1.
High Street
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High Street is a metonym for the concept of the primary business street of towns or cities, especially in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations. To distinguish it from centres of nearby places it is frequently preceded unofficially by the name of its settlement, in a town it implies the focal point for business, especially shops and street stalls in town and city centres. The equivalent in the United States and some parts of Canada, as well as some Northern English, the smallest High Street in Britain is located in a small market town in Devon called Holsworthy. The street itself is no more than 100 yards long and there are three shops located on Holsworthys High Street. High Street is the most common name in the UK. Already in Middle English the word denoted a metaphorical meaning of excellence or superior rank. High also applied to roads as they improved, highway was a new term taken up by the church, High Street gradually adopted a narrower meaning to describe thoroughfares with significant retail in large villages and towns. In the United Kingdom geographic concentration of goods and services has reduced the share of the economy contributed to by workers in the high street, High street refers to only a part of commerce. The town centre in many British towns combines a group of outdoor shopping streets, the continued vitality of towns is predicated on a number of different variables. The way that consumers perceive and use town centres has also fundamentally changed, in order to address the issues threatening the sustainability of towns it is increasingly important to consider consumer behaviour and customer experience. High Streets are less seen in Ireland. Neither of Dublins two main shopping streets carry this name, nor does its main thoroughfare, while Dublin has a High Street near Christchurch, it is not a shopping street. The city of Corks main shopping street is St. Patricks Street, Limericks, Main Street is used in many smaller towns and villages. For example, the OSI North Leinster Town Maps book lists sixteen Main Streets, similarly, the OSI Dublin Street Guide lists twenty Main Streets and only two High Streets. Killarney and Galway are two of the few large Irish towns in which the streets are named High Street. Nonetheless, the high street is often used in the Irish media to refer generically to shopping streets. The phrase High Street banks is used to refer to the banking sector in the United Kingdom. The equivalent in the United States, sometimes in Canada and Ireland is Main Street, in Jamaica, North East England and some sections of Canada and the United States, the main commercial district is Front Street
2.
University Church of St Mary the Virgin
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The University Church of St Mary the Virgin is an Oxford church situated on the north side of the High Street. It is the centre from which the University of Oxford grew and its parish consists almost exclusively of university and college buildings. St Marys possesses an eccentric baroque porch, designed by Nicholas Stone, facing High Street, radcliffe Square lies to the north and to the east is Catte Street. When Adam de Brome became rector in 1320 the churchs fortune became linked to what would later become Oriel College. Brome diverted the revenues of the church to his college, which thereafter was responsible for appointing the vicar, early provosts of the college were inducted into their stall in the church, and until 1642 fellows were required to attend services on Sundays and holy days. St Marys was the site of the 1555 trial of the Oxford Martyrs, when the bishops Latimer and Ridley and the Archbishop Cranmer, were tried for heresy. The martyrs were imprisoned at the former Bocardo Prison near St Michael at the Northgate in Cornmarket Street, a cross set into the road marks that location on what is now Broad Street, the nearby Martyrs Memorial, at the south end of St Giles, commemorates the events. Until the 17th century, the church was used not only for prayers but also for increasingly rowdy graduation, thereafter, the church was reserved for religious worship only. In 1828 John Henry Newman became vicar and his sermons became popular with undergraduates, the influence of the movement spread and affected the practice and spirituality of the Church of England. By 1843, Newman became disillusioned with Anglicanism and resigned from St Marys, the Decorated spire with its triple-gabled outer pinnacles, inner pinnacles, gargoyles and statues was added in the 1320s. Only one of the statues is original, the others were by George Frampton. The original statues can now be found in the cloister of New College, the tower is plainer, having long three light bell openings with intersecting tracery. The architect is unknown, though the master mason in 1275 was Richard of Abingdon, the south porch was built in 1637 and was designed by Nicholas Stone, master mason to Charles I. It was a gift from Dr Morgan Owen, chaplain to Archbishop Laud and it is highly ornate, with spiral columns supporting a curly pediment framing a shell niche with a statue of the Virgin and Child, underneath a gothic fan vault. The gate piers are original and the iron gates are early 18th century. The bullet holes in the statue were made by Cromwellian troopers, around 1328 a chapel was added, now the outer north aisle, by the rector, Adam de Brome. The north wall of de Bromes chapel and the house were remodelled in the Perpendicular style around 1510. Around the same time, St Thomas chantry, now a vestry, was added, the nave and aisle windows have panel tracery and flamboyant battlemented parapets with gargoyles and pinnacles
3.
Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Magdalen Bridge
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Magdalen Bridge /ˈmɔːdlᵻn/ spans the divided stream of the River Cherwell just to the east of the City of Oxford, England, and next to Magdalen College, whence it gets its name and pronunciation. It connects the High Street to the west with The Plain, now a roundabout and this point of the Cherwell has been used for crossing since ancient times. The first known reference to a bridge back to 1004. By the 16th century a medieval stone bridge had replaced the wooden one. This bridge was about 1,500 feet long and was formed by 20 arches, by the 1770s, the stone bridge was too narrow for the increasing traffic, as it did not allow two vehicles crossing safely. In addition to this, the structure was becoming unsound due to the combination of two factors, a lack of maintenance and the negative effects of regular flooding. Eventually some of the arches of the side collapsed during the floods of February 1772. The present stone bridge was designed by John Gwynn of Shrewsbury with a length to the previous one. It has a total of 11 arches of different dimensions distributed as follows, for each of the two branches of the river there are three large semicircular arches plus two smaller ones at each side of the river, originally designed for the towpaths. A central elliptical arch, the existing in the long central area across the island. This arch only conveys water when the island gets submerged, the original plans of the bridge are in the British Library,1802 c.17, vol.2, and Kings Maps xxxvi,33. The bridge, built between 1772 and 1790 by John Randall, originally had a width of 27 feet, which accommodated a single roadway and two pavements. Although the bridge was opened to traffic by the end of 1778, a new scheme for the balustrade, gwynns original design included an extravagant decoration for the balustrade with sculptures and sphinxes that were commissioned to Henry Webber in 1778 but eventually abandoned in 1782. According to Pevsner, the bridge has good sturdy balusters, although these have replaced over the years because of degradation due to pollution. Despite opposition from University members, the bridge was widened in 1882 to accommodate a four-foot gauge track for the tramway, the 18th-century bridge was widened by 20 feet on the south side, but design was retained. The bridge is the scene of large crowds every 1 May early in the morning for the traditional May Morning celebrations in Oxford, there has been a recent tradition of students to jump off the bridge, despite the danger of injury due to low water levels in the Cherwell. In some years many jumpers have been injured and, in order to avoid this, Magdalen Bridge, Oxford Magdalen Bridge Boathouse Restrictions on Magdalen Bridge by Tom Pinnock, The Oxford Student,2004
6.
Carfax, Oxford
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Carfax is at the junction of St Aldates, Cornmarket Street, Queen Street and the High Street in Oxford, England. It is considered to be the centre of the city, and is at 51. 752°N1. 258°W /51.752, the name Carfax derives from the Latin quadrifurcus via the French carrefour, both of which mean crossroads. St Martins Tower, popularly called Carfax Tower, is on the northwest corner of Carfax and it is all that remains of the 12th-century St Martins Church and is now owned by the Oxford City Council. In 1896 the City Church was moved to All Saints Church in the High Street, the tower is 74 feet tall, and no building in central Oxford may be built higher than it. It is a Grade II* listed building, the tower still has a ring of six bells, five recast from the original ring by Richard Keene of Woodstock in 1676, plus another cast by Keene two years later. They are rung on special occasions by the Oxford Society of Change Ringers, there is also a clock that chimes the quarter hours on a pair of bells cast by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough in 1898. The clocks current dial and surroundings were designed by Sir TG Jackson, in 1938–39 the clock mechanism was replaced with an electric one made by Gents of Leicester. It is possible to climb to the top of the tower for a view of the Oxford skyline, the tower is open 10am–5. 30pm Easter to October, and 10am–3. 30pm October to Easter. The St Scholastica Day riot of 1355 began with an altercation in the Swindlestock Tavern between two students and the taverner. In 1865 William Henry Butler, who had been Mayor of Oxford in 1836, was buried in St Martins churchyard in the grave of his first wife Elizabeth Briggs and their two infant daughters. In 1900 the church was demolished to make way for improvements and as a consequence the grave. It is probable the tombstone was made by either John Gibbs of Oxford or one of Gibbss employees, the tombstone is still in situ and can be seen behind the tower. There is a campaign to protect the tombstone for posterity, comparable to St Mary the Great for the University of Cambridge, Carfax plays a role in the disciplinary legislation of the University of Oxford over its students. For instance, the Universitys residence requirements are defined in terms of a number of miles from Carfax within which students have to reside. Carfax Conduit Carfax Tutorial Establishment Beeson, C. F. C, simcock, A. V, ed. Clockmaking in Oxfordshire 1400–1850. Oxford, Museum of the History of Science, Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press. Map sources for Carfax, Oxford Wilkes, DC
7.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
8.
