1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
EC postcode area
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The EC postcode area, also known as the London EC postal area, is a group of postcode districts in central London, England. It includes almost all of the City of London and parts of the London Boroughs of Islington, Camden, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, the area covered is of very high density development. Deliveries for the EC postcode area are made from Mount Pleasant Mail Centre, the current postcode districts are relatively recent divisions of the EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 districts established in 1917. Where the districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs. Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
4.
Kohn Pedersen Fox
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is one of the largest in New York City. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Unilever House in London, the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas, the Stephen M. In New York, KPF is presently designing the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, KPF recently completed One Jackson Square and served as Executive Architect for the 10-year phased expansion and renovation of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. Current projects around the world include the Midfield Terminal Complex at the Abu Dhabi International Airport, kPFs philosophy is firmly rooted in the belief that success is the result of collaboration and dialogue. KPF explains, “A similar sentiment is central to the manner in which we weave our buildings into the environmental fabric, for a firm of its size, KPF takes on an unusually large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. Shortly after its founding in 1976, the American Broadcasting Company chose KPF to redevelop a former building on Manhattan’s West Side to house TV studios. This experience led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including the AT&T, by the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted “Favorite Building” by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF’s Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its design with the AIA National Honor Award. In the 1990s, KPF also took on a number of government and civic projects. Courthouse in New York, the Mark O. Hatfield U. S, courthouse in Portland, OR, the U. S. Courthouse of Minneapolis, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D. C. KPF’s winning entry in the competition for the World Bank Headquarters. KPF’s sensitive design solution for the World Bank, its first D. C. project, KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street. KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through the present day, KPF’s subsequent work in the U. K. includes Thames Court in London, the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and the master plan for the London School of Economics. KPFs introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500, within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China
5.
Arup Group
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The firm has over 14,000 staff based in 92 offices across 42 countries, and is present in Africa, the Americas, Australasia, East Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Arup has participated in projects in over 160 countries, Arup is owned by trusts, the beneficiaries of which are Arups past and present employees, who receive a share of the firms operating profit each year. The firm was founded in London in 1946, as the Ove N. Arup Consulting Engineers by Ove Arup and he set out to build a firm where professionals of diverse disciplines could work together to produce projects of greater quality than was achievable by them working in isolation. In 1963, together with the architect Philip Dowson, Arup Associates was formed, in 1970, the firm reformed as Ove Arup & Partners. It is best known for its work for the built environment. Projects to which it has contributed include the Sydney Opera House,3, Nevada, USA Druk White Lotus School was built to survive the Ladakhi weather. Kingdom Centre, The third tallest skyscraper in Saudi Arabia, and the second tallest in Riyadh and this group continues to work under the banner of Arup Associates following a streamlining of the Arup brand. Many of Arups modern stadia are designed with a contemporary, distinctive edge, the most notable stadium projects led by Arup remain the City of Manchester Stadium, Allianz Arena, Beijing National Stadium, Donbass Arena and the Singapore Sports Hub. Arups multidisciplinary sports venue design and engineering scope on the Singapore Sports Hub won the 2013 World Architecture Festival Award in the Future Projects, the Casa da Música, Oporto, designed by Arup and Office for Metropolitan Architecture was nominated for the 2007 Stirling Prize. Arup was awarded the Worldaware Award for Innovation for its Vawtex air system in Harare International School, Arup Fire has won the Fire Safety Engineering Design award four times since its creation in 2001. The 2001 inaugural award was won for Arups contribution to the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK, in 2004, the design for Londons City Hall was appointed joint winner. In 2005, the Temple Mills Eurostar Depot won, the 2006 winning entry was for Amethyst House, a nine-storey building with an atrium from the ground to the top, in Manchester, UK. Arup was also awarded Royal Town Planning Institute Consultancy of the award in 2008. Mike Glover is the recipient of the 2008 Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal, the Evelyn Grace Academy, London designed by Zaha Hadid Architects and Arup won the prestigious RIBA Stirling Prize 2011. Arup was named Tunnel Design Firm of the Year at the 2012 ITA AITES International Tunnelling Awards, Arup Fellow is a lifelong honorary title awarded to selected honorary individuals in the firm. It acknowledges the highest design and technical achievements of people, not only within the firm and they are considered role models who possess world-class expertise who put theory into effective practice. Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, structural engineer and philosopher, founder of the company, recipient of the RIBA Royal Gold Medal for Architecture 1966, peter Dunican, structural engineer, first chairman of Ove Arup Partnership, and President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1977 and 1978. Sir Jack Zunz, civil engineer, and principal designer of the Sydney Opera House
6.
Skanska
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Skanska AB is a multinational construction and development company based in Sweden. Skanska is the fifth largest construction company in the according to the Construction Global magazine. Notable Skanska projects include the World Trade Center Transportation Hub project,30 St Mary Axe, MetLife Stadium, Mater Dei Hospital, aktiebolaget Skånska Cementgjuteriet was established in Malmö, Sweden, in 1887 by Rudolf Fredrik Berg and started by manufacturing concrete products. It quickly diversified into a company and within 10 years the company received its first international order. The company played an important role in building Sweden’s infrastructure including its roads, power plants, offices, growth in Sweden was followed by international expansion. In the mid-1950s Skånska Cementgjuteriet made a move into international markets. During the next decades it entered South America, Africa and Asia, and in 1971 the United States market, the company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange A-list in 1965. In 1984 the name “Skanska, ” already in use internationally. During the latter part of the 1990s, Skanska expanded substantially both organically and by acquisition, in August 2000 it bought the construction division of Kvaerner. In mid-2004, Skanska decided to divest its Asian investments and sold its Indian subsidiary to the Thailand based construction firm Italian Thai Development Company, in 2005, Skanska was awarded a gas pipeline contract in Argentina. Later, suspicions were raised that government corruption had been involved, Skanska performed its own investigation, dismissed seven managers, and worked closely with the authorities concerning the inquiry. In 2011, Skanska acquired Industrial Contractors, Inc of Evansville, Indiana, in December 2013 the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic confirmed that Skanska DS a. s. participated in a bid rigging cartel of construction companies in 2004. Illegal conduct was associated with the tender for the execution of works for the construction of the D1 highway from Mengusovce to Jánovce in Eastern Slovakia, Skanska divides its operations into four business streams, Construction is the largest business stream by revenue and number of employees. The operations of the other business streams involve investments in projects that are developed, with regard to infrastructure development, this often involves public–private partnerships. Geographically, the group based on local business units. Skanska was the No.1 “Green Builder” in the United States in 2007 and was ranked No.3 Green Contractor in the United States 2008. In 2011, Skanska was ranked the greenest company in the United Kingdom, in 2014, Skanska won the Financial Times and ArcelorMittal “Boldness in Business Award” in the category “corporate responsibility/environment. An official vision stated by Skanska is “the five zeros”, zero loss-making projects, work accidents, environmental incidents, ethical breaches
7.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
8.
City of London
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The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
9.
The Shard
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Standing 309.7 metres high, the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom, the fourth-tallest building in Europe and the 107th-tallest building in the world. It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, the Shards construction began in March 2009, it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 6 July 2012. Practical completion was achieved in November 2012, the towers privately operated observation deck, The View from The Shard, was opened to the public on 1 February 2013. The glass-clad pyramidal tower has 72 habitable floors, with a gallery and open-air observation deck on the 72nd floor. It was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano and replaced Southwark Towers, the Shard was developed by Sellar Property Group on behalf of LBQ Ltd and is jointly owned by Sellar Property and the State of Qatar. Sellar flew to Berlin in the spring of 2000 to meet the Italian architect Renzo Piano for lunch, the inquiry took place in April and May 2003, and on 19 November 2003, the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister announced that planning consent had been approved. The government stated that, Mr Prescott would only approve skyscrapers of exceptional design, for a building of this size to be acceptable, the quality of its design is critical. He is satisfied that the tower is of the highest architectural quality. This enabled them to pay off the costs incurred and to buy out the Southwark Towers occupational lease from the buildings tenants. Vacant possession of the site was secured a year later, after PricewaterhouseCoopers completed the relocation of their operations, in September 2007, preparations for the demolition of Southwark Towers began. However, later that month, turbulence in the financial markets reportedly put the Shards construction in jeopardy. In November 2007, building contractor Mace was awarded the contract to build the Shard for a price of no more than £350 million. However, this increased to almost £435 million in October 2008. In April 2008, demolition of Southwark Towers was visibly under way, and by October, the building had been reduced in height. The demolition was completed in early 2009, and site preparation began for the construction of the Shard, in late 2007, the gathering uncertainty in the global financial markets sparked concerns about the viability of the Shard. However, in January 2008, Sellar announced that it had secured funding from a consortium of Qatari investors, the consortium included Qatar National Bank, QInvest, Qatari Islamic Bank and the Qatari property developer Barwa Real Estate, as well as Sellar Property. The deal involved a buyout of the Halabi and CLS Holdings stakes, the new owners promised to provide the first tranche of finance, allowing construction of the tower to begin. In 2009, the State of Qatar consolidated its ownership of London Bridge Quarter, including the Shard, London Bridge Quarter is today jointly owned by the State of Qatar and Sellar Property
10.
