1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
3.
Gauteng
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Gauteng, which means place of gold, is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africas first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging and was renamed Gauteng in December 1994, situated in the Highveld, Gauteng is the smallest province in South Africa, accounting for only 1. 5% of the land area. Nevertheless, it is highly urbanised, containing the countrys largest city, Johannesburg, its capital, Pretoria. As of 2015, it has a population of nearly 13.2 million, the name Gauteng is derived from the Sotho name, gauta meaning gold with the locative suffix -eng. There was a thriving industry in the province following the 1886 discovery of gold in Johannesburg. In Sesotho, the name Gauteng was used for Johannesburg and surrounding areas long before it was adopted in 1994 as the name of a province. Gauteng, formerly known as Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging, was carved out of the old Transvaal province in 1994, although the terminology PWV, after the discovery of gold in 1886, the region proceeded to become the single largest gold producer in the world and the city of Johannesburg was founded. The older city Pretoria was not subject to the same attention, Pretoria grew at a slower rate and was highly regarded due to its role in the Second Boer War. The Cullinan Diamond which is the largest diamond ever mined was mined near Pretoria in a town called Cullinan in the year 1905. Gauteng has only been documented since the 1800s and as a result. At the Sterkfontein caves, some of the oldest fossils of hominids have been discovered, such as Mrs. Ples, today, the Apartheid Museum stands testament to these struggles in Johannesburg. Gauteng is governed by the Gauteng Provincial Legislature, a 73-person unicameral legislature elected by party-list proportional representation. The most recent election of the legislature was held on 7 May 2014, and the African National Congress won 53. 59% of the vote. The official opposition is the Democratic Alliance, which won 30. 78% of the vote and 23 seats, other parties represented are the Economic Freedom Fighters with eight seats and the Freedom Front Plus and the Inkatha Freedom Party with one seat each. Premier David Makhura of the ANC was elected on 21 May 2014, the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa, which has seats in Pretoria and Johannesburg, is a superior court with general jurisdiction over the province. Johannesburg is also home to the Constitutional Court, South Africas highest court, Gautengs southern border is the Vaal River, which separates it from the Free State. It also borders on North West to the west, Limpopo to the north, Gauteng is the only landlocked province of South Africa without a foreign border
4.
City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
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The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality is a metropolitan municipality that manages the local governance of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is divided into branches and departments in order to expedite services for the city. Johannesburg is a city, the poor mostly live in the southern suburbs or on the peripheries of the far north. As of 2012, unemployment is near 25% and most young people are out of work, around 20% of the city lives in abject poverty in informal settlements that lack proper roads, electricity, or any other kind of direct municipal service. Another 40% live in housing with insufficient municipal housing. During the apartheid era, Johannesburg was divided into 11 local authorities, seven of which were white, the first post-apartheid City Council was created in 1995. The council adopted the slogan One City, One Taxpayer in order to highlight its primary goal of addressing inequal tax revenue distribution, to this end, revenue from wealthy, traditionally white areas would help pay for services needed in poorer, black areas. The City Council was divided into four regions, each with an autonomous local regional authority that was to be overseen by a central metropolitan council. The four councils or Metropolitan Local Councils were the Northern MLCl, Southern MLC, Eastern MLC and Western MLC, in 1999, Johannesburg appointed a city manager in order to reshape the citys ailing financial situation. The manager, together with the Municipal Council, drew up a blueprint called Igoli 2002 and this was a three-year plan that called upon the government to sell non-core assets, restructure certain utilities, and required that all others become self-sufficient. The plan took the city from near insolvency to a surplus of Rand 153 million. The plan was contested by trade unions, who argued that it would result in job losses. The core of Igoli 2002 was to restructure Metro Gas, Rand Airport, the city bus service, the Johannesburg Zoo, the Civic Theatre, the Fresh Produce Market, and the citys property holdings were turned into corporations with the city as the single shareholder. Each was run as a business, with management hired on performance contracts, in 2010/11 the municipality faced a qualified audit from the Auditor-General following a large number of billing issues, as the result of the flawed implementation of a SAP system. The citys call centre also experienced a crisis at the same time, the municipality covers an area of 1,645 square kilometres, stretching from Orange Farm in the south to Midrand in the north. The 2011 census divided the municipality into the main places. In the election of 3 August 2016 the African National Congress won the largest share of the seats on the council with 121 but did not achieve a majority. On 22 August 2016, minority parties voted with the DA to elect its candidate, Herman Mashaba
5.
