1.
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
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Assistant Secretary of the Navy is the title given to certain civilian senior officials in the United States Department of the Navy. From 1861 to 1954, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy was the second highest civilian office in the Department of the Navy and that role has since been supplanted by the office of Under Secretary of the Navy and the office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy has been abolished. There have, however, been a number of bearing the phrase Assistant Secretary of the Navy in their title. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy was established in 1861, the Assistant Secretary was responsible for the Navys civilian personnel, as well as for administration of shore facilities. Gustavus Fox was the first to hold the post, serving throughout the Civil War, the office was disestablished in 1869, during Reconstruction, but was reestablished by Congress on July 11,1890. James R. Soley was the first to be appointed to the reestablished position. James V. Forrestal, later Secretary of Defense, was the first to serve as Under Secretary, he held the post until 1944, during the 20th century, the responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary were divided among several officials. During the 1920s, for example, to reflect the importance of naval aviation. The office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy was disestablished in 1954, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1897–1898, during the William McKinley administration. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1913 until 1920, and helped to implement Navy policies during World War I. Source for papers and photos of various Assistant Secretaries of the Navy Navy Organization – The Secretariat An organizational chart for the Office of the Secretary of the Navy, Dept. of the Navy
2.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
3.
Truman Handy Newberry
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Truman Handy Newberry was a U. S. businessman and political figure. He served as the Secretary of Navy between 1908 and 1909, senator from Michigan between 1919 and 1922. Newberry was born in Detroit, the son of John Stoughton Newberry and his wife, Helen P. Handy, the daughter of Truman P. Handy. He was also a descendant of the House of Beaumont and Newburgh family, Newberry attended Michigan Military Academy before graduating from Yale Colleges Sheffield Scientific School, where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall, in 1885. After college Newberry became superintendent of construction, paymaster, general freight and passenger agent and he was then president and treasurer of the Detroit Steel & Spring Company from 1887 to 1901. In 1902, he helped organize the Packard Motor Car Company and he engaged in various other manufacturing activities, including the Union Trust Company, the Union Elevator Company, and the Michigan State Telephone Company. In 1893, Newberry joined with others to organize the Michigan State Naval Brigade, serving as landsman in 1895, lieutenant and he was commissioned lieutenant in the United States Navy in May 1898 and served on the U. S. S. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1905-1908 under President Theodore Roosevelt and acted for the ill secretary Victor H. Metcalf, Newberry was appointed Secretary of the Navy on December 1,1908 and served until March 5,1909. He became lieutenant commander United States Navy Fleet Reserve, June 6,1917 and he was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4,1919, until his resignation on November 18,1922. In 1921, Newberry was tried and convicted under the Federal Corrupt Practices Act for election irregularities, in the face of a new movement to unseat him, Newberry resigned. He was replaced in the Senate by James J. Couzens and he died in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, and is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit. Henry Ford vs. Truman H. Newberry, The Famous Senate Election Contest, the Political Graveyard Newberry, Truman Handy
4.
Beekman Winthrop
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Beekman Winthrop was an American lawyer, government official and banker. He served as Governor of Puerto Rico from 1904 to 1907, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1907-1909, the son of Robert Winthrop and Kate Wilson Taylor, Beekman Beek Winthrop came from a family of wealth and influence in New York. Winthrop was soon promoted to Assistant Executive Secretary of the Philippines and was appointed as a Judge of the Court of First Instance, Philippine Islands. He was known to be a friend of Theodore Roosevelt and was appointed by him in 1904 as Governor and General Commander of Puerto Rico. He was confirmed by the Congress, melza Riggs Wood, four years his senior, whom he married in 1903, became the First Lady of Puerto Rico. Winthrop took oath as governor of Puerto Rico on July 4,1904, on his inauguration, he promised improvements to the educational system of Puerto Rico. Winthrop was a proponent of bringing citizenship and locally elected officials to Puerto Rico system of governance, the press reported favorably on Winthrops activities, and reporters were especially impressed with Mrs. Winthrops fluency in Spanish, which made her popular among local population. In 1907, Winthrop was appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, following his retirement from public service in 1913, he was a director of National City Bank. He resigned from the bank in 1916 and he subsequently became a senior partner of Robert Winthrop & Co. in New York, from which capacity he stepped down in 1939. At the end of his life he lived in New York on East 69th Street and he is buried at Green-Wood Cemetery. The Winthrops did not have children, however, Nathaniel Thayer Winthrop, Beekman Winthrop at Find a Grave Photograph album of Beekman Winthrop, ca
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
7.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
8.
Columbia Law School
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Columbia Law School is a professional graduate school of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. It is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world and has always ranked in the top five by U. S. News. Columbia is especially known for its strength in corporate law. Columbia Law School was founded in 1858 as the Columbia College Law School and was known for its legal scholarship dating back to the 18th century. Cabinet members and Presidential advisers, U. S. Senators, Representatives, and Governors, according to Columbia Law Schools 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 95% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. The law school was ranked #1 of all law schools nation-wide by the National Law Journal in terms of sending the highest percentage of 2015 graduates to the largest 100 law firms in the US, the teaching of law at Columbia reaches back to the 18th century. Columbia College appointed its first professor of law, James Kent, the lectures of Chancellor Kent in the course of four years had developed into the first two volumes of his Commentaries, the second volume being published November 1827. Kent did not, however, succeed in establishing a law school or department in the College, thus, the formal instruction of law as a course of study did not commence until the middle of the 19th century. The Columbia College Law School, as it was officially called, was founded in 1858. The first law school building was a Gothic Revival structure located on Columbias Madison Avenue campus, thereafter, the college became Columbia University and moved north to the neighborhood of Morningside Heights. As Columbia Law Professor Theodore Dwight observed, at its founding the demand for a course of study in law was still speculative. No institution resembling a law school had existed in New York. Legal education was, however, at a low ebb. The clerks in the law offices were left almost wholly to themselves, frequently they were not even acquainted with the lawyers with whom, by a convenient fiction, they were supposed to be studying. In general, the examinations were purely perfunctory, a politician of influence was not readily turned away. Few studied law as a science, many followed it as a trade or as a convenient ladder whereby to rise in a political career, indeed, Columbia Law School was one of the few law schools established in the United States before the Civil War. Jay was fortunate to have attentive supervision because the quality and time of learning the law varied greatly within the profession, the original course of study to obtain a degree consisted of just two years, rather than the modern standard of three. The first lecture in the Law School was delivered on Monday, Nov 1,1858, by Mr. Dwight and it was an introductory lecture, afterwards printed
9.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
10.
