The yard was expanded westwards in the 1780s, again almost doubling in size. Shipbuilding continued in earnest during the Napoleonic Wars, but, as ships grew still bigger, from 1831, however, Woolwich found a new lease of life as a specialist yard for marine steam engineering. Integral to the creation of the factory was the conversion of two mast ponds into steam basins, where ships could moor alongside the factory while their engines. One of these basins was provided with its own dry dock which, like the basins, was filled in and built over in the 20th century
4.
Battle of the Solent
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The engagement was inconclusive, and is most notable for the sinking of the English carrack Mary Rose. In 1545 Francis launched an invasion of England with 30,000 soldiers in more than 200 ships, against this armada — larger than the Spanish Armada forty-three years later — the English had about 12,000 soldiers and 80 ships. The French expedition started disastrously, the flagship Carraquon perishing on 6 July in a fire whilst at anchor in the Seine. Admiral Claude dAnnebault transferred his flag to La Maistresse, which ran aground as the fleet set sail. The leaks were patched and the crossed the Channel. The French entered the Solent and landed troops on the Isle of Wight, on 18 July the English came out of Portsmouth and engaged the French at long range, little damage being done on either side. La Maitresse was close to sinking due to her earlier damage, on the night of 18 July, Henry dined aboard Great Harry, the flagship of Admiral John Dudley, Viscount Lisle. The next day was calm, and the French employed their galleys against the immobile English vessels. Toward evening a breeze sprang up, and as Mary Rose, a witness with the French fleet believed that the galleys had sunk her, although this is not supported by other contemporary accounts and no physical evidence of this remains. The wind subsequently died down but Lisle made use of the tides and currents to position his fleet, the invasion of the Isle of Wight was repulsed. The attacking troops attempted to divide the defense by landing at several sites, on 22 July unable to resupply, and struggling with a leaking ship and illness among his crew, dAnnebaulton abandoned the invasion. He recalled the French troops and his fleet departed, the next day the French landed 1,500 troops near the town of Seaford, around 40 miles to the east. They attempted to pillage a nearby village and were repelled by local militia armed with longbows, loades, David, The Tudor Navy, An administrative, political and military history. ISBN 0-85967-922-5 Marsden, Peter, Sealed by Time, The Loss, the Archaeology of the Mary Rose, Volume 1. ISBN 0-9544029-0-1 Rodger, Nicholas A. M, the Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain 660–1649. ISBN 0-393-04579-X Stirland, Ann J. Raising the Dead, The Skeleton Crew of Henry VIIIs Great Ship, the Mary Rose
5.
Carrack
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A carrack or nau was a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship and was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe. Carracks were first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, in its most advanced forms, it was used by the Portuguese for trade with the African coast and finally with Asia and America from the 15th century into the 17th century. With linguistic variation, these ships were called carraca or nau in Portuguese, Spanish and Genoese, caraque or nef in French, kraak in Dutch and Flemish. Originally the word carrack meant ship and was used in the Mediterranean for any large ship long before the ocean-going carrack was developed in the later 15th century, the word carrack probably derives from an ancient middle-eastern Akkadian word for a type of river barge. In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel built ocean-going ship, large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and for a large cargo, the later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a rounded stern with large aftcastle, forecastle. By the Late Middle Ages the cog, and cog-like square-rigged vessels equipped with a rudder at the stern, were used along the coasts of Europe, from the Mediterranean. Given the conditions of the Mediterranean, galley type vessels were used there. These and similar ship types were familiar to Portuguese navigators and shipwrights, in addition to the average tonnage naus, some large naus were also built in the reign of John II of Portugal, but were only widespread after the turn of the century. The Portuguese carracks were very large ships for their time. The origin of the word carrack is usually traced back through the medieval European languages to the Arabic and its attestation in Greek literature is distributed in two closely related lobes. The first distribution lobe, or area, associates it with light and fast merchantmen found near Cyprus. The second is an extensive attestation in the Oxyrhynchus corpus, where it seems most frequently to describe the Nile barges of the Ptolemaic pharaohs, both of these usages may lead back through the Phoenician to the Akkadian kalakku, which denotes a type of river barge. The Akkadian term is assumed to be derived from a Sumerian antecedent, Sumerian antecedent A modern reflex of the word is found in Arabic and Turkish kelek raft, riverboat. A typical three-masted carrack such as the São Gabriel had six sails, bowsprit, foresail, mainsail, mizzensail and two topsails. From around 1515, Portugal had trade exchanges with Goa in Portuguese India, consisting of 3 to 4 carracks leaving Lisbon with silver to purchase cotton and spices in India. Out of these, only one went on to Ming China in order to purchase silk. That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the grounds that the ships were smuggling priests into Japan, in the middle of the 16th century the first galleons were developed from the carrack
6.
Rating system of the Royal Navy
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The first movement towards a rating system may be seen in the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century, when the largest carracks in the Navy were denoted great ships. This was only on the basis of their size and not on their weight. When these carracks were superseded by the new-style galleons later in the 16th century, the royal ships were now graded as first rank, the great ships as second rank, the middling ships as third rank, and the small ships as fourth rank. Soon afterwards, the structure was modified, with the term rank now being replaced by rate. The earliest rating was based not on the number of guns and this first classification took place in 1626, and was substantially altered in late 1653 as the complements of individual ships were raised. From about 1660 the classification moved from one based on the number of men to one based on the number of guns a ship carried. Samuel Pepys, then Secretary to the Admiralty, revised the structure in 1677 and laid it down as a solemn, universal, the rating of a ship was of administrative and military use. The number and weight of guns determined the size of crew needed and it also indicated whether a ship was powerful enough to stand in the line of battle. Pepyss original classification was updated by further definitions in 1714,1721,1760,1782,1801 and 1817, on the whole the trend was for each rate to have a greater number of guns. For instance, Pepys allowed a first rate 90–100 guns, a sixth rates range went from 4–18 to 20–28. A first-, second- or third-rate ship was regarded as a ship-of-the-line, the first and second rates were three-deckers, that is, they had three continuous decks of guns, usually as well as smaller weapons on the quarterdeck, forecastle and poop. The notable exception to rule being ships such as the Santisima Trinidad of Spain. The largest third rates, those of 80 guns, were likewise three-deckers from the 1690s until the early 1750s, but both before this period and subsequent to it, 80-gun ships were built as two-deckers. All the other rates, with 74 guns or less, were likewise two-deckers, with just two continuous decks of guns, as well as smaller weapons on the quarterdeck, forecastle. The smaller fourth rates, of about 50 or 60 guns on two decks, were ships-of-the-line until 1756, when it was felt that such 50-gun ships were now too small for pitched battles. The Navy did retain some fourth rates for convoy escort, or as flagships on far-flung stations, the smaller two deckers originally blurred the distinction between a fourth rate and a fifth rate. At the low end of the rate one might find the two-decker 50-gun ships from about 1756. The high end of the rate would include two-deckers of 40- or 44-guns or even the demi-batterie 32-gun and 36-gun ships of the 1690–1730 period
7.