Southwark
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Southwark is a district of Central London and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated 1.5 miles east of Charing Cross, it one of the oldest parts of London. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, as an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the late-19th and early-20th centuries. It is now at a stage of regeneration and is the county town of Greater London which is the location of the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority. Southwark had a population of 30,119 in 2011, Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca. The name means southern defensive work and is formed from the Old English sūth, the southern location is in reference to the City of London to the north, Southwark being at the southern end of London Bridge. The ancient borough of Southwark was also simply as The Borough—or Borough—and this name. Southwark was also referred to as the Ward of Bridge Without when administered by the City. Southwark is on a marshy area south of the River Thames. Recent excavation has revealed prehistoric activity including evidence of ploughing, burial mounds. The area was originally a series of islands in the River Thames and this formed the best place to bridge the Thames and the area became an important part of Londinium owing its importance to its position as the endpoint of the Roman London Bridge. Two Roman roads, Stane Street and Watling Street, met at Southwark in what is now Borough High Street, archaeological work at Tabard Street in 2004 discovered a plaque with the earliest reference to London from the Roman period on it. Londinium was abandoned at the end of the Roman occupation in the fifth century. Archaeologically, evidence of settlement is replaced by a largely featureless soil called the Dark Earth which probably represents an urban area abandoned, Southwark appears to recover only during the time of King Alfred and his successors. Sometime about 886 AD, the burh of Southwark was created and it was probably fortified to defend the bridge and hence the re-emerging City of London to the north. He failed to force the bridge during the Norman conquest of England, Southwark appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by several Surrey manors. Southwarks value to the King was £16, much of Southwark was originally owned by the church—the greatest reminder of monastic London is Southwark Cathedral, originally the priory of St Mary Overie. During the early Middle Ages, Southwark developed and was one of the four Surrey towns which returned Members of Parliament for the first commons assembly in 1295
11.
One Canada Square
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One Canada Square, often referred to simply as Canary Wharf, is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. It was the tallest building in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2010, standing at 770 feet above ground level, in late 2010, it was surpassed by the Shard. The building is clad with stainless steel rather than natural stone. One of the predominant features of the building is the roof, which contains a flashing aircraft warning light. The distinctive pyramid pinnacle is 800 feet above sea level, One Canada Square is primarily used for offices, though there are some retail units on the lower ground floor. It is a location for offices and as of November 2015 was 100% let. The building is recognised as a London landmark, and it has gained attention through film, television. The original plans for a district on Canary Wharf came from G Ware Travelstead. He proposed three 260 m towers, Travelstead was unable to find the money for his project, so he sold the plans to Olympia & York in 1987. Olympia & York grouped all three towers into a known as Docklands Square, and the main tower was designated DS7 during planning. Docklands Square was later renamed Winston Square before finally being renamed as Canada Square, the architects chosen to design One Canada Square were Cesar Pelli & Associates, Adamson Associates, and Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners. They designed the tower with a shape to Three World Financial Center, New York City. The shape was also reminiscent of Big Ben. To comply with air safety regulations, the architects took five floors off the tower. The final height of 824 feet was permitted, otherwise, the developers would have had to dismantle what was necessary to fit the height restriction, the design of the tower received a fair share of criticism. According to Cesar Pelli, the most damaging criticism came from Prince Charles, other criticisms came from former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who said that the building was not quite stunning. Construction on the began in 1988. Lehrer McGovern contracted out most of the work to Balfour Beatty because the Canary Wharf Tower was a building to build
12.
Bishopsgate
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Bishopsgate is one of the 25 wards of the City of London and also the name of a major road between Gracechurch Street and Norton Folgate in the northeast corner of Londons main financial district. Bishopsgate is named one of the original eight gates in the London Wall. The site of this gate is marked by a stone bishops mitre, fixed high upon a building located at Bishopsgates junction with Wormwood Street, by the gardens there. Although tens of thousands of people commute to and work in the ward, the ward is bounded by Worship Street to the north, where the edge of the City meets the boroughs of Islington and Hackney. It neighbours Portsoken ward and the borough of Tower Hamlets in the east, the western boundary is formed by Old Broad Street and Broad Street ward itself. Bishopsgate also bounds the wards of Aldgate, Coleman Street, Cornhill, Bishopsgate ward straddles the line of the Wall and the old gate and is often divided into Within and Without parts, with a deputy appointed for each part. Since the 1994 and 2003 boundary changes, almost all of the ward is Without, no changes to Bishopsgates ward boundaries occurred in the 2013 boundary changes. Originally Roman, the Bishops Gate was rebuilt by the Hansa merchants in 1471 in exchange for Steelyard privileges and its final form was erected in 1735 by the City authorities and demolished in 1760. This gate often displayed the heads of criminals on spikes, London Wall divided the ward and road into an intramural portion called Bishopsgate Within and an extramural portion called Bishopsgate Without. The Bishopsgate thoroughfare forms part of the A10 and the section to the north of the site of the original Gate is the start of Roman Ermine Street, the parish church for the area of Bishopsgate Without is St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate. This is located just to the north of the original Gate on the west side of the road, Bishopsgate was originally the location of many coaching inns which accommodated passengers setting out on the Old North Road. Others included the Dolphin, the Flower Pot, the Green Dragon, the Wrestlers, the Angel, the latter was a venue for the Queens Men theatrical troupe in the 16th century. The name of an inn called the Catherine Wheel is commemorated by Catherine Wheel Alley which leads off Bishopsgate to the east, in the 18th century this grand residence became a tavern called Sir Paul Pindars Head, another notable venue was the London Tavern. Also demolished was the old Crosby Hall, at one time the residence of Richard III, Bishopsgate is also the site of Dirty Dicks, the Bishopsgate Institute, and many offices and skyscrapers. Police had received a warning, but were still evacuating the area at the time of the explosion. The area had suffered damage from the Baltic Exchange bombing one year before. The street is home to the main London offices of major banks, including the Royal Bank of Scotland. Within the ward falls the Broadgate Estate, only electors who are Freemen of the City of London are eligible to stand
13.
Houndsditch
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Houndsditch is a one-way street in London linking Outwich Street in the north-west to St. Botolph Street in the south-east. It runs through parts of the Portsoken and Bishopsgate Without wards of the City of London, the historic nucleus and modern financial centre of London. It marks the route of an old ditch that ran outside a part of the London Wall, renowned for being used as a site for disposing of waste and, particularly, the road forms part of the A1211 route from Barbican to Whitechapel. Traffic continues onto Houndsditch from Outwich Street, a section of road behind the Heron Tower. From there, traffic may turn left onto Whitechapel High Street or right onto Aldgate High Street, a ditch was dug outside Londiniums defensive wall by the Romans but was subsequently filled in and obliterated. The Danes under Cnut the Great constructed a ditch to control access to the city. The ditch was redug in 1211 as a part of the defences, the city authorities found it a continual problem to scour and clean as many adjacent houses found it a convenient place to dispose of filth and refuse. In 1595, levelling was first considered, although the street running alongside the ditch had first been paved in 1503, several dogs skeletons were unearthed at Houndsditch in 1989. In December 1910, anarchists killed three officers who had interrupted them during an attempted burglary at a jewellers shop at No. In January 1911, two of the gang were cornered and killed in the Siege of Sidney Street, approaching Bishopsgate, the modern office blocks do not occupy the full building plots, leaving some small areas empty. These were historically the sites of Plague pits, traffic flows one-way south-eastward from Outwich Street down the modern Houndsditch, which continues onto St. Botolph Street, connecting to either Aldgate High Street or Whitechapel High Street. The nearest London Underground station is Aldgate and the closest mainline station is Liverpool Street. The street is served by London Buses routes 42,78,100,135, and 205
14.
