1.
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
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Assistant Secretary of the Navy is the title given to certain civilian senior officials in the United States Department of the Navy. From 1861 to 1954, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy was the second highest civilian office in the Department of the Navy and that role has since been supplanted by the office of Under Secretary of the Navy and the office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy has been abolished. There have, however, been a number of bearing the phrase Assistant Secretary of the Navy in their title. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy was established in 1861, the Assistant Secretary was responsible for the Navys civilian personnel, as well as for administration of shore facilities. Gustavus Fox was the first to hold the post, serving throughout the Civil War, the office was disestablished in 1869, during Reconstruction, but was reestablished by Congress on July 11,1890. James R. Soley was the first to be appointed to the reestablished position. James V. Forrestal, later Secretary of Defense, was the first to serve as Under Secretary, he held the post until 1944, during the 20th century, the responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary were divided among several officials. During the 1920s, for example, to reflect the importance of naval aviation. The office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy was disestablished in 1954, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1897–1898, during the William McKinley administration. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1913 until 1920, and helped to implement Navy policies during World War I. Source for papers and photos of various Assistant Secretaries of the Navy Navy Organization – The Secretariat An organizational chart for the Office of the Secretary of the Navy, Dept. of the Navy
2.
Truman Handy Newberry
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Truman Handy Newberry was a U. S. businessman and political figure. He served as the Secretary of Navy between 1908 and 1909, senator from Michigan between 1919 and 1922. Newberry was born in Detroit, the son of John Stoughton Newberry and his wife, Helen P. Handy, the daughter of Truman P. Handy. He was also a descendant of the House of Beaumont and Newburgh family, Newberry attended Michigan Military Academy before graduating from Yale Colleges Sheffield Scientific School, where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall, in 1885. After college Newberry became superintendent of construction, paymaster, general freight and passenger agent and he was then president and treasurer of the Detroit Steel & Spring Company from 1887 to 1901. In 1902, he helped organize the Packard Motor Car Company and he engaged in various other manufacturing activities, including the Union Trust Company, the Union Elevator Company, and the Michigan State Telephone Company. In 1893, Newberry joined with others to organize the Michigan State Naval Brigade, serving as landsman in 1895, lieutenant and he was commissioned lieutenant in the United States Navy in May 1898 and served on the U. S. S. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1905-1908 under President Theodore Roosevelt and acted for the ill secretary Victor H. Metcalf, Newberry was appointed Secretary of the Navy on December 1,1908 and served until March 5,1909. He became lieutenant commander United States Navy Fleet Reserve, June 6,1917 and he was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4,1919, until his resignation on November 18,1922. In 1921, Newberry was tried and convicted under the Federal Corrupt Practices Act for election irregularities, in the face of a new movement to unseat him, Newberry resigned. He was replaced in the Senate by James J. Couzens and he died in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, and is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit. Henry Ford vs. Truman H. Newberry, The Famous Senate Election Contest, the Political Graveyard Newberry, Truman Handy
3.
Beekman Winthrop
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Beekman Winthrop was an American lawyer, government official and banker. He served as Governor of Puerto Rico from 1904 to 1907, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1907-1909, the son of Robert Winthrop and Kate Wilson Taylor, Beekman Beek Winthrop came from a family of wealth and influence in New York. Winthrop was soon promoted to Assistant Executive Secretary of the Philippines and was appointed as a Judge of the Court of First Instance, Philippine Islands. He was known to be a friend of Theodore Roosevelt and was appointed by him in 1904 as Governor and General Commander of Puerto Rico. He was confirmed by the Congress, melza Riggs Wood, four years his senior, whom he married in 1903, became the First Lady of Puerto Rico. Winthrop took oath as governor of Puerto Rico on July 4,1904, on his inauguration, he promised improvements to the educational system of Puerto Rico. Winthrop was a proponent of bringing citizenship and locally elected officials to Puerto Rico system of governance, the press reported favorably on Winthrops activities, and reporters were especially impressed with Mrs. Winthrops fluency in Spanish, which made her popular among local population. In 1907, Winthrop was appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, following his retirement from public service in 1913, he was a director of National City Bank. He resigned from the bank in 1916 and he subsequently became a senior partner of Robert Winthrop & Co. in New York, from which capacity he stepped down in 1939. At the end of his life he lived in New York on East 69th Street and he is buried at Green-Wood Cemetery. The Winthrops did not have children, however, Nathaniel Thayer Winthrop, Beekman Winthrop at Find a Grave Photograph album of Beekman Winthrop, ca
4.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
5.
Robert Livingston the Elder
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He was born in 1654 in the village of Ancrum, near Jedburgh, in the County of Roxburgh, Scotland, one of seven children of the Reverend John Livingston. He and his father were descendants of the fourth William Livingston, 4th Lord Livingston, ancestor of the earls of Linlithgow and Callendar. In 1663, his father, John Livingston, was sent into exile due to his resistance to attempts to turn the Presbyterian national church into an Episcopalian institution, the exiled family settled in Rotterdam, in the Dutch Republic, where English merchants also worked. Robert became fluent in the Dutch language, which helped him greatly in his career in New York and New Jersey. Following the death of his father in 1673, Robert Livingston returned to Scotland for a time and he sailed for Boston to find his fortune in North America. Livingstons father was known in Puritan Boston, and a merchant advanced the young son enough stock and credit to undertake a trading venture to Albany. Livingston arrived in Albany in late 1674, with his business and language skills, in August 1675 he became secretary to Nicholas Van Rensselaer, director of Rensselaerswyck, who died a few years later in 1678. In 1686, he and his brother-in-law, Pieter Schuyler, persuaded Governor Thomas Dongan to grant Albany a municipal charter like that awarded to New York City a few months earlier. Appointed as clerk of the city and county of Albany, Livingston collected a fee for each legal document registered, with Pieter Schuyler, he led the opposition in Albany to Leislers Rebellion. He served as Secretary for Indian Affairs from 1695 until his death and he was elected repeatedly to the New York provincial assembly, serving from 1709–1711, and 1716–1725, he was elected speaker in 1718. According to Cynthia Kierner, Robert Livingston valued public life primarily as a source of private profits, Livingstons generation looked upon politics as a business. In 1696, Livingston backed Captain William Kidds privateer voyage on the Adventure Galley. for the English navy, nearly 3,000 refugee Germans arrived in Manhattan in 1710, on ten ships from London. They worked for years in the camps to pay off their passage, before being granted land in the Mohawk, Livingston made a substantial profit by selling supplies to the work camps and was paid by the English colonial government. His will provided for the establishment of the Livingston Memorial Church, the original church of 1721 was replaced by another built in the late 19th century. Burials at the cemetery ceased in 1890, the 19th-century church and ground was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Before entailing the bulk of the estate to his eldest son, Philip, Robert Livingston bequeathed about 13,000 acres to his son and namesake. The younger man developed the property as a known as Clermont. It is now recognized as a historic site
6.
Livingston Manor
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This article contains information related to Livingston Manor, the 18th century New York estate. Livingston Manor, New York is a town in Sullivan County, the Livingston Manor Historic District is located in Highland Park, New Jersey. Livingston Manor was a 160,000 acre tract of land granted, in present day New York and New Jersey, the original patent was obtained in July 1686. This tract embraced a portion of what is now Columbia County. The lords of the manor were, Robert Livingston the Elder, although an English-deeded tract, some sources list Livingston Manor with the patroonships of New Netherland. A portion of the estate is held by the family. The town of Livingston, New York occupies part of the original tract, the original Livingston Manor encompasses the present day towns of Livingston, Germantown, Clermont, Taghkanic, Gallatin, Copake, and Ancram, located in Columbia County New York. In 1750, Robert Livingston, the lord, bought 95,000 acres in the area shortly after becoming the third Lord of the Manor of Livingston Manor. Most of the land would be sold or leased by 1780, roberts third son John Robert Livingston deeded 8,441 acres to his nephew Dr. Edward R. Livingston in 1822 around area then called Purvis, New York. In 1882, Purvis was renamed Livingston Manor, a Greek Revival mansion built by descendents Robert and Louisa Livingston around 1843 stands on the property and is now known as Livingston Homestead. At the turn of the 20th century, the property was developed as a streetcar suburb, the house and the district are listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. Notes Sources Raken. com, Manor Lords CooperativeIndividualism. org, Dutch Patroons
7.