Forecastle
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Forecastle refers to the upper deck of a sailing ship forward of the foremast, or the forward part of a ship with the sailors living quarters. Related to the meaning is the phrase before the mast which denotes anything related to ordinary sailors. The syncope of the word, focsle or focsle, is common among nautical terms, the positioning of the apostrophes represents silent letters, thus focsle. In medieval shipbuilding, a ship of war was usually equipped with a tall and it served as a platform for archers to shoot down on enemy ships, or as a defensive stronghold if the ship were boarded. A similar but usually much larger structure, called the aftcastle, was at the aft end of the ship, having such tall upper works on the ship was detrimental to sailing performance. Sailors stationed on the forecastle, or forecastle men, were responsible for handling the headsails, in the Royal Navy of the 17th and 18th centuries, these roles were reserved for older seamen who lacked the agility to go aloft or take other more strenuous duties aboard. By the end of the 19th century, raised forecastle had become a feature on warships again, in an attempt to keep forward gun positions from getting unacceptably wet on heavy seas. In addition the forecastle may provide additional crews quarters as in the past, a disadvantage of such a design is the structural weakness at the forecastle break relative to a flush deck structure. Media related to Forecastles at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Henry VIII of England
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Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII, Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and he achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich and his contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated, and accomplished king, and he has been described as one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne. He was an author and composer, as he aged, Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI, born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henrys six siblings, only three – Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, and Mary – survived infancy and he was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was inducted into the Order of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York, in May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. Henry was given an education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French. Not much is known about his early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, as Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15 of sweating sickness, Arthurs death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public, as a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne untrained in the exacting art of kingship
9.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
10.
Great Michael
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Michael, popularly known as Great Michael, was a carrack or great ship of the Royal Scottish Navy. She was the largest ship built by King James IV of Scotland as part of his policy of building a strong Scottish navy and she was too large to be built at any existing Scottish dockyard, so was built at the new dock at Newhaven. When Michael was launched she was the largest ship afloat, with twice the displacement of her English contemporary Mary Rose. The poet William Dunbar wrote of her construction, Translation, The chronicler Lindsay of Pitscottie wrote of the building of Michael that all the woods of Fife went into her construction. Account books add that timbers were purchased from parts of Scotland, as well as from France. Lindsay gives her dimensions as 240 feet long and 35 ft in beam, russell notes that Michael was supposed to have been built with oak walls 10 ft thick. Henry VIII of England was unwilling to be outdone, and ordered the building of the 1000-ton Henri Grâce à Dieu, launched in roughly 1512, later known as Great Harry and these ships were the first great ships, the precursors of the later ship of the line. Michael was named after the archangel Michael and built to support a Scottish crusade against the Ottoman Empire to reclaim Palestine for Christendom. This grandiose plan had to be changed when the commitments of the Auld Alliance with France required Scotland to go to war with England, in August 1513 a Scottish invasion force was assembled to attack English possessions in France. Commanded by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, the ships were Michael, Margaret. Instead of attacking the English, Arran raided Carrickfergus in Ireland, a warship of this size was costly to maintain, particularly for a small country like Scotland. Michael was hired by France in late August 1513, in March 1514 Michael was reported to be docked at Honfleur because she was too big for the harbour at Dieppe. Most historians have accepted the account of the Scottish historian George Buchanan that after this, the French allowed her to rot at Brest
11.
Gunport
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A gun port is an opening in the side of the hull of a ship, above the waterline, which allows the muzzle of artillery pieces mounted on the gun deck to fire outside. The origin of this technology is not precisely known, but can be traced back to the late 15th century, ships featuring gun ports were said to be pierced, since the ports were cut through the hull after the construction. The origin of the gun port is difficult to specify, in Portugal its invention is attributed to king John II himself, who decided to arm his caravels with heavy cannons thus creating the first modern man-of-war. Guns were mounted in ships since the 14th century, in 1380, during the War of Chioggia, Luciano Doria was killed aboard his ship by an enemy broadside. In 1340, during the Battle of Sluys, several of the French carracks bore guns powerful enough to sink several English ships. But these guns were mounted in the castles or in swivels. The power of a cannon depends of its calibre and its range, despite evidences, some historians claim the invention was probably simultaneous in Portugal, Spain, England, France and Holland. The gun port makes it possible to mount large artillery pieces on a ship, from the 15th century, the number and quality of the artillery, conditioned by the gun ports, became one of the features that distinguished warships from merchantmen. It announced the advent of the ship of the line and the demise of the galleys, which carried only a few guns on their forecastle. Gun ports were pierced on the side of the hull at equal intervals of 2.4 to 2.7 metres, though some were also pierced at the bow and at the stern of ships, for chase guns. Their size was adapted to the calibre of the artillery, for instance a gun port for a 36-pounder long gun was 1.2 metre wide. On ships with several decks, they were never pierced one on top of the other, but in quincunx, as to distribute the load of the guns. In effect, naval guns mounted behind gun ports were more comparable to the guns installed in latter turrets, some ships built with clinker, such as the Mary Rose, had to be rebuilt with a freeboard to be pierced. Gun ports also provided aeration to the cluttered ships, to this end, it was possible to either open the lid, like when bearing the guns, or to open a smaller door in the lid. Three views of a carronade with its double-lid gun port, in heavy sea, the gun ports of the lower battery had to be closed, lest sea water flood the gun deck. During the Battle of Quiberon Bay, two French ships of the line, Thésée and Superbe, foundered for a similar reason, the French term for scuttling, sabordage, comes from sabord, reflecting their potential for flooding. Considerations of flooding had tactical implications, on 17 February 1783, the two-decker HMS Argo found herself unable to use her lower battery when two French frigates intercepted her. Furthermore, some warships could be armed en flûte, removing guns from some of the gun ports to make room for storage and this could make it non-trivial to discriminate ships in naval service from those that sailed for commerce
12.
Broadside
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A broadside is the side of a ship, the battery of cannon on one side of a warship, or their coordinated fire in naval warfare. From the 16th century until the decades of the steamship. Firing all guns on one side of the ship known as a broadside. The cannons of 18th century men of war were accurate only at short range and these wooden ships sailed closer and closer towards each other until cannon fire would be effective. Each tried to be the first to fire a broadside, often giving one party a decisive headstart in the battle when it crippled the other ship. Since ancient times, war at sea had been much like on land, with melee weapons and bows and arrows. Though the introduction of guns was a significant change, it slowly changed the dynamics of ship-to-ship combat. The first guns on ships were small wrought-iron pieces mounted on the decks and in the fighting tops. They were designed to injure, kill or simply stun, shock, as guns were made more durable to withstand stronger gunpowder charges, they increased their potential to inflict critical damage to the vessel rather than just its crew. Since these guns were heavier than the earlier anti-personnel weapons, they had to be placed lower in the ships. In Northern Europe the technique of building ships with clinker planking made it difficult to cut ports in the hull, the solution was the gradual adoption of carvel-built ships that relied on an internal skeleton structure to bear the weight of the ship. The development of propulsion during the 15th century from single-masted, square-rigged cogs to three-masted carracks with a mix of square, gunports cut in the hull of ships had been introduced as early as 1501. Initially, the gunports were used to mount heavy so-called stern chasers pointing aft and this made possible coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship for the first time in history, at least in theory. Guns in the 16th century were considered to be in fixed positions and were intended to be fired independently rather than in concerted volleys. It was not until the 1590s that the word broadside in English was commonly used to refer to gunfire from the side of a rather than the ships side itself. This is calculated by multiplying the weight of the ships main armament shells times the number of barrels that can be brought to bear. If some turrets are incapable of firing to either side of the vessel, for example, the American Iowa-class battleships carried a main armament of nine 16-inch main guns in turrets which could all be trained to a single broadside. Each 16-inch shell weighed 2,700 pounds, which multiplied by nine equals a total of 24,300 pounds
13.