Heron International
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Heron International is a British property development company. Founded by the Ronson family, it came to prominence in the 1980s as the UKs second largest private company. After over extending itself in the 1990s, it was revived by Gerald Ronson, and has developed a building now known as 110 Bishopsgate, named after current Chief Executive Gerald Ronsons father Henry Ronson, Heron was a furniture manufacture and sales business. In 1954, aged 15, Henrys son Gerald joined the family firm, when a mail-order firm put in an offer for the factory as it was approaching completion, Heron entered the property market. Heron Homes became one of the biggest house builders in the South of England, developing into commercial property and office development, since the 1960s, Heron has developed 160 buildings in nine countries. During the 1970s and 1980s, Heron International sponsored the Suzuki factory racing team in Grand Prix motorcycle racing, with riders including Barry Sheene, Randy Mamola, Mick Grant and Rob McElnea. By the early 1980s Heron was one of the largest private companies in the United Kingdom, the company survived with help from Bill Gates, Rupert Murdoch, Craig McCaw, Oracle Corporation’s founder, Larry Ellison, and others who gave loans to Heron. In July 2009, Heron International confirmed that it had signed heads of terms with Four Seasons Hotels, the company also developed The Heron in Londons Square Mile on the site of Milton Court. Rather than offices, the slender 36-storey tower includes 285 luxury apartments, the lower floors of the development incorporate new facilities for the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. At 112m tall, The Herons anodised aluminium and steel facade contrasts with the Barbicans concrete towers on the side of Silk Street
15.
Salesforce.com
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Salesforce. com is an American cloud computing company headquartered in San Francisco, California. Though its revenue comes from a customer relationship management product, Salesforce also capitalizes on commercial applications of social networking through acquisition and it is listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the symbol CRM and is a constituent of the S&P500 Index. The company was founded in 1999 by former Oracle executive Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, Dave Moellenhoff, Harris, Moellenhoff and Dominguez, three software developers previously at consulting firm Left Coast Software, were introduced to Benioff through friend and former Oracle colleague Bobby Yazdani. Harris and team wrote the initial sales automation software, which launched to its first customers in the fall of 1999, in June 2004 the companys initial public offering was listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol CRM and raised US$110 million. Early investors include Magdalena Yesil, Larry Ellison, Halsey Minor, Stewart Henderson, Mark Iscaro, Salesforce is the primary enterprise offering within the Salesforce1 Platform. It provides companies with an interface for management and task management. Force. com is a platform as a service allows developers to create multitenant add-on applications that integrate into the main Salesforce. com application. Force. com applications are hosted on Salesforce. coms infrastructure, Force. com applications are built using Apex and Visualforce. The Force. com platform receives three complete releases a year, as the platform is provided as a service to its developers, every single development instance also receives all these updates. In the Spring 2015 release a new framework for building user interfaces - Lightning Components - was introduced in beta, Lightning components are built using the open-source Aura Framework but with support for Apex as the server-side language instead of Auras Javascript dependency. This has been described as an alternative to, not necessarily a replacement for, according to a September,2009 Gartner Group report, Force. com had over 1,000 customer accounts. As of 2013, the Force. com platform has 1.4 million registered developers, Work. com, previously Rypple, is a social performance management platform that helps managers and employees improve work performance through continuous coaching, real-time feedback, and recognition. It is marketed as a solution for sales performance, customer service, marketing, Work. com, then known as Rypple, was founded by Daniel Debow and David Stein, who wanted to create a simple way of asking for feedback anonymously at work. The company was formed in May 2008 and their client list included Mozilla, Facebook, LinkedIn, Rypple reverses the onus on the demand for more feedback by getting employees to build and manage their own coaching networks. In September 2011, Rypple announced that they had hired Bohdan Zabawskyj as its Chief Technology Officer, in 2011, Rypple developed a more formalized management methodology called OKR for Spotify. In December 2011, Salesforce. com announced that they would acquire Rypple, the transaction was completed in 2012 and Rypple was rebranded as Work. com in September 2012. Data. com, previously known as Jigsaw, is an automated system for acquiring and managing CRM records within a users Salesforce. com account. Data. com is also a business directory of companies and business professionals that is built
16.
Great Recession
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The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country, in terms of overall impact, the International Monetary Fund concluded that it was the worst global recession since World War II. According to the US National Bureau of Economic Research the recession, as experienced in that country, began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the Great Recession was related to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and U. S. subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–09. The Great Recession has resulted in the scarcity of valuable assets in the market economy, under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009. In the broader, lay sense of the word however, many use the term to refer to ongoing hardship. The Great Recession met the IMF criteria for being a recession, requiring a decline in annual real world GDP per‑capita. According to the U. S. National Bureau of Economic Research the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Further, the U. S. shadow banking system had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the regulatory oversight. US mortgage-backed securities, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world, the emergence of sub-prime loan losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008, the global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices. Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s, Economist Paul Krugman once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of a second Great Depression. Governments and central banks responded with fiscal and monetary policies to national economies. The recession has renewed interest in Keynesian economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions, economists advise that the stimulus should be withdrawn as soon as the economies recover enough to chart a path to sustainable growth. Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas, median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011. The majority report of the U. S, Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees, reported its findings in January 2011. There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports, one of them, signed by three Republican appointees, concluded that there were multiple causes. He wrote, When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007, There are several narratives attempting to place the causes of the recession into context, with overlapping elements. Four such narratives include, There was the equivalent of a run on the shadow banking system
17.
Tower 42
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Tower 42 is the third-tallest skyscraper in the City of London and the eighth tallest in Greater London. Its original name was the NatWest Tower, having built to house NatWests international headquarters. It is still referred to as the NatWest Tower. Seen from above, the shape of the tower resembles that of the NatWest logo, the tower, designed by Richard Seifert and engineered by Pell Frischmann, is located at 25 Old Broad Street. It was built by John Mowlem & Co between 1971 and 1980, first occupied in 1980, and formally opened on 11 June 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II, the construction cost was £72 million. It is 183 metres high, which made it the tallest building in the United Kingdom until the topping out of One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in 1990 and it was the tallest building to have been built in London in the 1980s. It held the status of tallest building in the City of London for 30 years, in 2011 it was bought by the South African businessman Nathan Kirsh for £282.5 million. The original concept dates back to the early 1960s, predating the formation of the National Westminster Bank, the site was then the headquarters of the National Provincial Bank, with offices in Old Broad Street backing onto its flagship branch at 15 Bishopsgate. Early designs envisaged a tower of 137 m, this developed into a design with a 197 m tower as its centrepiece, visitors were invited to vote and overwhelmingly chose the single tower design. The final design preserved the Gibson banking hall and the height was reduced to 183 m. An annual fundraising event called Vertical Rush takes place inside Tower 42 and it is a vertical run of 932 steps to the top of the tower. Demolition of the site commenced in 1970 and the tower was completed in 1980, in total, there are 47 levels above ground, of which 42 are cantilevered. The lowest cantilevered floor is designated Level 1, but is in fact the fourth level above ground, the cantilevered floors are designed as three segments, or leaves, which approximately correspond to the three chevrons of the NatWest logo when viewed in plan. The two lowest cantilevered levels are formed of a leaf, and the next two are formed of two leaves. This pattern is repeated at the top, so that only levels 5 to 38 extend around the whole of the building and this unit remained in its existing location at 53 Threadneedle Street. Other international banking units, such as International Westminster Banks London Branch, innovative features in the design included double-decked elevators, which provide an express service between the ground/mezzanine levels and the sky lobbies at levels 23 and 24. Double decked elevators and sky lobbies were both new to the UK at the time, the tower also had its own telephone exchange in one of the basement levels – this area was decorated with panoramic photographs of the London skyline, creating the illusion of being above ground. Fire suppression design features included pressurised stairwells, smoke venting and fire retardant floor barriers, however, at the time of design, fire sprinkler systems were not mandatory in the UK and so were not installed
18.
St Paul's Cathedral
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St Pauls Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade 1 listed building and its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD604. The present church, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren and its construction, completed in Wrens lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the City after the Great Fire of London. The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London and its dome, framed by the spires of Wrens City churches, dominated the skyline for 300 years. At 365 feet high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1967, the dome is among the highest in the world. St Pauls is the second-largest church building in area in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral, St Pauls Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity. It is the subject of much promotional material, as well as of images of the dome surrounded by the smoke. St Pauls Cathedral is a church with hourly prayer and daily services. The entry fee is £18 for adults, the location of Londiniums original cathedral is unknown. In 1995, however, a large and ornate 5th century building on Tower Hill was excavated, the Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued that a temple to the goddess Diana had stood during Roman times on the site occupied by the medieval St Pauls Cathedral. Wren reported that he had no trace of any such temple during the works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire. Bede records that in AD604 St Augustine consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Saxons and their king, Sæberht. Sæberhts uncle and overlord, Æthelberht, king of Kent, built a dedicated to St Paul in London. It is assumed, although unproven, that this first Anglo-Saxon cathedral stood on the site as the later medieval. On the death of Sæberht in about 616, his sons expelled Mellitus from London. The fate of the first cathedral building is unknown and this building, or a successor, was destroyed by fire in 962, but rebuilt in the same year. King Æthelred the Unready was buried in the cathedral on his death in 1016, the cathedral was burnt, with much of the city, in a fire in 1087, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The fourth St Pauls, generally referred to as Old St Pauls, was begun by the Normans after the 1087 fire, a further fire in 1136 disrupted the work, and the new cathedral was not consecrated until 1240
19.