Livingston family
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The Livingston family of New York is a prominent family that migrated from Scotland to the Dutch Republic to the Province of New York in the 17th century. Descended from William, 4th Lord Livingston, its members included signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, several members were Lords of Livingston Manor and Clermont Manor, located along the Hudson River in 18th-century eastern New York. Descendants of the Livingstons include Presidents of the United States George H. W. Bush, the eccentric Collyer brothers are alleged to have been descended from the Livingston family. The Livingston family burial crypt was established in 1727 at Livingston Memorial Church, Liberty Hall is the home built by New Jersey Governor William Livingston, a signatory of the Constitution. Located in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, it has designated as a National Historic Landmark. Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources #69 by Gary Boyd Roberts from the New England Historic Genealogical Society, genealogy of the Livingston Family by Timothy Alden, published in 1814. Finding aid for the Livingston Family Papers, 1719-1929 at the Museum of the City of New York The Livingstons of Livingston Manor by Edwin Brockholst Livingston
11.
Robert Livingston the Elder
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He was born in 1654 in the village of Ancrum, near Jedburgh, in the County of Roxburgh, Scotland, one of seven children of the Reverend John Livingston. He and his father were descendants of the fourth William Livingston, 4th Lord Livingston, ancestor of the earls of Linlithgow and Callendar. In 1663, his father, John Livingston, was sent into exile due to his resistance to attempts to turn the Presbyterian national church into an Episcopalian institution, the exiled family settled in Rotterdam, in the Dutch Republic, where English merchants also worked. Robert became fluent in the Dutch language, which helped him greatly in his career in New York and New Jersey. Following the death of his father in 1673, Robert Livingston returned to Scotland for a time and he sailed for Boston to find his fortune in North America. Livingstons father was known in Puritan Boston, and a merchant advanced the young son enough stock and credit to undertake a trading venture to Albany. Livingston arrived in Albany in late 1674, with his business and language skills, in August 1675 he became secretary to Nicholas Van Rensselaer, director of Rensselaerswyck, who died a few years later in 1678. In 1686, he and his brother-in-law, Pieter Schuyler, persuaded Governor Thomas Dongan to grant Albany a municipal charter like that awarded to New York City a few months earlier. Appointed as clerk of the city and county of Albany, Livingston collected a fee for each legal document registered, with Pieter Schuyler, he led the opposition in Albany to Leislers Rebellion. He served as Secretary for Indian Affairs from 1695 until his death and he was elected repeatedly to the New York provincial assembly, serving from 1709–1711, and 1716–1725, he was elected speaker in 1718. According to Cynthia Kierner, Robert Livingston valued public life primarily as a source of private profits, Livingstons generation looked upon politics as a business. In 1696, Livingston backed Captain William Kidds privateer voyage on the Adventure Galley. for the English navy, nearly 3,000 refugee Germans arrived in Manhattan in 1710, on ten ships from London. They worked for years in the camps to pay off their passage, before being granted land in the Mohawk, Livingston made a substantial profit by selling supplies to the work camps and was paid by the English colonial government. His will provided for the establishment of the Livingston Memorial Church, the original church of 1721 was replaced by another built in the late 19th century. Burials at the cemetery ceased in 1890, the 19th-century church and ground was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Before entailing the bulk of the estate to his eldest son, Philip, Robert Livingston bequeathed about 13,000 acres to his son and namesake. The younger man developed the property as a known as Clermont. It is now recognized as a historic site
12.
Livingston Manor
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This article contains information related to Livingston Manor, the 18th century New York estate. Livingston Manor, New York is a town in Sullivan County, the Livingston Manor Historic District is located in Highland Park, New Jersey. Livingston Manor was a 160,000 acre tract of land granted, in present day New York and New Jersey, the original patent was obtained in July 1686. This tract embraced a portion of what is now Columbia County. The lords of the manor were, Robert Livingston the Elder, although an English-deeded tract, some sources list Livingston Manor with the patroonships of New Netherland. A portion of the estate is held by the family. The town of Livingston, New York occupies part of the original tract, the original Livingston Manor encompasses the present day towns of Livingston, Germantown, Clermont, Taghkanic, Gallatin, Copake, and Ancram, located in Columbia County New York. In 1750, Robert Livingston, the lord, bought 95,000 acres in the area shortly after becoming the third Lord of the Manor of Livingston Manor. Most of the land would be sold or leased by 1780, roberts third son John Robert Livingston deeded 8,441 acres to his nephew Dr. Edward R. Livingston in 1822 around area then called Purvis, New York. In 1882, Purvis was renamed Livingston Manor, a Greek Revival mansion built by descendents Robert and Louisa Livingston around 1843 stands on the property and is now known as Livingston Homestead. At the turn of the 20th century, the property was developed as a streetcar suburb, the house and the district are listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. Notes Sources Raken. com, Manor Lords CooperativeIndividualism. org, Dutch Patroons
13.