Law practice
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However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various other professions where clients are represented by agents. These professions include real estate, banking, accounting, and insurance, moreover, a growing number of legal document assistants are offering services which have traditionally been offered only by lawyers and their employee paralegals. Many documents may now be created by computer-assisted drafting libraries, where the clients are asked a series of questions that are posed by the software in order to construct the legal documents. In the United States, the practice of law is conditioned upon admission to practice of law, Unauthorized practice of law is an act sometimes prohibited by statute, regulation, or court rules. The definition of unauthorized practice of law is variable, and is often conclusory and tautological, there is some agreement that appearing in a legally constituted court in a legal proceeding to represent clients is considered to be unauthorized practice of law. But other variations are subject to interpretation and conflicting regulation, particularly as to the scope and breadth of the prohibition. Blacks Law Dictionary defines unauthorized practice of law as The practice of law by a person, typically a nonlawyer, certain activities, such as the representation of another person in litigation, are generally proscribed. Even in that area, many jurisdictions recognize exceptions for such matters as small-claims and landlord-tenant tribunals, moreover, many jurisdictions have authorized law students and others not locally admitted to represent indigent persons or others as part of clinical legal education programs. What is more controversial is out-of-court activities, particularly drafting of documents and giving advice, some states have defined the practice of law to include those who appear as a representative in arbitration or act as arbitrators in disputes. For example, there is a conflict between the multijurisdictional practice of law in arbitration proceedings in the financial service industry and state regulation of lawyers. With a few exceptions, the rule is that an appearance at an arbitration does not constitute the practice of law. The United States bankruptcy court for the Eastern District of Tennessee has held that clients with explanations or definitions of such legal terms of art. Is, by itself, giving legal advice, texas law generally prohibits a person who is not an attorney from representing a client in a personal injury or property damage matter, and punishes a violation as a misdemeanor. Some states also criminalize the separate behavior of falsely claiming to be lawyer, criminal laws and enforcement of Unauthorized Practice of Law statutes is the organized bars preferred method. In Florida, the practice of law is a third degree felony. In a 2015 survey by the American Bar Association, Florida had the largest budget—$1.8 million—nationwide for prosecuting the unauthorized practice of law, the judge observed that the legal profession is “a cartel of providers of services relating to society’s laws” which cartels focus is to restrict entry. Modern economists call it rent seeking, but throughout recorded history, skilled crafts, the practice of law was not formally regulated in Arizona for a time. However, the Arizona Supreme Court found independent inherent authority to regulate the practice of law, arizonas statute criminalizing unauthorized practice of law was allowed to lapse from a sunset law in 1985
8.
Corporate law
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Corporate law is the practice or study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community, and the environment interact with one another. Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law, other types of business associations can include partnerships, or trusts, or companies limited by guarantee. Under corporate law, corporations of all sizes have separate legal personality, shareholders control the company through a board of directors which, in turn, typically delegates control of the corporations day-to-day operations to a full-time executive. Corporate law deals with firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a state or their subnational states. Corporate law is divided into corporate governance and corporate finance. The word corporation is generally synonymous with large publicly owned companies in the United States, in United Kingdom, company is more frequently used as the legal term for any business incorporated under the Companies Act 2006. Large scale companies will be PLCs in the United Kingdom and will usually have shares listed on a Stock Market. In British legal usage any registered company, created under the Companies Act 2006 and previous equivalent legislation, is, strictly, such a company is created by the administrative process of registration under the Companies Act as a general piece of legislation. A corporation, in this British sense, can be a corporation sole which consists of an office occupied by one person e. g. the monarch or certain bishops in England. Here, the office is recognized as separate from the individual who holds it, in the United States, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity, and is often used synonymously with firm or business. A corporation may accurately be called a company, however, a company should not necessarily be called a corporation, which has distinct characteristics. According to Blacks Law Dictionary, in America a company means a corporation — or, less commonly, the defining feature of a corporation is its legal independence from the people who create it. If a corporation fails, its shareholders will lose their money, shareholders are not liable for any remaining debts owed to the corporations creditors. This rule is called limited liability, and it is why corporations end with Ltd, in the words of British judge, Walton J, a company is. only a juristic figment of the imagination, lacking both a body to be kicked and a soul to be damned. But despite this, under just about every system in existence and as per international norms, corporations have the same legal rights. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, just as they are born into existence through its members obtaining a certificate of incorporation, they can die when they lose money into insolvency. Corporations can even be convicted of offences, such as fraud. Although some forms of companies are thought to have existed during Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece, with increasing international trade, Royal charters were granted in Europe to merchant adventurers
9.
Commercial law
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It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law. It can also be understood to regulate corporate contracts, hiring practices, many countries have adopted civil codes that contain comprehensive statements of their commercial law. In the United States, commercial law is the province of both the United States Congress, under its power to regulate commerce, and the states. Various regulatory schemes control how commerce is conducted, particularly vis-a-vis employees, privacy laws, safety laws, and food and drug laws are some examples. Outline of commercial law Consulate of the Sea Hundreds of Answers to Basic Business Law Questions Topical listing of US commercial law from Cornells Legal Information Institute
10.
Harlan Fiske Stone
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Harlan Fiske Stone was an American political figure, lawyer, and jurist. A native of New Hampshire, he served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1925. In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. His most famous dictum was, Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern, Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire, to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife, Ann Sophia Stone. He prepared at Amherst High School, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst College in 1894, from 1894 to 1895, he was the submaster of Newburyport High School. From 1895 to 1896 he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898, received an LL. B. and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898. Stone practiced law in New York City, initially as a member of the firm Satterlee, Canfield & Stone, from 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School. He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the dean from 1910 to 1923. He lived in The Colosseum, an apartment building near campus, the Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles, but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision. Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America–using postage stamps was his example–without accepting the burdens of citizenship. In a majority of cases, the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere. refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force. At the end of the war, he criticized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any review of their cases. During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors, Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence, legal realism. Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules, instead, they searched for the experiential, although Dean Stone encouraged the realists, he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts. He received a higher salary and headed the firms litigation department. In full‑time private practice for only a time, Stone was considered a hard‑working, solid sort of person, willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind. These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty, in one of his first acts as Attorney General, Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity
11.
J. P. Morgan
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John Pierpont J. P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States. In 1892, Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and he was instrumental in the creation of the United States Steel Corporation, International Harvester and AT&T. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907 and he was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. Morgan has been described as America’s greatest banker, Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. His fortune was estimated at only US$80 million, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say, Morgan was born into the influential Morgan family in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised there. He was the son of Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father. In the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut, boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the exam for The English High School of Boston. In the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to more common as his life progressed. Rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk and he convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies. After he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school near the Swiss village of Vevey and his father then sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German. He attained a level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via Wiesbaden. Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of merchant banking firm Peabody, in 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody and Company. Morgan had avoided serving during the war by paying a substitute $300 to take his place, from 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his fathers firm, renamed J. S. Morgan & Co. upon Peabodys retirement in 1864, from 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company. In 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, at that time, Anthony J. Drexel became Pierponts mentor at the request of Junius Morgan. After the death of Anthony Drexel, the firm was rechristened J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, retaining close ties with Drexel & Company of Philadelphia, Morgan, Harjes & Company of Paris, and J. S. By 1900, it was one of the most powerful banking houses of the world, Morgan had many partners over the years, such as George W. Perkins, but always remained firmly in charge
12.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
13.
Sotterley (Hollywood, Maryland)
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Sotterley Plantation is a historic landmark plantation house located at 44300 Sotterley Lane in Hollywood, St. Marys County, Maryland, USA. It is a long 1 1⁄2-story, nine-bay frame building, covered with wide, beaded clapboard siding and wood shingle roof, also on the property are a sawn-log slave quarters of c. 1830, an 18th-century brick warehouse, and an early-19th-century brick meat house, farm buildings include an early-19th-century corn crib and an array of barns and work buildings from the early 20th century. Opened to the public in 1961, it was once the home of George Plater, the sixth Governor of Maryland, and Herbert L. Satterlee, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Sotterley Plantation is the only Tidewater plantation in Maryland open to the public that offers visitor activities, visitors can tour the early 18th-century mansion, an original slave cabin, a customs warehouse, smokehouse, necessary and corn crib, as well as a formal Colonial Revival garden. The property comprises 95 acres of rolling fields, gardens, Julius Clifton Callis was the dockmaster for Sotterly Wharf. Several of his brothers worked at the wharf and his brother Noah moved into the wharf house as caretaker after Julius died in 1938. Laura Virginia Callis attended Sotterley School and this class picture was taken there about 1918. Laura Virginia Callis stands second from the left in the second row and she was the daughter of Julius Clifton Callis and Laura Callis. Official website Sotterley, St. Marys County, including undated photo, mD-181, Sotterly, State Route 245 & Vista Road Vicinity, Hollywood vicinity, St. Marys County, MD,34 photos,7 measured drawings,29 data pages HABS No. MD-181-A, Sotterly, Necessary,1 photo HABS No, mD-181-B, Sotterly, Gate Lodge,1 photo HABS No. MD-181-C, Sotterly, Slave Quarters,3 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, mD-181-D, Sotterly, Barn,1 photo HABS No. MD-181-E, Sotterly, Ceiling Detail,1 photo HABS No
14.