Waterloo Bridge
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Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. Its name commemorates the victory of the British, the Dutch, thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the views from the bridge are widely held to be the finest from any spot in London at ground level. The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809–10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge Company, before its opening it was known as the Strand Bridge. During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a place for suicide attempts. In 1841 the American daredevil Samuel Gilbert Scott was killed performing a act in which he hung by a rope from a scaffold on the bridge. In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem The Bridge of Sighs, paintings of the bridge were created by the French Impressionist Claude Monet and the English Romantic John Constable. The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and placed under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, Michael Faraday tried in 1832 to measure the potential difference between each side of the bridge caused by the ebbing salt water flowing through the Earths magnetic field. From 1884 serious problems were found in Rennies bridge piers, after scour from the river flow after Old London Bridge was demolished damaged their foundations. In 1925, a steel framework was built on top of the existing bridge. London County Council decided to demolish the bridge and replace it with a new designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. The engineers were Ernest Buckton and John Cuerel of Rendel Palmer & Tritton, Scott, by his own admission, was no engineer and his design, with reinforced concrete beams under the footways, leaving the road to be supported by transverse slabs, was difficult to implement. The beams were shaped to look as much like arches as and they are clad in Portland stone, which cleans itself whenever it rains. To guard against the possibility of further subsidence from scour each pier was given a number of jacks that can be used to level the structure, the new bridge was partially opened on Tuesday 11 March 1942 and was completed in 1945. It is the only Thames bridge to have been damaged by German bombers during the Second World War, the building contractor was Peter Lind & Company Limited. It is frequently asserted that the force was largely female. Granite stones from the bridge were subsequently presented to various parts of the British world to further historic links in the British Commonwealth of Nations. The monument, built in 1945, is on Queens Wharf and it includes a bronze likeness of Paddy, a drinking fountain and drinking bowls below for dogs. The north end of the bridge passes above the Victoria Embankment where the road joins the Strand and this end housed the southern portal of the Kingsway Tramway Subway until the late 1950s
20.
English Heritage
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English Heritage is a registered charity that manages the National Heritage Collection. This comprises over 400 of Englands historic buildings, monuments and sites spanning more than 5,000 years of history, within its portfolio are Stonehenge, Dover Castle, Tintagel Castle and the best preserved parts of Hadrians Wall. English Heritage also manages the London Blue Plaques scheme, which links influential historical figures to particular buildings and it was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. The British government gave the new charity an £80 million grant to establish it as an independent trust. Over the centuries, what is now called Heritage has been the responsibility of a series of state departments. There was the Kings Works after the Norman Conquest, the Office of Works, the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues and Works, and the Ministry of Works. Responsibility subsequently transferred to the Ministry of Public Building and Works then to the Department of the Environment and now the Department for Culture, Media, the states legal responsibility for the historic environment goes back to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882. Central government subsequently developed several systems of protection for different types of assets, introducing listing for buildings after WW2. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission was formed under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983 on 1 April 1984, soon after, the commission gained the operating name of English Heritage by its first Chairman, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. A national register of parks and gardens, was set up in 1984. Registration is a consideration in the planning process. In 2010–2011 it recorded 4.3 million unique online user sessions, in 2012 the section responsible for archive collections was renamed the English Heritage Archive. As a result of the National Heritage Act 2002, English Heritage acquired administrative responsibility for historic wrecks, the administration of the listed building system was transferred from DCMS to English Heritage in 2006. It was retained on grounds of performing a function which should remain independent from Government. However the department also suffered from budget cuts during the recession of the 2010s resulting in a deficit of £100 million. In June 2013 the British Government announced plans to provide an £80 million grant to enable English Heritage to become a self-financing charity, the national portfolio of historic properties remain in public ownership, but the new English Heritage will be licensed to manage them. The change occurred on 1 April 2015 with the planning and heritage protection functions remaining an independent, non-departmental public body. The new trust has a licence to operate the properties until 2023, English Heritage is the guardian of over 400 sites and monuments, the most famous of which include Stonehenge, Iron Bridge and Dover Castle
21.
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is a senior member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. They do not assume the duties and powers of the Prime Minister in the absence, illness, or death. The Deputy Prime Minister does not automatically succeed the Prime Minister when the latter is incapacitated, the designation of someone to the role of Deputy Prime Minister may provide additional practical status within the cabinet, enabling exercise of de facto, if not de jure, power. The Deputy Prime Minister usually deputises for the Prime Minister at official functions, the post of Deputy Prime Minister is not currently in use, having been left empty since the end of the coalition government following the 2015 UK general election. Many theories exist as to the absence of a formal post of Deputy Prime Minister in Britains uncodified constitution, theoretically the sovereign possesses the unrestricted right to choose someone to form a government following the death, resignation or dismissal of a Prime Minister. However, only two Deputy Prime Ministers have gone on to become Prime Minister, clement Attlee won the 1945 general election and succeeded Winston Churchill after their coalition broke up but only after a two-month interval when Attlee was not a member of the government. Anthony Eden succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister not because he had been Deputy Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministership, where it exists, may bring with it practical influence depending on the status of the holder, rather than the status of the position. Rab Butler held the post in 1962/63 under Harold Macmillan, but was passed over for the premiership in favour of Alec Douglas-Home, during the Heath administration of the 1970s, the title of Deputy Prime Minister was not formally used. However in his Memoirs, Home Secretary Reginald Maudling describes himself as Deputy Prime Minister under Heath from 1970 to his resignation in 1972 over the Poulson affair, William Armstrong, head of the Civil Service, was also called Heaths Deputy Prime Minister. William Whitelaw was Margaret Thatchers deputy from 1979–1988, a post he combined with that of Home Secretary in 1979–83, sir Geoffrey Howe was given the title in 1989, on being removed from the post of Foreign Secretary. He resigned as Deputy Prime Minister in 1990, making a speech that is widely thought to have hastened Thatchers downfall. Thatchers successor John Major did not appoint a Deputy Prime Minister until 1995, in 2001 this superdepartment was split up, with Prescott being given his own Office of the Deputy Prime Minister with fewer specific responsibilities. Following the 2010 general election, which returned a hung parliament, as leader of the smaller of the two parties in the coalition, Nick Clegg was appointed Deputy Prime Minister on the advice of the new Prime Minister, Conservative leader David Cameron. He chose instead to appoint the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne as First Secretary of State - his effective deputy, after the 2016 referendum on European Union membership, Camerons successor as Prime Minister, Theresa May, also did not appoint an individual to the post. She did not appoint a replacement for Osborne as First Secretary of State either, the most recent Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg maintained an office at the Cabinet Office headquarters,70 Whitehall, which is linked to 10 Downing Street. Cleggs predecessor, John Prescott, maintained his office at 26 Whitehall. The office is not a single department and as such is part of. Given that there is no office of Deputy Prime Minister, with the position being recreated on a case by case basis
22.