Henry Y. Satterlee
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Henry Yates Satterlee was the first Episcopal Bishop of Washington, serving from 1896 to 1908. He established the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, statesman, and founding trustee of Union College. He was also a descendant of Jellis Douwese Fonda, who emigrated in 1642 to the Dutch colony of New Netherland and his uncle was Charles Yates, a Brigadier-General during the American Civil War. Charles daughter, Stella Yates, married on June 10,1891, in New York City, Benjamin Brewster and he was the Episcopal Bishop of Maine and Missionary Bishop of Western Colorado. He graduated from Columbia University in 1863, and in 1866 graduated from the General Theological Seminary and he married on June 30,1866, Jane Lawrence Churchill, the daughter of Timothy Gridley Churchill and Patience Lawrence. They were the parents of two children and their son, the Rev. Churchill Satterlee, was a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. Their daughter, Constance Satterlee, married Frederick W. Rhinelander, the brother of Philip M. Rhinelander, in 1866, he was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a priest in 1867. He was assistant rector of Zion Parish at Wappingers Falls, in Dutchess County, New York starting in 1865 and he was rector of Calvary Church, New York from 1882 until 1896 when he became the Bishop of Washington, D. C. While at Calvary, he had been active in work to the poor in the citys Lower East Side. Satterlee gained international respect for his integrity and leadership and he worked hard to promote the black clergy of the diocese. In 1888, he declined election as Assistant Bishop of Ohio, on March 25,1896 he was consecrated the first Episcopal Bishop of Washington at Calvary Church, New York City. The consecrator was to have been Bishop John Williams of Connecticut, the presiding Bishop, in his place, the Right Reverend Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Second Bishop of Western New York, presided, assisted by the Right Reverend Henry Codman Potter, Seventh Bishop of New York. Henry Yates Satterlee was the first Episcopal Bishop of Washington, serving from 1896 to 1908 and he established the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, popularly known as Washington National Cathedral. He received a degree of D. D. from Union College in 1882 and from Princeton University in 1896. He died on February 22,1908 in Washington, D. C and he is buried in the Bethlehem Chapel of Washington National Cathedral. A master builder, being the life and letters of Henry Yates Satterlee, the Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907, a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the Mayflower, ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. Yates, Austin A. Schenectady County, New York, Its History to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, Schenectady County, New York, Its History to the Close of the Nineteenth Century Publisher, New York History Company,1902. Men of Mark in America Biography & Portrait Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury Episcopal Diocese of Washington Washington National Cathedral Calvary Church, NYC
14.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
15.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
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Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
17.
Corporate law
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Corporate law is the practice or study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community, and the environment interact with one another. Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law, other types of business associations can include partnerships, or trusts, or companies limited by guarantee. Under corporate law, corporations of all sizes have separate legal personality, shareholders control the company through a board of directors which, in turn, typically delegates control of the corporations day-to-day operations to a full-time executive. Corporate law deals with firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a state or their subnational states. Corporate law is divided into corporate governance and corporate finance. The word corporation is generally synonymous with large publicly owned companies in the United States, in United Kingdom, company is more frequently used as the legal term for any business incorporated under the Companies Act 2006. Large scale companies will be PLCs in the United Kingdom and will usually have shares listed on a Stock Market. In British legal usage any registered company, created under the Companies Act 2006 and previous equivalent legislation, is, strictly, such a company is created by the administrative process of registration under the Companies Act as a general piece of legislation. A corporation, in this British sense, can be a corporation sole which consists of an office occupied by one person e. g. the monarch or certain bishops in England. Here, the office is recognized as separate from the individual who holds it, in the United States, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity, and is often used synonymously with firm or business. A corporation may accurately be called a company, however, a company should not necessarily be called a corporation, which has distinct characteristics. According to Blacks Law Dictionary, in America a company means a corporation — or, less commonly, the defining feature of a corporation is its legal independence from the people who create it. If a corporation fails, its shareholders will lose their money, shareholders are not liable for any remaining debts owed to the corporations creditors. This rule is called limited liability, and it is why corporations end with Ltd, in the words of British judge, Walton J, a company is. only a juristic figment of the imagination, lacking both a body to be kicked and a soul to be damned. But despite this, under just about every system in existence and as per international norms, corporations have the same legal rights. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, just as they are born into existence through its members obtaining a certificate of incorporation, they can die when they lose money into insolvency. Corporations can even be convicted of offences, such as fraud. Although some forms of companies are thought to have existed during Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece, with increasing international trade, Royal charters were granted in Europe to merchant adventurers
18.
Trade
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Trade, or commerce, involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. A network that allows trade is called a market, the original form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services. Barter is trading things without the use of money, later one side of the barter started to involve precious metals, which gained symbolic as well as practical importance. Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money, as a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money greatly simplified and promoted trade, Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade. Trade exists due to the specialization and division of labor, in which most people concentrate on an aspect of production. As such, trade at prices between locations can benefit both locations. Trade originated with human communication in prehistoric times, trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other before the innovation of modern-day currency. Peter Watson dates the history of commerce from circa 150,000 years ago. In the Mediterranean region the earliest contact between cultures were of members of the species Homo sapiens principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35–30,000 BCE, Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history. There is evidence of the exchange of obsidian and flint during the stone age, Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in Guinea from 17,000 BCE. The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower, Trade in the stone age was investigated by Robert Carr Bosanquet in excavations of 1901. Trade is believed to have first begun in south west Asia, obsidian was traded at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region. Trade in the Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe was greatest in this material, networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990. Melos and Lipari sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology, the Sari-i-Sang mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of Lapis Lazuli. The material was most largely traded during the Kassite period of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE, ebla was a prominent trading centre during the third millennia, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia. Materials used for creating jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BCE, long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BCE, when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. The Phoenicians were noted sea traders, traveling across the Mediterranean Sea, for this purpose they established trade colonies the Greeks called emporia
19.
Harlan F. Stone
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Harlan Fiske Stone was an American political figure, lawyer, and jurist. A native of New Hampshire, he served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1925. In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. His most famous dictum was, Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern, Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire, to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife, Ann Sophia Stone. He prepared at Amherst High School, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst College in 1894, from 1894 to 1895, he was the submaster of Newburyport High School. From 1895 to 1896 he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898, received an LL. B. and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898. Stone practiced law in New York City, initially as a member of the firm Satterlee, Canfield & Stone, from 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School. He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the dean from 1910 to 1923. He lived in The Colosseum, an apartment building near campus, the Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles, but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision. Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America–using postage stamps was his example–without accepting the burdens of citizenship. In a majority of cases, the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere. refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force. At the end of the war, he criticized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any review of their cases. During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors, Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence, legal realism. Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules, instead, they searched for the experiential, although Dean Stone encouraged the realists, he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts. He received a higher salary and headed the firms litigation department. In full‑time private practice for only a time, Stone was considered a hard‑working, solid sort of person, willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind. These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty, in one of his first acts as Attorney General, Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity
20.