Coloureds
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Coloureds are a multiracial ethnic group originating in colonial South Africa, who possess ancestry from European, African and Asian ethnic groups. Different families and individuals have a variety of different physical features, there were extensive relationships and unions among these diverse peoples in the Western Cape — in which a distinctive Cape Coloured and affiliated Cape Malay culture developed. In other parts of Southern Africa, people classified as Coloured were usually the descendants of individuals from two distinct ethnicities, genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world. Mitochondrial DNA studies have demonstrated that the lines of the Coloured population are descended mostly from Khoisan women. The Coloured community is descended from numerous interracial sexual unions between Western European men and Khoisan women in the Cape Colony from the 17th century onwards. In KwaZulu-Natal, Coloureds possess a diverse heritage including British, Irish, German, Mauritian, Saint Helenians, Indians, Xhosa, zimbabwean Coloureds are descended from Shona or Ndebele mixing with British and Afrikaner settlers. Griqua, on the hand, are descendants of Khoisan. Despite these major differences, their ancestry from more than one naturalised racial group means that they are coloured in the South African context, such people did not necessarily self-identify this way, some preferred to call themselves black or Khoisan or just South African. The Griqua were subjected to an ambiguity of other people within Southern African social order. With territories beyond the VOC’s administration, Kok provided refuge to deserting soldiers, runaway slaves, the imperial and apartheid governments categorized them as Coloureds. In addition, other groups also traditionally viewed them as a separate group. Coloured people are made up of Indonesian, mixed-race, and people from Khoisan ancestry, the Apartheid government thus treated them as one people, despite their differences. Cape Muslims are also classified as coloured and they generally have Indonesian and black ancestry, as many Indonesian slaves had children with African partners. Many Griqua began to self-identify as Coloureds during the apartheid era, for example, Coloureds did not have to carry a dompas, while the Griqua, who were seen as an indigenous African group, did. Coloured people constitute a plurality of the population in the Western Cape, most speak Afrikaans, while about twenty percent of Coloureds speak English as their mother tongue, mostly in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Virtually all Cape Town Coloureds are bilingual, some can comfortably codeswitch between Kaapse taal and suiwer Afrikaans, and South African English. At least one study indicates that Cape Coloureds have ancestries from the following ethnic groups. This genetic admixture appears to be gender-biased, a majority of maternal genetic material is Khoisan
6.
Indian South African
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Indian South Africans are South Africans of Indian descent. The majority live in and around the city of Durban, making it the largest Indian city outside India, many Indians in South Africa are descendents of migrants from colonial India during late 19th-century through early 20th-century. At times Indians were subsumed in the broader geographical category Asians, there remains a cultural, religious and racial overlap for Asians and Indian South Africans. During the most intense period of segregation and apartheid, Indian, Asian, Coloured, during ideological apartheid from 1948 to 1994, Indians were called, and often voluntarily accepted, terms that ranged from Asians to Indians. Some citizens believed that terms were improvements on the negatively defined identity of Non-White. Politically conscious and nationalistic Indian South Africans wanted to both their heritage and their local roots. Increasingly they self-identified as African, South African and, when necessary, nonetheless, the spread of democratic elections has sometimes heightened ethnic loyalties. Politicians and groups have looked for means to power in the competitive parliamentary democracy which South Africa has become since 1994. A significant proportion of slaves imported into the Cape were from parts of India including Bangladesh, many slaves had no identity as Indians and were conveniently classified by the Dutch in the Cape as part of Cape Coloured and Cape Malay communities. There is no reference to the names of these Indians and were given Christian names for convenience. This all contributed to the loss of identity similar to the Mozambicans, an early Indian to settle in South Africa was Kalaga Prabhu, a Goud Saraswat Brahmin merchant from Cochin. He was the foremost among the Konkani merchants in Cochin, no further record of this individual and his descendants if any exists. The modern South African Indian community is descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the Truro from Madras, the indentured labourers tended to speak Tamil, Telugu and Hindi, and the majority were Hindu with Christians and a few Muslims among them. The Mercury newspaper favoured the importation of labour, although other Natal newspapers were against the idea. It should be noted that although 1860 is dated as the beginning of Indian settlement in Natal, indentured labourers on sugar plantations were frequently mistreated, and lived in unsanitary conditions. Indians also became fishermen, and worked as clerks, in the postal service and these immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, namely Hindu and Muslims but largely from Gujarat, later joined by Kokanis, and Urdu speakers from Uttar Pradesh. These Muslims played an important part in the establishment of Islam in the areas where they settled, there was also a significant number of Gujarati Hindus in this group
7.
Asian South Africans
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They are largely English speaking, although many also retain the languages of their ancestors. There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans, of whom the majority are recent immigrants of the last two decades. In total the 1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent about two percent of the nations population, traditionally, the group does not include the Cape Malays, who were descended from South East Asians, who were classified as Coloured under apartheid. The term Indian is far more commonly used than Asian in South Africa and they were hired to work in sugar plantations or mines in the Colony of Natal. Traders, known as Passenger Indians also subsequently immigrated, Indian South Africans form the largest grouping of people of Indian descent born outside India. Since 1994 however, there has been a trickle of immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. Most Indian South Africans live in KwaZulu-Natal, particularly in the cities of Durban, Pietermaritzburg, the smaller Chinese community was initially descended from migrant workers who came to work in the gold mines around Johannesburg in the late nineteenth century. Some of those workers were repatriated, estimates vary, but the Chinese population is reckoned to have increased from 10,000 in the early 1980s to more than 100,000 in the early 2000s. Chinese immigration caused difficulties for the apartheid regime, in late 2006, the Chinese Association of South Africa filed suit to have Chinese South Africans recognised as having been disadvantaged under apartheid, to benefit from Black Economic Empowerment. Complicating this attempt was the presence of recent immigrant Chinese who had not been disadvantaged by apartheid and they much outnumber native Chinese South Africans. Because Chinese under apartheid had somewhat less rigid restrictions than indigenous blacks, in addition, the status of Taiwanese, Japanese and South Koreans as honorary whites under apartheid complicated the case. Nonetheless, in June 2008, Chinese South Africans were fully recognised as having been disadvantaged and entered the BEE ethnic groups if they arrived before 1994. For separate political reasons, the government had classified Taiwanese, Japanese and South Koreans, as honorary white, a number of people from Pakistan have also immigrated to South Africa following the end of apartheid. They often, but not always, live in the areas as the Indian South Africans. The Cape Malays are Indonesian and Malaysian South Africans who were the largest group of immigrants adapted to the society of South Africa, during the apartheid regime, they were both classified as part of the Coloured racial group and thus considered non-white and treated as such
8.