Hollywood, Maryland
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Hollywood is an unincorporated community located within St. Marys County, Maryland. It was named in 1867, when a storeowner at Thompsons General Store near the Uniontown section of Hollywood required a name for the post office inside the store, the storeowner was inspired by the gigantic holly tree planted in front of the store and named the post office Hollywood. The McKays Food and Drug Supermarket was renovated in 2013 with parts from the old California location which was closed in favor, Hollywood is home to distinctive landmarks such as the congregation of St. John Francis Regis Catholic Church, which was founded in 1690. The area also includes the nationally renowned Sotterley Plantation on the banks of the Patuxent River, Sotterley was founded in 1703 by James Bowles, a wealthy planter, eventually changing hands to former Maryland Governor George Plater and through the 20th century to Louisa Satterlee and her husband. The contemporary community of Hollywood now serves as a rural community with extensive farms that produce soybean, corn, hay, grains, wheats. It currently hosts an industrial park where such as Northrop Grumman have branch offices. There is a center for engineers attached to the nearby Patuxent River Naval Air Station. Numerous roads lead to the shore of the Patuxent River, Hollywood is not an incorporated town, residing under the direct authority of the St. Marys County Commissioners. Hollywood is home to Hollywood Elementary School on Joy Chapel Road, Hollywood is also the home of St. John Regis Catholic School. St. Johns School was opened on September 12,1923 under the leadership of Rev. Joseph M. Johnson, the first four grades were taught in the sacristy of the church and grades five through eight were held in a second story room over the sacristy. From the 1920s until the 1980s, the school was staffed by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, on May 20,1924 the white frame section of the school was completed as a four-room school building. On June 15,1952 a brick addition of two classrooms, auditorium and full basement were completed, later, part of the auditorium was partitioned to make two additional classrooms and the remaining auditorium space was converted to a library. Socks, the cat of President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, socks, who lived with Bill Clintons secretary Betty Currie, was euthanized in 2009 at an age of nearly twenty after several years of declining health
15.
Manhattan, New York City
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
16.
New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
17.
United States Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
18.
United States Secretary of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
19.
Cabinet of the United States
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The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the President. Aside from the Attorney General, the heads of the executive departments all receive the title of Secretary, all members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. There is no definition of the term Cabinet in the United States Constitution. The name comes from a 17th-century usage for a room where advisors would meet. The term principal officers of the departments is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The executive departments are listed in 5 U. S. C, under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department and these may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration. The heads of the departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President. If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, an elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President. 21 positions, including the heads of the departments and others. §5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay are listed in 5 U. S. C, as of 2015, Level I annual pay, was set at $203,700. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300, the salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trumps Cabinet, the Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions, Department of the Navy, headed by the Secretary of the Navy, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Post Office Department, headed by the Postmaster General, reorganized as the United States Postal Service, National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense, created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949. Department of the Army, headed by the Secretary of the Army, Department of the Air Force, headed by the Secretary of the Air Force, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789, Secretary of War, created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense
20.
Benjamin Stoddert
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Benjamin Stoddert was the first United States Secretary of the Navy from May 1,1798 to March 31,1801. Stoddert was born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1744 and he was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, and then worked as a merchant. He served as a captain in the Pennsylvania cavalry and later as secretary to the Continental Board of War during the American Revolutionary War, during the war, he was severely injured in the Battle of Brandywine and was subsequently released from active military service. In 1781, he married Rebecca Lowndes, daughter of Christopher Lowndes, a Maryland merchant and they resided at the home of his father-in-law, Bostwick, located at Bladensburg, Maryland. In 1783, Stoddert established an export business in Georgetown, with business partners Uriah Forrest. Stoddert then transferred the parcels to the government, during the 1790s, he also helped found the Bank of Columbia to handle purchases of land in the District of Columbia for the federal government. In May 1798, President John Adams appointed Stoddert, a loyal Federalist, as the first Secretary of the Navy, Stoddert soon found himself dealing with an undeclared naval war with France, which would come to be known as the Quasi-War. Stoddert realized that the infant Navy possessed too few warships to protect a far-flung merchant marine by using convoys or by patrolling the North American coast. Rather, he concluded that the best way to defeat the French campaign against American shipping was by offensive operations in the Caribbean, thus at the very outset of the conflict, the Department of the Navy adopted a policy of going to the source of the enemys strength. American successes during the conflict resulted from a combination of Stodderts administrative skill in deploying his limited forces, under Stodderts leadership, the reestablished United States Navy acquitted itself well and achieved its goal of stopping the depredations of French ships against American commerce. Stoddert concerned himself not only with the Navys daily administration and operations and he established the first six navy yards and advocated building twelve 74 gun ships of the line. Following the peace accord with France, the Navys personnel strength, the Jefferson Administration reduced active naval strength to three frigates and sold off or used the collected supplies in the Navy Yards for gunboat construction. This policy left the United States unprepared to respond to the threats of the Barbary pirates. Stoddert established the Navy Department Library as a result of instructions received from President Adams in a letter dated 31 March 1800 and he left office in March 1801 to return to commercial life. During this period he lived at Halcyon House, on the corner at 3400 Prospect Street NW, Benjamin Stoddert died on December 13,1813, and is buried in the graveyard at Addison Chapel, Seat Pleasant, Maryland. C. In the Georgetown section of Washington, DC, there was a Stoddert Street named after Benjamin Stoddert, in the Georgetown street renaming of 1895 the name was changed to Q Street NW. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, biography on Benjamin Stoddert Brief on Benjamin Stoddert
21.
Robert Smith (Cabinet member)
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Robert Smith was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith, Smith was born in Lancaster in the Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Continental Army and he graduated from Princeton in 1781 and began to practice law in Maryland. President Thomas Jefferson appointed him as Secretary of the Navy in July 1801 after William Jones declined the position, on March 2,1805, the Senate confirmed the appointments of Smith as United States Attorney General and Jacob Crowninshield as Secretary of the Navy. However, Crowninshield declined his appointment, so Smith briefly served as both Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy, eventually, President Jefferson appointed John Breckinridge to replace Smith as Attorney General and Smith resumed his role as a full-time Secretary of the Navy. Smith finally left the office of Secretary of the Navy with the end of President Jeffersons administration on March 4,1809. Jeffersons successor, President James Madison, immediately appointed Smith as Secretary of State, Smith was closely allied with his brother, Maryland Senator Samuel Smith. He bitterly opposed Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin, Madison thought he could be his own Secretary of State, but Smith so often pursued opposite policies that Madison finally demanded his resignation. Madison offered Smith the post of ambassador to Russia, currently held by John Quincy Adams. Smith considered the offer, but in the end, he refused the post, Smith became the president of the not-yet-fully-organized American Bible Society in 1813. In 1818, he became the president of the Maryland Agriculture Society. Robert Smith died in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 26,1842, the USS Robert Smith was named for him. Clifford Egan, Robert Smith in Edward S. Mihalkanin, ed, American Statesmen, Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell, Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 478–83. Robert Smith at Find a Grave Robert Smith at the Naval Historical Center Robert Smith at the United States Department of State Robert Smith at the Hall of the Secretaries of State
22.
Paul Hamilton (politician)
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Paul Hamilton was the 3rd United States Secretary of the Navy, from 1809 to 1813. Paul Hamilton was born in Saint Pauls Parish, South Carolina and he left school at the age of sixteen due to financial problems. During the American War of Independence he served actively in military roles in the southern states and he participated with Colonel William Harden in the capture of Fort Balfour. Following the war, he was a planter and public figure, Hamilton served South Carolina in many public offices including state Representative, State Senator, Comptroller, and the 42nd Governor. In 1809, President James Madison selected Hamilton to become the third Secretary of the Navy and his term in office included the first months of the War of 1812, during which time the small United States Navy achieved several remarkable victories over British warships. Hamilton was a proponent of preparedness, especially sea fortifications. Although he wanted to strengthen the Navy, he found the Congress hostile, however, he was responsible for the Naval Hospitals Act of 1811. Secretary Hamilton resigned at the end of 1812 and returned to South Carolina, three Navy destroyers have been named USS Paul Hamilton in his honor along with the USS Hamilton and one Liberty ship named SS Paul Hamilton. Also bearing his name is the town of Hamilton, Georgia and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. SCIway Biography of Paul Hamilton NGA Biography of Paul Hamilton Paul Hamilton at Find a Grave Paul Hamilton Papers at the University of South Carolina Librarys Digital Collections Page
23.
William Jones (statesman)
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William Jones was an American politician. Jones was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, apprenticed in a shipyard, during the American Revolutionary War, he saw combat in the battles of Trenton and Princeton and later served at sea. In the decades that followed the war, he was a merchant in Charleston, South Carolina. With the War of 1812 raging, Jones became Secretary of the Navy in January 1813 and his policies contributed greatly to American success on the Great Lakes and to a strategy of coastal defense and commerce raiding on the high seas. In late 1814, near the end of his term, he made recommendations on the reorganization of the Navy Department and these led to the establishment of the Board of Commissioners system which operated from 1815 until 1842. During much of 1813 and into 1814, Jones also served as acting Secretary of the Treasury and he returned to commercial pursuits in 1819. The destroyer USS William Jones was named in his honor and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, William Jones at Find a Grave
24.