The Union League Club
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The Union League Club is a private social club in New York City. The building was designated a New York City landmark on October 25,2011, Union League clubs, which are legally separate but share similar histories and maintain reciprocal links with one another, are also located in Chicago and Philadelphia. Defunct Union League Clubs were located in Brooklyn and New Haven, the club dates its founding from February 6,1863, during the Civil War. Thus, pro-Union men chose to form their own club, with the goals of cultivating a profound national devotion and to strengthen a love. The Union League was actually a political movement before it became a social organization, the New York League was founded by four prominent professionals and intellectuals, Henry Whitney Bellows, Frederick Law Olmsted, George Templeton Strong, and Oliver Wolcott Gibbs. The men, all members of the United States Sanitary Commission, desired to strengthen the nation state and they first aimed to recruit a coalition of moneyed professionals like themselves. Strong believed that the club would only thrive with a catalogue of moneyed men. Olmsted especially desired to recruit the new generation of young, wealthy men, so that the club might teach them the obligations, the founders aimed to win the political governing elite over to support of the Union and abolition. They also believed that a government was essential to their prosperity. As they bought more and more war bonds, the holders had an economic interest in the success of the Union. The club held its first official meeting on March 20,1863, at this first meeting, Robert B. Minturn, head of the second largest shipping firm, was elected president. Some of the vice presidents included William H. Aspinwall, Moses Taylor. It did not take long for the enemies to make their displeasure felt with the new organization. A few months later, the decided to make an unmistakable gesture that they had not been intimidated. The club decided to recruit, train and equip a Colored infantry regiment for Union service, Colored Infantry was formed on Rikers Island in February 1864. The next month, it marched from the Union League Club, down Canal Street, in spite of numerous threats, the members of the Union League Club marched with the men of the 20th, and saw them off. During World War I, the club sponsored the 369th Infantry, the famed Harlem Hellfighters, which was commanded by William Hayward, during Reconstruction, Union Leagues were formed all across the South
21.
J. P. Morgan
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John Pierpont J. P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States. In 1892, Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and he was instrumental in the creation of the United States Steel Corporation, International Harvester and AT&T. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907 and he was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. Morgan has been described as America’s greatest banker, Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. His fortune was estimated at only US$80 million, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say, Morgan was born into the influential Morgan family in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised there. He was the son of Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father. In the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut, boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the exam for The English High School of Boston. In the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to more common as his life progressed. Rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk and he convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies. After he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school near the Swiss village of Vevey and his father then sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German. He attained a level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via Wiesbaden. Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of merchant banking firm Peabody, in 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody and Company. Morgan had avoided serving during the war by paying a substitute $300 to take his place, from 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his fathers firm, renamed J. S. Morgan & Co. upon Peabodys retirement in 1864, from 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company. In 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, at that time, Anthony J. Drexel became Pierponts mentor at the request of Junius Morgan. After the death of Anthony Drexel, the firm was rechristened J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, retaining close ties with Drexel & Company of Philadelphia, Morgan, Harjes & Company of Paris, and J. S. By 1900, it was one of the most powerful banking houses of the world, Morgan had many partners over the years, such as George W. Perkins, but always remained firmly in charge
22.
Sotterley (Hollywood, Maryland)
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Sotterley Plantation is a historic landmark plantation house located at 44300 Sotterley Lane in Hollywood, St. Marys County, Maryland, USA. It is a long 1 1⁄2-story, nine-bay frame building, covered with wide, beaded clapboard siding and wood shingle roof, also on the property are a sawn-log slave quarters of c. 1830, an 18th-century brick warehouse, and an early-19th-century brick meat house, farm buildings include an early-19th-century corn crib and an array of barns and work buildings from the early 20th century. Opened to the public in 1961, it was once the home of George Plater, the sixth Governor of Maryland, and Herbert L. Satterlee, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Sotterley Plantation is the only Tidewater plantation in Maryland open to the public that offers visitor activities, visitors can tour the early 18th-century mansion, an original slave cabin, a customs warehouse, smokehouse, necessary and corn crib, as well as a formal Colonial Revival garden. The property comprises 95 acres of rolling fields, gardens, Julius Clifton Callis was the dockmaster for Sotterly Wharf. Several of his brothers worked at the wharf and his brother Noah moved into the wharf house as caretaker after Julius died in 1938. Laura Virginia Callis attended Sotterley School and this class picture was taken there about 1918. Laura Virginia Callis stands second from the left in the second row and she was the daughter of Julius Clifton Callis and Laura Callis. Official website Sotterley, St. Marys County, including undated photo, mD-181, Sotterly, State Route 245 & Vista Road Vicinity, Hollywood vicinity, St. Marys County, MD,34 photos,7 measured drawings,29 data pages HABS No. MD-181-A, Sotterly, Necessary,1 photo HABS No, mD-181-B, Sotterly, Gate Lodge,1 photo HABS No. MD-181-C, Sotterly, Slave Quarters,3 photos,1 photo caption page HABS No, mD-181-D, Sotterly, Barn,1 photo HABS No. MD-181-E, Sotterly, Ceiling Detail,1 photo HABS No
23.
Hollywood, Maryland
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Hollywood is an unincorporated community located within St. Marys County, Maryland. It was named in 1867, when a storeowner at Thompsons General Store near the Uniontown section of Hollywood required a name for the post office inside the store, the storeowner was inspired by the gigantic holly tree planted in front of the store and named the post office Hollywood. The McKays Food and Drug Supermarket was renovated in 2013 with parts from the old California location which was closed in favor, Hollywood is home to distinctive landmarks such as the congregation of St. John Francis Regis Catholic Church, which was founded in 1690. The area also includes the nationally renowned Sotterley Plantation on the banks of the Patuxent River, Sotterley was founded in 1703 by James Bowles, a wealthy planter, eventually changing hands to former Maryland Governor George Plater and through the 20th century to Louisa Satterlee and her husband. The contemporary community of Hollywood now serves as a rural community with extensive farms that produce soybean, corn, hay, grains, wheats. It currently hosts an industrial park where such as Northrop Grumman have branch offices. There is a center for engineers attached to the nearby Patuxent River Naval Air Station. Numerous roads lead to the shore of the Patuxent River, Hollywood is not an incorporated town, residing under the direct authority of the St. Marys County Commissioners. Hollywood is home to Hollywood Elementary School on Joy Chapel Road, Hollywood is also the home of St. John Regis Catholic School. St. Johns School was opened on September 12,1923 under the leadership of Rev. Joseph M. Johnson, the first four grades were taught in the sacristy of the church and grades five through eight were held in a second story room over the sacristy. From the 1920s until the 1980s, the school was staffed by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, on May 20,1924 the white frame section of the school was completed as a four-room school building. On June 15,1952 a brick addition of two classrooms, auditorium and full basement were completed, later, part of the auditorium was partitioned to make two additional classrooms and the remaining auditorium space was converted to a library. Socks, the cat of President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, socks, who lived with Bill Clintons secretary Betty Currie, was euthanized in 2009 at an age of nearly twenty after several years of declining health
24.