University College, Oxford
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University College, is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university, as of 2009, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £109m. The college is associated with a number of influential people, notable alumni include Clement Attlee, C. S. Lewis, Bill Clinton, V. S. Naipaul, Stephen Hawking and Percy Bysshe Shelley. A legend arose in the 14th century that the college was founded by King Alfred in 872, however most agree its foundation was in 1249 by William of Durham. He bequeathed money to support ten or twelve Masters of Arts studying Divinity, and this later date still allows the claim that Univ is the oldest of the Oxford colleges, although this is contested by Balliol College and Merton College. Until the 16th century, it was open to Fellows studying theology. As Univ grew in size and wealth, its buildings were replaced with the current Main Quadrangle in the 17th Century. Although the foundation stone was placed on 17 April 1634 the disruption of the English Civil War meant it was not completed until sometime in 1676, Radcliffe Quad followed more rapidly by 1719, and the Library was built in 1861. University College began to accept female students in 1979. The main entrance to the college is on the High Street and its grounds are bounded by Merton Street, the college is divided by Logic Lane which is owned by the college and runs through the centre. The western side of the college is occupied by the library, the hall, the chapel, the eastern side of the college is mainly devoted to student accommodation in rooms above the High Street shops, on Merton Street or in the separate Goodhart Building. This building is named after former master of the college Arthur Lehman Goodhart, the college also owns student accommodation on Staverton Road in North Oxford which houses students after their second year. The college also owns the University College Boathouse and a ground which is located nearby on Abingdon Road. The Alternative Prospectus is written and produced by current students for prospective applicants, the publication was awarded a HELOA Innovation and Best Practice Award in 2011. The Univ Alternative Prospectus offers student written advice and guidance to potential Oxford applicants, the award recognises the engagement of the college community, unique newspaper format, forward-thinking use of social media and the collaborative working between staff and students. University has the longest grace of any Oxford college and it is read before every Formal Hall, which is held Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday at Univ. The reading is performed by a Scholar of the College and whoever is sitting at the head of High Table, the Scholar does not need to know it by heart, and it is unusual for people to do so. Gratiarum actio in collegio magnae aulae universitatis quotidie ante mensam dicenda, SCHOLAR — Deus det vivis gratiam, defunctis requiem, Ecclesiae, Reginae, Regnoque nostro, pacem et concordiam, et nobis peccatoribus vitam aeternam
9.
All Saints Church, Oxford
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All Saints Church is on the north side of the High Street in central Oxford, England, on the corner of Turl Street. It is now the library of Lincoln College and this former church is Grade I listed. The original All Saints Church was founded in 1122 on this site, however, on 8 March 1700, the spire of the church collapsed, destroying most of the building. There was an appeal for funds and the current building, seating 350, was completed in 1720, the building was designed by Henry Aldrich, the Dean of Christ Church. Nicholas Hawksmoor is thought to be responsible for the tower and spire, four of the original bells survived the collapse. The repairs to the church were very expensive and donations were received from most of the Oxford colleges, in 1896, when St Martins Church at Carfax was demolished, All Saints became the official City Church, where the Mayor and Corporation were expected to worship. In 1971, All Saints Church was declared redundant and the City Church moved to St Michael at the North Gate, All Saints was thus deconsecrated and offered to Lincoln College, located immediately to the north of the church. Since 1975, after conversion, the building has been Lincoln Colleges library, the only major change to the interior of the church during its conversion into a library was the raising of the original floor by over four feet to provide space for the lower reading rooms. The upper reading room is known as the Cohen Room and has an elegant plastered ceiling, the decorations include the shields of the major donors who contributed to the cost of the conversion. The lower reading room is the library and the senior library. The science section is named after a former Lincoln College Fellow, Howard Florey, the Library still has a full peal of eight bells, which are regularly rung by the Oxford Society of Change Ringers, founded in 1734. They are also rung for special occasions, such as the election of a new Rector of the College, there is another All Saints Church in the suburb of Headington to the east of central Oxford, on Lime Walk
10.
The Queen's College, Oxford
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The Queens College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford, England. The college was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainault, the college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor. In 2014, the college had an endowment of £206.1 million, the college was founded during the 14th century by Robert de Eglesfield, chaplain to Queen Philippa of Hainault, hence its name. The colleges coat of arms is that of the founder, it slightly from his familys coat of arms. The current coat of arms was adopted by dEglesfield because he was unable to use his familys arms, the frontage of the college was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, part of a substantial rebuilding in the 18th century during which the library was built. The medieval foundations, however, remain beneath the current 18th-century structure, in 2012, the college had net assets of £201.4 million. The college has had an association with the north of England, in part because of its founder. This connection was reinforced for many years until recently by the large number of Hastings Scholarships given to men from 20 schools in Yorkshire. Graduate students from the universities of Bradford, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield, the college is named for its first patroness, Queen Philippa of Hainault. Established in January 1341 under the name of the Hall of the Queens scholars of Oxford, an Act of 1585 sought to end this confusion by providing that it should be called by the one name the Queens College, in practice the definite article is usually omitted. The full name of the College, as indicated in its reports, is The Provost. Queens College in Cambridge positions its apostrophe differently and has no article, in April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. The Queens Colleges front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A, the college has one of the best-stocked college libraries in Oxford. The current lending library consists of around 50,000 volumes, the Upper Library has been a focal point for the College ever since its construction at the end of the 17th century. Unlike many other rooms in Oxford libraries, the Upper Library remains as a silent reading room for students open during staffed hours. The open cloister below the Upper Library was enclosed in the 19th century to form the Lower Library, the college has one of the largest and most diverse collections of rare books in Oxford. The chapel is noted for its Frobenius organ in the west gallery and it was installed in 1965, replacing a Rushworth and Dreaper organ from 1931. The earliest mention of an organ is 1826, the Chapel Choir has been described as Oxfords finest mixed-voice choir and continues to perform termly concerts, with recent examples including Handels Messiah and Bachs St. John Passion
11.
Magdalen College, Oxford
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Magdalen College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford. As of 2014, the college had a financial endowment of £180.8 million. Magdalen stands next to the River Cherwell and has within its grounds a deer park and Addisons Walk. The large, square Magdalen Tower is an Oxford landmark, and it is a tradition, dating to the days of Henry VII, Magdalen College was founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor. The founders statutes included provision for a foundation of men and boys. The college received another substantial endowment from the estate of Sir John Fastolf of Caister Castle in Norfolk, another unrelated college named Magdalen Hall adjacent to Magdalen College eventually became part of Hertford College. Magdalens prominence since the mid-20th century owes much to such famous fellows as C. S. Lewis and A. J. P. Taylor, women were first admitted to the college in 1979. In 2015, Magdalen topped Oxfords Norrington Table of college undergraduate examination results, the college has large grounds, close to the city centre. They stretch north and east from the college, and are most of the bounded by Longwall Street, the High Street. This large meadow occupies most of the north west of the grounds, from the New Buildings. During the winter and spring, it is the home of a herd of Fallow Deer and it is possible to view the meadow from the path between New Buildings and Grove Quad, and also from the archway in New Buildings. In the 16th century, long before the introduction of the deer, the grove consisted of gardens, orchards, during the Civil War, it was used to house a regiment of soldiers. At one point in the 19th century it was home to three traction engines belonging to the department of the college. By the 20th century it had become well-wooded with many large trees and this triangular meadow lies to the east of the college, bounded on all sides by the River Cherwell. In the spring, it is filled with the flower Fritillaria meleagris and these flowers grow in very few places, and have been recorded growing in the meadow since around 1785. Once the flowering has finished, the deer are moved in for the summer, in wet winters, some or all of the meadow may flood, as the meadow is lower lying than the surrounding path. All around the edge of the meadow is a tree-lined path and it is a beautiful and tranquil walk, favoured by students, dons, and visitors alike. It also links the college with Holywell Ford, and the Fellows Garden, located to the north east of the Meadow, directly behind the new building of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
12.
