The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period, was the ruler and head of
Longest reigning Frederick III 19 March 1452 – 19 August 1493
Coats of arms of prince electors surround the imperial coat of arms; from a 1545 armorial. Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy Roman Emperor.
Depiction of Charlemagne in a 12th-century stained glass window, Strasbourg Cathedral, now at Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame.
Illustration of the election of Henry VII (27 November 1308) showing (left to right) the Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and King of Bohemia (Codex Balduini Trevirorum, c. 1340).
The Kingdom of Italy, also called Imperial Italy, was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy. It originally comprised large
The so-called Iron Crown of Lombardy, a votive crown from the Monza Cathedral said to contain a nail of the Passion, became a symbol of Lombard rule over Italy during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period. It was for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy
San Michele Maggiore, Pavia, where almost all the kings of Italy were crowned up to Frederick Barbarossa.
The defense of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)
Imperial Italy (outlined in red) in the 12th century