Laura Ingalls (aviator)
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Laura Houghtaling Ingalls was a pilot who won the Harmon Trophy. She was arrested in December 1941 and convicted of failing to register as a paid German agent and she was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 14,1893 to Francis Abbott Ingalls I and Martha Houghtaling. Martha was the daughter of David Harrison Houghtaling of Kingston, New York, who was a descendant of Jan Willemsen Hoogteling, who arrived in New Amsterdam on May 9,1661. Brilliant along certain lines, she possessed the trait I find most exciting in the American character, viz. the ability to hurdle difficulties, I grew up under such influence. Her brother was Francis Abbott Ingalls II who was born in Brooklyn. Francis registered for the draft while he was attending school in Tuxedo Park. He was an officer in both World War I and World War II, Francis married Mabel Morgan Satterlee on September 19,1926. Mabel was the daughter of Herbert Livingston Satterlee and Louisa Pierpont Morgan and her most well-known flights were made in 1934 and earned her a Harmon Trophy. First American woman to fly the Andes solo 1893-12-14 – Was born 1928-12-23 – Soloed on Roosevelt Field, Mineola, Louis Field in her D. H. Gipsy Moth 1930 – Won third place Womens Dixie Derby from Washington, D. C. Time 30,25 to California,25,20 on return flight to Roosevelt Field, crossed the Caribbean Sea to Mérida, Yucatán. She had been receiving approximately $300 a month from Baron Ulrich von Gienanth, the head of the Gestapo in the US, during the trial it came out that von Gienanth had encouraged Ingallss participation in the non-interventionist America First Committee, a significant embarrassment for that organization. Following the defeat of France, she approached von Gienanth with the idea of a flight to Europe. Von Gienanth told her to stay in America to continue her work with the America First Committee, for whom she gave speeches in which she derided Americas lousy democracy. She expected Hitler to win the war, in April 1941, she wrote to a German official, Some day I will shout my triumph to a great leader and a great people. After the German declaration of war on December 11,1941, she went straight to Washington to receive a list of contacts from von Gienath, at her trial, the FBI testified that they had kept her under surveillance for several months. Ingalls was sentenced to eight months to two years in prison on February 20,1942 and she was transferred from the District of Columbia jail to the West Virginia Womens Reformatory in Alderson, West Virginia, on July 14,1943, after fighting with an inmate. She was released on October 5,1943 after serving 20 months, prison had not altered her views, however. They fight for independence of Europe—independence from the Jews, after her probation ended, in July 1944 Ingalls was arrested at the Mexican border
25.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
26.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
27.
Arcadia Publishing
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Arcadia Publishing is an American publisher of local history. It was founded in Dover, New Hampshire, in 1993 by United Kingdom-based Tempus Publishing, the corporate office is in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The Images of America series is the companys largest product line and it has a catalog of more than 8,500 titles in print and hundreds of new titles released every year. The History Press is a publishing house, owned by Arcadia. The books are printed in the United States
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Harvard University Press
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Harvard University Press is a publishing house established on January 13,1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. In 2005, it published 220 new titles and it is a member of the Association of American University Presses. Its current director is William P. Sisler and the editor-in-chief is Susan Wallace Boehmer, the press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, in New York City, and in London, England. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the Harvard Guide to American History. The John Harvard Library book series is published under the Belknap imprint, Harvard University Press distributes the Loeb Classical Library and is the publisher of the I Tatti Renaissance Library, the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, and the Murty Classical Library of India. It is distinct from Harvard Business Press, which is part of Harvard Business Publishing, category, Harvard University Press books Hall, Max. Official website Blog of Harvard University Press
30.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
31.
United States Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
32.
United States Secretary of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
33.
Cabinet of the United States
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The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the President. Aside from the Attorney General, the heads of the executive departments all receive the title of Secretary, all members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. There is no definition of the term Cabinet in the United States Constitution. The name comes from a 17th-century usage for a room where advisors would meet. The term principal officers of the departments is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The executive departments are listed in 5 U. S. C, under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department and these may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration. The heads of the departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President. If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, an elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President. 21 positions, including the heads of the departments and others. §5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay are listed in 5 U. S. C, as of 2015, Level I annual pay, was set at $203,700. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300, the salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trumps Cabinet, the Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions, Department of the Navy, headed by the Secretary of the Navy, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Post Office Department, headed by the Postmaster General, reorganized as the United States Postal Service, National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense, created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949. Department of the Army, headed by the Secretary of the Army, Department of the Air Force, headed by the Secretary of the Air Force, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789, Secretary of War, created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense
34.