Benjamin Williams Crowninshield
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Benjamin Williams Crowninshield served as the United States Secretary of the Navy between 1815 and 1818, during the administrations of Presidents James Madison and James Monroe. Crowninshield was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of a sea captain and he worked in the family shipping business, Geo. Crowninshield & Sons, served at sea, and was active in politics. His family owned the lands near Mineral Spring, where the first Crowninshield family was cradled in the country and he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1811 and the state Senate in 1812. Crowninshield was a prominent benefactor of the first Gerrymander, Crowninshield would win his Senate seat by only 8 votes, over 100 votes less than the other Republican candidates. Crowninshield would lose his seat in the State Senate the next year, with the Newburyport Herald printing an editorial cartoon of a dead Gerrymander, in 1810, Crowninshield, with Salems premier architect Samuel McIntire, built a mansion at 180 Derby Street on the Salem Waterfront. Robert Brookhouse purchased the house and in 1861 deeded it to the Association for the Relief of Aged Women, located next to the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, the house is now called the The Brookhouse Home for Aged Women. And provides quality support to senior women and this included implementation of the new Board of Commissioners administrative system and the building of several ships of the line, the backbone of a much enhanced Navy. He also oversaw strategy and naval policy for the Second Barbary War in 1815, after leaving Navy office in 1818, Crowninshield returned to business and political affairs in Massachusetts, prospering in both. In addition to serving two terms in the Massachusetts House, he was also elected to four terms the United States Congress from 1823 to 1831. On his death in 1851, Benjamin Williams Crowninshield was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Crowninshield was the great-great-grandfather of Charles Francis Adams III, also Secretary of the Navy from 1929 to 1933. The destroyer USS Crowninshield was named in his honor, stephen Decatur This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
25.
Smith Thompson
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Smith Thompson was a United States Secretary of the Navy from 1819 to 1823, and a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1823 until his death in 1843. Born in Amenia, New York, Thompson graduated from Princeton University in 1788, taught for a period thereafter, then studied law under James Kent. He practiced in Troy, New York from 1792 to 1793, Smith Thompson was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1800, and attended the New York Constitutional Convention of 1801. He was appointed to the New York State Supreme Court in 1802, serving as Associate Justice from 1802 to 1814 and his wife Susanna was a member of the Livingston family. Thompson only reluctantly accepted his appointment to the United States Supreme Court, Thompson received a recess appointment from President James Monroe on September 1,1823, to a seat vacated by Henry Brockholst Livingston. Formally nominated on December 5,1823, Thompson was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9,1823, thereafter he mostly exited political life, and on the court was a staunch opponent of Chief Justice John Marshall. In May 1816, Smith Thompson was a vice president of the American Bible Society and provided a copy to every officer. In 1919, the USS Smith Thompson was named in honor of him on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Smith Thompson becoming the Secretary of the Navy, the Supreme Court Justices, Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995. The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court, lippincott & Co.1874 at Google Books. Frank, John P. Friedman, Leon, Israel, Fred L. eds, the Justices of the United States Supreme Court, Their Lives and Major Opinions. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, martin, Fenton S. Goehlert, Robert U. The U. S. Supreme Court, A Bibliography, the Supreme Court Justices, A Biographical Dictionary. The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815-35, published in an abridged edition,1991. Smith Thompson at Find a Grave Smith Thompson at the Naval Historical Center
26.
Samuel L. Southard
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Samuel Lewis Southard was a prominent U. S. statesman of the early 19th century, serving as a U. S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, and the tenth Governor of New Jersey. The son of Henry Southard and brother of Isaac Southard, he was born in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, attended the Brick Academy classical school and he is descended from one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam, Anthony Janszoon van Salee. After teaching school in New Jersey, he worked for years as a tutor in Virginia. Upon being admitted to the bar, he returned to New Jersey, during this time, he was a member of the committee that produced the Missouri Compromise. President James Monroe selected Senator Southard to be Secretary of the Navy in September 1823, during these years, he also served briefly as ad interim Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of War. Southard proved to be one of the most effective of the Navys early Secretaries, responding to actions by influential officers, including David Porter, he reinforced the American tradition of civilian control over the military establishment. Also on Southards watch, the Navy grew by some 50% in personnel and expenditures, in 1829, after leaving his Navy post, Samuel Southard became New Jersey Attorney General following Theodore Frelinghuysen in that post. Elected Governor over Peter D. Vroom by a vote of 40 to 24 by the joint session of the Legislature in 1832, during the next decade, he was a leader of the Whig Party and a figure of national political importance. Failing health forced his resignation from the Senate in 1842, Samuel Southard died in Fredericksburg, Virginia on June 26 of that year. He was interred in the Congressional Cemetery, the destroyer USS Southard, 1919–1946, was named in his honor. There is also a park in Basking Ridge, New Jersey named after him. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command, Samuel L. Southard, A Case Study of Whig Leadership in the Age of Jackson. Most boxes are organized by year and subject, access to these documents is Princeton University Library, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Manuscripts Division. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, New Jersey Governor Samuel Lewis Southard, National Governors Association Samuel Lewis Southard at The Political Graveyard Samuel L. Southard at Find a Grave
27.
John Branch
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Branch was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, on November 4,1782, the son of wealthy landowners. Educated at the University of North Carolina, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society, he occupied himself as a planter, Branch served in the North Carolina Senate from 1811 to 1817 and was the states Governor from 1817 to 1820. After further service in the state Senate, he represented North Carolina in the United States Senate from 1823 until 1829 and was a supporter of Andrew Jackson. When Jackson became President, he selected Branch as his Secretary of the Navy, in that post, Branch promoted several reforms in the Navys policies and administration, many of which were not implemented until years later. He reduced the resources going to the construction of new ships, Branch also sent the frigate USS Potomac to the Far East to punish the murderers of a U. S. merchant ships crew and to generally promote and protect American commerce in the region. John Branch resigned as Secretary in 1831, during the Petticoat affair, which involved the social ostracism of Margaret ONeill Eaton, Eaton by a group of Cabinet members and their wives led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Later that year, Branch was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Jacksonian, in the mid-1830s, he moved to Leon County, Florida, where he lived for much of the next decade-and-a-half on his Live Oak Plantation. In 1844, President John Tyler appointed him Floridas territorial governor until the 1845 election of a governor under the state constitution, Branch returned to North Carolina in the early 1850s, remaining there until his death on January 4,1863. Branch is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Enfield, North Carolina, Branch was an uncle of the Confederate General Lawrence OBryan Branch. American National Biography Dictionary of American Biography Buccellato, Robert, raleigh, NC, Commercial Printing Co.1915 Hoffmann, William S. John Branch and the Origins of the Whig Party in North Carolina. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress John Branch at Find a Grave
28.
Levi Woodbury
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Levi Woodbury was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a U. S. Senator, Governor of New Hampshire and cabinet member in three administrations. He was the first Justice to have attended law school, Woodbury was born in Francestown, New Hampshire, the son of Mary and Peter Woodbury. He began his education at Atkinson Academy and he graduated from Dartmouth College, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1809, briefly attended Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, and read law to be admitted to the New Hampshire Bar in 1812. He became the first Supreme Court justice to attend law school, later, he was in private practice in Francestown from 1812 to 1816. His education contributed to his start in law, which led to his later political positions. He was admitted to the New Hampshire Bar in 1812 and began practicing law in his hometown, following the publication of his defense, he gained the recognition he needed to receive an appointment to the state senate in 1816. In quick succession, he was appointed to the supreme court a year later. During the time of his election, there was factionalism within the party. The caucus chose Samuel Dinsmoor as the candidate for governor, Woodbury defeated Dinsmoor by a wide margin, but his one year as governor was a failure. He tried to reconcile the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans but did not make a lot of progress, Senator from New Hampshire, during which time he served as the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee. Throughout Woodbury’s political career, he was characterized as being independent and moderate, Woodbury was a clerk of the New Hampshire State Senate from 1816 to 1817, and a Justice of New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature from 1817 to 1823. He was Governor of New Hampshire from 1823 to 1824 and was Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives,1825, Woodbury served as a United States Senator from New Hampshire from 1825 to 1831. Elected to serve in New Hampshire State Senate in 1831, Woodbury did not take due to his appointment as United States Secretary of the Navy under President Andrew Jackson. At the beginning of term, he was instrumental in the appointment of fellow New Hampshireman Edmund Roberts as special agent. Woodbury served as Secretary of the Treasury under Jackson and Martin Van Buren from 1834 to 1841 and he was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court,1845 to 1851. As a U. S. Senator, Woodbury was a dependable Jackson Democrat, Woodbury successfully worked to end the Second Bank of the United States, like Jackson he favored an independent treasury system and hard money over paper money. In retrospect, the financial Panic of 1837 and the collapse of land prices were legacies of Woodburys tenure. It was largely repealed under the new administration the following year, Woodbury also served as chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Finance during a Special Session of the 29th Congress
29.