Magdalen Tower
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Magdalen Tower, completed in 1509, is a bell tower that forms part of Magdalen College, Oxford. It is a focus for the celebrations in Oxford on May Morning. Magdalen Tower is one of the oldest parts of Magdalen College, Oxford, built of stone from 1492, when the foundation stone was laid, its bells hung ready for use in 1505, and completed by 1509, it is an important element of the Oxford skyline. At 144 feet high, it is the tallest building in Oxford and it dominates the eastern entrance to the city, towering over Magdalen Bridge and with good views from the Botanic Garden opposite. The tower, joined to the range of college buildings, is built in four storeys unequal in height. Octagonal turrets encase the corners, the larger northwest turret encloses the spiral stair. The tower contains a peal of ten bells hung for English change ringing and they were cast at a number of different foundries and the heaviest, weighing 17 cwt, was cast in 1623. The bells are rung on many occasions during the year by the Oxford Society of Change Ringers at the invitation of the college, such occasions include significant royal and college anniversaries, and after some religious ceremonies in the College Chapel. The bells received their last major overhaul in 2012, being returned to the tower in March of that year, members of Magdalen are able to procure the 10 iron key to the door at its base from the porters lodge. Every 1 May, at 6am, the choir of the college sings two traditional hymns — the Hymnus Eucharisticus and Now Is the Month of Maying — to start the May Morning celebrations in Oxford. Large crowds gather in the High Street and on Magdalen Bridge below to listen, extensive restoration to the stone facing of the tower was undertaken in the 1970s since pollution had badly degraded the surface. Founders Tower, Magdalen College Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford Jennifer Sherwood and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England, Magdalen Tower and the Hymnus Eucharisticus Oxfords May Morning from the BBC,2003
13.
Oriel College, Oxford
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Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford, in recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as Kings College and Kings Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is the official Visitor of the College, the original medieval foundation set up by Adam de Brome, under the patronage of Edward II, was called the House or Hall of the Blessed Mary at Oxford. The first design allowed for a Provost and ten Fellows, called scholars, and the College remained a body of graduate Fellows until the 16th century. During the English Civil War, Oriel played host to high-ranking members of the Kings Oxford Parliament, the College has nearly 40 Fellows, about 300 undergraduates and some 160 graduates, the student body having roughly equal numbers of men and women. Oriels notable alumni include two Nobel laureates, prominent Fellows have included founders of the Oxford Movement, among Oriels more notable possessions are a painting by Bernard van Orley and three pieces of medieval silver plate. In 1329, the college received by royal grant a large house belonging to the Crown, known as La Oriole and it is from this property that the college acquired its common name, Oriel, the name was in use from about 1349. The word referred to an oratoriolum, or oriel window, forming a feature of the earlier property, the arrangement was cancelled in 1450. In 1643 a general obligation was imposed on Oxford colleges to support the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. The King called for Oriels plate, and almost all of it was given, the total weighing 29 lb.0 oz.5 dwt. of gilt, and 52 lb.7 oz.14 dwt. of white plate. In the same year the College was assessed at £1 of the sum of £40 charged on the colleges. When the Oxford Parliament was assembled during the Civil War in 1644, Oriel housed the Executive Committee of the Privy Council, following the defeat of the Royalist cause, the University was scrutinised by the Parliamentarians, and five of the eighteen Oriel Fellows were removed. In 1673 James Davenant, a Fellow since 1661, complained to William Fuller, then Bishop of Lincoln, Bishop Fuller appointed a commission that included the Vice-Chancellor, Peter Mews, the Dean of Christ Church, John Fell, and the Principal of Brasenose, Thomas Yates. During the early 1720s, a struggle began between the Provost and the Fellows, culminating in a lawsuit. In 1721, Henry Edmunds was elected as a Fellow by 9 votes to 3, his election was rejected by Provost George Carter, and on appeal, by the Visitor, Edmund Gibson, then Bishop of Lincoln. The Provost continued to reject candidates, fuelling discontent among the Fellows, the jury decided for the Fellows, supporting the original charter of Edward II. In the early 19th century, the zeal of Provosts John Eveleigh. The group was disgusted by the then Church of England and sought to revive the spirit of early Christianity, tension arose in College since Provost Edward Hawkins was a determined opponent of the Movement
14.
Nikolaus Pevsner
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Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA was a German, later British scholar of history of art and, especially, of history of architecture. He is best known for his 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, The Buildings of England, the son of a Russian-Jewish fur haulier, Nikolaus Pevsner was born in Leipzig, Saxony. He attended the Thomas School and went on to art history at the Universities of Leipzig, Munich, Berlin. In 1923, he married Carola Kurlbaum, the daughter of distinguished Leipzig lawyer Alfred Kurlbaum and he worked as an assistant keeper at the Dresden Gallery. In 1928 he contributed the volume on Italian baroque painting to the Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft and he taught at the University of Göttingen, offering a specialist course on English art and architecture. According to biographer Stephen Games, Pevsner welcomed many of the economic, however, due to Nazi race laws he was forced to resign his lectureship in 1933. Later that year he moved to England and his first post was an 18-month research fellowship at the University of Birmingham, found for him by friends in Birmingham and partly funded by the Academic Assistance Council. He was subsequently employed as a buyer of modern textiles, glass, since its first publication by Faber & Faber in 1936, it has gone through several editions and been translated into many languages. The English-language edition has also been renamed Pioneers of Modern Design, Pevsner was more German than the Germans to the extent that he supported Goebbels in his drive for pure non-decadent German art. He was reported as saying of the Nazis I want this movement to succeed, there is no alternative but chaos. There are things worse than Hitlerism, nonetheless he was included in the Nazi Black Book as hostile to the Hitler regime. In 1940, Pevsner was interned as an alien in Huyton. He was released three months on the intervention of, among others, Frank Pick, then Director-General of the Ministry of Information. He also completed for Penguin Books the Pelican paperback An Outline of European Architecture, Outline would eventually go into seven editions, be translated into 16 languages, and sell more than half a million copies. In 1942, Pevsner finally secured two regular positions, from 1936 onwards he had been a frequent contributor to the Architectural Review and from 1943 to 1945 he stood in as its acting editor while the regular editor J. M. Richards was on active service. Under the ARs influence, Pevsners approach to modern architecture became more complex and he was also closely involved with the Reviews proprietor, Hubert de Cronin Hastings, in evolving the magazines theories on Picturesque planning. In 1942, Pevsner was also appointed a lecturer at Birkbeck, University of London. He lectured at Cambridge for almost 30 years, having been Slade professor there for a six years from 1949 to 1955
15.
Lincoln College, Oxford
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Lincoln College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, situated on Turl Street in central Oxford. Lincoln was founded in 1427 by Richard Fleming, then Bishop of Lincoln and it is the ninth oldest of Oxford Universitys extant colleges. As of 2016, it has an endowment of £108 million. Notable alumni include John Radcliffe, Howard Florey, Edward Abraham, Norman Heatley, Nevil Sidgwick, John Wesley, John le Carré, Rachel Maddow and Theodor Seuss Geisel. Philip May, husband of Theresa May, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, also attended Lincoln College, roland Berrill, an Australian barrister, and Dr. Lancelot Ware, a British scientist and lawyer, founded Mensa at Lincoln College in 1946. Lincoln College has one of the oldest working medieval kitchens in the UK, Richard Fleming founded the College in order to combat the Lollard teachings of John Wyclif. He intended it to be a college of true students of theology who would defend the mysteries of Scripture against those ignorant laymen who profaned with swinish snouts its most holy pearls. To this end, he obtained a charter for the College from King Henry VI, which combined the parishes of All Saints, St. Michaels at the North Gate, and St. Mildreds within the College under a rector. The College now uses All Saints Church as its library and has ties with St Michaels Church at the North Gate. Richard Fleming died in 1431, and the first rector, William Chamberleyn, in 1434, leaving the College with few buildings, the second rector, John Beke, secured the Colleges safety by attracting donors. By 1436, the College had seven fellows, John Forest, Dean of Wells and a close friend of Bekes, donated such an amount that the College promised to recognise him as a co-founder, it did not keep this promise. His gifts saw the construction of a chapel, a library, hall, after a pointed sermon from the incumbent rector, Thomas Rotherham was compelled to give his support and effectively re-founded it in 1478, with a new charter from King Edward IV. His appearances at College became less frequent after he departed for Georgia as a chaplain in 1735. Indeed, he took to signing his publications as John Wesley, a portrait of him hangs in the Hall and a bust overlooks the front quad. The room where he is believed to have worked is also named him and was renovated by American Methodists at the beginning of the 20th century. As is common with Oxford colleges, the College has a rivalry with neighbour Brasenose College. The two colleges share a tradition revived annually on Ascension Day, an alternative is that a Lincoln man bested a Brasenose man in a duel. Since the nineteenth century, the beer has been flavoured with ivy so as to discourage excessive consumption, academically, Lincoln has been one of the top ten in the Norrington Table each year since 2006
16.