John Prescott
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John Leslie Prescott, Baron Prescott is a British politician who was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007. Born in Prestatyn, Wales, he represented Hull East as the Labour member of parliament from 1970 to 2010, in the 1994 leadership election, he stood for both Leader and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, winning election to the latter office. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister after Labours victory in the 1997 election, with a brief as Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport. In his youth he failed the 11-Plus entrance examination for school, but went on to graduate from Ruskin College. Prescott also developed a reputation as a key conciliator in the stormy relationship between Prime Minister Tony Blair and Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown. On 27 June 2007 he resigned as Deputy Prime Minister, coinciding with Blairs resignation as Prime Minister, following an election within the Labour party, he was replaced as Deputy Leader by Harriet Harman. Prescott retired as an MP at the 2010 election, on 8 July 2010, he entered the House of Lords as a life peer with the title Baron Prescott, of Kingston upon Hull in the County of East Yorkshire. Prescott stood as the Labour candidate in the election to be the first Police and Crime Commissioner for Humberside Police, on 21 February 2015, it was announced that Prescott would return to politics as a special adviser to then-Labour leader, Ed Miliband. The son of John Herbert Prescott, a signalman and Labour councillor, and Phyllis. In 2009, he said, Ive always felt very proud of Wales and being Welsh. I was born in Wales, went to school in Wales and its my place of birth, my country. In 2009, John Prescott featured in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about his Welsh family history, with roots in Prestatyn and he left Wales in 1942 at the age of four and was brought up initially in Brinsworth in South Yorkshire, England. He attended Brinsworth Manor School, where in 1949 he sat, shortly afterwards, his family moved to Upton, Cheshire, and he attended Grange Secondary Modern School in nearby Ellesmere Port. He became a steward and waiter in the Merchant Navy, thus avoiding National Service, working for Cunard, Prescotts time in the Merchant Navy included a cruise from England to New Zealand in 1957. Among the passengers was Sir Anthony Eden, recuperating after his resignation over the Suez Crisis, Prescott reportedly described Eden as a real gentleman. Apart from serving Eden, who stayed in his much of the time, Prescott also won several boxing contests. He married Pauline Tilly Tilston at Upton Church in Chester on 11 November 1961 and he then went to the independent Ruskin College, which specialises in courses for union officials, where he gained a diploma in economics and politics in 1965. In 1968, he obtained a BSc in economics and economic history at the University of Hull, the defeated Conservative challenger was Norman Lamont. Previously, he had attempted to become MP for Southport in 1966, from July 1975 to 1979, he concurrently served as a Member of the European Parliament and Leader of the Labour Group, when its members were nominated by the national Parliaments
23.
City of London Corporation
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In 2006 the name was changed from Corporation of London to avoid confusion with the wider London local government, the Greater London Authority. The Corporation is probably the worlds oldest continuously-elected local government authority, the corporations structure includes the Lord Mayor, the Court of Aldermen, the Court of Common Council, and the Freemen and Livery of the City. In Anglo-Saxon times, consultation between the Citys rulers and its citizens took place at the Folkmoot, administration and judicial processes were conducted at the Court of Husting and the non-legal part of the courts work evolved into the Court of Aldermen. Numerous subsequent Royal Charters over the centuries confirmed and extended the citizens rights, around 1189, the City gained the right to have its own mayor, later being advanced to the degree and style of Lord Mayor of London. The individual commissioners were nominated by the Corporation, but it was a separate body. Local government legislation often makes special provision for the City to be treated as a London borough, the Chief Executive of the administrative side of the Corporation holds the ancient office of Town Clerk of London. The Chamberlain, the City Treasurer and Finance Officer, the City Remembrancer, who is responsible for protocol, ceremonial, security issues as well as legislative matters that may affect the Corporation and is legally qualified. The Comptroller and City Solicitor, legal officer. e, former Lord Mayors, and the junior Aldermen. The Common Serjeant, the senior judge at the Central Criminal Court Old Bailey. C) The Ward Beadles, responsible to a specific Ward from which they are elected, largely ceremonial support to their respective Aldermen, and also perform a formal role at Ward Motes. In 1801, the City had a population of about 130,000 and it has risen slightly to around 9,000 since, largely due to the development of the Barbican Estate. As it has not been affected by other municipal legislation over the period of time since then, therefore, the non-residential vote, abolished in the rest of the country in 1969, became an increasingly large part of the electorate. The non-residential vote system used disfavoured incorporated companies, the City of London Act 2002 greatly increased the business franchise, allowing many more businesses to be represented. In 2009, the vote was about 24,000. Each body or organisation, whether unincorporated or incorporated, whose premises are within the City of London may appoint a number of based on the number of workers it employs. Limited liability partnerships fall into this category, though workers count as part of a workforce regardless of nationality, only certain individuals may be appointed as voters. The City of London is divided into twenty-five Wards, each of which is a division, electing one Alderman. The numbers below reflect the changes caused by the City of London Act, there are over one hundred livery companies in London
24.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
25.
Abdul Aziz bin Fahd
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Abdul Aziz bin Fahd is a Saudi prince and member for the royal House of Saud. Abdul Aziz born on 16 April 1973 and his mother is Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, belonging to the wealthy Al Ibrahim family. Abdul Aziz bin Fahd received a bachelor of degree in administrative sciences from King Saud University. Prince Abdul Aziz was first appointed as minister of state without portfolio in May 1998, then, he was made head of the Office of the Council of Ministers in January 2000, when he was 28 years old. It was reported that after King Fahds death, he began to live in Switzerland, on 26 June 2011, he was relieved from his position as head of the court of Cabinet affairs by a royal decree. It was declared that he resigned from his posts of minister of State, however, he is still named as minister of the state and a cabinet member. His ties with Saudi Oger are well known in Saudi Arabia, the company was founded by Rafik Hariri, who built Saudi Oger into a large company with the assistance of King Fahd. Hariri, also a prime minister of Lebanon, was assassinated in 2005. His son, Saad Hariri, took over Saudi Oger and became Lebanon’s prime minister for 14 months before he was ousted in 2011, Saad Hariri and Prince Abdul Aziz are known to be close. Abdul Aziz bin Fahd owns fifty percent of the MBC, of which the remainder is owned by his maternal uncle Waleed bin Ibrahim al Ibrahim and it is reported that Prince Abdul Aziz deals with both the profits and the ideology of MBC Channels, including al Arabiya. In January 2002 The Daily Telegraph newspaper valued the portfolio at £4 billion, assets purchased by StratREAL on behalf of Prince Abdul Aziz bin Fahd included Fifth Street Towers, a Minneapolis office complex, for $294 million in 2007. In May 2012, following a foreclosure on the complex for mortgage default, a mansion at 5 Palace Green, on Londons Kensington Palace Gardens, was reported to be being offered for sale by Abdul Aziz in July 2013 for £100 million. Abdul Aziz bin Fahd was previously one of King Abdullahs closest aides, however, later, he seemed to have had a falling out with the monarch and to have been close to his uncle, the late Crown Prince Nayef. Abdul Aziz receives exactly half of all profits of the successful Middle East Broadcasting Corporation. 24. 645808°N46. 643202°E /24.645808,46.643202 Massive farm near Janadriya covering an area of 715 acres or about 2.89 square kilometers at the outskirts of Riyadh. Al Khobar Palace with berth for his super yacht Prince Abdulaziz In addition, he owns the Pyramid House on Hillcrest Road in Beverly Hills. He also has several super yachts including Prince AbdulAziz, which is one of the largest built in the 20th century, Abdul Aziz bin Fahd married to Al Anoud bint Faisal Al Saud in December 2010. His wife is a granddaughter of late Sultan bin Abdulaziz and of Mishaal bin Abdulaziz and he deals with camel racing in Saudi Arabia
26.
Fahd of Saudi Arabia
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Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, was King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005. One of 45 sons of Saudi founder Ibn Saud, and the fourth of his six sons who have ruled the Kingdom, Fahd ascended to the throne on the death of his half-brother, King Khalid, on 13 June 1982. Fahd was appointed Crown Prince when Khalid succeeded his half-brother King Faisal, Fahd was viewed as the de facto Prime Minister during King Khalids reign in part due to the latters ill health. Fahd suffered a stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother, Abdullah, the countrys Crown Prince, served as de facto regent of the kingdom, King Fahd is credited for having introduced the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. Fahd bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh in 1921 and he is the eighth son of Ibn Saud. His mother was Hassa Al Sudairi and he was the eldest member of the Sudairi Seven, Fahds education took place at the Princes School in Riyadh, a school established by Ibn Saud specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud. He received education for four years as a result of his mothers urging, while at the Princes School, Fahd studied under tutors including Sheikh Abdul-Ghani Khayat. He then went on to education at the Religious Knowledge Institute in Mecca. Prince Fahd was made a member of the advisory board at his mothers urging. In 1945, Prince Fahd traveled on his first state visit to San Francisco for the signing of the UN charter, on this trip he served under his brother, Prince Faisal, who was at the time Saudi Arabias foreign minister. In 1953, Fahd led his first official visit, attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on behalf of the House of Saud. On 24 December 1953, Prince Fahd was appointed education minister, Prince Fahd led the Saudi delegation to the League of Arab States in 1959, signifying his increasing prominence in the House of Saud—and that he was being groomed for a more significant role. In 1962, Fahd was given the important post of interior minister, as interior minister he headed the Saudi delegation at a meeting of Arab Heads of State in Egypt in 1965. He was named deputy prime minister in 1967, which was created for the first time by King Faisal. After the death of King Faisal in 1975, Fahd was named first deputy prime minister, although Prince Fahd had two elder brothers, Prince Nasser and Prince Saad, who had prior claims to the throne, both were considered unsuitable candidates. By contrast, Prince Fahd had served as minister of education from 1954 to 1960, when King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne. He was the king of Saudi Arabia
27.
