1.
Anthony Roll
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The Anthony Roll is a record of ships of the English Tudor navy of the 1540s, named after its creator, Anthony Anthony. It originally consisted of three rolls of vellum, depicting 58 naval vessels along with information on their size, crew, armament, the rolls were presented to King Henry VIII in 1546, and were kept in the royal library. In 1680 Charles II gave two of the rolls to Samuel Pepys, who had cut up and bound as a single volume book. The third roll remained in the collection until it was given by William IV to his daughter, Mary Fox. The Anthony Roll is the only fully illustrated inventory of ships of the English navy in the Tudor period. While the inventories listed in its text have proven to be accurate, most of the ship illustrations are rudimentary. The level of detail of the design, armament and especially rigging has therefore proven to be only approximate. The only known depictions of prominent Tudor era vessels like the Henry Grace à Dieu. Anthonys father was William Anthony a Fleming from Middelburg in Zeeland who migrated to England in 1503, William was a supplier of beer to the army, and Anthony followed in his fathers footsteps. He went into beer exporting no later than 1530 and became a supplier of beer to the navy, in 1533 Anthony was appointed gunner at the Tower of London, a position he retained nominally until his death. He rose to the rank of overseer of the Ordnance Office, the government body responsible for supplying the forces with artillery. In 1549 he was promoted to master surveyor of the ordnance in the Tower, Calais, Boulogne and he continued the work of supplying arms to English forces, and was active in the last month of his life supplying guns for an expedition against Le Havre. In 1939 Dutch historian Nicholas Beets proposed that the Flemish artist, the will of William Anthony did not mention any other sons and Anthonisz. is believed to have been the son of Antonis Egbertson, the daughter of Jacob Corneliszoon van Oostzanen. That Cornelis and Anthony were related is, in the words of Ann Payne, not, presumably, impossible, contemporary maps, or plats, were routinely decorated with detailed pictures of ships, to mark bodies of water as much as to liven up the scenes. Such maps were common at the time, and were embellished by artists if deemed too simple or drab. This painting, recently dated to around 1545, has also suggested as a likely source of inspiration to Anthony for his illustrations. The design of the ships in these paintings, especially that of the Brighton raid and it is not known exactly when work on the rolls began nor when it was finished. It is only certain that it was presented to the king the year it was dated,1546
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Woolwich Dockyard
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Woolwich Dockyard was an English naval dockyard along the river Thames in Woolwich, where a large number of ships were built from the early 16th century until the late 19th century. At its largest extent it filled a 56-acre site north of Woolwich Church Street, the area is now partly residential, partly industrial, with remnants of its historic past having been restored. Woolwich Dockyard was founded by King Henry VIII in 1512 to build his flagship Henri Grâce à Dieu, the ship was built at Gun Wharf in Old Woolwich, east of the area that was later known as Woolwich Dockyard or The Kings Yard, Woolwich. Like its counterpart Deptford Dockyard, Woolwich was probably chosen for its position - on the bank of the tidal River Thames conveniently close to Henrys palace at Greenwich. Initially situated further to the east, past Bell Water Gate, the yard moved in the 1540s to what was to become its permanent site, where a pair of dry docks formed the centre of operations. The two dry docks were rebuilt in the early 17th century when the dock was expanded. As at other Royal Dockyards, the Board of Ordnance maintained a gun wharf at Woolwich for storage and provision of guns, the wharf was sited east of Bell Water Gate. It was here that Woolwich Dockyard was founded in 1512 and the Great Harry was built in 1515, in the 1540s the dockyard moved away from Gun Wharf to an area further west. Gun Wharf continued to be used for storage, later the land was shared with the nearby Ropeyard. From the 1650s the Board of Ordnance began to use of open land further to the east of Gun Wharf, formerly used as a domestic warren, as a site for proving cannons. This was the beginning of what would become the Woolwich Royal Arsenal. In the 1570s a Royal Ropeyard was established in Woolwich, one of the largest in the world at the time, too long to fit within the confines of the Dockyard, its parallel sheds lay along the line of present-day Beresford Street. It remained in service until 1750, by which time similar establishments in other Royal Dockyards had begun to come to the fore, not long afterwards the Ropeyard suffered significant fire damage and its buildings were demolished in 1835. Engineer Samuel Bentham was a shipwright at the dockyard during the 1770s. The yard was expanded westwards in the 1780s, again almost doubling in size. Shipbuilding continued in earnest during the Napoleonic Wars, but, as ships grew still bigger, from 1831, however, Woolwich found a new lease of life as a specialist yard for marine steam engineering. Integral to the creation of the factory was the conversion of two mast ponds into steam basins, where ships could moor alongside the factory while their engines. One of these basins was provided with its own dry dock which, like the basins, was filled in and built over in the 20th century
4.
