Hermann Kanzler
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Hermann Kanzler was a German general who commanded the Army of the Papal States and was the arms minister during the reign of Pope Pius IX. He led Papal forces during the Battle of Mentana against Ita
General Hermann Kanzler
Pope Pius IX
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Pope Pius IX was head of the Catholic Church from 16 June 1846 until his death in February 1878.
Portrait by Adolphe Braun, 1875
1871 portrait by George Peter Alexander Healy
The birthplace house of Pius IX in Senigallia
Illustration showing Mastai-Ferretti at his first Holy Mass in 1819