Photovoltaics
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A typical photovoltaic system employs solar panels, each comprising a number of solar cells, which generate electrical power. PV installations may be ground-mounted, rooftop mounted or wall mounted, the mount may be fixed, or use a solar tracker to follow the sun across the sky. Dust, clouds, and other things in the atmosphere also diminish the power output, another main issue is the concentration of the production in the hours corresponding to main insolation, which dont usually match the peaks in demand in human activity cycles. Unless current societal patterns of consumption and electrical networks mutually adjust to this scenario, electricity still need to be made up by other power sources, Photovoltaic systems have long been used in specialized applications, and standalone and grid-connected PV systems have been in use since the 1990s. They were first mass-produced in 2000, when German environmentalists and the Eurosolar organization got government funding for a ten thousand roof program, advances in technology and increased manufacturing scale have in any case reduced the cost, increased the reliability, and increased the efficiency of photovoltaic installations. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries, more than 100 countries now use solar PV. After hydro and wind powers, PV is the renewable energy source in terms of globally capacity. In 2014, worldwide installed PV capacity increased to 177 gigawatts, with current technology, photovoltaics recoups the energy needed to manufacture them in 1.5 years in Southern Europe and 2.5 years in Northern Europe. The term photo-voltaic has been in use in English since 1849, photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery, the first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC, there is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of cells containing a photovoltaic material. Copper solar cables connect modules, arrays, and sub-fields, because of the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years. Solar photovoltaic power generation has long seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet’s most plentiful. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly in solar panels, Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under standardized test conditions in Wp. Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is lower than other industrial sources of electricity. For best performance, terrestrial PV systems aim to maximize the time they face the sun, Solar trackers achieve this by moving PV panels to follow the sun. The increase can be by as much as 20% in winter, static mounted systems can be optimized by analysis of the sun path
28.
Renewable energy
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Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas, electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, based on REN21s 2016 report, renewables contributed 19. 2% to humans global energy consumption and 23. 7% to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8. 9% coming from biomass,4. 2% as heat energy,3. 9% hydro electricity and 2. 2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries like China, globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. As of 2015 worldwide, more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable, Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation. In international public opinion there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade, for example, in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply to 100% renewable energy by 2050. While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. Renewable energy systems are becoming more efficient and cheaper. Their share of energy consumption is increasing. Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables, in its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the financial crisis better than many other sectors. As of 2011, small solar PV systems provide electricity to a few million households, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables, outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%
29.
Oman
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Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast, the Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman forming Musandams coastal boundaries. From the late 17th century, the Omani Sultanate was an empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for influence in the Persian Gulf. At its peak in the 19th century, Omani influence or control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, as its power declined in the 20th century, the sultanate came under the influence of the United Kingdom. Historically, Muscat was the trading port of the Persian Gulf region. Muscat was also among the most important trading ports of the Indian Ocean, the Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of the country since 1970. Sultan Qaboos is the current ruler in the Middle East. Oman has modest oil reserves, ranking 25th globally, nevertheless, in 2010 the UNDP ranked Oman as the most improved nation in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years. A significant portion of its economy is tourism and trade of fish, dates and this sets it apart from its neighbors solely oil-dependent economies. Oman is categorized as an economy and ranks as the 74th most peaceful country in the world according to the Global Peace Index. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old and this supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the Late Pleistocene. Dereaze, located in the city of Ibri, is the oldest known settlement in the area. Archaeological remains have been discovered here from the Stone Age and the Bronze Age, findings have included stone implements, animal bones, shells and fire hearths, with the latter dating back to 7615 BC as the oldest signs of human settlement in the area. Other discoveries include hand-molded pottery bearing distinguishing pre-Bronze Age marks, heavy flint implements, pointed tools, sumerian tablets refer to a country called Magan or Makan, a name believed to refer to Omans ancient copper mines. Mazoon, another used for the region, is derived from the word muzn. The present-day name of the country, Oman, is believed to originate from the Arab tribes who migrated to its territory from the Uman region of Yemen. Many such tribes settled in Oman, making a living by fishing, herding or stock breeding, from the 6th century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Oman was controlled and/or influenced by three Persian dynasties, the Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids. A few scholars believe that in the 6th century BC, the Achaemenids exerted a strong degree of control over the Omani peninsula, Central Oman has its own indigenous so-called Late Iron Age cultural assemblage, the Samad al-Shan
30.
McDermott Will & Emery
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McDermott Will & Emery is an international law firm with a diversified business practice. The firm is one of the largest grossing law firms globally, McDermott has more than 1,100 lawyers across 19 offices in the United States, Europe and Asia. Chicago lawyers Edward H. McDermott and William M. Emery founded the firm in 1934, initially focused as a tax law firm, a corporate department was established when Howard H. Will joined the firm in 1941, as the century progressed, the firm added capabilities across the legal spectrum, eventually opening eight more offices on both coasts. By 1984, the firm numbered 150 lawyers, over the ensuing 20 years, however, McDermott has 19 offices in the United States, Europe and Asia/Pacific. It has an alliance with MWE China Law Offices in Shanghai China. Named as one of the top 15 defense litigation law firms in the United States by The National Law Journal on its annual Defense Hot List, ranked among the top 10 law firms singled out by corporate counsel as driving innovative changes in the legal services marketplace. Recognized as one of the top 10 law firms representing the growing health care industry in the United States, recognized by The Chambers Global Guide for excellence in numerous practice areas, and several McDermott lawyers were ranked as leaders in their field. The Human Rights Campaign named McDermott Will & Emery as one of the number of U. S. companies earning the top rating of 100 percent in its annual Corporate Equality Index. For the third quarter of 2008, McDermotts mergermarket rankings included top 20 for number of U. S. buyouts, top 10 for number of U. S. -Midwest region deals, McDermott Will & Emery engages in a number of pro bono efforts. The firm has a pro bono and community service program to serve disadvantaged communities and ensure that low-income individuals and families have access to justice. In past years the firms lawyers have devoted more than 85,000 hours to pro bono matters and community service annually, and more than 85 percent of its lawyers provided pro bono legal services
31.
Starwood Capital Group
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Starwood Capital Group is an American private investment firm headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut. The businesses owned by the firm include Starwood Property Trust, Inc, Starwood Real Estate Securities, L. L. C. and SH Group. It was co-founded by Barry Sternlicht and Robert Faith in 1991, in 2000, Starwood Capital exited its investment in Starwood Hotels & Resorts, Inc. In 2003, the company exited its investment in iStar Financial, in 2005, it acquired Groupe du Louvre, which owns crystal maker Baccarat. In 2009, a consortium led by Starwood Capital bought 40 percent of the portfolio of Corus Bank. In 2010 Starwood Capital Group lost an auction to buy Extended Stay Hotels to Centerbridge Partners, Starwood filed an objection against the sale to Centerbridge with the bankruptcy court in Manhattan. In 2012, the company began construction on a chain of hotels under the name of Baccarat Hotels, the flagship hotel will be in New York City, New York, on the site of the old Donnell Library Center, which it had bought from the 21 Club. Other complexes are scheduled to open in 2014 and 2015 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Rabat, Morocco, Carthage, Tunisia, Marrakech, Morocco, and Foshan, Shanghai, and Tianjin, China. Also in 2012, Starwood partnered with Toll Brothers to develop the Pierhouse at Brooklyn Bridge Park in Brooklyn for US$280,000,000. In December 2013, Starwood bought properties from the Swedish retail group Kooperativa Förbundet for 3.9 billion Swedish kronor, or $593.3 million, the seven prime location retail parks and shopping gallerias are located in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, and Uppsala in Sweden. Between 2013 and 2014, Starwood acquired three British hospitality groups, De Vere Group, Four-Pillars Hotels and Principal Hayley Group, in February 2014, in a 1-for-5 stock distribution, Starwood Property Trust spun off Starwood Waypoint Residential Trust, a single-family rental real estate investment trust. In January 2016, SWRT was merged with Colony American Homes in a $7.7 billion merger, on 26 March 2014 Starwood Capital became an indirect minority shareholder of A. S. Roma, through purchasing 20% shares of AS Roma SPV, AS Roma SPV was the major shareholder of NEEP Roma Holding. In the summer of 2014, Starwood purchased 7 upscale malls from Taubman Centers for a total of $1.4 billion, the malls are located in Virginia, Florida, North Carolina, Texas, and Michigan. The firm agreed to terms to acquire 23,262 apartment units from Equity Residential, the deal, valued at $5.365 billion, was planned to close in Q12016. The apartments were spread across five states in 72 communities, Starwood is purchasing the portfolio unencumbered. com, the companys official website
32.