Turl Street
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Turl Street is an historic street in central Oxford, England. The street is located in the city centre, linking Broad Street at the north and it intersects with Brasenose Lane to the east, and Market Street and Ship Street to the west. These streets link Turl Street to the busy Cornmarket, and to the iconic Radcliffe Square and it is colloquially known as The Turl and is home to three of the University of Oxfords historic colleges, Exeter, Jesus and Lincoln. It meets the High Street by the early 18th century All Saints church, Turl Street was called St Mildreds Street in 1363, but was known as Turl Gate Street by the mid-17th century. It acquired this name from a gate which was in a postern in the city wall. The part to the south of Ship Street was known as Lincoln College Lane in 1751, originally the Turl came to an abrupt halt at its junction with Ship Street, where it reached the city wall and the twirling gate. By 1551, it was extended by a path to reach what is now Broad Street, the Turl has been closed to traffic since 1985. A rising bollard, installed by the Oxford City Council, cuts it off in the middle, the site now occupied by the Turl Street Kitchen was once the QI Building. The Turl Street colleges also have student housing above and around many of these shops, Turl Street is the subject of an obscure ecclesiastical joke, based on its location. How is the Church of England like Turl Street and it runs from the High to the Broad and it has Jesus. Turl Street is also the site of another famous story, an American tourist is said to have entered Lincoln College and asked the porter, Say buddy, is this Jesus. To which the porter replied, Typical Yank, thinks Lincoln was Jesus, Turl Street Wanderers FC is a football club playing in the London Football League Sunday PM Premier Division. For the first four years of its existence the club played in the West End Amateur Football Association, the club was founded in 2004 by alumni of Lincoln College and Jesus College. The Turl Street Arts Festival is organised annually by students from the three colleges in the street, Exeter, Jesus and Lincoln
17.
Brasenose College, Oxford
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Brasenose College, officially The Kings Hall and College of Brasenose, is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1509, with the College library and current chapel added in the mid-seventeenth century, the Colleges New Quadrangle was completed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with additional residence areas completed in the 1960s and 1970s. As of 2012, it has an endowment of £90 million. For the four degree years 2011/2014, Brasenose averaged 10th in the Norrington Table, Brasenose is home to one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world, Brasenose College Boat Club. The history of Brasenose College, Oxford stretches back to 1509 and its name is believed to derive from the name of a brass or bronze knocker that adorned the halls door. The first principals navigated Brasenose, with its Catholic sympathisers, through the reformation, most of Brasenose favoured the Royalist side during the English Civil War, although it produced notable generals and clergy on both sides. The library and chapel were completed in the century, despite Brasenose suffering continuing money problems. The post-1785 period would see an era of prosperity of the college under Principal William Cleaver, the college began to be populated by gentlemen, its income doubling between 1790 and 1810, and academic success considerable. Efforts to reconstruct Brasenose were not completed, however, until the half of the century with the addition of New Quad between 1886 and 1911. The mid-Century Royal Commissions were navigated – although they were opposed in form, the election of Charles Heberden as Principal in 1889 led to a gradual reversal in Brasenoses academic failures, although its sporting performance suffered. Brasenose lost 115 men in the First World War, with its numbers greatly reduced. Lord Curzons post-War reforms were successfully instituted, the inter-war period was defined by William Stallybrass, who as fellow and eventual Principal dominated college life. Brasenose once again produced top sportsmen – cricketers, rowers, and this came at the cost of falling academic standards and poorly performing finances, which would see Stallybrass authority challenged. He died in an accident before he could be forced out. After the war, sporting achievements waned but academic success did not improve significantly, the 1970s saw considerable social change in Brasenose, with more post-graduate attendees and fewer domestic staff. In 1974 BNC was one of the first mens colleges to admit women as members, the others being Jesus College, Hertford, St Catherines. Law continued to be a subject for Brasenose, as was the emerging subject of Politics, Philosophy and Economics. Brasenoses finances were secured, and it entered the twenty-first century in a good position with regards financial, extracurricular
18.
Radcliffe Square
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Radcliffe Square is a square in central Oxford, England. It is surrounded by historic Oxford University and college buildings, the square is cobbled, laid to grass surrounded by railings in the centre, and is pedestrianised except for access. The centrepiece of the square is the circular and imposing Radcliffe Camera and this is part of the Bodleian Library, the main building of which is situated immediately to the north of the square. The two are connected by a tunnel and there are many books stored under the square. These books may be requested by readers, there used to be a small underground railway to transport books between the Radcliffe Camera and the main Bodleian site. To the west is Brasenose College, one of Oxfords older colleges, to the east is All Souls College, which only has fellows and no students, and is thus largely dedicated to research. A good view can be had through the leading to the square, since although these are normally locked. The eastern side of the forms part of Catte Street. At the southern side of the square is the University Church of St Mary the Virgin and this is the official church of Oxford University and is where the Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy. A good view of Radcliffe Square and the rest of central Oxford is available from the tower, the square is widely regarded as the most beautiful in Oxford, and is very popular with tourists. There are no buildings to be seen, so it is also used as a setting for period films. The square was part of the venue for the Brasenose Quincentenary Ball in 2009 which celebrated 500 years of the college
19.
All Souls College, Oxford
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All Souls College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become Fellows, All Souls is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford, with a financial endowment of £286. 4m. However, since the Colleges principal source of revenue is its endowment, All Souls is a registered charity under English law. The college is located on the side of the High Street adjoining Radcliffe Square to the west. To the east is The Queens College with Hertford College to the North, the current Warden is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford. The College was founded by Henry VI of England and Henry Chichele, the Statutes provided for the Warden and forty fellows – all to take Holy Orders, twenty-four to study arts, philosophy and theology, and sixteen to study civil or canon law. Today the College is primarily a research institution. The College now has no undergraduate members, All Souls did once have them, especially in the early 17th century on the instigation of Robert Hovenden, in order to provide the fellows with servientes. The admission of undergraduates for this purpose was abandoned in the 19th century, the All Souls Library was founded through a bequest from Christopher Codrington, a Fellow of the College. Christopher Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000, in addition to £10,000 in currency and this bequest allowed the library to be built and endowed. Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados, and amassed his fortune from his sugar planation in the West Indies, the library was completed in 1751, and has been in continuous use since then. The modern library comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were published before 1800, the collections are particularly strong in Law and History. Built between 1438 and 1442, the chapel remained largely unchanged until the Commonwealth, Oxford, having been a largely Royalist stronghold, suffered under the Puritans wrath. The 42 misericords date from the Chapels building, and show a resemblance to the misericords at Higham Ferrers, both may have been carved by Richard Tyllock. Christopher Wren was a Fellow from 1653, and in 1658 produced a sundial for the College and this was originally placed on the South wall of the Chapel, until it was moved to the quadrangle in 1877. During the 1660s a screen was installed in the Chapel, which was based on a design by Wren, however, this screen needed to be rebuilt by 1713. By the mid-19th century the Chapel was in great need of renovation, each year several dozen typically do so. Two examination fellows are elected each year, although the college has awarded a single place in previous years
20.