Mahlon Dickerson
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Mahlon Dickerson was an American judge and politician. He was elected Governor of New Jersey as well as United States Senator from that state and he was twice appointed Secretary of the Navy – under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin van Buren. He was the brother of New Jersey Governor Philemon Dickerson. Born in Hanover Township in the Province of New Jersey, he was educated by private tutors and he then studied the law to be admitted to the bar in 1793. During the Whiskey Rebellion, he served as a private in the Second Regiment Cavalry, after his militia service, he settled in Philadelphia, and began practicing in Pennsylvania courts in 1797. He served as a Judge of the Mayors Court, and as a member of the Philadelphia Common Council in 1799 and he returned to New Jersey, settling in Morris County in 1810. Elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1811, he served one term and he was law reporter for the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1813 to 1814, and a justice of the same from 1813 to 1815. He was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1815 and served until 1817, in 1833, upon leaving the Senate, he was elected Member of the New Jersey Legislative Council for Morris County and served as Vice President for that term. In 1834 he declined appointment as Minister to Russia, in June of that year, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy by President Andrew Jackson and was reappointed by President Martin Van Buren, serving until June 1838. The destroyer USS Dickerson was named in his honor, on July 14,1840, Dickerson was nominated by President Martin Van Buren to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by William Rossell. Dickerson was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 21,1840 and he was also a delegate to the New Jersey constitutional convention of 1844. Dickerson died in 1853 in Succasunna, New Jersey and is interred at Presbyterian Cemetery, mahlon Dickerson Reservation in Morris County is named after him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, mahlon Dickerson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
30.
James Kirke Paulding
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James Kirke Paulding was an American writer and, for a time, the United States Secretary of the Navy. James Kirke Paulding was born on August 22,1778, at Pleasant Valley and he became a close friend of Washington Irving. With Irving, Paulding proposed a literary project, as he described, one day in a frolicsome mood, we broached the idea of a little periodical merely for our own amusement, and that of the town, for neither of us anticipated any further circulation. The result was Salmagundi, a satirical periodical, from which the word Gotham was first ascribed as a name for New York City. In the decade before Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper achieved popular success, thereafter, his outstanding contributions were in the novel and in a stage comedy. Among Pauldings government positions were those of secretary to the Board of Navy Commissioners in 1815–23, president Martin Van Buren appointed him Secretary of the Navy in June 1838. As Secretary, he was a figure, whose extensive knowledge of naval affairs was balanced by notable lack of enthusiasm for new technology. He opposed the introduction of steam propelled warships declaring that he would never consent to let our old ships perish, nevertheless, his tenure was marked by advances in steam engineering, wide-ranging exploration efforts, enlargement of the fleet and an expansion of the Navys apprenticeship program. Paulding left office with the change of administrations in March 1841, returned to literary pursuits and he died at his farm near Hyde Park, New York. He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, USS James K. Paulding was named in honor of Secretary of the Navy Paulding. Pauldings story, The Politician contains a maxim that is attributed to Samuel Gompers, Reward your friends. The story appears in his collection, Tales of the Good Woman, the same basic idea, appears in Platos dialogue, the Republic, where it is subsequently rejected as inadequate. 1807–1808 – Salmagundi 1812 – The Diverting History of John Bull,1835 – Life of George Washington, in two volumes 1836 – View of Slavery in the United States 1836 – The Book of St. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, london, J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Knickerbockers Rescue Santa Claus – an excerpt from Kirke Pauldings The Book of Saint Nicholas
31.
George Edmund Badger
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George Edmund Badger was a Whig U. S. senator from the state of North Carolina. Badger was born on April 17,1795 in New Bern, following a partial college education at Yale College, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1814. Badger practiced law in North Carolina, was active in state politics, a supporter of Andrew Jackson from the 1820s, he separated with him in the mid-1830s, became a leader of the Whig party and helped carry the Whigs to victory in the 1840 Presidential election. Badgers brief term as Secretary was marked by efforts to strengthen the Navy in the face of tension with Great Britain, home Squadron, and growing interest in steamships. Badger resigned in September 1841, during a cabinet shakeup. He was elected to the Senate in 1846 to fill the term of William Henry Haywood, Jr. and remained a Senator until 1855. He was nominated by President Millard Fillmore as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1853 and he was a Unionist during the secession crisis but thereafter supported the Confederate war effort. Badger died in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1866, two Navy ships have been named in honor of Senator Badger, USS George E. Badger, and USS Badger. A Liberty ship, the SS George E. Badger, also was named in his honor, Badger was a cousin of naval officers Oscar C. Badger, Charles J. Badger and Oscar C and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. George Edmund Badger entry at The Political Graveyard George Edmund Badger at Find a Grave George E. Badger at Naval Historical Center
32.
Abel P. Upshur
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Abel Parker Upshur was an American lawyer, judge and politician from Virginia. Upshur was active in Virginia state politics and later served as Secretary of the Navy and he was among six people killed on February 28,1844, when a gun exploded during a Potomac River pleasure cruise on the P USS Princeton. Upshur was born in Northampton County, Virginia, in 1790, Upshur attended Princeton University and Yale College, he was expelled from the former for participating in a student rebellion. He did not graduate, returning to Richmond, Virginia, to law with a private firm. Upshur was admitted to the bar in 1810, he set up practice in Baltimore, Maryland. He developed a law practice and became active in state politics. Upshur married Elizabeth Dennis on February 26,1817, she died in childbirth on November 28,1817 and he later remarried to his second cousin, Elizabeth Ann Brown, they had one daughter, Susan Parker Brown Upshur. He was elected to the Virginia General Court in 1826, and was a delegate to the Virginia State Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830. Throughout his political career, Upshur was a conservative and advocate for states rights. After John Tyler became President of the United States in 1841 and his time with the Navy was marked by a strong emphasis on reform and reorganization, and efforts to expand and modernize the service. He served from October 11,1841, to July 23,1843, in July 1843, President Tyler appointed Upshur United States Secretary of State to succeed Daniel Webster, who had resigned. His chief accomplishment was advocating for the annexation of the Republic of Texas as a slave state, Upshur and Texas ambassador Isaac Van Zandt worked closely on the treaty of annexation until Upshurs death. He was also involved in the negotiations in the Oregon boundary dispute and was a strong advocate of bringing the Oregon Country into the union. He was eventually willing to settle on the 49th parallel compromise for the border between the United States and Canada, although negotiations were not finished until after his death. On February 28,1844, Upshur joined the President and other dignitaries for a Potomac River cruise on the new steamship USS Princeton and he and five others were killed when one of the ships guns exploded during a demonstration of its firing power. He was buried at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D. C, thirty years later His remains were re-interred at Oak Hill Cemetery, also in Washington, D. C. The destroyer USS Abel P. Upshur was originally commissioned in 1920, in World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Abel Parker Upshur was named in his honor. These places have been named for him, Upshur County, West Virginia Upshur Street in northwest Washington, arlington, Virginia, Maryland, and northwest Portland, Oregon
33.
Thomas Walker Gilmer
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Thomas Walker Gilmer was an American statesman. He served in an number of positions in Virginia, including election as the 28th Governor of Virginia. Gilmers final political office was as the 15th Secretary of the Navy, Gilmer was born to George and Eliza Gilmer at their farm, Gilmerton, in Albemarle County, Virginia. He was taught by tutors in Charlottesville and Staunton, and studied law in Liberty. He was, briefly, editor of the Virginia Advocate, a Charlottesville newspaper, on May 23,1826, Gilmer married Anne Elizabeth Baker of Shepherdstown, now in West Virginia. Her late father, John Baker, had been a member of the United States House of Representatives and they had a son, George Hudson Gilmer, a Presbyterian minister. In 1829, Gilmer purchased Israel Jefferson, a slave of Thomas Jefferson. Gilmer later agreed to let Israel pay his own price for his freedom after Gilmers election to congress, as Israel desired to stay with his wife. Gilmer first served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1829–36 and he returned in 1839-40 and was named Speaker. On February 14,1840, Gilmer was elected the 28th Governor of Virginia, while in office, he had a disagreement with the Virginia General Assembly over the extradition of slave stealers, which played a part in his running for Congress the following winter. In March 1841, he entered the 27th Congress, and although he had been elected as a Whig, Tyler had very little support in the Party and eventually served just the rest of the term. Gilmer however was re-elected to the 28th Congress as a Democrat in 1842 by a close vote and his competitor, William L. Goggin, contested the result without success. On February 15,1844, he was appointed by Tyler to be the U. S and his death meant the loss of a valuable ally for Tyler and some historians suggest that it may have delayed the Texas Annexation effort. 1842, Gilmer was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives with 50. 21% of the vote, Gilmer is buried at Mount Air Cemetery in Gilbert, Virginia. A year after his death, Gilmer County, Virginia, was named in his honor, the city of Gilmer, Texas, is also named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, clerk of the House of Delegates, supervising. Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776-2007, richmond, Virginia, Virginia House of Delegates. A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas W. Gilmer, 1840-1841 at The Library of Virginia
34.