Battle of the Solent
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The engagement was inconclusive, and is most notable for the sinking of the English carrack Mary Rose. In 1545 Francis launched an invasion of England with 30,000 soldiers in more than 200 ships, against this armada — larger than the Spanish Armada forty-three years later — the English had about 12,000 soldiers and 80 ships. The French expedition started disastrously, the flagship Carraquon perishing on 6 July in a fire whilst at anchor in the Seine. Admiral Claude dAnnebault transferred his flag to La Maistresse, which ran aground as the fleet set sail. The leaks were patched and the crossed the Channel. The French entered the Solent and landed troops on the Isle of Wight, on 18 July the English came out of Portsmouth and engaged the French at long range, little damage being done on either side. La Maitresse was close to sinking due to her earlier damage, on the night of 18 July, Henry dined aboard Great Harry, the flagship of Admiral John Dudley, Viscount Lisle. The next day was calm, and the French employed their galleys against the immobile English vessels. Toward evening a breeze sprang up, and as Mary Rose, a witness with the French fleet believed that the galleys had sunk her, although this is not supported by other contemporary accounts and no physical evidence of this remains. The wind subsequently died down but Lisle made use of the tides and currents to position his fleet, the invasion of the Isle of Wight was repulsed. The attacking troops attempted to divide the defense by landing at several sites, on 22 July unable to resupply, and struggling with a leaking ship and illness among his crew, dAnnebaulton abandoned the invasion. He recalled the French troops and his fleet departed, the next day the French landed 1,500 troops near the town of Seaford, around 40 miles to the east. They attempted to pillage a nearby village and were repelled by local militia armed with longbows, loades, David, The Tudor Navy, An administrative, political and military history. ISBN 0-85967-922-5 Marsden, Peter, Sealed by Time, The Loss, the Archaeology of the Mary Rose, Volume 1. ISBN 0-9544029-0-1 Rodger, Nicholas A. M, the Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain 660–1649. ISBN 0-393-04579-X Stirland, Ann J. Raising the Dead, The Skeleton Crew of Henry VIIIs Great Ship, the Mary Rose
5.
Carrack
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A carrack or nau was a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship and was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe. Carracks were first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, in its most advanced forms, it was used by the Portuguese for trade with the African coast and finally with Asia and America from the 15th century into the 17th century. With linguistic variation, these ships were called carraca or nau in Portuguese, Spanish and Genoese, caraque or nef in French, kraak in Dutch and Flemish. Originally the word carrack meant ship and was used in the Mediterranean for any large ship long before the ocean-going carrack was developed in the later 15th century, the word carrack probably derives from an ancient middle-eastern Akkadian word for a type of river barge. In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel built ocean-going ship, large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and for a large cargo, the later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a rounded stern with large aftcastle, forecastle. By the Late Middle Ages the cog, and cog-like square-rigged vessels equipped with a rudder at the stern, were used along the coasts of Europe, from the Mediterranean. Given the conditions of the Mediterranean, galley type vessels were used there. These and similar ship types were familiar to Portuguese navigators and shipwrights, in addition to the average tonnage naus, some large naus were also built in the reign of John II of Portugal, but were only widespread after the turn of the century. The Portuguese carracks were very large ships for their time. The origin of the word carrack is usually traced back through the medieval European languages to the Arabic and its attestation in Greek literature is distributed in two closely related lobes. The first distribution lobe, or area, associates it with light and fast merchantmen found near Cyprus. The second is an extensive attestation in the Oxyrhynchus corpus, where it seems most frequently to describe the Nile barges of the Ptolemaic pharaohs, both of these usages may lead back through the Phoenician to the Akkadian kalakku, which denotes a type of river barge. The Akkadian term is assumed to be derived from a Sumerian antecedent, Sumerian antecedent A modern reflex of the word is found in Arabic and Turkish kelek raft, riverboat. A typical three-masted carrack such as the São Gabriel had six sails, bowsprit, foresail, mainsail, mizzensail and two topsails. From around 1515, Portugal had trade exchanges with Goa in Portuguese India, consisting of 3 to 4 carracks leaving Lisbon with silver to purchase cotton and spices in India. Out of these, only one went on to Ming China in order to purchase silk. That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the grounds that the ships were smuggling priests into Japan, in the middle of the 16th century the first galleons were developed from the carrack
6.