Receivership
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The receivership remedy is an equitable remedy that emerged in the English Chancery courts, where receivers were appointed to protect real property. Receiverships can be divided into two types, Those related to insolvency or enforcement of a security interest. The Government seizes control of property due to breaches of law or regulation, Receivers are appointed in different ways, Government regulator appointed Privately appointed Court-appointed The receivers powers flow from the document underlying his appointment—i. e. A statute, financing agreement, or court order, most individual states also have granted receivership authority to their own bank regulatory agencies and insurance regulators. The California Receivers Forum has five local affiliates, Bay Area, Central California, LA/Orange County, Sacramento Valley, Court-appointed receivers are the most powerful and independent of the judicially appointed managers. Examples of court-appointed receivers include, In the District of Columbia, the receivership ended in September 2000. An insolvent fuel company is managed by a court-appointed receiver, a U. S. District Judge appointed a receiver for the multi-level marketing company Equinox International in August 1999. As of 2007, the receiver was authorized to distribute settlement funds from the company to approved claimants. After placing the California state prison health care system into receivership in June 2005, California Prison Health Care Services attempts to bring medical care in California prisons up to constitutional standards. In February 2007, a judge in Florida appointed a receiver for companies owned by Lou Pearlman that defrauded investors, the receiver later said about the companies I dont see much in the way of hard assets that are worth anything or are not already fully encumbered. It used to be the most popular method of enforcement by secured creditors, administrative receivership differs from simple receivership in that an administrative receiver is appointed over all of the assets and undertaking of the company. This means that a receiver can normally only be appointed by the holder of a floating charge. Typically, a receiver is an accountant with considerable experience of insolvency matters. The common law has recognised the concept of a receiver. Following the development of the floating charge creditors were effectively able to take security over an entire business by means of a floating charge over the undertaking. Security documents generally contained very wide powers of appointment such that on default the creditor could take over the business immediately, a receiver appointed to the entire business became known as a receiver and manager. The receiver and manager would typically have extensive powers over the business, including the power to sell it at a time and on terms that suited the appointing creditor. There was no ability on the part of the borrower or any other party to review the actions of the receiver or seek the supervision of the court
33.
Partnership Assurance
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Partnership Assurance Group plc is a provider of non-standard annuities for individuals with medical or lifestyle conditions. In April 2016 it became part of the JRP Group, the company was established as a management buyout of the Pension Annuity Friendly Society with funding from Phoenix Equity Partners in September 2005. Cinven acquired the company in August 2008 and it was the subject of a public offering in June 2013. In December 2014, Partnership completed the UKs largest medically underwritten bulk annuity transaction – a £206 million ‘top-slicing’ deal with Taylor Wimpey, in April 2016 the company merged with Just Retirement to form JRP Group. The company is a provider of annuities for people with medical conditions
34.
Salesforce Tower
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Salesforce Tower, formerly known as the Transbay Tower, is a 1, 070-foot supertall office skyscraper under construction in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco. When completed, the tower will be the tallest in San Francisco, with a top roof height of 970 feet and an overall height of 1,070 feet, it will be the second-tallest building west of the Mississippi River after the Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles. Developer Hines, with a proposal by architect César Pelli, was selected as the winner of a competition in 2007 to entitle. In 2012, Boston Properties acquired a 50% stake in the project, the site of the tower was in a dilapidated area, formerly used as a ground-level entrance to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal, which was demolished in 2011. The TJPA sold the parcel to Boston Properties and Hines for US$192 million, actual below-grade construction work started in late 2013. The project is a joint venture between general contractors Clark Construction and Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction, the development was originally contracted on spec, meaning the developer-owner did not have a major tenant lease secured beforehand. On April 11,2014, Salesforce. com announced that it signed a lease for 714,000 square feet on floors 1, 3–30, previously known as the Transbay Tower, the building was renamed Salesforce Tower. The lease was valued at US$560 million over 15 and a half starting in 2017. The tower is expected to be completed in 2018 and will have 61 floors, the original proposal called for a 1, 200-foot tower, but the height was later reduced. It will be the tallest building in San Francisco, surpassing the Transamerica Pyramid by more than 200 feet, the tower is expected to become the second-tallest building in the Western United States. A facebook group critical of the design gained over 700 likes. Despite the tower not being completed, San Francisco Curbed readers rated Salesforce Tower as one of the 20 ugliest buildings in the city. Many also noted their disappointment that the tower, built on formerly state-owned land and claiming the highest elevation point in San Francisco, satirical blogs have also ridiculed the tower for its provocative shape
35.
Proskauer Rose
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Proskauer Rose LLP is an international law firm headquartered in New York City. The firm was founded in 1875 and currently has thirteen offices worldwide, Proskauer is known for its labor and employment, litigation, corporate, private equity, finance, and intellectual property law departments. However, the firm is often in the headlines for its sports law group, Proskauer Rose is known for its sports law department, with clients including all four of the major sports leagues in the USA and Canada. Proskauers New York City office, located in Times Square, is its headquarters, the Boston office received Tier 1 rankings for its private investment fund, labor law, intellectual property, corporate finance, tax, and ERISA practice groups. Additionally, the pro bono and government work is led by former Massachusetts Attorney General Scott Harshbarger. The firms Boston office was noted for representing Facebook, Inc. The firms Washington DC office is known for its benefits and executive compensation, securities regulation and enforcement, healthcare. The firms Chicago office is primarily for its bankruptcy, healthcare. The New Orleans and Newark offices have strong niche practices of nationwide ERISA litigation and labor, the firms Boca Raton office has a prominent wealth management and planning group for high-net-worth clients, along with significant labor and employment, tax, and corporate law groups. Proskauers London office is the firms largest location outside of the United States, in 2013, Chambers UK ranked its private equity group as one of the best in the UK. The office also has highly rated tax, finance, and corporate practice groups, the firms Paris office is known internationally for its labor and employment law practice, along with its competition and antitrust, merger control, EU common market law, and corporate law groups. The firms Latin American presence is centered in São Paulo, Brazil, the firms Latin America practice is highly regarded, representing clients, such as Banco Itaú-BBA, Banco Votorantim, WestLB, Banco Santander, Votorantim Group, CSN, the Abril Group, and TV Band. Throughout its history, the headquarters has been located in the area of Times Square, in midtown Manhattan. A full-service practice, it is currently among the ten largest law firms in New York City, william R. Rose started the firm that is now Proskauer Rose when, at 21 years of age, he opened a law firm on Broadway in Downtown Manhattan in 1875. In 1907, Rose promoted associate Benjamin Paskus to partner and renamed the firm Rose & Paskus, Rose & Paskus was one of the first firms to develop a specialized tax practice after the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913. In 1930, Judge Joseph M. Proskauer resigned his position on New Yorks Appellate Division to join the firm, the firm shortened its name to Proskauer Rose in 1997. Thus it cannot rely on long-standing ties to old money or big investment banks, in December 2004, a large group of lawyers from the Boston-based law firm of Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault joined the Boston office of Proskauer Rose. In February 2012, Proskauer Rose increased its gross revenue by 6.4 percent to $686 million and its average profits per partner 9 percent to $1.7 million, in 2013, Proskauer Rose again increased its revenue by more than 7%, to over $700 million
36.
Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts
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The Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts (泛太平洋酒店及度假村）portfolio is a subsidiary of UOL Group Limited. It has more than 20 luxury hotels, resorts and serviced suites across Asia, Greater China, North America, Oceania, Tokyu Hotels International established the Pan Pacific Hotels brand name in 1975. It became Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts in 1986 with the iconic Travellers Palm logo, in 2007, UOL Group Limited acquired Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts from Tokyu, and renamed it to Pan Pacific Hotels Group. The group also owns the Park Royal Hotels & Resorts brand, the brand name Pan Pacific Hotels was born when Japanese conglomerate Tokyu Group established its new marketing identity and sales network for its hotels in 1975, under Tokyu Hotels International. The first Pan Pacific hotel established was Sari Pan Pacific Jakarta and it established the Emerald Management Company to manage its hotels in Hawaii and California in 1983, and in the same year, the Travellers Palm logo was born. In 1986, Pan Pacific Vancouver and Pan Pacific Singapore were opened, Tokyu Hotels International and EMC merged to become Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts, and in 1989, the Travellers Palm logo became the company-wide mark for the hotel group. Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts has since extended its presence to other parts of Asia and North America, including Singapore, Malaysia, Manila, Vancouver, Whistler, the brand also extended its footprint into Australia with the launch of Pan Pacific Perth in 2011. The opening of Pan Pacific Hotel and Serviced Suites Ningbo in 2012, in 2008, the brand launched its first extended-stay property with Pan Pacific Serviced Suites Orchard, Singapore. In 2010, it opened Pan Pacific Serviced Suites Bangkok and in 2013, Pan Pacific Serviced Suites Beach Road, Singapore, welcomed its first guests
37.
