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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
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Henry IV was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany, and King of Italy and Burgundy. A Salian ruler, he was the son of Henry III and Agnes of Poitou. After his father's death in 1056, his mother acted as
Henry in full regalia (depicted in the 11th-century Evangelion of Saint Emmeram's Abbey)
Henry in full regalia (depicted in the 11th-century Evangelion of Saint Emmeram's Abbey)
Throne of Charlemagne in the Palatine Chapel in Aachen
Throne of Charlemagne in the Palatine Chapel in Aachen
Henry's brother-in-law, King Solomon of Hungary, appeals to him for help (miniature in the 14th-century Vienna Illuminated Chronicle).
Henry's brother-in-law, King Solomon of Hungary, appeals to him for help (miniature in the 14th-century Vienna Illuminated Chronicle).
Ruins of Homburg Castle. Henry's army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Saxons near the castle in 1074.
Ruins of Homburg Castle. Henry's army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Saxons near the castle in 1074.
Investiture Controversy
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The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops, abbots of monasteries, and the Pop
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
…alienated the nobility. Insisting on his royal prerogative to appoint bishops and abbots, he became embroiled in what would later be known as the Investiture Controversy, coming into conflict with the papacy; Pope Alexander II excommunicated Henry's advisers in 1073. After crushing a renewed rebellion in Saxony in 1075…
Henry IV begging forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII at Canossa, the castle of the Countess Matilda, 1077
Henry IV begging forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII at Canossa, the castle of the Countess Matilda, 1077
Contemporary illustration of Henry IV (left) and Anti-pope Clement III (centre)
Contemporary illustration of Henry IV (left) and Anti-pope Clement III (centre)
Henry IV requests mediation from Matilda of Tuscany and abbot Hugh of Cluny.
Henry IV requests mediation from Matilda of Tuscany and abbot Hugh of Cluny.
Enamel panel from Cologne figuring the investiture of a bishop (c. 1160–70), Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, Germany
Enamel panel from Cologne figuring the investiture of a bishop (c. 1160–70), Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, Germany