White South African
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White South Africans are people from South Africa who are of European descent and who do not regard themselves, or are not regarded as, being part of another racial group. In 2011, 61% were native Afrikaans speakers, 36% were native English speakers, White South Africans are by far the largest European-descended population group in Africa. The history of European settlement in South Africa started in 1652 with the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope by the Dutch East India Company under Jan van Riebeeck. The colony remained under Dutch rule for two centuries, after which it was annexed by Great Britain around 1806. At that time, South Africa was home to about 26,000 people of European descent, however, beginning in 1818 thousands of British immigrants arrived in the fledgling Cape Colony, looking to join the local workforce or settle directly on the frontier. About a fifth of the Capes original Dutch-speaking white population migrated eastwards during the Great Trek in the 1830s, nevertheless, the population of European origin continued increasing at the Cape as a result of immigration, and by 1865 had reached 181,500 people. Between 1880 and 1910, there was an influx of Eastern Europeans of various nationalities, the first nationwide census in South Africa was held in 1911 and indicated a white population of 1,276,242. By 1936 there were an estimated 2,003,857 white South Africans, South Africas white population increased to over 3,408,000 by 1965, reached 4,050,000 in 1973, and peaked at 5,044,000 in 1990. The number of white South Africans resident in their home country began gradually declining between 1990 and the mid-2000s as a result of increased emigration, whites continue to play a role in the South African economy and across the political spectrum. Whites number approximately 4.5 to 5 million, or nearly 9% of South Africas population and this represents a decline, both numerically and proportionately, since the countrys first multiracial elections in 1994. Just under a million white South Africans are also living as expatriate workers abroad, under the 1950 Population Registration Act, each inhabitant of South Africa was classified into one of several different race groups, of which White was one. Many criteria, both physical and social were used when the decided to classify someone as white or coloured. This was ventral extended to all those considered the children of two White persons, regardless of appearance, the Act was repealed on 17 June 1991. The 1994 Employment Equity legislation favours employment of black South Africans over the white population, however, private enterprise adheres to this legislation voluntarily. This combined with a wave of violent crime has led to vast numbers of Afrikaners, there are 40,000 white farmers in South Africa. Since 1994 close to three thousand farmers have murdered in thousands of farm attacks, with many being brutally tortured and/or raped. Some victims have been burned with smoothing irons or had boiling water poured down their throats, since 1994 there has been significant emigration of white people from South Africa. There are thus currently large Afrikaner and English-speaking South African communities in the UK, between 1995 and 2005, more than one million South Africans have emigrated, citing violent and racially motivated black on white crime as the main reason
9.
First language
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A first language is a language that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period. If there are multiple L1, the designation first language is used for the L1 spoken the best or the one that is the basis for sociolinguistic identity. In some countries, the native language or mother tongue refers to the language of ones ethnic group rather than ones first language. Children brought up speaking more than one language can have more than one native language, by contrast, a second language is any language that one speaks other than ones first language. Native speakers are considered to be an authority on their language because of their natural acquisition process regarding the language. That is achieved by interaction with the language and speakers of the language. Native speakers will not necessarily be knowledgeable about every rule of the language. Sometimes, the mother tongue or mother language is used for the language that a person learned as a child at home. Children growing up in homes can, according to this definition, have more than one mother tongue or native language. It is quite possible that the first language learned is no longer a dominant language. According to Ivan Illich, the mother tongue was first used by Catholic monks to designate a particular language they used, instead of Latin. That is, the mother the Church introduced this term. J. R. R. Tolkien, in his 1955 lecture English and Welsh, on 17 November 1999, UNESCO designated 21 February as International Mother Language Day. The first language of a child is part of the personal, social and cultural identity, another impact of the first language is that it brings about the reflection and learning of successful social patterns of acting and speaking. It is basically responsible for differentiating the linguistic competence of acting and that has implications on the education of non-native speakers. The topic of native speaker also gives way to discussion about what exactly bilingualism is, one definition is that a person is bilingual by being equally proficient in both languages. A person who grows up speaking English and begins learning Spanish for four years is not necessarily bilingual unless he speaks the two languages with equal fluency, one can have two or more native languages, thus being a native bilingual or indeed multilingual. The order in which languages are learned is not necessarily the order of proficiency
10.