St Edmund Hall, Oxford
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St Edmund Hall is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. The college has a claim to be the oldest academical society for the education of undergraduates in any university and is the last surviving medieval hall at the University, the college is located just off Queens Lane, near the High Street, in central Oxford. Like the University of Oxford itself, the date of establishment of St Edmund Hall is not certain, it is usually estimated at 1236. It is named after St Edmund of Abingdon, Oxfordshire, the first known Oxford Master of Arts and the first Oxford-educated Archbishop of Canterbury, the name St Edmund Hall first appears in a 1317 rental agreement. St Edmund Hall began life as one of Oxfords ancient Aularian houses, as the only surviving medieval hall, its members are known as Aularians. St Edmund Hall acquired the status of a college in 1957, the college has a history of independent thought, which brought it into frequent conflict with both Church and State. In 1978, women were first admitted as members of the Hall, maroon and gold are believed to be the official college colours and most of the colleges sporting wear is in maroon and gold, leading many to believe that these are in fact the college colours. Confusion may also be caused because the coat of arms has a yellow/gold field. The college coat of arms depicts a red cross patonce against a field surrounded by four Cornish Choughs and is blazoned Or. The choughs are often depicted with white wings. In the image shown, the coat of arms is found above the following Latin dedication sanctus edmundus huius aulae lux, or St Edmund. This is usually achieved by choosing certain letters in the text which correspond to Roman numerals which when added, often disregarding the usual subtractive notation and these numerals are then indicated by being rendered in a larger size than that of the surrounding letters. St Edmund Hall is based on a central site on the north side of the High Street. It shares a wall with New College to the North, the front quadrangle is bordered by the porters lodge, the Old Dining Hall, the college bar and buttery, the chapel with the Old Library above, and accommodation for students and fellows. The quad was closed on the side when new buildings were opened in the 1920s. In the centre of the quadrangle is a well, which was uncovered during a renovation during the construction of new buildings in the 20th century. This well is believed to be the original from which St. Edmund himself drew water, a new wellhead was added, with the inscription haurietis aquas in gaudio de fontibus salvatoris, Latin for with joy, draw water from the wells of salvation. These words, from Isaiah 12,3, are believed to be spoken by St. Edmund on his deathbed at Salisbury
21.
Queen's Lane
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Queens Lane is a historic street in central Oxford, England, named after Queens College, to the south and west. At the southeastern end of Queens Lane is a junction onto the High Street, to the west is Queens College and to the east on the corner is the Queens Lane Coffee House, a historic coffee house dating from 1654, claimed to be the oldest in Oxford. Just to the north on the side of the lane is the main entrance to St Edmund Hall. The former Church of St Peter-in-the-East with a stone tower. There is a bend in the lane about halfway along, following the boundaries of the surrounding colleges, the lane is largely surrounded by high stone walls with few windows, but with some good examples of gargoyles, a feature of Oxford college architecture. At the north-western end, the lane continues as New College Lane, there is a barrier in the road at this point to prevent through traffic. The part of the lane near the High Street was formerly called St Edmund Hall Lane in the 18th century, past the bend at the middle of the current Queens Lane it was called Torald Street. By 1772, both of these became known by the present name of Queens Lane
22.
Shelley Memorial
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Although Shelley was expelled from the college, he remains one of its most famous alumni and is now held in high honour there. In 2005, the college acquired some of Shelleys letters to further enhance its connection with the poet and it is housed on a decorative plinth in a small domed late Victorian room designed by Basil Champneys, behind ornamental railings that protect it from students. The statue was commissioned by Shelleys daughter-in-law, Lady Shelley and it was originally intended to be located in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome where Shelley is buried, at the request of adventurer Edward John Trelawney, a friend of Shelley. Trelawney wanted to have a monument of the next to his own. However, Trelawneys descendants thought that Fords statue was too large, eventually the statue ended up at University College, donated by Lady Shelley, with a formal opening ceremony on 14 June 1893. Among others, Lady Shelley, Onslow Ford, Champneys and Benjamin Jowett were present at the opening ceremony, the memorial has been the victim of a number of pranks over the years. The colleges chemistry don, E. J. Bowen, had to clean paint off the statue, the room in which it is housed has also been flooded and infested with goldfish. The statue was a key element in the meeting of two characters in the 1997 movie The Saint, starring Val Kilmer and Elisabeth Shue. The Shelley Memorial is on the site where the scientists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke performed experiments while they were in Oxford, previously Cross Hall until the early 19th century
23.
Examination Schools
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The Examination Schools of the University of Oxford are located at 75–81 High Street, Oxford, England. The building was designed by Sir Thomas Jackson, who designed the cricket pavilion in the University Parks. The designs for the building were prepared in 1876 and it was completed in 1882, the Examination Schools building is Grade II listed. The main purpose of the Schools is for the organisation and administration of the university examinations, many of the final and other examinations for the Universitys students take place in the building, especially during Trinity Term. There is access to the building both the High Street and Merton Street. Traditionally there have been parties in the street by students who have finished their exams, at their height, traffic has been disrupted in the High Street. The building provides a major lecturing facility for the University and is used as a meeting. It is one of the largest buildings owned by the University, the Ruskin School of Drawing & Fine Art is located at 74 High Street to the east of the Examination Schools and University College is to the west
24.
Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art
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The Ruskin School of Art, known as the Ruskin, is an art school at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. The Head of School is Dr Hanneke Grootenboer, the School can trace its origins to 1871 when John Ruskin founded a drawing school in the University Galleries to encourage artisanship and technical skills. The Ruskin remained at the Ashmolean until 1975 when it moved to 74 High Street and it also occupies a further building at 128 Bullingdon Road. The School was originally called the Ruskin School of Drawing, Fine Art was added as a discrete focus in 1945. In 2014 the school was renamed the Ruskin School of Art, the Slade School of Fine Art relocated to the Ruskin for the duration of the Second World War. For full list, see Category, Alumni of the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art Ruskin School of Art University of Oxford Admissions
25.
University of Oxford Botanic Garden
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The University of Oxford Botanic Garden is the oldest botanic garden in Great Britain and one of the oldest scientific gardens in the world. The garden was founded in 1621 as a garden growing plants for medicinal research. Today it contains over 8,000 different plant species on 1.8 hectares and it is one of the most diverse yet compact collections of plants in the world and includes representatives from over 90% of the higher plant families. In 1621, Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, contributed £5,000 to set up a garden for the glorification of the works of God. He chose a site on the banks of the River Cherwell at the northeast corner of Christ Church Meadow, part of the land had been a Jewish cemetery until the Jews were expelled from Oxford in 1290. Four thousand cartloads of mucke and dunge were needed to raise the land above the flood-plain of the River Cherwell, humphry Sibthorp began the catalogue of the plants of the garden, Catalogus Plantarum Horti Botanici Oxoniensis. His youngest son was the well-known botanist John Sibthorp, who continued the Catalogus Plantarum, the Danby gateway to the Botanic Garden is one of three entrances designed by Nicholas Stone between 1632 and 1633. The gateway consists of three bays, each with a pediment, the largest and central bay, containing the segmented arch is recessed, causing its larger pediment to be partially hidden by the flanking smaller pediments of the projecting lateral bays. The stone work is heavily decorated being bands of alternating vermicelli rustication, the pediments of the lateral bays are seemingly supported by circular columns which frame niches containing statues of Charles I and Charles II in classical pose. The tympanum of the pediment contains a segmented niche containing a bust of the Earl of Danby. It is a Grade I listed structure, in 1983, The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens chose Oxford Botanic Garden to cultivate the national collection of euphorbia. One of the rarest plants in the collection is Euphorbia stygiana, the Garden is propagating the species as quickly as possible to reduce the possibility of it becoming extinct. Medicinal beds The South West corner of the Botanic Garden is home to a medicinal plant collection. Here you will find 8 beds, each growing plants with a connection to medicine used to treat a type of disease or illness. Examples include Iris Eileen and Iris Golden Encore, some of the varieties grown in the Garden are not grown anywhere else. Wall borders The borders along the foot of the wall contain collections that thrive in the microclimate, the Mediterranean collection at the north border includes Euphorbia myrsinites. The South American collection at the border includes Acca sellowiana. The South African collection at the northeast border includes Kniphofia caulescens, other wall borders contain plants from Biodiversity hotspots including Japan and New Zealand
26.
Queen's Lane Coffee House
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Queens Lane Coffee House is a historic coffee house dating from 1654 in Oxford, England. It claims to be the oldest coffee house in Europe, the coffee house is situated on the north side of the High Street, on the corner with Queens Lane, hence the name. Close by are both The Queens College to the west and St Edmund Hall to the north and it is popular with both Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University students and tourists. In 2009 it rebranded itself as QL, and has a branch with this name in the Headington suburb of Oxford, another branch that had opened in Jericho is now closed. com Queens Lane Coffee House information from The Oxford Guide
27.
Coffeehouse
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A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages, tea, and other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced tea, many cafés also serve some type of food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to multinational corporations. A coffeehouse may share some of the characteristics of a bar or restaurant. Many coffee houses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha, espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Since the development of Wi-Fi, coffeehouses with this capability have also become places for patrons to access the Internet on their laptops, a coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams, who banned them, as well as the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus and not long there were many coffeehouses in Cairo. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city, they opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale. Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a Kiva Han in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose, the narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. It often happens that two or three people talk at the time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher. The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese and Spanish spelling, thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i. e. greasy spoon variety. The Italian spelling, caffè, is sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often altered to /ˈkæf/. The English words coffee and café both descend from the Italian word for coffee, caffè—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570— and in turn derived from the Arabic qahuwa. The Arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the ban by Mohammed
28.