Benjamin Stoddert
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Benjamin Stoddert was the first United States Secretary of the Navy from May 1,1798 to March 31,1801. Stoddert was born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1744 and he was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, and then worked as a merchant. He served as a captain in the Pennsylvania cavalry and later as secretary to the Continental Board of War during the American Revolutionary War, during the war, he was severely injured in the Battle of Brandywine and was subsequently released from active military service. In 1781, he married Rebecca Lowndes, daughter of Christopher Lowndes, a Maryland merchant and they resided at the home of his father-in-law, Bostwick, located at Bladensburg, Maryland. In 1783, Stoddert established an export business in Georgetown, with business partners Uriah Forrest. Stoddert then transferred the parcels to the government, during the 1790s, he also helped found the Bank of Columbia to handle purchases of land in the District of Columbia for the federal government. In May 1798, President John Adams appointed Stoddert, a loyal Federalist, as the first Secretary of the Navy, Stoddert soon found himself dealing with an undeclared naval war with France, which would come to be known as the Quasi-War. Stoddert realized that the infant Navy possessed too few warships to protect a far-flung merchant marine by using convoys or by patrolling the North American coast. Rather, he concluded that the best way to defeat the French campaign against American shipping was by offensive operations in the Caribbean, thus at the very outset of the conflict, the Department of the Navy adopted a policy of going to the source of the enemys strength. American successes during the conflict resulted from a combination of Stodderts administrative skill in deploying his limited forces, under Stodderts leadership, the reestablished United States Navy acquitted itself well and achieved its goal of stopping the depredations of French ships against American commerce. Stoddert concerned himself not only with the Navys daily administration and operations and he established the first six navy yards and advocated building twelve 74 gun ships of the line. Following the peace accord with France, the Navys personnel strength, the Jefferson Administration reduced active naval strength to three frigates and sold off or used the collected supplies in the Navy Yards for gunboat construction. This policy left the United States unprepared to respond to the threats of the Barbary pirates. Stoddert established the Navy Department Library as a result of instructions received from President Adams in a letter dated 31 March 1800 and he left office in March 1801 to return to commercial life. During this period he lived at Halcyon House, on the corner at 3400 Prospect Street NW, Benjamin Stoddert died on December 13,1813, and is buried in the graveyard at Addison Chapel, Seat Pleasant, Maryland. C. In the Georgetown section of Washington, DC, there was a Stoddert Street named after Benjamin Stoddert, in the Georgetown street renaming of 1895 the name was changed to Q Street NW. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, biography on Benjamin Stoddert Brief on Benjamin Stoddert
35.
Robert Smith (Cabinet member)
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Robert Smith was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith, Smith was born in Lancaster in the Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Continental Army and he graduated from Princeton in 1781 and began to practice law in Maryland. President Thomas Jefferson appointed him as Secretary of the Navy in July 1801 after William Jones declined the position, on March 2,1805, the Senate confirmed the appointments of Smith as United States Attorney General and Jacob Crowninshield as Secretary of the Navy. However, Crowninshield declined his appointment, so Smith briefly served as both Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy, eventually, President Jefferson appointed John Breckinridge to replace Smith as Attorney General and Smith resumed his role as a full-time Secretary of the Navy. Smith finally left the office of Secretary of the Navy with the end of President Jeffersons administration on March 4,1809. Jeffersons successor, President James Madison, immediately appointed Smith as Secretary of State, Smith was closely allied with his brother, Maryland Senator Samuel Smith. He bitterly opposed Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin, Madison thought he could be his own Secretary of State, but Smith so often pursued opposite policies that Madison finally demanded his resignation. Madison offered Smith the post of ambassador to Russia, currently held by John Quincy Adams. Smith considered the offer, but in the end, he refused the post, Smith became the president of the not-yet-fully-organized American Bible Society in 1813. In 1818, he became the president of the Maryland Agriculture Society. Robert Smith died in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 26,1842, the USS Robert Smith was named for him. Clifford Egan, Robert Smith in Edward S. Mihalkanin, ed, American Statesmen, Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell, Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 478–83. Robert Smith at Find a Grave Robert Smith at the Naval Historical Center Robert Smith at the United States Department of State Robert Smith at the Hall of the Secretaries of State
36.
Paul Hamilton (politician)
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Paul Hamilton was the 3rd United States Secretary of the Navy, from 1809 to 1813. Paul Hamilton was born in Saint Pauls Parish, South Carolina and he left school at the age of sixteen due to financial problems. During the American War of Independence he served actively in military roles in the southern states and he participated with Colonel William Harden in the capture of Fort Balfour. Following the war, he was a planter and public figure, Hamilton served South Carolina in many public offices including state Representative, State Senator, Comptroller, and the 42nd Governor. In 1809, President James Madison selected Hamilton to become the third Secretary of the Navy and his term in office included the first months of the War of 1812, during which time the small United States Navy achieved several remarkable victories over British warships. Hamilton was a proponent of preparedness, especially sea fortifications. Although he wanted to strengthen the Navy, he found the Congress hostile, however, he was responsible for the Naval Hospitals Act of 1811. Secretary Hamilton resigned at the end of 1812 and returned to South Carolina, three Navy destroyers have been named USS Paul Hamilton in his honor along with the USS Hamilton and one Liberty ship named SS Paul Hamilton. Also bearing his name is the town of Hamilton, Georgia and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. SCIway Biography of Paul Hamilton NGA Biography of Paul Hamilton Paul Hamilton at Find a Grave Paul Hamilton Papers at the University of South Carolina Librarys Digital Collections Page
37.
William Jones (statesman)
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William Jones was an American politician. Jones was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, apprenticed in a shipyard, during the American Revolutionary War, he saw combat in the battles of Trenton and Princeton and later served at sea. In the decades that followed the war, he was a merchant in Charleston, South Carolina. With the War of 1812 raging, Jones became Secretary of the Navy in January 1813 and his policies contributed greatly to American success on the Great Lakes and to a strategy of coastal defense and commerce raiding on the high seas. In late 1814, near the end of his term, he made recommendations on the reorganization of the Navy Department and these led to the establishment of the Board of Commissioners system which operated from 1815 until 1842. During much of 1813 and into 1814, Jones also served as acting Secretary of the Treasury and he returned to commercial pursuits in 1819. The destroyer USS William Jones was named in his honor and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, William Jones at Find a Grave
38.
Benjamin Williams Crowninshield
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Benjamin Williams Crowninshield served as the United States Secretary of the Navy between 1815 and 1818, during the administrations of Presidents James Madison and James Monroe. Crowninshield was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of a sea captain and he worked in the family shipping business, Geo. Crowninshield & Sons, served at sea, and was active in politics. His family owned the lands near Mineral Spring, where the first Crowninshield family was cradled in the country and he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1811 and the state Senate in 1812. Crowninshield was a prominent benefactor of the first Gerrymander, Crowninshield would win his Senate seat by only 8 votes, over 100 votes less than the other Republican candidates. Crowninshield would lose his seat in the State Senate the next year, with the Newburyport Herald printing an editorial cartoon of a dead Gerrymander, in 1810, Crowninshield, with Salems premier architect Samuel McIntire, built a mansion at 180 Derby Street on the Salem Waterfront. Robert Brookhouse purchased the house and in 1861 deeded it to the Association for the Relief of Aged Women, located next to the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, the house is now called the The Brookhouse Home for Aged Women. And provides quality support to senior women and this included implementation of the new Board of Commissioners administrative system and the building of several ships of the line, the backbone of a much enhanced Navy. He also oversaw strategy and naval policy for the Second Barbary War in 1815, after leaving Navy office in 1818, Crowninshield returned to business and political affairs in Massachusetts, prospering in both. In addition to serving two terms in the Massachusetts House, he was also elected to four terms the United States Congress from 1823 to 1831. On his death in 1851, Benjamin Williams Crowninshield was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Crowninshield was the great-great-grandfather of Charles Francis Adams III, also Secretary of the Navy from 1929 to 1933. The destroyer USS Crowninshield was named in his honor, stephen Decatur This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
39.