Rating system of the Royal Navy
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The first movement towards a rating system may be seen in the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century, when the largest carracks in the Navy were denoted great ships. This was only on the basis of their size and not on their weight. When these carracks were superseded by the new-style galleons later in the 16th century, the royal ships were now graded as first rank, the great ships as second rank, the middling ships as third rank, and the small ships as fourth rank. Soon afterwards, the structure was modified, with the term rank now being replaced by rate. The earliest rating was based not on the number of guns and this first classification took place in 1626, and was substantially altered in late 1653 as the complements of individual ships were raised. From about 1660 the classification moved from one based on the number of men to one based on the number of guns a ship carried. Samuel Pepys, then Secretary to the Admiralty, revised the structure in 1677 and laid it down as a solemn, universal, the rating of a ship was of administrative and military use. The number and weight of guns determined the size of crew needed and it also indicated whether a ship was powerful enough to stand in the line of battle. Pepyss original classification was updated by further definitions in 1714,1721,1760,1782,1801 and 1817, on the whole the trend was for each rate to have a greater number of guns. For instance, Pepys allowed a first rate 90–100 guns, a sixth rates range went from 4–18 to 20–28. A first-, second- or third-rate ship was regarded as a ship-of-the-line, the first and second rates were three-deckers, that is, they had three continuous decks of guns, usually as well as smaller weapons on the quarterdeck, forecastle and poop. The notable exception to rule being ships such as the Santisima Trinidad of Spain. The largest third rates, those of 80 guns, were likewise three-deckers from the 1690s until the early 1750s, but both before this period and subsequent to it, 80-gun ships were built as two-deckers. All the other rates, with 74 guns or less, were likewise two-deckers, with just two continuous decks of guns, as well as smaller weapons on the quarterdeck, forecastle. The smaller fourth rates, of about 50 or 60 guns on two decks, were ships-of-the-line until 1756, when it was felt that such 50-gun ships were now too small for pitched battles. The Navy did retain some fourth rates for convoy escort, or as flagships on far-flung stations, the smaller two deckers originally blurred the distinction between a fourth rate and a fifth rate. At the low end of the rate one might find the two-decker 50-gun ships from about 1756. The high end of the rate would include two-deckers of 40- or 44-guns or even the demi-batterie 32-gun and 36-gun ships of the 1690–1730 period
7.
Forecastle
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Forecastle refers to the upper deck of a sailing ship forward of the foremast, or the forward part of a ship with the sailors living quarters. Related to the meaning is the phrase before the mast which denotes anything related to ordinary sailors. The syncope of the word, focsle or focsle, is common among nautical terms, the positioning of the apostrophes represents silent letters, thus focsle. In medieval shipbuilding, a ship of war was usually equipped with a tall and it served as a platform for archers to shoot down on enemy ships, or as a defensive stronghold if the ship were boarded. A similar but usually much larger structure, called the aftcastle, was at the aft end of the ship, having such tall upper works on the ship was detrimental to sailing performance. Sailors stationed on the forecastle, or forecastle men, were responsible for handling the headsails, in the Royal Navy of the 17th and 18th centuries, these roles were reserved for older seamen who lacked the agility to go aloft or take other more strenuous duties aboard. By the end of the 19th century, raised forecastle had become a feature on warships again, in an attempt to keep forward gun positions from getting unacceptably wet on heavy seas. In addition the forecastle may provide additional crews quarters as in the past, a disadvantage of such a design is the structural weakness at the forecastle break relative to a flush deck structure. Media related to Forecastles at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Henry VIII of England
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Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII, Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and he achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich and his contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated, and accomplished king, and he has been described as one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne. He was an author and composer, as he aged, Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI, born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henrys six siblings, only three – Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, and Mary – survived infancy and he was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was inducted into the Order of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York, in May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. Henry was given an education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French. Not much is known about his early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, as Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15 of sweating sickness, Arthurs death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public, as a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne untrained in the exacting art of kingship
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