Cornmarket Street
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Cornmarket Street is a major shopping street and pedestrian precinct in Oxford, England that runs north-south between Carfax Tower and Magdalen Street. To the east is the small Golden Cross arcade of small jewellery and craft shops in a historic courtyard, to the west is the indoor Clarendon Shopping Centre that connects in an L-shape to Queen Street. In 2002, it was voted Britains second worst street in a poll of listeners to the Today programme, the rating was due largely to the first attempt to repave the street in 2001. This work was a failure as the granite setts, which had been laid extensively, cracked, in 2003 it was repaved again and new benches installed, amidst reports of budgetary problems. 26–28 Cornmarket on the corner of Ship Street is a 14th-century timber-framed building and it is the surviving half of a building completed in about 1386 as the New Inn. It belongs to Jesus College and was investigated and restored in 1983, boswells of Oxford established what is now the largest department store in Oxford at 50 Cornmarket Street in 1738. In 1928 the shop opened a new entrance on Broad Street. The Victorian photographer Henry Taunt set up a shop at 33 Cornmarket Street in 1869 and it was a small shop and in 1874 he moved to larger premises in Broad Street. Woolworths bought the historic Clarendon Hotel on the west side of the street in 1939 to demolish it, thomas Sharp, in his report Oxford Replanned for Oxford City Council, warned that Oxford was already short of quality hotel accommodation and the Clarendons demolition would be a mistake. Notwithstanding Sharps advice, Woolworths demolished the hotel in 1954–55, in earlier centuries the Clarendon had been the Star Inn. It was a complex of 16th- and 17th-century buildings, one of which had a vaulted Norman cellar dating from the half of the 12th century. After demolition of all the buildings above the surface, parts of the 12th-century vault were destroyed to make way for one of the columns of Clarendon House built in its place, Clarendon House was designed by William Holford and built in 1956–57. The façade is of coursed and squared rubble masonry with panels of blue-green slate, the building is now part of the Clarendon Shopping Centre. The tower of the Church of England parish church of St Michael at the Northgate is the oldest building in Oxford and it is Saxon and dates from about 1000–1050. The church is named after the gate of Oxfords city walls that spanned the north end of Cornmarket. Near this church was the Bocardo Prison, where the Oxford Martyrs were imprisoned in 1555–56 before being burnt at the stake outside the wall in what is now Broad Street nearby. A Second Elizabethan Mural Painting at No, zachariass, a 14th Century Oxford New Inn and the Origins of the Medieval Urban Inn. Some 16th and 17th Century Domestic Paintings in Oxford, early Domestic Sites in Oxford, Excavations in Cornmarket and Queen Street, 1959–1962
29.
Shepherd & Woodward
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Shepherd & Woodward are a traditional clothing outfitters in the High Street, Oxford, England. In particular, they provide academic gowns and other clothing for the University of Oxford and they also stock school uniforms for local schools. The shops origins date back to 1845 and they also stock formal wear for University sports teams, including the Occasionals hockey tie. There is another branch in Summertown, north Oxford. The company also runs Walters of Oxford in Turl Street and the Varsity Shop, Castells & Son, shepherd & Woodward Ltd website 109-113 High Street, Oxford
30.
Covered Market, Oxford
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The Covered Market is a historic market with permanent stalls and shops in a large covered structure in central Oxford, England. The market is located to the north of the High Street towards the end between Cornmarket Street and Turl Street. To the north is Market Street, most of the entrances are from the High Street and Market Street. It is also possible to access from Cornmarket via the Golden Cross alley. The Covered Market was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is active today. It was started in response to a wish to clear untidy, messy. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans, twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products, today the covered market is still home to numerous traders, around half of which are food retailers, including traditional market shops selling fresh food such as greengrocers and butchers. There are also gift shops, bakeries and sandwich shops. Most of the shops now are quite a bit larger than the original stall sizes and it is a bustling area, especially on Saturdays. The Covered Market may be accessed via the four entrances on the High Street, via Golden Cross, in 2012/2013 Oxford City Council embarked on a process of rent increases. Much protested against by the traders, these rises have in some cases been in excess of 50%. The closure of Palms Delicatessen and Chocology has been linked to these increases, the Palms Delicatessen unit was empty for two years, then occupied by an outlet of national greetings cards chain Cards Galore. This has caused concern amongst traders, as it is in violation of the Markets policy of leasing to independent traders
31.
Winemaker
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A winemaker or vintner is a person engaged in winemaking. Winemakers can also be referred to as oenologists as they study oenology – the science of wine, a vintner is a wine merchant. In some modern use, particularly in American English, the term is used as a synonym for winemaker. The term started to be used in Middle English, when it superseded the earlier term vinter, a vigneron is someone who cultivates a vineyard for winemaking. The word connotes or emphasizes the role that vineyard placement. It is also used when referring to a winemaker from France, vincent of Saragossa is the patron saint of vignerons. A négociant is the French term for a merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers. Négociants buy everything from grapes to grape must to wines in various states of completion, in the case of grapes or must, the négociant performs virtually all the winemaking. If it buys already fermented wine in barrels or en-vrac—basically in bulk containers, it may age the wine further, blend in other wines or simply bottle, the result is sold under the name of the négociant, not the name of the original grape or wine producer. Currently, one of the largest Negociants in the United States and, some négociants have a recognizable house style. It was too expensive for growers to purchase the wine presses, owning only a small portion of a particular high-quality single vineyard meant that a grower often had insufficient wine from a parcel to vinify on its own. Under French inheritance laws, vineyard holdings were split until offspring owned no more than a single row of grapes. Many négociants are also vineyard owners in their own right, in Burgundy for instance, négociants as Bouchard Père et Fils and Faiveley are among the largest owners of vineyards. Oenology Vignerons indépendants de France Viticulture Winemaking cooperative Winery
32.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
33.
Henry Taunt
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Henry William Taunt was a professional photographer based in Oxford, England. His studio was in Broad Street, Oxford, Henry Taunt was born in Pensons Gardens in the parish of St Ebbes, Oxford. He was the son of a plumber and glazier, also Henry, and his wife Martha, at the age of 14, Taunt joined Edward Bracher as a member of staff in 1856 at his photographic premises based at 26 High Street, Oxford. In 1868 he set up his own business in Oxford. Moving from his Broad Street studio, Taunt traded from 1894–95 at 41 High Street, Oxford and later moved to 34 High Street, after this time he moved all his work to his home on Cowley Road. In 1893 Henry Taunt was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and this was a substantial honour in recognition of the notable feat of cartography and accuracy of measurements that featured in the New Map of the Thames. Henry Taunts black-and-white photographs are views of Oxford, Oxfordshire. He produced the first pocket guide to the River Thames to be illustrated with photographs, in the 1860s, it covered the upper Thames, but it expanded its range over several editions. At the beginning of the 1860s this was a feat of skill. Henry Taunt was at the forefront of Victorian location photographic technology, Taunts photographs are reproduced in many books and form a useful historical record of social history and architecture. Major collections of his work are held by English Heritage,14,000 images, Oxfordshire County Council, Oxfordshire Studies, the England of Henry Taunt, Victorian photographer. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, the River Thames Revisited, In the Footsteps of Henry Taunt. Henry Taunt of Oxford, A Victorian Photographer, Oxford Then and Now, From the Henry Taunt Collection. Read, Susan, ed. Thames of Henry Taunt, – Several collections of Taunt photographs can be found by searching the Photo Essays on this website
34.