Zulu language
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Zulu is the language of the Zulu people, with about 10 million speakers, the vast majority of whom live in South Africa. Zulu is the most widely spoken language in South Africa. It became one of South Africas 11 official languages in 1994, according to Ethnologue, it is the second most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Shona. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet, even in English, the language is often referred to by using its native form, isiZulu. Zulu migrant populations have taken it to adjacent regions, especially Zimbabwe, Xhosa, the predominant language in the Eastern Cape, is often considered mutually intelligible with Zulu. Maho lists four dialects, central KwaZulu-Natal Zulu, northern Transvaal Zulu, eastern coastal Qwabe, the Zulu, like Xhosa and other Nguni people, have lived in South Africa for a long time. The Zulu language possesses several click sounds typical of Southern African languages, the Nguni people have coexisted with other Southern tribes like the San and Khoi. Zulu, like most indigenous Southern African languages, was not a written language until the arrival of missionaries from Europe, the first grammar book of the Zulu language was published in Norway in 1850 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Schreuder. The first written document in Zulu was a Bible translation that appeared in 1883, in 1901, John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, created the Ohlange Institute, the first native educational institution in South Africa. He was also the author of Insila kaShaka, the first novel written in Zulu, another pioneering Zulu writer was Reginald Dhlomo, author of several historical novels of the 19th-century leaders of the Zulu nation, U-Dingane, U-Shaka, U-Mpande, U-Cetshwayo and U-Dinizulu. Other notable contributors to Zulu literature include Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and, more recently, the written form of Zulu was controlled by the Zulu Language Board of KwaZulu-Natal. This board has now disbanded and superseded by the Pan South African Language Board which promotes the use of all eleven official languages of South Africa. English, Dutch and later Afrikaans had been the official languages used by all South African governments before 1994. However, in the Kwazulu bantustan the Zulu language was widely used, all education in the country at the high-school level was in English or Afrikaans. Since the demise of apartheid in 1994, Zulu has been enjoying a marked revival, zulu-language television was introduced by the SABC in the early 1980s and it broadcasts news and many shows in Zulu. Zulu radio is very popular and newspapers such as isoLezwe, Ilanga and UmAfrika in the Zulu language are available, mainly available in Kwazulu-Natal province, in January 2005 the first full-length feature film in Zulu, Yesterday, was nominated for an Oscar. South African matriculation requirements no longer specify which South African language needs to be taken as a second language, and some people have made the switch to learning Zulu. However people taking Zulu at high-school level overwhelmingly take it as a first language, according to statistics, in the 1994 film The Lion King, in the Circle of Life song, the phrases Ingonyama nengw enamabala, Nans ingonyama bakithi Baba and Siyonqoba were used
11.
Southern Ndebele language
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The Transvaal Ndebele language is an African language belonging to the Nguni group of Bantu languages, and spoken by the amaNdebele. There is also another language called Zimbabwean Ndebele, or Matabele, spoken in Zimbabwe, king Musi was a polygamist and fathered the following sons, Skhosana, Manala, Ndzundza, Thombeni, Sibasa, Mhwaduba and Mphafuli and others. Ndebele is one of the official languages in the Republic of South Africa. The language is a Nguni or Zunda classification spoken mostly in the Mpumalanga Province, Gauteng, Limpopo, the expression isikhethu can be loosely translated to mean the Ndebele way of doing or saying. Isikhethu means Ndebele the same way that sikitsi will mean Swazi, the language has been severely marginalised over the years. Until the formation of the apartheid Ndebele homeland, speaking the language publicly was discouraged, most Ndebele speakers preferred Zulu especially because the latter was learned at school. Months in Ndebele The two Ndebele groups are part of the Nguni language group and are therefore mutually intelligible to some extent. However, the Zimbabwean Ndebele is part of the Zunda sub-group of the Nguni languages while the South African, while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been influenced by the Sotho languages
12.
Northern Sotho language
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Northern Sotho is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages. According to the 2011 census it was the first language of 4,618,576 people in South Africa, principally in the provinces of Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga. Urban varieties of Northern Sotho, such as Pretoria Sotho, have acquired clicks in a process of such sounds spreading from Nguni languages. Northern Sotho is one of the Sotho languages of the Bantu family, Northern Sotho is thus most closely related to Sesotho, Setswana, sheKgalagari and siLozi. Lobedu exists only in a form, and the standard Northern Sotho language. The monarch associated with this community is Queen Modjadji. Lobedu is spoken mainly in the area of Modjadjiskloof in the Limpopo Province and its speakers are known as the Balobedu. Sepulana also exists in form and forms part of the standard Northern Sotho. Sepulana is spoken in Bushbuckridge area by the Mapulana people, Northern Sotho has often been equated with its major component Sepedi, and continued to be known as Pedi or Sepedi for some years after the new South African constitution appeared. However, the Pan South African Language Board and the Northern Sotho National Lexicography Unit now specifically prefer, apart from Sepedi itself, the other languages or dialects covered by the term Northern Sotho appear to be a diverse grouping of communal speech-forms within the Sotho-Tswana group. They are apparently united by the fact that they are neither as Southern Sotho nor as Tswana. Maho leaves SePhalaborwa and the East Sotho varieties of SeKutswe, SePai and their precise classification would appear to be a matter for further research. Some examples of Northern Sotho words and phrases, slang jargon Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin, world Atlas of Language Structures Online
13.