Erith
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Erith is a town next to the River Thames, in the London Borough of Bexley, south-east London, and the historic county of Kent, north-east of Bexleyheath and north-west of Dartford. Erith town centre has undergone modernisation and an increase in dwellings since 1961, the curved riverside high street contains three listed buildings, including the Church of England church and the Carnegie Building, while the district otherwise consists primarily of suburban homes. Erith is linked to central London and Kent by rail and a dual carriageway and it has the longest pier in London, and retains a coastal environment with salt marshes as well as industrial land. The museums work at the site of Erith School in Belmont Road revealed traces of prehistoric settlement. Following the collapse of Roman rule at the beginning of the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that they won the Battle of Crecganford in 457 and shortly after claimed the whole of Kent. Their different way of life was reflected in their pattern of settlement, the town and country estates of the Roman bureaucrats gave way to a network of villages, occupied by warriors and farmers. Erith was one village and has a Saxon name, originally Ærre hyðe meaning old haven. There was probably a church on the site of the present St John the Baptists during the Anglo-Saxon period, the early settlement was based around it, meaning that the centre of Erith was once west of its current location. The earliest reference to the area is in a Latin charter of 695 recording a grant by the Bishop of the East Saxons of certain lands at Erith, the surrounding area was known as Lesnes or Lessness, which is mentioned in the Domesday Survey. After the Norman Conquest, Lessness passed into the possession of Bishop Odo, in 1315, a Royal Charter was granted for a market to be held in Erith every Thursday. However, it was noted in 1776 that the market had long been discontinued, henrys famous warship, Henri Grâce à Dieu, was fitted out there in 1515. Up until the 19th century Erith remained a popular anchorage, ships often discharged some cargo there to reduce their displacement before entering the shallows upstream. In 1797 Edward Hasted described Erith as consisting of one street of houses, which leads to the water side. In 1831 Eriths population was 1533 – it was described in 1840 as being composed chiefly of two streets, one leading down to the side, the other branching off to the left towards the church. By 1849 Erith was enjoying a spell as a riverside resort. Its pier and nearby hotel gave hospitality for arriving on Thames pleasure boats or by railway. The Local Government Act 1894 brought into existence Erith Urban District and it included Northumberland Heath and Belvedere. Erith Iron Works was established in 1864 in Anchor Bay by William Anderson, from 1881 Erith was home to a large cable works founded by William Callender
14.
Square rig
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These spars are called yards and their tips, beyond the last stay, are called the yardarms. A ship mainly so rigged is called a square-rigger, the square rig is aerodynamically the most efficient running rig, and stayed popular on ocean-going sailing ships until the end of the Age of Sail. The last commercial sailing ships, windjammers, were usually square-rigged four-masted barques, square-rigged masts may also have triangular staysails that are deployed fore-and-aft between masts. Square-rigged is also used for the uniform of a rating in the Royal Navy since 1857 and it is slang and refers to anyone wearing the famous blue square collar on the shoulders and bell-bottomed trousers. The name perhaps reflects the fact that it was men who managed the square-rigged sails. The peaked cap worn by Senior Ratings and Officers is known colloquially as fore-and-aft rig. A mast is considered square-rigged if its lowest sail or course is square-rigged, if the course is fore-and-aft, square topsails can still be carried in front of the mast. In their heyday, square-rigged vessels ranged in size from small boats to full rigged ships, but this rig fell from favour to fore-and-aft gaff rigs and bermuda rigs after the development of steam power and new materials. Ocean-going sailing ships stayed mostly square-rigged, Square rigs allowed the fitting of many small sails to create a large total sail area to drive large ships. 18th century warships would often achieve speeds of 12–13 knots. Some clipper ships that had square rigs and for speed was critical could be much faster. The late windjammers were as fast as the clippers, being much bigger, not only could a smaller sail be managed by a smaller crew but also these smaller sails constrained the impact of weapons on them. A hole from a cannonball affected only one area, whilst a hole in a large sail would eventually tear the whole larger area. This reduced running costs and also enlarged the space available in the ship for profitable cargoes, new materials also changed sail designs, particularly on hybrid vessels carrying some square-rigged sails. The low aspect ratio of square-rigged sails produces much drag for the lift produced, so they have poor performance to windward compared to modern yachts, the Bermuda rig is the undisputed champion of windward performance in soft sails, due to its very low drag and high lift-to-drag ratio. One advantage of square rigs is that they are efficient when running, where the high lift to drag is irrelevant. Square-rigged sails are also prone to broaching when running than Bermuda rigs. Ocean-going vessels take advantage of e. g. the trade winds, on a square-rigged mast the sails had names which indicated their vertical position on the mast
15.
Lateen
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A lateen or latin-rig is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. Dating back to Roman navigation, the lateen became the sail of the Age of Discovery. It is common in the Mediterranean, the upper Nile River, and the parts of the Indian Ocean. The lateen is used today in a different form on small recreational boats like the Sailfish and Sunfish. The earliest fore-and-aft rig was the spritsail, appearing in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft, one theory is that the lateen sail originated during the early Roman empire in the Mediterranean Sea. It evolved out of the dominant square rig by setting the sails more fore-and-aft – along the line of the keel – rather than athwartship, while tailoring the luff and leech. The theory of Roman origin for lateen was begun with Lynn White, John M. H. Brindley.25 The original passage cited from Caesarus is, according to Brindley, no more than an allusion, ‘tres naves, quas Latenas vocant, majores, plenas tritico direxerunt’. The assumption is that labelling these three wheat ships ‘latines’ means that they had lateen sails, there is also reason to doubt Sottas’s interpretation of Procopius’ claim – that three ships of Justinian’s fleet in 533 deployed lateen sails. That the triangular sails refer to triangular top sails, which were standard gear on Roman square-rigged ships after 50 ad’, second, White’s claim that the lateen sail was deployed on a European ship in 880 is problematic. We know that the Persians were sailing to India and beyond via the Persian Gulf from the third, and by the mid-seventh century the Muslims were sailing the length of the Indian Ocean. But even if the Romans had invented the lateen sail, it is important to note that after 50 ce there is no evidence of refinement or further development of sails and rigging. Based on this theory, the lateen sail originated in the Near East, most likely in Persia or Arabia and these sailors were likely responsible for introducing the lateen sails and large three-masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. According to the Belgian maritime historian Basch, the earliest true lateen rig appears as early as the 1st century BC, in a Hellenistic wall painting found in a Hypogeum in Alexandria. The earliest archaeologically excavated lateen-rigged ship, the Yassi Ada II, dates to ca.400 AD, the Kelenderis ship mosaic and the Kellia ship graffito from the early 7th century complement the picture. By the 6th century, the lateen sail had largely replaced the square throughout the Mediterranean. It became the standard rig of the Byzantine dromon war galley and was also employed by Belisarius flagship in the 532 AD invasion of the Vandal kingdom. This is also indicated by the terminology of the lateen among Mediterranean Arabs and it has been suggested that the lateen sail was brought to the Indian Ocean by the Alexandrian merchants who sailed the Red Sea in Roman and later Byzantine and Arab times. Such theories have been superseded by unequivocal depictions of lateen-rigged Mediterranean sailing vessels which pre-date the Arab invasion, searches for lateen sails in India were inconclusive
16.
Mary Rose
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The Mary Rose is a carrack-type warship of the English Tudor navy of King Henry VIII. After serving for 33 years in wars against France, Scotland. While leading the attack on the galleys of a French invasion fleet, she sank in the Solent, the wreck of the Mary Rose was rediscovered in 1971. It was raised in 1982 by the Mary Rose Trust, in one of the most complex, the surviving section of the ship and thousands of recovered artefacts are of immeasurable value as a Tudor-era time capsule. The finds include weapons, sailing equipment, naval supplies and an array of objects used by the crew. Many of the artefacts are unique to the Mary Rose and have provided insights into topics ranging from naval warfare to the history of musical instruments, since the mid-1980s, while undergoing conservation, the remains of the hull have been on display at the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. An extensive collection of well-preserved artefacts is on display at the nearby Mary Rose Museum, built to display the reconstructed ship and its artefacts. The Mary Rose was one of the largest ships in the English navy through more than three decades of intermittent war and was one of the earliest examples of a sailing warship. She was armed with new types of guns that could fire through the recently invented gun-ports. After being substantially rebuilt in 1536, she was one of the earliest ships that could fire a broadside. Several theories have sought to explain the demise of the Mary Rose, based on records, knowledge of 16th-century shipbuilding. The precise cause of her sinking is unclear, because of conflicting testimonies. In the late 15th century, England was a relatively insignificant state on the periphery of Europe. The great victories against France in the Hundred Years War were in the past, the War of the Roses—the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster—had ended with Henry VIIs establishment of the House of Tudor, the new ruling dynasty of England. The ambitious naval policies of Henry V were not continued by his successors, the marriage alliance between Anne of Brittany and Charles VIII of France in 1491, and his successor Louis XII in 1499, left England with a weakened strategic position on its southern flank. Despite this, Henry VII managed to maintain a long period of peace. At the onset of the modern period, the great European powers were France. All three became involved in the War of the League of Cambrai in 1508, the conflict was initially aimed at the Republic of Venice but eventually turned against France
17.