Broad Street, Oxford
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Broad Street is a wide street in central Oxford, England, located just north of the old city wall. The street is known for its bookshops, including the original Blackwells bookshop at number 50, locally, the street is traditionally known as The Broad. Located in Broad Street are Balliol College, Trinity College, Exeter College, the question is often asked Where is the University. These buildings form the nearest equivalent to the centre of the University, to the west, the street continues as George Street, with Magdalen Street to the north and Cornmarket Street to the south. To the east, the street continues as Holywell Street, with Parks Road to the north, the first city wall was built south of the street in 911. The street was the site where the Protestant Oxford Martyrs, Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, a cobbled cross in the road opposite Balliol College marks the location. Not far away in St Giles, the events are commemorated with a Victorian stone monument, the Old Ashmolean Building was built in 1683 to house Elias Ashmoles collection. It was the worlds first museum to open to the public, the Clarendon Building was built 1711–1715 to house the Oxford University Presss printing operations. It was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, considered Christopher Wrens best pupil, the academic and physician Henry Acland lived in the street at number 40 on the site of the new Weston Library, part of Oxford Universitys Bodleian Library. His daughter, Sarah Angelina Acland, the photography pioneer, was born here. Boswells, now the largest independent department store in Oxford, was established in 1738, thorntons Bookshop, also on the south side of the street at No. 11, was founded by Joseph Thornton in 1835, but closed its shop at the end of 2002, the Victorian photographer Henry Taunt had a shop and studio at 9–10 Broad Street, moving here from Cornmarket Street in 1874. He also established a business in Boxalls Yard, behind the premises. The lease expired in 1894 and he was forced to file for bankruptcy, Blackwells bookshop, on the north side of the street, was founded by Benjamin Henry Blackwell, the son of the first city librarian, in 1879. The shop was only twelve feet square, but quickly grew to include space upstairs, in the cellar. It is now Oxfords most famous and leading bookshop, with other specialist branches elsewhere in Broad Street, the first Oxfam charity shop together with its office were established by Cecil Jackson-Cole at 17 Broad Street in 1947. There is still an Oxfam shop here and a plaque has been placed on the outside wall of the building. Media related to Broad Street, Oxford at Wikimedia Commons
35.
Sarah Cooper
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Sarah Jane Cooper was an English marmalade maker and wife of Frank Cooper. Sarah Cooper was born Sarah Jane Gill in Beoley, Worcestershire in 1848, in 1872 she got married in Clifton, Bristol to Frank Cooper of Oxford and they made their home at 31 Kingston Road, Oxford. In 1867 Frank had inherited the grocery shop at 84 High Street. In 1874 Frank expanded the business into 83 High Street next door, Sarah, then aged 24, made 76 pounds of marmalade to her own recipe. The marmalade became a product of Frank Coopers business, being made behind the shop until 1903 when he moved production to a new purpose-built factory at 27 Park End Street. Frank Coopers business was taken over in 1964 and production left Oxford in 1967, however, its marmalades and jams remain in production as a brand of Premier Foods, which continues to call its leading Frank Coopers product Oxford Marmalade. Since 2001,84 High Street has been marked by an Oxfordshire Blue Plaque commemorating Sarah Coopers achievement, industrial Architecture in Oxford,1870 to 1914
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Marmalade
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Marmalade generally refers to a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from kumquats, lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots, the peel imparts a lively bitter taste to the marmalade. The term marmalade is not precise, universal, nor definitive, however, it also may be distinguished from jam by the choice of fruit. Historically, the term was often used in senses other than just citrus conserves. The Romans learned from the Greeks that quinces slowly cooked with honey would set when cool, Greek μελίμηλον transformed into Portuguese marmelo— from the Greek μῆλον stood for all globular fruits, and most quinces are too astringent to be used without honey. A Roman cookbook attributed to Apicius gives a recipe for preserving whole quinces, stems and leaves attached, in a bath of honey diluted with defrutum—Roman marmalade. Medieval quince preserves, which went by the French name cotignac, produced in a clear version, in the 17th century, La Varenne provided recipes for both thick and clear cotignac. In 1524, Henry VIII received a box of marmalade from Mr Hull of Exeter, as it was in a box, this was probably marmelada, a solid quince paste from Portugal, still made and sold in southern Europe. The Scots are credited with developing marmalade as a spread, with Scottish recipes in the 18th century using more water to produce a less solid preserve. The first printed recipe for orange marmalade, though without the chunks typically used now, was in Mary Kettilbys 1714 cookery book, A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts. Kettilby called for whole oranges, lemon juice and sugar, with the acid in the lemon juice helping to create the set of marmalade, by boiling the lemon. Kettilby then directs, boil the whole pretty fast till it will jelly – the first known use of the word jelly in marmalade making, kettilby then instructs that the mixture is then poured into glasses, covered and left until set. The Scots moved marmalade to the breakfast table, and in the 19th century the English followed the Scottish example, marmalades place in British life appears in literature. James Boswell remarks that he and Samuel Johnson were offered it at breakfast in Scotland in 1773, when American writer Louisa May Alcott visited Britain in the 1800s, she described a choice pot of marmalade and a slice of cold ham as essentials of English table comfort. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, marmalade appeared in the English language in 1480, borrowed from French marmelade which, in turn, came from the Portuguese language marmelada. In Portuguese, according to the root of the word, which is marmelo, quince, marmelada is a made from quinces. Marmelo in turn derives from Latin melimelum, honey apple, which in turn comes from the earlier Greek μελίμηλον, from μέλι, honey + μήλον, apple. There is a story that Mary, Queen of Scots, ate it when she had a headache
37.
Frank Cooper's
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Frank Coopers is a UK brand of marmalades and jams owned by Hain Daniels. Frank Coopers is known primarily for its Oxford Marmalade and holds a Royal Warrant, francis Thomas Cooper was originally a hatter and hosier with a shop at 46 High Street, Oxford. He then became an agent for Ridgeways Tea and in about 1845 converted his shop into a grocery, Cooper paid £2,350 for the remainder of a forty-year lease on Nos.83 and 84 High Street, which were opposite his earlier premises. He ran 84 as a shop and his family home. In 1867 his son, Frank Cooper inherited the business and expanded the shop into No.83 next door, in 1874 Frank Coopers wife Sarah-Jane, made 76 pounds of marmalade to her own recipe. The marmalade proved popular, and until 1903 was made at 83-84 High Street, Frank Cooper then moved production to a new purpose-built factory at 27 Park End Street. He retained the High Street premises as a shop until 1919, the Park End Street factory was designed by Oxford architect Herbert Quinton and built by long-established local builder Thomas Henry Kingerlee. Boiling the marmalade and jam was in a building at the back of the yard behind the main factory. Success of the led to expansion of the factory in 1912,1915,1924 and 1925. Frank Coopers marmalade was especially popular with dons and students in Oxford University and it was taken to Antarctica on Robert Falcon Scotts expedition to the South Pole. A jar was found buried in the ice many years after the ill-fated expedition, in Arthur Ransomes childrens book Missee Lee, Miss Lee, the leader of the Chinese pirates, had been educated at Cambridge University but learned to enjoy Coopers Oxford Marmalade. As she says We always eat Oxford marmalade at Cambridge, better scholars, better professors at Cambridge but better marmalade at Oxford. After the Second World War Frank Coopers bought the site of the ice rink, a new factory was built on the site and the company moved production there from Park End Street. Brown and Poulson Ltd. bought Frank Coopers in 1964 and moved away from Oxford in 1967. Some time between 1984 and 1987 Frank Coopers again leased 84 and 85 High Street, running 85 as a museum and 84 as a shop until about 1990, since 2001,84 High Street has been marked by an Oxfordshire Blue Plaque commemorating Sarah Coopers inception of Oxford Marmalade. The former factory at 27 Park End Street survives and is now a listed building, industrial Architecture in Oxford,1870 to 1914
38.
Fruit preserves
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Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits, vegetables and sugar, often canned or sealed for long-term storage. Many varieties of fruit preserves are made globally, including sweet fruit preserves, such as made from strawberry or apricot. In English, the word, in form, preserves is used to describe all types of jams. The term preserves is usually interchangeable with jams, some cookbooks define preserves as cooked and gelled whole fruit, which includes a significant portion of the fruit. In the English speaking world, the two terms are more differentiated and, when this is not the case, the more usual generic term is jam. The singular preserve or conserve is used as a noun for high fruit content jam. Additionally, the name of the type of fruit preserves will also vary depending on the variant of English being used. A chutney is a pungent relish of Indian origin made of fruit, spices, mango chutney, for example, is mangoes reduced with sugar. Savory confits, such as made with garlic or fennel, may call for a savory oil, such as virgin olive oil. A conserve, or whole fruit jam, is a jam made of fruit stewed in sugar, in Romania they are known as dulceata. As a result of minimal cooking, some fruits are not particularly suitable for making into conserves. Currants and gooseberries, and a number of plums are among these fruits, because of this shorter cooking period, not as much pectin will be released from the fruit, and as such, conserves will sometimes be slightly softer set than some jams. An alternative definition holds that conserves are preserves made from a mixture of fruits and/or vegetables, Conserves may also include dried fruit or nuts. Fruit butter, in context, refers to a process where the whole fruit is forced through a sieve or blended after the heating process. Fruit butters are generally made from fruits, such as apples, plums. Cook until softened and run through a sieve to give a smooth consistency, add sugar and cook as rapidly as possible with constant stirring. … The finished product should mound up when dropped from a spoon, but should not cut like jelly. Neither should there be any free liquid. —Berolzheimer R et al, fruit curd is a dessert topping and spread usually made with lemon, lime, orange, or raspberry. The basic ingredients are beaten egg yolks, sugar, fruit juice and zest which are cooked together until thick and then allowed to cool, forming a soft, smooth
39.