Smith Thompson
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Smith Thompson was a United States Secretary of the Navy from 1819 to 1823, and a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1823 until his death in 1843. Born in Amenia, New York, Thompson graduated from Princeton University in 1788, taught for a period thereafter, then studied law under James Kent. He practiced in Troy, New York from 1792 to 1793, Smith Thompson was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1800, and attended the New York Constitutional Convention of 1801. He was appointed to the New York State Supreme Court in 1802, serving as Associate Justice from 1802 to 1814 and his wife Susanna was a member of the Livingston family. Thompson only reluctantly accepted his appointment to the United States Supreme Court, Thompson received a recess appointment from President James Monroe on September 1,1823, to a seat vacated by Henry Brockholst Livingston. Formally nominated on December 5,1823, Thompson was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9,1823, thereafter he mostly exited political life, and on the court was a staunch opponent of Chief Justice John Marshall. In May 1816, Smith Thompson was a vice president of the American Bible Society and provided a copy to every officer. In 1919, the USS Smith Thompson was named in honor of him on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Smith Thompson becoming the Secretary of the Navy, the Supreme Court Justices, Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995. The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court, lippincott & Co.1874 at Google Books. Frank, John P. Friedman, Leon, Israel, Fred L. eds, the Justices of the United States Supreme Court, Their Lives and Major Opinions. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, martin, Fenton S. Goehlert, Robert U. The U. S. Supreme Court, A Bibliography, the Supreme Court Justices, A Biographical Dictionary. The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815-35, published in an abridged edition,1991. Smith Thompson at Find a Grave Smith Thompson at the Naval Historical Center
40.
Samuel L. Southard
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Samuel Lewis Southard was a prominent U. S. statesman of the early 19th century, serving as a U. S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, and the tenth Governor of New Jersey. The son of Henry Southard and brother of Isaac Southard, he was born in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, attended the Brick Academy classical school and he is descended from one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam, Anthony Janszoon van Salee. After teaching school in New Jersey, he worked for years as a tutor in Virginia. Upon being admitted to the bar, he returned to New Jersey, during this time, he was a member of the committee that produced the Missouri Compromise. President James Monroe selected Senator Southard to be Secretary of the Navy in September 1823, during these years, he also served briefly as ad interim Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of War. Southard proved to be one of the most effective of the Navys early Secretaries, responding to actions by influential officers, including David Porter, he reinforced the American tradition of civilian control over the military establishment. Also on Southards watch, the Navy grew by some 50% in personnel and expenditures, in 1829, after leaving his Navy post, Samuel Southard became New Jersey Attorney General following Theodore Frelinghuysen in that post. Elected Governor over Peter D. Vroom by a vote of 40 to 24 by the joint session of the Legislature in 1832, during the next decade, he was a leader of the Whig Party and a figure of national political importance. Failing health forced his resignation from the Senate in 1842, Samuel Southard died in Fredericksburg, Virginia on June 26 of that year. He was interred in the Congressional Cemetery, the destroyer USS Southard, 1919–1946, was named in his honor. There is also a park in Basking Ridge, New Jersey named after him. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command, Samuel L. Southard, A Case Study of Whig Leadership in the Age of Jackson. Most boxes are organized by year and subject, access to these documents is Princeton University Library, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Manuscripts Division. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, New Jersey Governor Samuel Lewis Southard, National Governors Association Samuel Lewis Southard at The Political Graveyard Samuel L. Southard at Find a Grave
41.
John Branch
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Branch was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, on November 4,1782, the son of wealthy landowners. Educated at the University of North Carolina, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society, he occupied himself as a planter, Branch served in the North Carolina Senate from 1811 to 1817 and was the states Governor from 1817 to 1820. After further service in the state Senate, he represented North Carolina in the United States Senate from 1823 until 1829 and was a supporter of Andrew Jackson. When Jackson became President, he selected Branch as his Secretary of the Navy, in that post, Branch promoted several reforms in the Navys policies and administration, many of which were not implemented until years later. He reduced the resources going to the construction of new ships, Branch also sent the frigate USS Potomac to the Far East to punish the murderers of a U. S. merchant ships crew and to generally promote and protect American commerce in the region. John Branch resigned as Secretary in 1831, during the Petticoat affair, which involved the social ostracism of Margaret ONeill Eaton, Eaton by a group of Cabinet members and their wives led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Later that year, Branch was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Jacksonian, in the mid-1830s, he moved to Leon County, Florida, where he lived for much of the next decade-and-a-half on his Live Oak Plantation. In 1844, President John Tyler appointed him Floridas territorial governor until the 1845 election of a governor under the state constitution, Branch returned to North Carolina in the early 1850s, remaining there until his death on January 4,1863. Branch is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Enfield, North Carolina, Branch was an uncle of the Confederate General Lawrence OBryan Branch. American National Biography Dictionary of American Biography Buccellato, Robert, raleigh, NC, Commercial Printing Co.1915 Hoffmann, William S. John Branch and the Origins of the Whig Party in North Carolina. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress John Branch at Find a Grave
42.