John Y. Mason
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John Young Mason was an American politician, diplomat, and United States federal judge. Born in Hicksford, Greensville County, Virginia, Mason attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was a member of Philanthropic Assembly. Mason graduated in 1816, and then law at Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, to be admitted to the Southampton County, Virginia. He had a law practice in Southampton County from 1821 to 1831. He married Mary Ann Fort, the daughter of a prominent land-owner, in 1821 and became a planter himself and he owned Fortsville located near Grizzard, Sussex County, Virginia. From 1831 to 1837 served in the United States House of Representatives, during this time, he was an active supporter of most elements of Andrew Jacksons presidency, but was also a staunch advocate of states rights. Jackson approved the appointment of George H. Thomas to the U. S, military Academy in 1836 on his recommendation. Mason later served as a delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention of 1850, Mason was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 2,1841, and received his commission the following day. He resigned from the bench on March 23,1844, to take a cabinet post, the latter was an early, and ultimately unsuccessful, experiment in public-private partnership. 1831, Mason was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives with 57. 88% of the vote,1835, Mason was re-elected with 72. 13% of the vote, defeating Whig John Urquehart. He was in legal practice from 1849 to 1854 and served as president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1851 and from 1853, until his death in Paris in 1859. In politics he was a typical Virginian of the old school, after his death in Paris, his remains were conveyed to the United States and interred in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia. USS Mason from 1920 to 1940, was named in honor of Secretary of the Navy John Y, Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, John Y. Mason at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. The Heritage and Preparation of a Statesman, John Young Mason, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
35.
George Bancroft
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George Bancroft was an American historian and statesman who was prominent in promoting secondary education both in his home state, at the national and international level. During his tenure as U. S. Secretary of the Navy and he was a senior American diplomat in Europe. Among his best-known writings is the series, History of the United States. Bancroft was born in Worcester and began his education at Phillips Exeter Academy, at age 17, he graduated from Harvard, class of 1817, and went to study in Germany. Abroad, he studied at the universities of Heidelberg, Göttingen, in 1820, he received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen. Returned to Heidelberg Schlierbach, where he had stayed during his studies in Heidelberg University and he founded a learning community for natural science and religion called Heidelbridge Community College, and in 1825 became Heidelbridge University of Science. Bancrofts father had devoted his son to the work of the ministry, while the young man delivered several sermons shortly after his return from Europe in 1822 which produced a favorable impression, the love of literature proved the stronger attachment. His first position was that of tutor of Greek at Harvard, instinctively a humanist, Bancroft had little patience with the narrow curriculum of Harvard in his day and the rather pedantic spirit with which classical studies were pursued there. A little volume of poetry, translations and original pieces, published in 1823 gave its author no fame and he found the conversational atmosphere of Cambridge uncongenial, and with Joseph Cogswell he established the Round Hill School at Northampton, Massachusetts. This was the first serious effort made in the United States to elevate secondary education to the plane on which it belonged, in 1826 he published an oration in which he advocated universal suffrage and the foundation of the state on the power of the whole people. In 1834 appeared the first volume of the History of the United States, in 1835, he moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, where he completed the second volume of his history. The year of his move, he drafted an address to the people of Massachusetts at the request of the Young Mens Democratic Convention. His first wife was Sarah Dwight, of a family in Springfield, Massachusetts. He formed a marriage with Mrs Elizabeth Davis Bliss, a widow with two children. Bancroft was imbued with the spirit of Romanticism, emphasizing the emergence of nationalism and republican values and his masterwork started appearing in 1834, and he constantly revised it in numerous editions. Along with John Gorham Palfrey, he wrote the most comprehensive history of colonial America, billias argues Bancroft played on four recurring themes to explain how America developed its unique values, providence, progress, patria, and pan-democracy. Providence meant that destiny depended more on God than on human will, the idea of progress indicated that through continuous reform a better society was possible. Patria was deserved because Americas spreading influence would bring liberty and freedom to more and more of the world, pan-democracy meant the nation-state was central to the drama, not specific heroes or villains
36.
William Ballard Preston
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William Ballard Preston was a United States political figure. He served as the U. S. Secretary of the Navy between 1849 and 1850 and he is also the cousin of William Campbell Preston and William Preston. Born in 1805 at Smithfield Plantation in Blacksburg, Virginia, Preston entered Hampden–Sydney College in 1821, graduating in 1824, Preston studied law at the University of Virginia and was admitted to the bar in 1826. In 1831 he became the Commonwealths Attorney for Floyd County, Virginia and he married Lucinda Redd of Henry County, Virginia. The young attorney soon entered politics as a Whig and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1830, during the 1831–1832 session, he took an active part in the campaign to abolish slavery. Then there followed a hiatus in his political activities during which he returned to the practice of law. In 1840, he was elected to the State Senate, where he served from 1840 to 1844, in 1846, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. In March 1849, President Zachary Taylor appointed the Preston Secretary of the Navy, during Prestons tenure in that office, the United States Navy acquired new duties in the course of Americas westward expansion and acquisition of California. The Navy also was progressing through a transition, especially in the area of moving from sails to steam propulsion. Upon the death of President Taylor, new President Millard Fillmore reorganized the Cabinet, Preston retired from office and withdrew from politics and public life. The mission to France progressed well, and the project appeared promising until it was brought to naught by the American Civil War, as states in the lower South seceded from the Union, the pressure mounted upon Virginia to do likewise. Moderate sentiment still held sway through 1860, but, early in 1861, on February 13,1861, the secession convention met in Richmond and numbered William B. As the Confederacy was established and the United States divided into two camps, both sides moved steadily toward open conflict. A special delegation, composed of William B, Preston, Alexander H. H. Stuart, and George W. Randolph, traveled to Washington, D. C. where they met President Abraham Lincoln on April 12. Finding the President firm in his resolve to hold the Federal forts then in the South, with the news of the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina on April 12,1861, conservative and moderate strength in the secessionist convention melted away. On April 16, convinced that secession was inevitable, William B, Preston submitted, in secret session, an ordinance of secession. Supported 88 to 55, the Preston Resolution passed, and Virginia left the Union, senator from Virginia in the Confederate States Congress, he served in that legislative body until his death at Smithfield Plantation in 1862. He is interred at the Preston Cemetery in Blacksburg, Virginia, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
37.
William Alexander Graham
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He was the Whig Party nominee for vice-president in 1852 on a ticket with General Winfield Scott. Graham was born at Vesuvius Furnace near Lincolnton, North Carolina and his Scots-Irish grandfather James Graham was born in Drumbo, County Down, Northern Ireland and settled in Chester County in the Province of Pennsylvania. Graham graduated from Pleasant Retreat Academy and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and commenced practice in Hillsborough. From 1833 to 1840 Graham was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from Orange County, serving twice as speaker. In 1840 Graham was elected as a Whig to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Strange, in the Twenty-seventh Congress he was chairman of the Senate Committee on Claims. His older brother, James Graham, had been representing North Carolina in the House since 1833, from 1845 to 1849 Graham was Governor of North Carolina. Having declined appointments as ambassador to Spain and Russia in 1849, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy in the cabinet of President Millard Fillmore in 1850, in the 1852 presidential election he was the unsuccessful Whig nominee for vice president, as Winfield Scotts running mate. The ticket only carried 42 electoral votes from the four states of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Tennessee, when he Returned to North Carolina, he was a member of the state senate from 1854 to 1866, and senator in the Confederate Senate from 1864 to 1865. In 1866 Graham was once elected to the United States Senate. From 1867 to 1875 he was a member of the board of trustees of the Peabody Fund, from 1873 to 1875 he was an arbitrator in the boundary line dispute between Virginia and Maryland. He died in Saratoga Springs, New York, and is buried in the Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Hillsborough. The United States Navy ship, USS Graham, the World War II Liberty ship SS William A. Graham, and the city of Graham, North Carolina were all named for him, as was Graham County, North Carolina. Montrose Gardens, located in Hillsborough, North Carolina, is one of Grahams former estates and still some of the structures Graham. He lived in the Nash-Hooper House at Hillsborough from 1869 until 1875, the house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. | added = November 11,1971 One of Grahams sons, also named William A. Graham, became a state legislator, two others, Augustus and John, also became politicians, while a daughter, Susan, married Walter Clark. In 1842, John H. Hewitt dedicated a song, The Old Family Clock, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
38.