Premier Foods
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Premier Foods plc is a British food manufacturer headquartered in St Albans, Hertfordshire. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index, the group owns many well-known brands, including Mr Kipling, Ambrosia, Angel Delight, Homepride cooking sauces, Sharwoods, Loyd Grossman sauces, Oxo, Bisto and Batchelors. Premier Foods also produce cakes under the Cadburys name, using the brand under licence, Premier Foods primarily competes with Unilever, Associated British Foods,2 Sisters Food Group, Greencore and Interlink. The company was founded by Harry Solomon and David Thompson in 1975 as Hillsdown Holdings and his son Richard Thompson worked for his father after his education at Haileybury. The name came from Thompsons house - Hillsdown, in 1981 it acquired Lockwood Foods Ltd which was in administrative receivership owing approximately £11 million to creditors. Lockwood Foods had canneries in Long Sutton and Forfar, in May 1987 David Thompson stepped down from Hillsdown Holdings, selling 50% of his shares and became a non executive director. In April 1989 he sold all of his shares and it was bought by the private equity company Hicks, Muse, Tate and Furst in 1999. In 2002, it bought Nestlés ambient foods business and it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2004. In 2004, it acquired the Ambrosia brand, that produced rice pudding and custard, in February 2005, Premier Foods acquired Kraft Foods ambient desserts businesses including Birds custard and Angel Delight. In June 2005, Marlow Foods, makers of Quorn, was purchased and that month, Premier Foods announced the sale of Typhoo Tea to Indias Apeejay Surrendra Group for $140 million. Immediately after the sale, The Sirhowy Group confirmed it had acquired a 2% stake in Premier Foods, in 2006, Premier Foods acquired the UK and Ireland businesses of Campbells for £460 million. Brands included in the deal were Oxo, Batchelors, Homepride, the iconic Campbells Soup cans had to be rebranded as Batchelors Condensed Soup but labels still carried the label Formerly Campbells. Similarly, Campbells Meatballs were rebranded as Fray Bentos, subsequently, the closure, in December 2007, of the Kings Lynn depot where Fray Bentos pies are made, was announced. In March 2007, Premier Foods completed the takeover of its rival Rank Hovis McDougall for £1.2 billion, in July 2007 Premier Foods announced it would close several RHM sites, Bristol, Droylsden, Middlewich, Wythenshawe, Ledbury and Reading. During 2008, the Hovis range was re-launched, in 2009, Premier Foods sold its frozen bakery business, including Le Pain Croustillant and Sofrapain, to Nutrixo. In February 2011, Premier Foods sold its Crosse & Blackwell, Fray Bentos and it followed this is March with the sale of Marlow Foods to Exponent Private Equity and Intermediate Capital Group for £205 million, resulting in the creation of a new company, Quorn Foods. Premier Foods said the deal was part of a strategy to reduce its debt,2 Sisters Food Group bought Premier Foods Brookes Avana business in December 2011. In 2012, the company announced it had agreed a re-financing package, Premier Foods reached agreements with Mizkan to sell its Haywards pickle and Sarsons and Dufrais vinegar businesses in June, followed by Branston in October that year
40.
George Claridge Druce
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George Claridge Druce, MA, LLD, JP, FRS, FLS was an English botanist and a Mayor of Oxford. G. Claridge Druce was born at Potterspury on Watling Street in Northamptonshire and he was the illegitimate son of Jane Druce, born 1815 in Buckinghamshire. He went to school in the village of Yardley Gobion, at 16, he was apprenticed to P. Jeyes & Co. a pharmaceutical firm in Northampton. In 1872, he passed exams to become a pharmacist, in 1876, he was involved in the foundation of the Northampton Natural History Society. In June 1879, Druce moved to Oxford and set up his own shop, Druce & Co. at 118 High Street. He was one of the first in Oxford to have a telephone and he also featured as a shopkeeper in the Oxford novel Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm. In 1880, Druce helped to found the Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire and it was merged with the Oxfordshire Natural History Society by Druce in 1901. In 1886 he published The Flora of Oxfordshire, in 1887 The Flora of Berkshire, in 1926 The Flora of Buckinghamshire and he was one of very few people to write a flora for more than one county. In 1889, he was awarded the degree of honorary MA by the University of Oxford, Claridge Druce served on Oxford City Council from 1892 until his death, and was Chairman of the Public Health Committee. He served as Sheriff of Oxford during 1896–97 and he presented the City of Oxford with the Sheriffs gold chain and badge, kept in the Town Hall, to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897. Druce served as Mayor of Oxford in 1900–01, a stone marking the city boundary at the top of Cuckoo Lane in the east Oxford suburb Headington was erected at the time and is engraved with his name. In 1920, Druce was made an Alderman and a portrait in his robes can be seen in the Council Chamber and he was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Justice of the Peace. In 1909, Druce moved to 9 Crick Road and he named the house Yardley Lodge, after the village in which he spent his youth. He died at his home aged 81 and was buried in Holywell Cemetery, George Claridge Druce, Mayor of Oxford Collector, George Claridge Druce Druce Herbarium, Oxford Works by or about George Claridge Druce at Internet Archive
41.
Oriel Street
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Oriel Street is a narrow but historic street running between the High Street to the north and Oriel Square to the south in central Oxford, England. The street is now blocked off to traffic by bollards at the High Street end and it passes between the main site of Oriel College to the east and Oriels newer Island site to the west. At the High Street end to the east is the 1911 Rhodes Building, named after the former Oriel student Cecil Rhodes, the name Oriel Street was in use by 1850. A map of 1814 shows the street running south through what is now Corpus Christi as far the Presidents lodgings, until 1838, it was also known as Skimmery Hall Lane and Oriel Lane was in use from around the mid-19th century. In 1833, the first of a number of theatres in Oxford to be known as The New Theatre was opened in St Mary Hall Lane and it is generally thought that this refers to the Oriel Square tennis court. In August 1986, a tunnel under the street, connecting St Mary quad and OBrien quad, was completed
42.
Logic Lane
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Logic Lane is a small historic cobbled lane through University College in Oxford, England, so-called because it was the location of a school of logicians. It links the High Street at the front of the college with Merton Street to the rear, Logic Lane covered bridge is a short covered bridge over the lane at the High Street end. To the west of the lane are the Radcliffe Quad and the Masters Lodgings, to the east are the 1903 Durham Buildings and the Goodhart Quad. The lane is locked at night, with gates at each end and it is mainly used by pedestrians, but vehicular access is possible. During July to August 1960, an excavation was undertaken to the east of Logic Lane before the construction of the Goodhart Building. Evidence of Bronze Age ditches were found, as well as Saxon remains, Logic Lane was formerly known as Horseman Lane in the 13th and 14th centuries. During the medieval period, a horse-mill was located here and it was also known as Horsemull Lane. The name of Logic Lane was adopted by the 17th century, a medieval street used to run across Logic Lane as an extension of the current Kybald Street to the west, but was closed in 1448. In 1904, a bridge at the High Street end of the lane was built to link the older part of the college with the then new Durham Buildings. The lane was officially a bridleway and the city council opposed the scheme. Logic Lane covered bridge 1906 photograph by Henry Taunt from English Heritage — looking north along Logic Lane towards the bridge Logic Lane films on philosophy
43.
Thomas Hardy
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Thomas Hardy, OM was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth. He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the status of rural people in Britain. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet, initially, therefore, he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the dUrbervilles, and Jude the Obscure. During his lifetime, Hardys poetry was acclaimed by poets who viewed him as a mentor. After his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden, Two of his novels, Tess of the dUrbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBCs survey The Big Read. Jemima was well-read, and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight, for several years he attended Mr. Lasts Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential. Because Hardys family lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the age of sixteen, when he apprenticed to James Hicks. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862 and he won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfields practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints parish church in Windsor, a reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints in August 2016. Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was conscious of class divisions. During this time he became interested in reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier, after five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing. In 1870, while on a mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford. In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate, a designed by Hardy. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior, however, he remained preoccupied with his first wifes death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. In 1910, Hardy had been awarded the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and he would be nominated for the prize eleven years later. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the grave as his first wife
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