Levi Woodbury
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Levi Woodbury was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a U. S. Senator, Governor of New Hampshire and cabinet member in three administrations. He was the first Justice to have attended law school, Woodbury was born in Francestown, New Hampshire, the son of Mary and Peter Woodbury. He began his education at Atkinson Academy and he graduated from Dartmouth College, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1809, briefly attended Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, and read law to be admitted to the New Hampshire Bar in 1812. He became the first Supreme Court justice to attend law school, later, he was in private practice in Francestown from 1812 to 1816. His education contributed to his start in law, which led to his later political positions. He was admitted to the New Hampshire Bar in 1812 and began practicing law in his hometown, following the publication of his defense, he gained the recognition he needed to receive an appointment to the state senate in 1816. In quick succession, he was appointed to the supreme court a year later. During the time of his election, there was factionalism within the party. The caucus chose Samuel Dinsmoor as the candidate for governor, Woodbury defeated Dinsmoor by a wide margin, but his one year as governor was a failure. He tried to reconcile the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans but did not make a lot of progress, Senator from New Hampshire, during which time he served as the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee. Throughout Woodbury’s political career, he was characterized as being independent and moderate, Woodbury was a clerk of the New Hampshire State Senate from 1816 to 1817, and a Justice of New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature from 1817 to 1823. He was Governor of New Hampshire from 1823 to 1824 and was Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives,1825, Woodbury served as a United States Senator from New Hampshire from 1825 to 1831. Elected to serve in New Hampshire State Senate in 1831, Woodbury did not take due to his appointment as United States Secretary of the Navy under President Andrew Jackson. At the beginning of term, he was instrumental in the appointment of fellow New Hampshireman Edmund Roberts as special agent. Woodbury served as Secretary of the Treasury under Jackson and Martin Van Buren from 1834 to 1841 and he was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court,1845 to 1851. As a U. S. Senator, Woodbury was a dependable Jackson Democrat, Woodbury successfully worked to end the Second Bank of the United States, like Jackson he favored an independent treasury system and hard money over paper money. In retrospect, the financial Panic of 1837 and the collapse of land prices were legacies of Woodburys tenure. It was largely repealed under the new administration the following year, Woodbury also served as chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Finance during a Special Session of the 29th Congress
43.
Mahlon Dickerson
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Mahlon Dickerson was an American judge and politician. He was elected Governor of New Jersey as well as United States Senator from that state and he was twice appointed Secretary of the Navy – under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin van Buren. He was the brother of New Jersey Governor Philemon Dickerson. Born in Hanover Township in the Province of New Jersey, he was educated by private tutors and he then studied the law to be admitted to the bar in 1793. During the Whiskey Rebellion, he served as a private in the Second Regiment Cavalry, after his militia service, he settled in Philadelphia, and began practicing in Pennsylvania courts in 1797. He served as a Judge of the Mayors Court, and as a member of the Philadelphia Common Council in 1799 and he returned to New Jersey, settling in Morris County in 1810. Elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1811, he served one term and he was law reporter for the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1813 to 1814, and a justice of the same from 1813 to 1815. He was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1815 and served until 1817, in 1833, upon leaving the Senate, he was elected Member of the New Jersey Legislative Council for Morris County and served as Vice President for that term. In 1834 he declined appointment as Minister to Russia, in June of that year, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy by President Andrew Jackson and was reappointed by President Martin Van Buren, serving until June 1838. The destroyer USS Dickerson was named in his honor, on July 14,1840, Dickerson was nominated by President Martin Van Buren to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by William Rossell. Dickerson was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 21,1840 and he was also a delegate to the New Jersey constitutional convention of 1844. Dickerson died in 1853 in Succasunna, New Jersey and is interred at Presbyterian Cemetery, mahlon Dickerson Reservation in Morris County is named after him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, mahlon Dickerson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
44.
James Kirke Paulding
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James Kirke Paulding was an American writer and, for a time, the United States Secretary of the Navy. James Kirke Paulding was born on August 22,1778, at Pleasant Valley and he became a close friend of Washington Irving. With Irving, Paulding proposed a literary project, as he described, one day in a frolicsome mood, we broached the idea of a little periodical merely for our own amusement, and that of the town, for neither of us anticipated any further circulation. The result was Salmagundi, a satirical periodical, from which the word Gotham was first ascribed as a name for New York City. In the decade before Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper achieved popular success, thereafter, his outstanding contributions were in the novel and in a stage comedy. Among Pauldings government positions were those of secretary to the Board of Navy Commissioners in 1815–23, president Martin Van Buren appointed him Secretary of the Navy in June 1838. As Secretary, he was a figure, whose extensive knowledge of naval affairs was balanced by notable lack of enthusiasm for new technology. He opposed the introduction of steam propelled warships declaring that he would never consent to let our old ships perish, nevertheless, his tenure was marked by advances in steam engineering, wide-ranging exploration efforts, enlargement of the fleet and an expansion of the Navys apprenticeship program. Paulding left office with the change of administrations in March 1841, returned to literary pursuits and he died at his farm near Hyde Park, New York. He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, USS James K. Paulding was named in honor of Secretary of the Navy Paulding. Pauldings story, The Politician contains a maxim that is attributed to Samuel Gompers, Reward your friends. The story appears in his collection, Tales of the Good Woman, the same basic idea, appears in Platos dialogue, the Republic, where it is subsequently rejected as inadequate. 1807–1808 – Salmagundi 1812 – The Diverting History of John Bull,1835 – Life of George Washington, in two volumes 1836 – View of Slavery in the United States 1836 – The Book of St. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, london, J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Knickerbockers Rescue Santa Claus – an excerpt from Kirke Pauldings The Book of Saint Nicholas
45.
George Edmund Badger
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George Edmund Badger was a Whig U. S. senator from the state of North Carolina. Badger was born on April 17,1795 in New Bern, following a partial college education at Yale College, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1814. Badger practiced law in North Carolina, was active in state politics, a supporter of Andrew Jackson from the 1820s, he separated with him in the mid-1830s, became a leader of the Whig party and helped carry the Whigs to victory in the 1840 Presidential election. Badgers brief term as Secretary was marked by efforts to strengthen the Navy in the face of tension with Great Britain, home Squadron, and growing interest in steamships. Badger resigned in September 1841, during a cabinet shakeup. He was elected to the Senate in 1846 to fill the term of William Henry Haywood, Jr. and remained a Senator until 1855. He was nominated by President Millard Fillmore as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1853 and he was a Unionist during the secession crisis but thereafter supported the Confederate war effort. Badger died in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1866, two Navy ships have been named in honor of Senator Badger, USS George E. Badger, and USS Badger. A Liberty ship, the SS George E. Badger, also was named in his honor, Badger was a cousin of naval officers Oscar C. Badger, Charles J. Badger and Oscar C and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. George Edmund Badger entry at The Political Graveyard George Edmund Badger at Find a Grave George E. Badger at Naval Historical Center