Francis I of France
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Francis I was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and he succeeded his cousin and father-in-law Louis XII, who died without a male heir. Francis reign saw important cultural changes with the rise of absolute monarchy in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire. For his role in the development and promotion of a standardized French language, he became known as le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres. He was also known as François au Grand Nez, the Grand Colas, following the policy of his predecessors, Francis continued the Italian Wars. In his struggle against Imperial hegemony, he sought the support of Henry VIII of England at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. When this was unsuccessful, he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a controversial move for a Christian king at the time. Francis was born on 12 September 1494 at the Château de Cognac in the town of Cognac, which at that time lay in the province of Saintonge, today the town lies in the department of Charente. Francis was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King Charles VIII was still young at the time of his birth, as was his fathers cousin the Duke of Orléans, later King Louis XII. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, the Salic Law prevailed in France, thus females were ineligible to inherit the throne. Therefore, the four-year-old Francis became the heir presumptive to the throne of France in 1498 and was vested with the title of Duke of Valois. In 1505, Louis XII, having fallen ill, ordered that his daughter Claude and Francis be married immediately, Claude was heiress to the Duchy of Brittany through her mother, Anne of Brittany. Following Annes death, the took place on 18 May 1514. Louis died shortly afterwards and Francis inherited the throne and he was crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims on 25 January 1515, with Claude as his queen consort. As Francis was receiving his education, ideas emerging from the Italian Renaissance were influential in France, some of his tutors, such as François Desmoulins de Rochefort and Christophe de Longueil, were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. His academic education had been in arithmetic, geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, Francis came to learn chivalry, dancing, and music and he loved archery, falconry, horseback riding, hunting, jousting, real tennis and wrestling. He ended up reading philosophy and theology and he was fascinated with art, literature, poetry and his mother, who had a high admiration for Italian Renaissance art, passed this interest on to her son
18.
Field of the Cloth of Gold
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The summit was arranged to increase the bond of friendship between the two kings following the Anglo-French treaty of 1514. These two monarchs would meet again in 1532 to arrange Franciss assistance in pressuring Pope Clement VII to pronounce Henrys first marriage as illegitimate, under the guidance of English Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, the chief nations of Europe sought to outlaw war forever among Christian nations. The site is indicated by a plaque on the D231 road at 50. 8523°N1. 9229°E /50.8523,1.9229. Though now in France, Balinghem was at the time regarded as part of England and this was probably the main reason for it as the choice of meeting place, being English territory but surrounded by France renders it as close to neutral territory as was practicable. For about two and a half weeks in June 1520, a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France occurred near Calais that was to become known to history as the Field of Cloth of Gold. In 1518, through the work of Cardinal Wolsey, the Treaty of London was signed as a pact between the major European powers of the time. But less than a later, the pact was already in danger of falling apart. To preserve the peace, Wolsey arranged a meeting between Henry VIII and Charles V, the new Holy Roman Emperor, and a meeting of Henry VIII and this second meeting was to be in France, near the English-held town of Calais. Francis I and Henry VIII were close in age, with Henry being just three years older than his French counterpart, Henry had been king of England for 11 years at the time of the meeting while Francis had been on the French throne for five and a half years. Both Kings had been hailed as great Renaissance princes, which no doubt raised curiosity for each man about the other and this meeting was also a chance for each to display the grandeur and wealth of their courts. Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and their retinue left from Dover on about the first of June. One of the more parts of the meeting was a temporary palace of timber and canvas brought by the English court to go with the pavilions. In this valley Henry pitched his marquee made of cloth of gold near where a banquet had been prepared and his Grace was accompanied by 500 horsemen and 3,000 foot soldiers, and the French King had a similar number of each. They were commanded to stand thus, completely still, on pain of death whilst the two kings rode down the valley, at the bottom of the valley they embraced each other in great friendship and then, dismounting, embraced each other again, taking off their hats. Henry’s sword was held, unsheathed, by the marquess of Dorset whilst the duc de Bourbon bore the French king’s sword similarly all the while. On Friday 9 June the two met up at the camp where a tiltyard had been set up with a pretty green tree with damask leaves nearby. That day too the French king was himself magnificently dressed in tissue-cloth set with precious stones, when dinner was over, some time was spent dancing in the banqueting hall. He then returned to the Queen and spoke with her for a while before spending the rest of the day dancing, on Monday 12 June both kings and their men-at-arms met at the aforementioned camp
19.
Edward VI of England
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Edward VI was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine, the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was Englands first monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a Regency Council because he never reached his majority, the Council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick, from 1551 Duke of Northumberland. Edwards reign was marked by problems and social unrest that, in 1549, erupted into riot. An expensive war with Scotland, at first successful, ended with military withdrawal from Scotland as well as Boulogne-sur-Mer in exchange for peace, the transformation of the Church into a recognisably Protestant body also occurred under Edward, who took great interest in religious matters. Although his father, Henry VIII, had severed the link between the Church of England and Rome, Henry VIII had never permitted the renunciation of Catholic doctrine or ceremony. The architect of these reforms was Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, in February 1553, at age 15, Edward fell ill. When his sickness was discovered to be terminal, he and his Council drew up a Devise for the Succession, Edward named his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. This decision was disputed following Edwards death, and Jane was deposed by Mary nine days after becoming queen, during her reign, Mary reversed Edwards Protestant reforms, which nonetheless became the basis of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mothers room inside Hampton Court Palace and he was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour. Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand gonnes. The Queen, however, fell ill on 23 October from presumed postnatal complications, Henry VIII wrote to Francis I of France that Divine Providence. Hath mingled my joy with bitterness of the death of her who brought me this happiness, Edward was a healthy baby who suckled strongly from the outset. His father was delighted with him, in May 1538, Henry was observed dallying with him in his arms, and so holding him in a window to the sight and great comfort of the people. That September, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Audley, reported Edwards rapid growth and vigour, the tradition that Edward VI was a sickly boy has been challenged by more recent historians. At the age of four, he fell ill with a quartan fever. Edward was initially placed in the care of Margaret Bryan, lady mistress of the princes household and she was succeeded by Blanche Herbert, Lady Troy. Until the age of six, Edward was brought up, as he put it later in his Chronicle, the formal royal household established around Edward was, at first, under Sir William Sidney, and later Sir Richard Page, stepfather of Edward Seymours wife, Anne Stanhope
20.