John P. Kennedy
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Representative from Marylands 4th congressional district. He was the brother of U. S and he was also the Speaker of the Maryland State assembly and served several different terms in the assembly. Kennedy was also an advocate of tolerance and also of memorializing and furthering study of Maryland history. He also played key and decisive roles in the United States governments study, poor investments resulted in his father declaring bankruptcy in 1809. John Pendleton Kennedy attended private schools growing up and was relatively well educated for the time. He graduated from Baltimore College in 1812, Kennedys college studies were interrupted by the War of 1812. He joined the army and in 1814, marched with the United Company of the 5th Baltimore Light Dragoons, known as the Baltimore 5th, a unit that included rich merchants, lawyers, in a night of confusion, Kennedy lost his boots and marched onward in dancing pumps. Near the village of Bladensburg, Maryland, James Monroe, the Secretary of State, after the British forces crossed a bridge, the 5th moved forward. The fighting was intense, nearly every British officer among the troops was hit. At first the 5th stood firm, but when the two regiments to the right had run away, the 5th also broke, Kennedy threw away his musket, and carried a wounded fellow-soldier to safety. Kennedy later fought in the Battle of North Point, although admitted to the bar in 1816, he was much more interested in literature and politics than law. Kennedys first literary attempt was a periodical called the Red Book. Kennedy published Swallow Barn, or A Sojourn in the Old Dominion in 1832, Horse-Shoe Robinson was published in 1835 to win a permanent place of respect in the history of American fiction. Kennedys friends and personal associations included George Henry Calvert, James Fenimore Cooper, Charles Dickens, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, William Gilmore Simms, while sitting round a back parlor table at the home of noted Baltimore literarist, civic leader and friend John H. B. Miller, they judged the draft of MS. Also in 1835, he helped later introduce Poe to Thomas Willis White, of his works Horse-Shoe Robinson is the best and ranks high in antebellum fiction. Washington Irving read a copy of it and reported he was so tickled with some parts of it that he read it aloud to his friends. Kennedy sometimes wrote under the pen name Mark Littleton, especially in his political satires and he was appointed Secretary of the Legation in Chile on January 27,1823, but did not proceed to his post and resigned on June 23 of the same year
39.
James C. Dobbin
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James Cochran Dobbin was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer who served as United States Secretary of the Navy from 1853 to 1857. While at Carolina, Dobbin distinguished himself as a member of Philanthropic Assembly and he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1835, commencing practice in Fayetteville. Dobbin later got involved in politics and was elected a Democrat to the twenty-ninth congress and he later served in the North Carolina House of Commons in 1848,1850 and 1852, also serving as speaker of the house in 1850. In 1852, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention where he helped secure the nomination of dark horse candidate Franklin Pierce for the presidency, Pierce appointed Dobbin United States Secretary of the Navy as a reward for his work in the presidential campaign. A firm believer in a strong Navy as an insurance for peace, eighteen of the finest ships of their class in the world were built during his tenure as Navy secretary. Under his auspices, the Perry expedition to Japan was carried to a successful termination and the treaty with that country signed. He ordered U. S. Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain to command a U. S. Darién Exploring Expedition to map, after his term as Navy secretary expired in 1857, Dobbin returned to Fayetteville where he eventually died later that year. He was interred at Cross Creek Cemetery in Fayetteville, the USS Dobbin, a ship present at the attack of Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941, was named in his honor. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Dobbin at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command
40.
Isaac Toucey
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Isaac Toucey was an American politician who served as a U. S. senator, U. S. Secretary of the Navy, U. S. Attorney General and the 33rd Governor of Connecticut. Born in Newtown, Connecticut, Toucey pursued classical studies, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Hartford, Connecticut, from 1825 to 1835 he had his own practice in Hartford, Connecticut. He married Catherine Nichols in Hartford on October 28,1827, the couple never had any children. In 1822, Toucey was named prosecuting attorney of Hartford County and he served in that position until 1835, when he was elected to the 24th and 25th Congresses. He served from 1835 to 1839 and he lost the election of 1838 and returned to his position as prosecuting attorney in 1842. In 1845, Toucey ran for Governor of Connecticut and lost, during his tenure, an antibribery bill geared toward eliminating fraudulent electoral procedures was considered. He was defeated in an attempt at re-election, in 1848, President James K. Polk appointed Toucey the 20th Attorney General of the United States, a position he held until 1849. He returned to Connecticut and took a place in the Connecticut Senate in 1850, and then in the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1852. Toucey was elected to the U. S. Senate for the term commencing March 4,1851, during that time, he often served as the legislative point man for Franklin Pierce and his administration. A moderate Northerner much in line with Buchanans thought in the controversies of the day, Toucey held that post until 1861. Toucey was then replaced by one of his rivals in Connecticut. After 1861 he returned to his law practice, Toucey died in Hartford on July 30,1869. He is interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut, USS Toucey was named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Connecticut State Library, Isaac Toucey, Governor of Connecticut from 1846 to 1847 Isaac Toucey at Find a Grave National Governors Association Govtrack US Congress The Political Graveyard
41.
Gideon Welles
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Gideon Welles was the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869, a cabinet post he was given after supporting Lincoln in the 1860 election. This is viewed as a cause of Union victory in the Civil War. Welles was also instrumental in the Navys creation of the Medal of Honor, Gideon Welles, the son of Samuel Welles and Ann Hale, was born on July 1,1802, in Glastonbury, Connecticut. In contrast to the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the constitution of 1818 provided for freedom of religion. He was a member of the generation of his family in America. His original immigrant ancestor was Thomas Welles, who arrived in 1635 and was the man in Connecticuts history to hold all four top offices, governor, deputy governor, treasurer. He was also the transcriber of the Fundamental Orders, Welles was the second great grandson of Capt. Samuel Welles and Ruth Welles, the daughter of Edmund Rice, a 1638 immigrant to Sudbury and founder of Marlborough, Massachusetts. Her father, Elias, graduated from Yale College in 1794 and practiced law in Mifflin and Centre Counties and she died on February 28,1886, in Hartford, Connecticut, and was buried next to her husband in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford. Gideon and Mary Jane were the parents of six children and he was educated at the Episcopal Academy at Cheshire, Connecticut, and earned a degree at the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy at Norwich, Vt. He became a lawyer through the practice of reading the law. After successfully gaining admission, from 1827 to 1835, he participated in the Connecticut House of Representatives as a Democrat, Welles was a Jacksonian Democrat who worked very closely with Martin Van Buren and John Milton Niles. His chief rival in the Connecticut Democratic Party was Isaac Toucey, while Welles dutifully supported James K. Polk in the 1844 election, he would abandon the Democrats in 1848 to support Van Burens Free Soil campaign. Welles strong support of Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election made him the candidate from New England for Lincolns cabinet. In March 1861, Lincoln named Welles his Secretary of the Navy, Welles found the Naval Department in disarray, with Southern officers resigning en masse. His first major action was to dispatch the Navys most powerful warship, unfortunately, Secretary of State Seward had just ordered the Powhatan to Fort Pickens, Florida on his own authority, ruining whatever chance Major Robert Anderson had of withstanding the assault. Several weeks later, when Seward argued for a blockade of Southern ports, despite his misgivings, Welles efforts to rebuild the Navy and implement the blockade proved extraordinarily effective. From 76 ships and 7,600 sailors in 1861, the Navy expanded almost tenfold by 1865. At the start of the war, David Dixon Porter wrote Welles that the present allowance of crews. is for peace establishment and is not suited at all to times of war
42.
Adolph E. Borie
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Adolph Edward Borie was a United States merchant and politician who briefly served as Secretary of the Navy in the Ulysses S. Grant administration. A native of Philadelphia Borie was born into a successful trade business of his father. As a Whig Party supporter Borie favored tariffs to protect his business interests. Joining the Republican Party, Borie supported Abraham Lincoln for President, when the Civil War broke out Borie supported the Union war effort and became a close associate to General Ulysses S. Grant. When Grant was elected President in 1868, he appointed Borie to Secretary of Navy on March 5,1869 one day after his Inauguration. Borie served only a few months in office before retiring, claiming that the job was to demanding. During his brief tenor Borie controversially renamed many naval ships and he allowed Vice Admiral David Porter to de facto run the Navy Department. Borie was known for supporting workers by enforcing full pay for a work day and for desegregating the Washington Navy Yard. After his retirement Borie returned to his business interests and he remained close friends with Grant and accompanied Grant on his famous world tour starting in 1877 and returning to the United States in 1879. In poor health after his travels Borie died on February 5,1880, Borie was born in Philadelphia on November 25,1809 the eldest of 12 children. He was the son of a French emigrant John Joseph Borie, a merchant and manufacturer and his mother was Sophia Beauveau a Haitian refugee. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduated in 1825, toured Europe, silk and tea were the emphasized trade commodities during his 30-year tenure in the firm during the epoch of the clipperships. Bories firm did business with Mexico, the West Indies. Borie was a pioneer in lobbying the government for diplomatic. The magnitude of his business was enormous, identified by $100,000 in property damages incurred during the 1857-58 disturbances of the Second Opium War in China. From 1848 to 1860 Borie was President of The Bank of Commerce, on May 23,1839 Borie married Elizabeth Dundas McKean. Elizabeth was descended from David I, King of Scotland, prior to the Civil War, Borie had a slight connection to politics. He championed Whig Party policies and favored protectionist international trade, in 1843, Borie was consul to Belgium
43.