South African Standard Time
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South African Standard Time is the time zone used by all of South Africa, as well as Swaziland and Lesotho. The zone is two hours ahead of UTC and is the same as Central Africa Time, daylight saving time is not observed in either time zone. Thus, most of South Africas population experience true solar noon at approximately 12,00 daily, the western Northern Cape and Western Cape differ however. Everywhere on land west of 22°30′ E effectively experiences year-round daylight saving time because of its location in true UTC+1, sunrise and sunset are thus relatively late in Cape Town compared to the rest of the country. Before 8 February 1892, there was no uniformity of time in South Africa, in 1892, a railway conference was held in Bloemfontein and discussed difficulty of working a railway system, in the absence of a uniform time system. The governments of the Orange Free State, Transvaal and the Cape Colony officially adopted a standard time of Greenwich Mean Time +01,30 which was defined as mean time 22. 5° east of Greenwich. On 1 March 1903 GMT+02,00 was adopted, which became the current UTC+02,00 when UTC replaced GMT for most purposes, prior to 1 March 1903, the Colony of Natal was already using a uniform time supplied by the Natal Observatory. The observatorys local mean time was GMT+1,57, South Africa observed a daylight saving time of GMT+3,00 between 20 September 1942 to 21 March 1943 and 19 September 1943 to 21 March 1944. South African Standard Time is defined as Coordinated Universal Time plus two hours
14.
Post-office box
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A post-office box or post office box is a uniquely addressable lockable box located on the premises of a post office station. In many regions, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, there is no door to door delivery of mail, for example, consequently, renting a PO box has traditionally been the only way to receive mail in such countries. However, some, like Jordan, have introduced mail home delivery, generally, post office boxes are rented from the post office either by individuals or by businesses on a basis ranging from monthly to annual, and the cost of rent varies depending on the box size. Central business district PO boxes are more expensive than rural PO boxes. In the United States, the rate used to be uniform across the country. In the United Kingdom, Royal Mail PO boxes are often more than pigeon-holes in the secure section of a sorting office. In such cases, the renter of the PO box will be issued with a showing the PO box number and delivery office name. For an additional fee, the Royal Mail will deliver received items to the geographical address. Some private companies (e. g. United Parcel Service and commercial mail receiving agencies, the difference with an official PO box is that mail sent there is addressed to a street address, instead of just addressed to PO Box CSX. The quantity of post office boxes in a station varies widely, stations of small areas are often equipped with fewer than 100 boxes, while stations in a central business district area may offer a combined quantity of over 200,000 post office boxes. In many post offices in the U. S. the PO box lobby is separate from the window-service lobby, as a result, some box lobbies are accessible after-hours by customers who are provided a code to a door keypad. In addition, some post offices are located in rented facilities such as shopping malls, as a result, PO boxes can only be accessed while that facility is open. If a parcel does not fit in a PO box, the postmaster will leave a note advising that customer to pick up that parcel from the counter. In some post offices, a key will be left in the PO box that corresponds to a larger, locked box where the patron may pick up his or her package if a signature is not required. Most often, in case, once the key is used to open the larger, locked box, the key cannot be removed again by the patron. Notes will also be left in the PO box in respect of cash on delivery, in 2011, the United States Postal Service began a pilot program called gopost which installed larger boxes to handle package pickup from an unstaffed station. A given box can be used by multiple customers thanks to the integration of a computer which accepts a delivery code, patent 6,690,997, issued February 10,2004 to Michael A. Rivalto. Deutsche Post started a concept called a Packstation in 2001
15.
Johannesburg
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Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, in the same year, the population of Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was 7,860,781. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia. The land area of the city is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2. The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm, the city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand. The name is attributed to one or all of three men involved in the establishment of the city, in ten years, the population was 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until the 1990s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent, controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name Johannes who were involved in the history of the city. Among them are the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic 1883-1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility, precise records for the choice of name were lost. Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik Street is today a street where the historically important and dilapidated Post Office, since burnt out. The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people, the Sotho–Tswana practised farming and extensively mined and smelted metals that were available in the area. The most prominent site within Johannesburg is Melville Koppies, which contains an iron smelting furnace, the main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the start of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name, Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility
16.
Apartheid
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Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The countrys first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994, Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party during the countrys 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990, with the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900, the policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive, for instance, the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state. Places of residence were determined by racial classification, from 1960 to 1983,3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the population to ten designated tribal homelands, also known as bantustans. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans, Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups. In 1990, prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention, Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991, pending multiracial elections set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning separateness, or the state of being apart and its first recorded use was in 1929. The governors and assemblies that governed the process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters, in 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. Ordinance No.49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 and this was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The Glen Grey Act of 1894, instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold, in 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act required all Indians to register and carry passes, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill, which banned land sales to Indians. The United Party government began to move away from the enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II
17.