Woolwich
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Woolwich is a town in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, south east London, England. Originally in Kent, it has been part of the London metropolitan area since the 19th century, in 1965, most of the former Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich became part of Greenwich Borough, of which it remains the administrative centre. Throughout the 17th, 18th, 19th and most of the 20th century, Woolwich was an important military and it is a river crossing point, with the Woolwich Ferry and the Woolwich foot tunnel crossing to North Woolwich. Woolwich is identified in the London Plan as an opportunity area as well as a centre in Greater London. Woolwich has been inhabited since at least the Iron Age, a path connected the riverside settlement with Watling Street, perhaps also of Iron Age origin. Sandy Hill Road may be a remnant of this early path and it is generally believed that the name Woolwich derives from an Anglo-Saxon word meaning trading place for wool. It is not clear whether Woolwich was a proper -wich town, however, in 2015 Oxford Archaeology discovered a Saxon burial site near the riverside with 76 skeletons from the late 7th or early 8th century. The absence of grave deposits indicates that this was an early Christian settlement, the first church, which stood to the north of the present parish church, was almost certainly pre-Norman and dedicated to Saint Lawrence. It was probably rebuilt in stone around 1100, from the 10th till the mid-12th century Woolwich was controlled by the abbots of St. Peters Abbey in Ghent. As a result of this tenure Woolwich is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, it is thought that the 63 acres listed as Hulviz refer to North Woolwich, medieval Woolwich was susceptible to flooding. In 1236 many were killed by a flood, Woolwich Ferry was first mentioned in 1308 but may be much older. Around Bell Water Gate some private shipbuilding or repair may have existed in the 15th century, a windmill was mentioned around 1450. Woolwich remained a relatively small Kentish settlement until the beginning of the 16th century, in 1512 it became home to Woolwich Dockyard, originally known as The Kings Yard, founded by Henry VIII to built his flagship Henry Grace à Dieu. Many great ships were built here, such as the Prince Royal, the Sovereign of the Seas, the Royal Charles, the Dolphin, the dockyard went through many ups and downs but survived for three and a half centuries, closing down in 1869. His mansion was Tower Place, which was closed in by a ropeyard and warehouses with open-air storage known initially as Gun Wharf or Gun Yard, then The Warren. The arsenal developed from a place of storage into a collection of factories, playing a central role in Britains imperial phase and its military. At wartime, tens of thousands of workers found employment here, other military establishments that were rooted in the arsenal were the Royal Artillery and the Royal Military Academy. They both moved to Woolwich Common in the late 18th century, in the 19th and 20th century several large barracks were built, as well as military schools and hospitals
21.
River Thames
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The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river
22.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
23.
Shrine of Our Lady, Bradstowe
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The Shrine of Our Ladye Star of the Sea was an old chapel on the cliffs at Broadstairs. Dating back at least to the 1350s, the two towers of the chapel were a landmark for sailors in the area. Given the veneration in which the shrine was held, the developed of ships dipping their top-sails to salute the shrine as they sailed past it. It stands near the harbour on todays Albion Street, at the junction with Alexandra Road, the Shrine of the Culmer Chapel, a statue probably derived from the figure of the Virgin Mary, mounted on a tall column, was so positioned that it faced seaward. It thus stood outside in the Chapel garden before the cliffs, the Chapel being the gathering place for the maritime community in Broadstairs, has by this virtue alone an interesting history. During the 1520s a severe storm that lasted several days swept into Viking Bay with a surge and destroyed the Shrine. In 1601 the owner of the Chapel and the estate upon which it stood was Sir John Culmer and it was he who had ordered the Chapel restored. It is well that some of the ancient wall, a doorway. The first Pastor in 1601 was Joel Culmer, Mary was known as The Chapel of Blue Light, for its light was given out into the dark seas through a blue glass lantern. The Shrine was at some stage, probably 1601, placed inside the Chapel, for thereafter local seamen came to refer to it as The Weeping Virgin. Hot weather is said to have caused humidity and thus condensation in the Chapel which settled on the face of the Shrine, the shrine gives its name to the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea which is inland at 17 Broadstairs Road in St Peters. This was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott in 1930
24.
Broadstairs
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Broadstairs is a coastal town on the Isle of Thanet in the Thanet district of east Kent, England, about 80 miles east of London. It is part of the parish of Broadstairs and St Peters. Situated between Margate and Ramsgate, Broadstairs is one of Thanets seaside resorts, known as the Jewel in Thanets crown, the towns crest motto is Stella Maris. The name derives from a flight of steps in the chalk cliff. The town spreads from Haine Road in the west to Kingsgate a hamlet in St Peter parish in the north, the hamlet of Reading Street was established by Flemish refugees in the 17th century. The inland village of St Peters was established after the building of a church in about 1080. The coastal confederation of Cinque Ports during its mediæval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and this included St Peters, as a limb of Dover. On the nearby coast was a shrine, the Shrine of Our Lady, at what was then called Bradstow. A fishing settlement developed in the vicinity of the shrine in the 14th century and this came to be called Broadstairs, after a flight of steps which was made in the cliff to give access to the shrine from the bay. Older forms of the name include Brodsteyr Lynch, Brodestyr, Broadstayer, Charles Culmer, son of Waldemar, is supposed to have reconstructed the stairs in 1350. In 1440, an archway was built by George Culmer across a track leading down to the sea, Richard Culmer was the son of Sir Richard Culmer by his first wife and was born in 1640/41. Richard was buried in the church of Monkton, on the Isle of Thanet. Of his legacies was the endowment on Broadstairs of an area of six acres of ground for the poor of the parish, the name survives to this day as Culmers Allotment as does the allotment. In 1823, Broadstairs had a population of about 300, a brief outline of the history of Broadstairs Pier is given in Broadstairs, past and present, which mentions a storm in 1767, during which Culmers work was all but destroyed. At this time, it was of importance to the fishing trade with catches as far afield as Great Yarmouth, Hastings, Folkestone, Dover and Torbay. By 1795, York Gate needed repair to any threat from the French Revolutionary Wars. The subsequent renovation was undertaken by Lord Hanniker in the year as the first lightvessel was placed on the Goodwin Sands. Broadstairs was supposedly the first town in England to learn of this historic victory, smuggling was an important industry in the area, and the men of Broadstairs and St Peters became very good at outwitting customs agents
25.
Kent
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Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales
26.