George M. Robeson
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Representative for New Jersey serving from 1879 to 1883. Robesons tenure as Secretary of Navy, lasting seven and a half years, was second in length only to that of Gideon Welles during the 19th century. Robeson was known to be a hot-tempered, industrious administrator and through his leadership was able to contain the established Naval officer hierarchy. Robeson headed the investigation concerning the death of Capt. Hall after the return of the shipwrecked Polaris crew in 1873. Robeson supported President Grant and the Radical Republican Reconstruction laws that supported the citizenship, under Robeson, the U. S. Navy constructed the United States first two propelled torpedo warships. Robeson was the subject of two Congressional investigations in 1876 and 1878 concerning profiting and bribery charges from shipbuilding contracts, but was exonerated for lack of material evidence. Robeson served briefly as both Secretary of Navy and as ad interim Secretary of War after Secretary of War William W. Belknap abruptly resigned in 1876, Robeson, a native of New Jersey, graduated from Princeton University at the young age of 18. Robeson studied law and passed the bar in 1850, practicing law, Robeson diligently worked his way through the legal profession and in 1858 he was appointed public prosecutor for Camden County. During the American Civil War Robeson associated with the Republican Party and was a member of the New Jersey Sanitary Commission, appointed Brigadier General by Governor Charles S. Olden, Robeson worked to recruit enlistments to fight for the Union. After the war in 1867, Robeson was appointed New Jersey Attorney General by Gov. Marcus L. Ward, Robeson, as Attorney General, gained national attention after successfully prosecuting Bridget Durgan for the brutal murder of Mrs. Coriell. Supported by New Jersey Senator A. G. Cattell, Robeson was appointed Secretary of Navy by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 after Sec. Adolph E. Borie had resigned office, in March 1877, Robesons Secretary of Navy term of office ended. In a speech to his former Navy Department staff at his Washington D. C. home, Robeson admitted that during his tenure he had made mistakes and he was later elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in both 1878 and 1880. Robesons grandfather was George C. Maxwell and he was nephew of John Patterson Bryan Maxwell, representative for New Jersey, Congressman Robeson served as minority leader of the Republican Party. Defeated from office by Democrat Thomas M. Ferrell in a highly contested 1882 election campaign, Robeson was left $60,000 in debt. As a result of his troubles, his wife and family abandoned him while traveling abroad. Robeson moved to Trenton, resumed his law practice, and lived a modest lifestyle until his death in 1897, due to his striking personal traits and size, Robeson was one of the most caricatured individuals during the 19th century by cartoonists. George M. Robeson was born on March 16,1829 in Oxford Furnace, New Jersey and his father was Philadelphia Judge William P. Robeson and his mother was the daughter of U. S. Maxwell, who served in the 12th U. S. Congress from 1811 to 1813 representing Hunterdon, Robesons family was of Scottish origin and he was a descendant of Andrew Robeson, the surveyor-general of New Jersey in 1668
44.
Richard W. Thompson
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Richard Wigginton Thompson was an American politician. Thompson was born in Culpeper County, Virginia and he left Virginia in 1831 and lived briefly in Louisville, Kentucky before finally settling in Lawrence County, Indiana. There, he school, kept a store, and studied law at night. Admitted to the bar in 1834, he practiced law in Bedford, Indiana and he served as President pro tempore of the Indiana Senate for a short time and briefly held the office of acting Lieutenant Governor. In the presidential election of 1840, he advocated the election of William Henry Harrison. Thompson then represented Indiana in the United States Congress, serving in the United States House of Representatives from 1841 to 1843, during the 1850s Thompson and some of his fellow Whigs transferred allegiance to the American Party, better known as the Know Nothing Party. They did so due to their suspicion of the immigration from Ireland and Germany. In time Thompson and his allies would allow an alliance of their portion of the Whig Party (which was collapsing with the American Party to prevent victories in elections by the Democratic Party. In the election of 1860 Thompson was his states leader of those who organized the Constitutional Union Party, at the May convention, Indiana first supported John McLean, but fell in behind John Bell on the second ballot. Thompson was placed on the National Committee, but gave up the on third party strategy in August, following the American Civil War, Thompson served as judge of the 18th Circuit Court of the state of Indiana from 1867 to 1869. P. Morton for President at the 1876 Republican National Convention in Cincinnati, in 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Secretary of the Navy, and he held that office until December 1880. Thompson, as Secretary of the Navy, had never been among the figures of the Cabinet nor had been even a close colleague. Even the Postmaster General, David Key, who was the second Confederate veteran to serve in a Federal Cabinet since the American Civil War was more notable, reputedly Thompson was unprepared for his post. A popular story is that he was taken for a tour of one of our warships, and went below deck becoming thunderstruck and shouting, My God, Thompson was not from a state with a seacoast, but Indiana has several rivers running through it. It is not hard to believe Thompson was on a steamboat at some point, when he assumed the role of Secretary of the Navy he was replacing Grants Secretary for nearly eight years, George Robeson. Whatever was the situation caused or allowed by Robesons handling of the Navy, while not responsible for that tragedy, Thompson certainly did not help matters by his hair-splitting legalisms. In 1880 a new matter arose that had a bearing with Thompson leaving his post, the French were in the process of funding the new Panama Canal Company under Comte Ferdinand de Lesseps. The Hayes administration, while willing to keep relations with the French, were fully suspicious about a French owned Canal across the Isthmus of Panama as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine
45.
Nathan Goff Jr.
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Nathan Goff Jr. was a member of the United States Congress from West Virginia. He also served briefly as United States Secretary of the Navy during the Rutherford B. Hayes administration, Goff was born at the Waldomore in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on February 9,1843, the son of Waldo Potter Goff and the former Harriet Louise Moore. He attended Northwestern Academy in Clarksburg and went to Georgetown University in Washington and he received a law degree from City University of New York. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Goff enlisted in the Union Army as part of the Third Regiment of Virginia Volunteer Infantry, later becoming a major in the Virginia Volunteer Cavalry. On November 7,1865, Goff married Laura Ellen Despard, in 1865, Goff was admitted to the bar and established a legal practice, while also becoming prominent in West Virginia politics as a Republican. He served in the State House of Delegates from 1867 to 1868, in 1868 he became United States Attorney for West Virginia, a position he held until 1881. He ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in 1870 and 1874, late in his term as President, Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Secretary of the Navy after the resignation of Richard W. Thompson from Indiana. Goff held the position from January 7,1881, until March 4,1881, Goff was again named as U. S. Attorney for West Virginia until 1882, when he was elected as a Republican to Congress on his third run for that seat. He had also run for Governor of West Virginia in 1876, Goff served in the House of Representatives from March 4,1883, through March 3,1889, as a member of the 48th-50th Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1888, choosing instead to another run for governor. That was a hard-fought contest, and when the original came in Goff had won. After multiple vote recounts and a point where four men took the oath of office claiming they had the rights to the governorship, the heavily Democratic legislature declared the Democratic Party Candidate the victor. In later years Goff would say that the governorship was a graveyard position, on December 16,1891, Goff was nominated by President Benjamin Harrison to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, created by 26 Stat.826. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 17,1892, Goff was then elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1912. He did not immediately take his seat when the Senate convened on March 4,1913 and he served in the Senate from April 1 to March 4,1919, choosing not to run for re-election in 1918. Goff died in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on April 24,1920, at aged 77, upon his death, Goff was the last surviving member of President Rutherford B. Hayes cabinet. Goff established something of a dynasty, with several family members also serving in Congress. His son Guy D. Goff served in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1925 to 1931, Louise Goff Reece, daughter of Guy Goff, served in the House of Representatives as a Republican from 1961 to 1963
46.
William H. Hunt
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William Henry Hunt was the United States Secretary of the Navy under President James Garfield and briefly under President Chester A. Arthur. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, Hunt studied law at Yale and he finished his professional training in his brothers office in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was admitted to the bar in 1844. Hunt opposed secession and favored the Union cause and he was nevertheless drafted into the Confederate Army and commissioned lieutenant colonel. However, he managed to avoid involvement in operations until Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans. In March 1876, Hunt was appointed Attorney-General of Louisiana, both parties claimed victory in the election, but Hunt lost the position when President Rutherford B. Hayes recognized the Democratic government of the State. As compensation, the President appointed him Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims and he served in this capacity until he became President Garfields Secretary of the Navy in 1881. Secretary Hunt rendered invaluable service by reporting that the Navy, grossly neglected after the Civil War, was no able to protect Americans abroad. He appointed the first Naval Advisory Board which undertook the work of rebuilding the Navy, emasculated by public apathy, after Vice President Arthur succeeded Garfield in the presidency, he retired Hunt from the cabinet by appointing him Minister to Russia on April 7,1882. Hunt died February 27,1884, while representing the United States in Saint Petersburg, two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Hunt for him. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the United States Court of Claims, a history / pt.1. The judges, 1855-1976 / by Marion T. Bennett / pt.2, origin, development, jurisdiction, 1855-1978 / W. Cowen, P. Nichols, M. T. Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States