Township (South Africa)
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Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities. The term township also has a legal meaning in South Africas system of land title. During the apartheid era, black people were evicted from properties that were in areas designated as white only, separate townships were established for each of the three designated non-white race groups - black people, Coloureds and Indians) - as per the Population Registration Act,1950. Legislation that enabled the government to do this included the Group Areas Act. Townships for non-whites were also called locations or lokasies in Afrikaans, the slang term kasie, a popular short version of lokasie is also used. Townships sometimes have large informal settlements nearby, despite their origins in apartheid South Africa, today the terms township, location and informal settlement are not used pejoratively. However policy makers are, as in the 1950s, once using the term slums in a highly pejorative way. Most South African towns and cities have at least one associated with them. Some old townships have seen rapid development since 1994 with, for instance, wealthy and middle-income areas sprouting in parts of Soweto, Township communities are faced with several social problems. Most often, the residents of townships do not own the land on which their houses are built, in effect, these houses are built illegally. Construction is informal and unregulated by the government and this results in a lack of access to basic services such as sewage, electricity, roads and clean water, which adversely affects residents quality of life. There are three infrastructures within the townships that are in need of repair, which are the sewerage, water, the problems that each of these infrastructures cause for the residents is mainly due to the lack of sanitation, accessibility, and availability. The government does not help out the people that are not actually residents so they are forced to use the resources of the residents, the sewerage system within the townships is very poorly planned and constructed. With the populations continually growing the sewerage was not built for a population so it is not able to deal with it causing an overload on the system. The overload then causes problems such as frequent blockages, surcharges, as well as spilling over, most areas within the townships have a limited number of public toilets that are so over used, abused, and quickly become health hazards for the community. One problem that was not foreseen, when building the houses so close together, having so many houses in one area and very little room in between each house make it very difficult for someone to be able to go in and fix the pipes. Some of the areas on the outside of the townships or near riverbanks, the water is a very challenging situation to deal with. With the mass numbers of residents the pressure of the pumps become very low because the way it is being used so much at the same time, with low pressure the water becomes difficult to get and sparse amounts are already available to each household
18.
William Kentridge
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William Kentridge is a South African artist best known for his prints, drawings, and animated films. These are constructed by filming a drawing, making erasures and changes and he continues this process meticulously, giving each change to the drawing a quarter of a second to two seconds screen time. A single drawing will be altered and filmed this way until the end of a scene and these palimpsest-like drawings are later displayed along with the films as finished pieces of art. Kentridge was born in Johannesburg to Sydney Kentridge and Felicia Geffen, both were attorneys who represented people marginalized by the apartheid system. He was educated at King Edward VII School in Houghton, Johannesburg and he showed great artistic promise from an early age, and in 2016 became the first artist in history to have a catalogue raisonné devoted to his juvenilia. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Politics and African Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand, in the early 1980s, he studied mime and theatre at the LÉcole Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris. He originally hoped to become an actor, but he reflected later, I was fortunate to discover at a school that I was so bad an actor I was reduced to an artist. Between 1975 and 1991, he was acting and directing in Johannesburgs Junction Avenue Theatre Company, in the 1980s, he worked on television films and series as art director. As someone who is ethnically Jewish in South Africa, he has a position as a third-party observer. His parents were lawyers, famous for their defence of victims of apartheid, Kentridge developed an ability to remove himself somewhat from the atrocities committed under the later regimes. The basics of South Africas socio-political condition and history must be known to grasp his work fully, much the same as in the cases of artists as Francisco Goya. Kentridge is of expressionist lineage, form often alludes to content, the feeling that is manipulated by the use of palette, composition and media, among others, often plays an equally vital role in the overall meaning as the subject and narrative of a given work. One must use ones gut reactions as well as ones interpretive skills to find meaning in Kentridges work, aspects of social injustice that have transpired over the years in South Africa have often become fodder for Kentridges pieces. The title, Casspirs Full of Love, written along the side of the print, is suggestive of the narrative and is oxymoronic, a casspir full of love is much like a bomb that bursts with happiness - it is an intangible improbability. The purpose of a such as this is to instil peace by force. By the mid-1970s, Kentridge was making prints and drawings, in 1979, he created 20 to 30 monotypes, which soon became known as the Pit series. In 1980, he executed about 50 small-format etchings which he called the Domestic Scenes and these two extraordinary groups of prints served to establish Kentridges artistic identity, an identity he has continued to develop in various media. Despite his ongoing exploration of non-traditional media, the foundation of his art has always been drawing and printmaking, in 1987, he began a group of charcoal and pastel drawings based, very tenuously, on Watteaus Embarkation for Cythera
19.
Witwatersrand
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The Witwatersrand aka The Reef, is a 56-kilometre-long north-facing scarp in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. This east–west-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap from Bedfordview in the east, through Johannesburg and Roodepoort, the scarp forms the northern edge of a 7- to 10-kilometre-wide plateau which rises about 200 m above the surrounding plains of the Highveld. The entire plateau-like structure is often called the “Witwatersrand”. The plateau’s elevation above sea-level is between 1700–1800 m, the Witwatersrand lies within the province of Gauteng, formerly called the “PWV”, an abbreviation for Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vereeniging. When used in this context, the term Witwatersrand refers to the entire Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area. This conurbation is oblong in shape and runs from Springs in the east to Randfontein and Carletonville in the west and this area is also often colloquially referred to as “the Rand” or “Wits”. Because of the quantities of gold that have been extracted from the Witwatersrand rocks. The Witwatersrand plateau consists of a 5000- to 7000-metre-thick layer of sedimentary rocks laid down over a period of about 260 million years. The oldest rocks form the northern scarp of the Witwatersrand plateau, Gold is found in the conglomerate strata of the younger members of the Supergroup. The abundance of gold is without equal anywhere else in the world. Over 50000 tons have been mined from these rocks since this precious metal was first discovered here in 1886 and this accounts for approximately 50% of all the gold ever mined on earth. The gold-bearing conglomerates occur chiefly in the upper, younger layers of the Witwatersrand Supergroup of rocks, the Witwatersrand Supergroup strata which reach the surface in Johannesburg dip downwards to the south at an angle of about 30°. From there on they are almost everywhere, with few exceptions. Gold mining in these buried portions of the Witwatersrand Supergroup is sometimes carried out at depths of 4 kilometres below the surface, the Kaapvaal Craton, one of the first microcontinents to form on Earth through plate tectonics, was assembled about 3900 million years ago. Its size and position relative to Southern Africa today is indicated in the diagram on the left, about 3000 million years ago local cooling of the underlying asthenosphere caused subsidence of the south-eastern portion of this microcontinent below sea level. The floor of newly formed “Witwatersrand sea” consisted of smoothly eroded granites. Sandy sediments brought in by rivers from the north started being deposited on the granite about 2970 million years ago and this sandy layer eventually became compressed to form the Orange Grove Quartzite, the lowermost layer of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. This quartzite formation forms the scarp from which the Witwatersrand derives its name, as the sea deepened finer grained and muddy sediments accumulated
20.