Grace Dieu (ship)
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Grace Dieu was the flagship of King Henry V of England and one of the largest ships of her time. Launched in 1418, she sailed on one voyage and was subsequently laid up at anchor in the River Hamble. She was burned in 1439 after being struck by a bolt of lightning, Grace Dieu was built to a design proposed by William Soper, a burgess of Southampton and Clerk of the Kings Ships. She was clinker-built with three planks nailed together along each part of her hull and waterproofed with tar and moss sandwiched between the timbers, as constructed she was 218 ft long with a 50 ft beam, comparable in size with HMS Victory and twice as large as Mary Rose. Estimates of her weight range between 1,400 tons and 2,750 tons, two other ships, Valentine and Falcon were built to escort her. A dock was built for her construction near Town Quay in Southampton. The remains of Grace Dieu suggest that it was built in a hurry, with some of the planks and she was a vast ship requiring 2735 oak,1145 beech, and fourteen ash trees for her timbers. When completed in 1418, she was one of the largest wooden ships of its time, Grace Dieu was designed for use in battle against Genoas formidable fleet of carracks, that city being at the time the ally of France and enemy of England. To this end she was built with high sides and a prow that rose more than 50 ft, however, by the time she was completed the English had firm control over the Channel, and was at peace with France following the Treaty of Troyes. Grace Dieu and her escorts appear to have set sail once, in 1420, under the command of the Earl of Devon. The expedition suffered a mutiny even before leaving port, when the crew objected to the presence of a contingent of soldiers and archers brought aboard to guard the vessel. Grace Dieus sailors attempted to prevent the soldiers from boarding by abusing the clerk who was registering their names, when the ship finally left port, nine of the crew incited a further mutiny against the captain by refusing to take their stations and insisting that the cruise be abandoned. Grace Dieu was brought into the nearest port, St. Helens on the Isle of Wight, a clerk who questioned their loyalty as they departed was assaulted and had his clothing torn. When Henry V died in 1422 his ships were treated as his private property rather than as part of the kingdoms navy, many were sold off to pay his debts. In 1430 William Soper, by now in charge of the administration of the entire navy, subsequently, Grace Dieu was laid-up in the River Hamble. Already dismasted and stripped of equipment, she was burnt to the waterline after being set ablaze by a bolt of lightning in 1439, the remains of Grace Dieu are still in the River Hamble at Bursledon, near Southampton, Hampshire. The site was designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act on 5 February 1974 and was excavated by Channel 4s archaeology programme Time Team in 2004 for the 2005 series,50 metres from the remains lie those of another vessel, believed to be Grace Dieus contemporary Holigost. List of worlds largest wooden ships Great Harry - Henry VIIIs flagship 1514, Empire of the Deep, The Rise and Fall of the British Navy
27.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
Marsala Ship
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The Marsala Ship is the earliest warship known from archeological evidence. It is a wreck discovered in 1969 in an area called Punta Scario in the harbor of Marsala in western Sicily, Italy, the Marsala Ships nationality was painted on the sides with letters by its Punic builders from Carthage. Its architecture and contents show that it was not a merchant cargo ship, a merchant cargo ship made regular journeys and required large containers for storing water. It also needed grinders and mortars for dried food and it would normally carry large pots for communal cooking. It would also have fish-hooks for catching available fresh fish, the Marsala Ship had only small cups and bowls for individual servings. Its wine, water, and other liquids were carried in amphorae of miscellaneous shapes, food remains were fresh and perishable, such as various kinds of butchered meat. Bones of deer, horses, oxen, sheep, goats, all this indicated it was intended as a warship and not as a merchant cargo vessel. The presence of ballast stones and lack of merchant cargo definitely indicate that it was a warship, the remains of marijuana stems — which may have been chewed by the oarsmen — were also found in the wreck. It is believed to have one of the Liburnian long ships. This was the last battle of the First Punic War between Carthage and the Roman Republic, carbon-14 tests on timbers and other materials determined a date of 235 BC. The vessel was determined to be approximately 115 feet long and 15.7 feet wide and it was in 1969 that a captain of a commercial dredge digging sand for making glass discovered buried wood from ancient vessels in the area of Punta Scario. In 1971 the movement of a sandbank exposed the Punic Ships stern post with projecting timber and this endangered the shipwreck, threatening the loss of the potential historical value of the information it revealed about the Phoenicians. Rescue excavation began in earnest and continued for the four years. The Sicilian authorities and the British School at Rome appointed Honor Frost to direct the excavation, Frost and her international team of marine archeologists excavated the site. Progress reports were published yearly in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, when the field-work ended, a comprehensive report was published by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei as a Supplement to Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, XXX. Some extremely rare finds amongst the shipwreck were a plaited basket, a piece of rope fashioned into an eye splice, a little brush, a knife blade, a spade. Also found were parts of a skeleton, possibly of a Carthaginian sailor trapped by the ships ballast. The above pictures of the Marsala ship execavation are from the Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anselmi of Marsala in Sicily, Italy, famous First Facts International Edition, H. W. Wilson Company, ISBN 0-8242-0958-3 Averdung, Denise, and Pedersen, Ralph K
29.
Nemi ships
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The Nemi Ships were two ships, one ship larger than the other, built by the Roman emperor Caligula in the 1st century AD at Lake Nemi. Both ships featured technology thought to have been developed historically much later and it has been stated that the emperor was influenced by the lavish lifestyles of the Hellenistic rulers of Syracuse and Ptolemaic Egypt. Recovered from the bed in 1929, the ships were destroyed by artillery fire during World War II in 1944. Lake Nemi is a circular volcanic lake in the Lazio region of Italy,30 km south of Rome. It has a surface of 1.67 km2 and a depth of 33 meters. There is considerable speculation regarding why the emperor Caligula chose to build two ships on such a small lake. From the size of the ships it was held that they were pleasure barges, though, as the lake was sacred. Situated on opposite sides of the lake and atop the walls, are the towns of Genzano. Genzano was dedicated by the Romans to the goddess Cynthia, an associated with that of Diana Nemorensis. Nemi did not exist in Roman times, the name Nemi derives from the Latin nemus Aricinum, Ariccia being an important nearby town associated with the worship of Diana and the god Virbius. Located at Nemi are the ruins of an ancient temple dedicated to Diana, during the time of the Roman Empire, the area around Genzano was used by wealthy Roman citizens for its clean air, uncontaminated water and cooler temperatures during the hot summer months. The lake has its own microclimate and is protected from wind by the crater walls, johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lord Byron and Charles Gounod all lived in Nemi and saw the magical reflection of the Moon seen in the center of the lake during summer. This phenomenon is the source of the Roman name for the lake, local fishermen had always been aware of the existence of the wrecks, and had explored them and removed small artifacts, often using grappling hooks to pull up pieces, which they sold to tourists. They caused significant damage to the ships by using ropes with hooks to tear planks from them, alberti learned little more than the type of wood and that it was covered in lead sheathing. In 1535, Francesco De Marchi dove on the using a diving bell. His finds included bricks, marble paving stones, bronze, copper, lead artefacts and he had all of the wood made into items such as walking sticks and boxes. De Marchi apparently sold everything he collected to the nobility and foreign visitors who visited the site to watch his work, from material recovered he added the knowledge that mortise and tenon joints had been used in their construction. Despite the successful salvage of entire structures and parts, there was no academic interest in the ships, the objects recovered were lost and their fate remains unknown
30.
Syracusia
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Syracusia was a 110 m ancient Greek ship sometimes claimed to be the largest transport ship of antiquity. She only sailed once, from Syracuse in Sicily to Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom, Syracusia was designed by Archimedes and built around 240 BC by Archias of Corinth on the orders of Hieron II of Syracuse. The historian Moschion of Phaselis said that Syracusia could carry a cargo of some 1,600 to 1,800 tons and she reputedly bore more than 200 soldiers, as well as a catapult. She sailed only once to berth in Alexandria, where she was given to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt. A discussion of ship, as well as the complete text of Athenaeus is in Cassons Ships. This may be the first example of proactive antifouling technology, additionally, the top deck featured eight towers, equipped with two archers and four fully armed men. On the bow of the ship was a platform for fighting. 20 rows of oars would also have been visible from the outside, in terms of passenger comfort, Syracusia would be the equivalent of Titanic compared to other ships of the era. Her innovative design and sheer size allowed for the creation of recreational spaces aboard, including a garden. The lower levels of the ship were reserved for the crew, according to Athenaeus, the ship was beautifully decorated using materials such as ivory and marble, while all public spaces were floored with mosaics depicting the entire story of the Iliad. The ship was equipped with a library, a drawing room. Ptolemys son sought to outdo Syracusia and he ordered the construction of a huge warship, the Tessarakonteres,420 feet long, and bearing more than 4,000 oarsmen and 2,850 soldiers. However, according to Plutarch, it was almost immobile,2, pp. 575–578 Jean MacIntosh Turfa, Alwin Steinmayer Jr, The Syracusia as a Giant Cargo Vessel, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol.28, No. 2, pp. 105–125 TEDEd, The real story behind Archimedes’ Eureka
31.
