Herem (censure)
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Herem is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. It is a form of shunning and is similar to vitandus "excommunicati
Herem placed on the Hasidim by the Vilna Gaon in 1781
Baruch Spinoza
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Baruch Spinoza, also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who was born and lived in the Dutch Republic. A forerunner of the Enlighten
Herem (censure)
…for then it is an insult to the Torah that he must revenge until the offender humbly apologizes. Arguably the most famous case of a herem is that of Baruch Spinoza, the seventeenth-century philosopher. Another renowned case is the herem the Vilna Gaon ruled against the early Hasidic movement in 1777 and then again…
Spinoza
Samuel Hirszenberg's imagined scene of Uriel da Costa instructing Spinoza (1901)
The Moses and Aaron Church now stands at the site of Spinoza's childhood home.
Excommunicated Spinoza by Samuel Hirszenberg (1907), the second of his two modern paintings imagining scenes of Spinoza's life