Johannesburg CBD
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The Central Business District, commonly called Johannesburg CBD, is one of the main business centres of Johannesburg, South Africa. There are significant movements to revive the area, the area that is currently the Central Business District has been the central area of Johannesburg nearly since its inception. Many large commercial products were completed in this period, such as the Carlton Centre, under apartheid, the Central Business District was classified as a whites-only area, meaning that black people were allowed to work and shop there but could not live there. A crime wave swept through the city as businesses left the CBD, many businesses and people fled the Central Business District and surrounding areas such as Braamfontein, Hillbrow, and Yeoville for more secured houses or offices in the Northern Suburbs. By the late 1990s, the Central Business District was a no-go zone, all its former glory was lost, and the city was shattered by the loss of the Carlton Hotel. The provincial government of Gauteng is based in the CBD as are large banks. However, most businesses where middle-class people work have secured buildings that often include parking, shops, there have been significant movements to redevelop the city centre. The Johannesburg city government installed CCTV cameras all over the Central Business District, several historical buildings have also been developed and turned into condominiums, which developers hope will draw new residents to the area. The process of gentirification and redevelopment is ongoing as of 2016, Johannesburg Central Business District Redevelopment Plan
21.
Xenophobia
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Xenophobia is the fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange. Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an uncritical exaltation of another culture in which a culture is ascribed an unreal, stereotyped, the terms xenophobia and racism are sometimes confused and used interchangeably because people who share a national origin may also belong to the same race. Due to this, xenophobia is usually distinguished by opposition to foreign culture, Xenophobia is a political term and not a recognized medical phobia. Dictionary definitions of xenophobia include, deep-rooted fear towards foreigners, the word comes from the Ancient Greek words ξένος, meaning strange, foreigner, and φόβος, meaning fear. In other words, xenophobia arises when people feel that their entitlement to benefit from the government is being subverted by other peoples rights, in 2014, the state of Penang held a referendum that bans foreigners from cooking local cuisines. A well-known local chef, Redzuawan Ismail, criticised this law, Xenophobia in South Africa has been present in both the apartheid and post–apartheid eras. Hostility between the British and Boers exacerbated by the Second Boer War led to rebellion by poor Afrikaners who looted British-owned shops, the Township Franchise Ordinance of 1924 was intended to deprive Indians of municipal franchise. In 1994 and 1995, gangs of armed youth destroyed the homes of foreign nationals living in Johannesburg, in 2008, a widely documented spate of xenophobic attacks occurred in Johannesburg. It is estimated that tens of thousands of migrants were displaced, property, the death toll after the attack stood at 56. In 2015, another widely documented series of attacks occurred in South Africa. This followed remarks by Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu stating that the migrants should pack their bags, as of 20 April 2015,7 people had died and more than 2000 foreigners had been displaced. The 2005 Cronulla riots resulted from strained relationsbetween white and Lebanese Australians, media related to Xenophobia at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Xenophobia at Wikiquote
22.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
23.
Louis Theroux
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Louis Sebastian Theroux is a documentary filmmaker and broadcaster who holds dual British and American citizenship. Theroux is best known for his series, including Louis Therouxs Weird Weekends, When Louis Met. His career started in journalism and bears influences of notable writers in his family, such as his father Paul Theroux and he works with the BBC producing his documentaries and television series. He has received two British Academy Television Awards and a Royal Television Society Television Award for his work, Theroux was born in Singapore, the son of American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux and his English then-wife, Anne Castle. His paternal grandmother, Anne, was Italian American, and his paternal grandfather and he holds dual British and American citizenship. His older brother, Marcel, is a writer and television presenter, while his cousin, Justin, is an actor and he is the nephew of novelist Alexander Theroux and writer Peter Theroux. Theroux moved with his family to England at the age of one and he was educated at Westminster School, a public school within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. While there he became friends with comedians Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish, and he also performed in a number of school theatre productions including Bugsy Malone as Looney Bergonzi, Ritual for Dolls as the Army Officer, and The Splendour Falls as the Minstrel. After Westminster, Theroux read Modern History at Magdalen College, Oxford from 1988 to 1991, Therouxs first employment as a journalist was in the United States with Metro Silicon Valley, an alternative free weekly newspaper in San Jose, California. In 1992, he was hired as a writer for Spy magazine, when TV Nation ended, Theroux was signed to a development deal by the BBC, through which he developed Louis Therouxs Weird Weekends. He has guest-written for a number of publications including Hip Hop Connection, often, his documentary method subtly exposed the contradictions or farcical elements of some seriously held beliefs. Theroux describes the aim of the series as, Setting out to discover the genuinely odd in the most ordinary setting, the show is laughing at me, adrift in their world, as much as at them. I dont have to play up that stuff, im not a matinee idol disguised as a nerd. Despite requests for a complete DVD set of the Weird Weekends series, in the series When Louis Met. Theroux accompanied a different British celebrity in each programme in their daily lives and his episode about British entertainer Jimmy Savile, When Louis Met Jimmy, was voted one of the top documentaries of all time in a 2005 survey by Britains Channel 4. Some years after the episode was filmed, NSPCC described Savile as one of the most prolific sex offenders in Great Britain and this follow-up documentary, with the title Savile, aired on BBC Two on Sunday 2nd October 2016 and lasted 1 hour,15 minutes. In When Louis Met the Hamiltons, the Tory MP Neil Hamilton and his wife Christine were arrested during the course of filming, due to false allegations of indecent assault. In When Louis Met Max Clifford, Max Clifford tried to set up Theroux, after this series concluded, a retrospective called Life with Louis was released
24.