Tessarakonteres
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The Tessarakonteres, or simply forty was a very large galley reportedly built in the Hellenistic period. The name forty refers to the number of rowers on each column of oars that propelled it and it would have been the largest ship constructed in antiquity, and probably the largest human-powered vessel ever built. According to Plutarch, its enormous size made it impractical and it was only for show. The forty was reportedly built by Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt in the 3rd century BC and it was first described by his contemporary Callixenus of Rhodes in the lost Peri Alexandreias. In the early-3rd century AD, Athenaeus quotes this in his Deipnosophistae, the trireme, a three-banked galley with one man per oar, was the main Hellenistic warship up to and into the 4th century BC. At that time, a requirement for heavier ships led to the development of polyremes called fours and fives, and later up to tens, larger polyremes were built, with Ptolemy II Philadelphus eventually building a twenty and a thirty, and Ptolemy IV Philopator building the forty. The maximum practical number of oar banks a ship could have was three, so the number in the type name did not refer to the banks of oars any more, but to the number of rowers per vertical section, with several men on each oar. Classes of ship could differ in their configuration between regions and over time, from galleys used in the 16th to 18th centuries AD, it is known that the maximum number of men that can operate a single oar efficiently is eight. Further, Casson writes that the oars were the length for no more than eight rowers. Mention by Callixenus of the fortys thranite oars leads Casson to determine that the forty had three banks. Combined with Callixenus description of the ship having two heads and two sterns, Casson suggests that the forty must have been a made up of two twenties joined together by a deck. Each column would be composed of twenty rowers, perhaps eight rowers on the top rank, seven in the middle, as a catamaran of two twentys with 4,000 oarsmen, there would be 2,000 per hull and therefore 1,000 per side. The 130m length would allow room for the 50 vertical sections of 3 oars each. Thus there would be 150 oars per side, length,280 cubits,420 ft Beam,38 cubits,57 ft Height from waterline to tip of stern,53 cubits,79. However, the forty was likely just a showpiece, Plutarch describes the ship as for exhibition only, the Ancient Mariners, Lionel Casson, 2nd Ed. Princeton University Press,1991 Ships and seafaring in ancient times, Lionel Casson, University of Texas Press,1994, full version stored on Open Library
32.
Thalamegos
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Thalamegos was a 115 by 14 m,20 m high, two-story Nile river palace barge. The huge twin-hulled catamaran was commissioned by Hellenistic king Ptolemy IV Philopator for himself, list of worlds largest wooden ships Nemi ships Caligulas Giant Ship Casson, Lionel. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press
33.
Galley
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A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by rowing. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be used in favorable winds, but human strength was always the primary method of propulsion. This allowed galleys to navigate independently of winds and currents, Galleys were the warships used by the early Mediterranean naval powers, including the Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans. They remained the dominant types of vessels used for war and piracy in the Mediterranean Sea until the last decades of the 16th century and they were the first ships to effectively use heavy cannons as anti-ship weapons. As highly efficient gun platforms they forced changes in the design of medieval seaside fortresses as well as refinement of sailing warships. The zenith of galley usage in warfare came in the late 16th century with battles like that at Lepanto in 1571, by the 17th century, however, sailing ships and hybrid ships like the xebec displaced galleys in naval warfare. From the mid-16th century galleys were in intermittent use in the Baltic Sea, with its short distances, there was a minor revival of galley warfare in the 18th century in the wars between Russia, Sweden and Denmark. The term galley derives from the medieval Greek galea, a version of the dromon. The origin of the Greek word is unclear but could possibly be related to galeos, the word galley has been attested in English from c. It was only from the 16th century that a unified galley concept came in use, before that, particularly in antiquity, there was a wide variety of terms used for different types of galleys. Ancient galleys were named according to the number of oars, the number of banks of oars or lines of rowers, the terms are based on contemporary language use combined with more recent compounds of Greek and Latin words. The earliest Greek single-banked galleys are called triaconters and penteconters, for later galleys with more than one row of oars, the terminology is based on Latin numerals with the suffix -reme from rēmus, oar. A monoreme has one bank of oars, a two and a trireme three. Since the maximum banks of oars was three, any expansion above that did not refer to additional banks of oars, but of additional rowers for every oar. Quinquereme was literally a five-oar, but actually meant that there were several rowers to certain banks of oars which made up five lines of oar handlers, for simplicity, they have by many modern scholars been referred to as fives, sixes, eights, elevens, etc. Anything above six or seven rows of rowers was not common, any galley with more than three or four lines of rowers is often referred to as a polyreme. Oared military vessels built on the British Isles in the 11th to 13th centuries were based on Scandinavian designs, many of them were similar to birlinns, close relatives of longship types like the snekkja. By the 14th century, they were replaced with balingers in southern Britain while longship-type Irish galleys remained in use throughout the Middle Ages in northern Britain, Medieval and early modern galleys used a different terminology than their ancient predecessors
34.
Real (galley)
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Real was a Spanish galley and the flagship of Don Juan de Austria in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the largest battle between galleys in history. Real was built in Barcelona at the Royal Shipyard and was the largest galley of its time, Real was usually the designation of the flagship in a particular Spanish fleet and was not necessarily the actual name of the ship. Almirante was the designation of the ship of the 2nd in command, the galley was 60 metres long and 6.2 metres wide, had two masts, and weighed 237 tons empty. It was equipped with three heavy and six artillery pieces, was propelled by a total of 290 rowers and, in addition. To help move and maneuvre the huge ship, it was pushed from the rear during the battle by two other galleys, befitting a royal flagship, it was luxuriously ornamented and painted in the red and gold colors of Spain. Its poop was elaborately carved and painted with numerous sculptures, bas-reliefs, paintings and other embellishments, most of them evoking religious, Real and the Turkish galley Sultana, flagship of Ali Pacha, engaged in direct deck-to-deck combat very soon after the start of the battle. Sultana was boarded and after one hour of bloody fighting. Ali Pacha was wounded by fire, fell to the deck. His head was displayed on a pike, severely affecting the morale of his troops, Real captured the Great Flag of the Caliphs and became a symbol of the victory at Lepanto. In 1971, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the battle, media related to Real at Wikimedia Commons Currey, E. Hamilton. Crescent and Cross, The Battle of Lepanto 1571
35.
Sailing ship
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A modern sailing ship or sailship is any large wind-powered vessel. Traditionally a sailing ship is a vessel that carries three or more masts with square sails on each. Large sailing vessels that are not ship-rigged may be more referred to by their sail rig, such as schooner, barque, brig. There are many different types of sailing ships, but they all have certain basic things in common, every sailing ship has a hull, rigging and at least one mast to hold up the sails that use the wind to power the ship. The crew who sail a ship are called sailors or hands and they take turns to take the watch, the active managers of the ship and her performance for a period. Watches are traditionally four hours long, some sailing ships use traditional ships bells to tell the time and regulate the watch system, with the bell being rung once for every half hour into the watch and rung eight times at watch end. A severe storm could lead to shipwreck, and the loss of all hands, Sailing ships are limited in their maximum size compared to ships with heat engines, so economies of scale are also limited. The heaviest sailing ships never exceeded 14,000 tons displacement, there are many types of sailing ships, mostly distinguished by their rigging, hull, keel, or number and configuration of masts. There are also types of smaller sailboats not listed here. The steam power was used to drive the winches, hoists, a similar ship Kruzenshtern, a very large sailing vessel without mechanical assists, had a crew of 257 men, compared to the Preussen, which required only 48 men. In 2006, automated control had been taken to the point where sails could be operated by one using a central control unit. The DynaRig technology was first developed in the 1960s in Germany by W. Prolls as an alternative for commercial ships to prepare for a possible future energy crisis. The technology is a version of the same type of sail used by the Preussen. The main difference is that the yards do not swing around a fixed mast but are attached to a rotating mast. DynaRig along with extensive computerization was used in the proof-of-concept Maltese Falcon to enable it to be sailed with no crew aloft, as of 2013, with increasing restrictions on use of bunker fuel, attempts were underway to develop hybrid sailing ships using automated sail and alternative fuels. Tall ship Rigging Sail-plan List of large sailing vessels Cruising Shipbuilding, the History of a Ship from Her Cradle to Her Grave, With a Short Account of Modern Steamships and Torpedoes. The sailing-ship, six years of history. Media related to Sailing ships at Wikimedia Commons
36.
Peter von Danzig (ship)
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Peter von Danzig was a 15th-century ship of the Hanseatic League. The three-masted ship was the first large vessel in the Baltic Sea with carvel planking, Peter von Danzig was built at the French west coast and originally named Pierre de la Rochelle or Peter van Rosseel. The ship arrived in Danzig in 1462, carrying sea salt from the Atlantic, while she anchored in roadstead, she was damaged by lightning. The ship lay inactive for a while in Danzig harbour, but was seized and changed over to a warship in 1469 after the Hanse had declared war on England. Between August 1471 and 1473 Peter von Danzig operated in the North Sea under captain Paul Beneke, hunting English merchantmen with a letter of marque and securing Hanse convoys. After the Treaty of Utrecht, the ship undertook several trips abroad. Berlin, Frankfurt/Main 1992 ISBN 3-549-05227-8 Media related to Peter von Danzig at Wikimedia Commons
37.