100 Bishopsgate
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100 Bishopsgate is a development of two mixed-use buildings under construction on Bishopsgate in London. The buildings will be situated on the edge of the City of London financial district. In May 2015, it was reported that building company T Clarke had agreed a revised contract 100 Bishopsgate, ground engineering work began on the foundations to prepare the project for construction. The scheme proposes a mixed-used development comprising three buildings of 38,16 and 6 storeys respectively, where building 1 and 2 will be joined for 16 floors before reducing the core size of building 1 which will then continue to level 38. The main tower would be formed of five floors, each of 44,000 sq ft. The form of the part of the tower is designed to resolve the complex geometries of the site, thus the lower floors are shaped as parallelograms. The third building would be formed of six storeys of 8,000 square feet each, providing restaurant, a new public space of 0.5 acres is situated in the middle of the site. The application was approved on 28 May 2008, in July 2011 the proposed height was increased by seven metres to 172 metres. Demolition of the buildings and infrastructure formerly on the site commenced in May 2011 and was completed later that year, the demolition work was complicated by the existence of six power substations on the site which needed to be kept operational until they could be bypassed. As of June 2016,100 Bishopsgate’s core for Building 1 has risen to the 7th floor, Building 3 both cores have reached the max 6 level height with steel beams up-to level 2 in place. The developer is The 100 Bishopsgate Partnership, a joint-venture between Brookfield Office Properties and Great Portland Estates, in April 2010 Brookfield paid £43m for a 50% stake in the project. In October 2012 Great Portland Estates sold 37. 5% of its 50% interest to Brookfield for £47.2 million leaving it with a 12. 5% interest, in November 2015 Brookfield announced that they had let the first seven floors to the Royal Bank of Canada. In November 2016 it was reported that law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer are planning to lease up to 300,000 sq. ft. of space in the building, City of London#Landmarks List of tallest buildings and structures in London Official Website
38.
The Heron
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The Heron, also known as Milton Court, is a 36-storey residential skyscraper in London, United Kingdom. The building was developed by Heron International, construction on the building began in 2010 and was completed in September 2013. It is located near the Barbican residential estate within the City of London area, close to Barbican and Moorgate tube stations. Designed by David Walker Architects, the building was planned to be 140 m tall with 44 floors. Structural engineering on the project was completed by WSP Group, the building is part of a wider redevelopment of Milton Court, to include a new teaching and performance centre for the Guildhall School. In the centre of the Heron there is an eight-storey high atrium, the building includes a 225-seat training theatre, a 625-seat concert hall and 284 apartments. Heron Tower Official website Emporis. com listing Londonist news article about the Milton Court development
39.
Double-deck elevator
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A double-deck elevator or double-deck lift is an elevator with two cabs attached together, one on top of the other. This allows passengers on two floors to be able to use the elevator simultaneously, significantly increasing the passenger capacity of an elevator shaft. Such a scheme can improve efficiency in buildings where the volume of traffic would normally have an elevator stopping at every floor. For example, a passenger may board the deck on the concourse level while another passenger may board the upper deck on the ground floor. The cab serving even floors is actually on top of the cab serving odd floors in the elevator shaft. When a passenger disembarks from the even-floor serving cab at level 30, for instance, architecturally, this is important, as double-deck elevators occupy less building core space than traditional single-deck elevators do for the same level of traffic. In skyscrapers, this allows for more efficient use of space. The other main technique is shared-shaft elevators, where multiple elevators use different sections of the shaft to serve different floors. Not all double-deck elevators are used to transport passengers simultaneously in both decks, sometimes one or more elevators in a building has a double-deck car, where the second deck is used for transportation of goods, typically outside of peak traffic periods. This technique has the advantages of preventing damage to interior fixtures due to impact from trolleys, during peak periods, the car is switched back to passenger mode, where it can expedite passenger movement into or out of the building. As of 2011, no triple-deck elevators have been built, although such a design had been considered for the 163-floor Burj Khalifa before the design was scaled back to double-deck. Also, Frank Lloyd Wright had envisioned five-deck elevators in his 1956 proposed Mile High Illinois, louis Bank of America Plaza in Dallas Bentall Centre Complex in Vancouver C. D. Skytrak
40.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
41.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
42.
West Tower
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West Tower is a 40-storey tall skyscraper in Liverpool, England. The building was the tower to be built by Carillion in Liverpool for property developers Beetham. With a spire height of 140 metres and 40 floors, West Tower is Liverpool’s tallest building, the joint 21st tallest in the United Kingdom, the building commands views across the city, over the Mersey to the Wirral and as far as Blackpool on a clear day. The first five floors are the new headquarters for the Beetham Organization, however, unlike St. Johns Beacon, West Tower has no antennas on the roof. Therefore, when considering height excluding antennas, West Tower is the highest building in Liverpool, the five floors of Beetham’s offices are set back between concrete columns and are fully glazed to provide an animated façade at street level. A glazed lift and stair serving the office are accommodated between raking fins with views to the river, the 127 apartments are clad in a fully glazed perimeter curtain wall of random clear and opaque panels and are orientated to provide views of both the city and river. The upper penthouse floors are tiered back to incorporate external terraces behind glazed balustrade screens, the 34th floor is home to Liverpools highest restaurant, Panoramic. This floor is clad in a clear glass perimeter offering diners views of the city of Liverpool. At the 4th Liverpool Daily Post Regional Property Awards in association with RBS and this prize was awarded for best use of land which would normally have stood barren, creation of an iconic building, and best use of limited space. In February 2011, the West Tower went into administration after the parent companies were hit by falling property prices, out of the 123 apartments,106 had been purchased as buy to let investments, while 17 were owner-occupied or unsold. Beetham Organization homepage Aedas Architects homepage
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10 Upper Bank Street
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10 Upper Bank Street is a 32-story office building located in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It was completed in 2003 and is 151 m tall and it was designed by the architects Kohn Pedersen Fox and built by Canary Wharf Contractors. Most of the building is occupied by the law firm Clifford Chance, Clifford Chance FTSE MasterCard UK Total Infosys Deutsche Bank Tall buildings in London http, //www. 10upperbankstreet. com From emporis. com
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20 Fenchurch Street
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20 Fenchurch Street is a commercial skyscraper in London that takes its name from its address on Fenchurch Street, in the historic City of London financial district. It has been nicknamed The Walkie-Talkie because of its distinctive shape, construction was completed in spring 2014, and the top-floor sky garden was opened in January 2015. The 34-storey building is 160 m tall, making it the sixth-tallest building in the City of London, designed by architect Rafael Viñoly and costing over £200 million,20 Fenchurch Street features a highly distinctive top-heavy form which appears to burst upward and outward. A large viewing deck, bar and restaurants are included on the top three floors, these are, with restrictions, open to the public. The tower was proposed at nearly 200 m tall but its design was scaled down after concerns about its visual impact on the nearby St Pauls Cathedral. It was subsequently approved in 2006 with the revised height, even after the height reduction there were continued concerns from heritage groups about its impact on the surrounding area. The project was consequently the subject of an inquiry, in 2007 this ruled in the developers favour. In 2015 it was awarded the Carbuncle Cup for the worst new building in the UK in the previous 12 months, the previous building at 20 Fenchurch Street was 91 m tall with 25 storeys and was built in 1968 by Land Securities. The architect was William H. Rogers, the building was formerly occupied by Dresdner Kleinwort and was notable for being one of the first tall buildings in the City of London, and for its distinctive roof. It was one of the towers nearest to the River Thames when viewed from the end of London Bridge. In 2007, one of the floors was used in the drama series Party Animals. Demolition of the building was completed in 2008, the new tower at 20 Fenchurch Street was designed by Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly in a postmodern style. The top-heavy design is intended to maximise floor space towards the top of the building. The building utilises double and triple-glazed panelised aluminium cladding on its exterior, the garden spans the top three floors, which are accessible by two express lifts and include a large viewing area, terrace, bar and two restaurants. Fourteen double-deck lifts serve the office floors of the building. The south side of the structure is ventilated externally to improve efficiency and decrease solar gain, there is a southern entrance in addition to the main northern entrance set back from Fenchurch Street. In January 2009, Canary Wharf Contractors began piling on the site of 20 Fenchurch Street, piling and ground works were completed in June 2009. In January 2011, work at the basement level of the tower began, by the end of October 2011, the building was rising above street-level
