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Imperator
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The title of imperator was originally the rough equivalent of commander under the Roman Republic. Later, it became a part of the titulature of the Roman emperors as their praenomen. The Roman emperors
Marble statue of Augustus of Prima Porta, showing him in a pose of imperator (1st century AD)
Marble statue of Augustus of Prima Porta, showing him in a pose of imperator (1st century AD)
Roman sestertius of Emperor Titus with the inscription T CAESAR VESPASIAN (Titus Caesar Vespasianus) IMP IIII (Imperator Quartum) PON (Pontifex) TR PO
Roman sestertius of Emperor Titus with the inscription T CAESAR VESPASIAN (Titus Caesar Vespasianus) IMP IIII (Imperator Quartum) PON (Pontifex) TR POT II (Tribunicia Potestate Secundum) COS II (Consul Secundum). IMP IIII indicates four great victories by Titus and the associated fourth acclamation as emperor.
The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire with the inscription "ROMANORU[M] IMPERATOR AUG[USTUS]" (Emperor of the Romans, Augustus) on the right sid
The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire with the inscription "ROMANORU[M] IMPERATOR AUG[USTUS]" (Emperor of the Romans, Augustus) on the right side of the arch
Golden dedication inscription at the Äusseres Burgtor of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna of "FRANCISCUS. I. IMPERATOR. AUSTRIAE. MDCCCXXIV." (Francis I,
Golden dedication inscription at the Äusseres Burgtor of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna of "FRANCISCUS. I. IMPERATOR. AUSTRIAE. MDCCCXXIV." (Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 1824), who ruled as Francis II, last Holy Roman Emperor until 1806
Julius Caesar
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Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, and author who was the dictator of the Roman Republic almost continuously from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. A member of the First Triumvi
Imperator
…was the goal of many politically ambitious commanders, republican history is full of cases where legions were bribed to call their commander imperator. Julius Caesar was the first to use the title of imperator permanently. Cassius Dio (2nd–3rd century AD) writes that the Roman senate recognized imperator as Caesar's…
The Tusculum portrait, the only extant contemporary sculpture of Caesar
The Tusculum portrait, the only extant contemporary sculpture of Caesar
Sulla, depicted on the obverse of a denarius minted by Quintus Pompeius Rufus in 54 BC. Sulla took the city in 82 BC, purged his political enemies, an
Sulla, depicted on the obverse of a denarius minted by Quintus Pompeius Rufus in 54 BC. Sulla took the city in 82 BC, purged his political enemies, and instituted new constitutional reforms.
Imperial period bust of Augustus (known as the Augustus Bevilacqua) wearing the civic crown (Latin: corona civica). Caesar won the civic crown for his
Imperial period bust of Augustus (known as the Augustus Bevilacqua) wearing the civic crown (Latin: corona civica). Caesar won the civic crown for his bravery at the Siege of Mytilene in 81 BC.
Denarius of C. Cossutius Maridianus, 44 BC, with the head of Julius Caesar as pontifex maximus on the obverse. The legend on the reverse mentions the
Denarius of C. Cossutius Maridianus, 44 BC, with the head of Julius Caesar as pontifex maximus on the obverse. The legend on the reverse mentions the A. A. A. F. F.