SV Tenacious
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The STS Tenacious is a modern British wooden sail training ship, specially designed in the 1990s to accommodate anyone over 16 with a disability. Launched in 2000, SV Tenacious is the largest wooden ship built in the United Kingdom in the last 100 years. It is 65 metres long, including bowsprit, and it is rigged as a barque with two mizzen gaffs. Its deck is 49.85 metres long, its hull is 54.02 metres long, a press release from the Belfast Maritime Festival on June 22,2006 announced that the Tenacious was the largest wooden ship still afloat. The Tenacious displaces about 714 tons and its maiden voyage was on 1 September 2000 from Southampton to Southampton calling at Sark, St Helier and Weymouth. The ship is owned by a UK-based charity, the Jubilee Sailing Trust, which also owns the 42 metre long tall ship STS Lord Nelson. The Tenacious featured in the first episode of Channel 5s Sea Patrol UK, Tenacious — official page on the Jubilee Sailing Trust website
38.
French ship Orient (1791)
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The event was commemorated by numerous paintings and poems. The ship was laid down in Toulon, and launched on 20 July 1791 under the name Dauphin Royal, in September 1792, after the advent of the French First Republic, and not yet commissioned, she was renamed Sans-Culotte, in honour of the Sans-culottes. On 14 March 1795, she took part in the Battle of Genoa as flagship of rear-admiral Martin, in May 1795, Sans-Culotte was again renamed as a consequence of the Thermidorian Reaction, and took her best-known name of Orient. In 1798, Orient was appointed flagship of the squadron tasked with the invasion of Egypt, under Admiral Brueys, Orient also ferried the chiefs of the Armée dÉgypte, notably general Bonaparte. The fleet avoided the British blockade and captured Malta before landing troops in Egypt, afterwards, it anchored in a bay east of Alexandria, in a purportedly strong defensive position. Nelsons squadron discovered the fleet on 1 August, and he attacked the next day, nelson had his units sail between the shore and the French ships at anchor, picking them one by one in a cross-fire. Orient eventually came under fire from five ships, caught fire, contre-amiral Decrès reported as many as 760 survivors. The explosion of Orient struck the public of the time, both because of its historical signification and of its spectacular aesthetics, between 1998 and 1999, French archaeologist Franck Goddio led an expedition that carried out an underwater archaeological study of Orients wreck-site. Recovered artifacts included such items as small-arms, coins, personal possessions of crew-members, the distribution of artifacts and wreckage on the sea-floor lead Goddio to suggest that Orient was not destroyed by a single explosion, but by two almost-simultaneous explosions. Dictionnaire de la flotte de guerre française de 1617 à nos jours, Jean-Michel Roche
39.
HMS Victory
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HMS Victory is a 104-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, ordered in 1758, laid down in 1759 and launched in 1765. She is best known as Lord Nelsons flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 and she was also Keppels flagship at Ushant, Howes flagship at Cape Spartel and Jerviss flagship at Cape St Vincent. After 1824, she served as a harbour ship, in 1922, she was moved to a dry dock at Portsmouth, England, and preserved as a museum ship. She has been the flagship of the First Sea Lord since October 2012 and is the worlds oldest naval ship still in commission. In December 1758, Pitt the Elder, in his role as head of the British government, placed an order for the building of 12 ships, during the 18th century, Victory was one of ten first-rate ships to be constructed. She was designed to carry at least 100 guns, the commissioner of Chatham Dockyard was instructed to prepare a dry dock for the construction. The keel was laid on 23 July 1759 in the Old Single Dock, in 1759, the Seven Years War was going well for Britain, land victories had been won at Quebec and Minden and naval battles had been won at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. There were some doubts whether this was a name since the previous first-rate Victory had been lost with all on board in 1744. Work restarted in autumn 1763 and she was launched on 7 May 1765, having cost £63,176 and 3 shillings, the equivalent of £7.79 million today. Around 6000 trees were used in her construction, of which 90% were oak, on the day of the launch, shipwright Hartly Larkin, designated foreman afloat for the event, suddenly realised that the ship might not fit though the dockyard gates. Measurements at first light confirmed his fears, the gates were at least 9½ inches too narrow and he told the dreadful news to his superior, master shipwright John Allin, who considered abandoning the launch. Larkin asked for the assistance of every available shipwright, and they hewed away enough wood from the gates with their adzes for the ship to pass safely through. Because there was no use for her, she was placed in ordinary. Victory was armed with smooth bore, cast iron cannon, in May 1778, the 42-pounders were replaced by 32-pounders, but the 42-pounders were reinstated in April 1779, eventually, in 1803, the 42-pounders were permanently replaced by 32-pounders. In 1782, all the 6-pounders were replaced by 12-pounders, later, she also carried two carronade guns, firing 68-lb round shot. In January 1808, Victory was reduced to a 98-gun second rate, but was reclassed as a 104-gun first rate in February 1817. Keppel put to sea from Spithead on 9 July 1778 with a force of around twenty-nine ships of the line and, on 23 July, sighted a French fleet of roughly equal force 100 miles west of Ushant. The French admiral, Louis Guillouet, comte dOrvilliers, who had orders to avoid battle, was cut off from Brest, but retained the weather gage
40.
Vasa (ship)
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Vasa is a Swedish warship built between 1626 and 1628. The ship foundered after sailing about 1,300 m into her voyage on 10 August 1628. Salvaged with a largely intact hull in 1961, it was housed in a museum called Wasavarvet until 1988. The ship is one of Swedens most popular tourist attractions and has seen by over 35 million visitors since 1961. The ship was built on the orders of the King of Sweden Gustavus Adolphus as part of the expansion he initiated in a war with Poland-Lithuania. She was constructed at the yard in Stockholm under a contract with private entrepreneurs in 1626–1627. Richly decorated as a symbol of the ambitions for Sweden and himself. However, Vasa was dangerously unstable and top-heavy with too much weight in the structure of the hull. Despite this lack of stability she was ordered to sea and foundered only a few minutes after encountering a wind stronger than a breeze, the order to sail was the result of a combination of factors. At the same time the kings subordinates lacked the courage to openly discuss the ships problems or to have the maiden voyage postponed. An inquiry was organized by the Swedish Privy Council to find those responsible for the disaster, during the 1961 recovery, thousands of artifacts and the remains of at least 15 people were found in and around the Vasas hull by marine archaeologists. Among the many items found were clothing, weapons, cannons, tools, coins, cutlery, food, drink, the artifacts and the ship herself have provided scholars with invaluable insights into details of naval warfare, shipbuilding techniques and everyday life in early 17th-century Sweden. During the 17th century, Sweden went from being a populated, poor. Between 1611 and 1718 it was the dominant power in the Baltic, Gustavus Adolphus has been considered one of the most successful Swedish kings in terms of success in warfare. When Vasa was built, he had been in power for more than a decade, Sweden was embroiled in a war with Poland-Lithuania, and looked apprehensively at the development of the Thirty Years War in present-day Germany. The war had been raging since 1618 and from a Protestant perspective it was not successful, the kings plans for a Polish campaign and for securing Swedens interests required a strong naval presence in the Baltic. The navy suffered several setbacks during the 1620s. In 1625, a squadron cruising in the Bay of Riga was caught in a storm, in the Battle of Oliwa in 1627, a Swedish squadron was outmaneuvered and defeated by a Polish force and two large ships were lost
EnglandEngland