Lauren Beukes
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Lauren Beukes is a South African novelist, short story writer, journalist and television scriptwriter. Lauren Beukes was born 5 June 1976 and she grew up in Johannesburg, South Africa. She has an MA in Creative Writing from the University of Cape Town and she worked as a freelance journalist for ten years, including two years in New York and Chicago. She is the author of The Shining Girls, a novel about a time-traveling serial-killer, harperCollins had won the international rights to the book in a fierce bidding war with several other publishers. The TV rights for the novel have been acquired by MRC, the cover artwork received the 2010 BSFA award for best art. The novel has also been short-listed for the Grand Prix de lImaginaire in France for best foreign novel, best translation by Laurent Philibert-Caillat, the film rights have been optioned by South African producer, Helena Spring. Her first novel was Moxyland, a novel set in a future Cape Town. Both books were first published in South Africa by Jacana Publishing and her first book, the non-fiction Maverick, Extraordinary Women From South Africas Past was long-listed for the 2006 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award. In July 2014, Beukes published a new a novel called Broken Monsters and her first short fiction collection, Slipping, Stories, Essays, and Other Writing, was released in October 2016. As head writer for Clockwork Zoo, she was part of the development team that created South Africas first half-hour animated TV series, URBO, The Adventures of Pax Afrika. She also wrote 12 episodes of the Disney Playhouse show, Florries Dragons for Wish Films and she directed a feature-length documentary on Miss Gay Western Cape called Glitterboys & Ganglands. The film has shown at festivals including The Atlanta Film Festival, Encounters, Out in Africa. The pilot was commissioned by the SABC but never broadcast and her novel, The Shining Girls, is being adapted into a television series by MRC and Appian Way Productions. She won Best Columnist Western Cape in the Vodacom Journalist of the Year Awards in 2007 and 2008, Beukes made her comics writing debut with All The Pretty Ponies in Vertigos Strange Adventures one-shot. She also wrote The Hidden Kingdom, an arc of Fairest, a spin-off of Bill Willinghams Eisner Award-winning Fables series, Beukes currently lives in Cape Town
25.
Zoo City
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Zoo City is a 2010 science fiction novel by South African author Lauren Beukes. It won the 2011 Arthur C. Clarke Award and the 2010 Kitschies Red Tentacle for best novel. The cover of the British edition of the book was awarded the 2010 BSFA Award for best artwork, the novels chief protagonist, Zinzi December, is a former journalist and recovering drug addict who was animalled to a sloth after getting her brother killed. She lives in the Johannesburg suburb of Hillbrow, which is nicknamed Zoo City in the novel for its population of animalled people, refugees. The books plot focuses on Zinzis attempts to find the female member of a brother-and-sister pop duo for a music producer. Being animalled is described in the novel as an automatic consequence – not just in South Africa, the distinction between moral and legal culpability is unclear, as is the threshold which triggers animalling, however, being responsible for the death of another human is a definite trigger. The animals are not limited by the normal lifespans of their species, but can die by violence, should the animal die, Beukes began writing Zoo City after signing a two-book deal with the British publisher Angry Robot for her first novel, Moxyland, and a subsequent book. While she spent four years working on Moxyland, Zoo City took just over a year to complete,2010, United States and Canada, Angry Robot. Zoo City was awarded the 2011 Arthur C. Clarke Award on 28 April 2011 and this award is given to the best science fiction novel first published in the United Kingdom during the previous year, and is considered the most prestigious British science fiction award. Beukes wore a fake sloth draped over her shoulders to the ceremony in London. The cover of the 2010 British edition of the book, which was designed by Joey Hi-Fi, the book had previously received the 2010 Kitschies Red Tentacle award for best novel, as the book that best elevates the tone of geek culture. It was also long-listed for the 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Prize. in November 2011, South African film producer Helena Spring won the film rights to Zoo City. Beukes was slated to write the script, while Spring planned to offer the project to a shortlist of directors. In November 2013, Donovan Marsh was announced as the films director. At this time Marsh was developing a script with input from Beukes, i’ve used a limited palette of black, grey and red to evoke the dystopian atmosphere of the city, its grey grittiness a contrast to throbbing red life. Lauren Beukes page on Books Live
26.
Al Jazeera English
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Al Jazeera English is an international state-funded 24-hour English-language news and current affairs TV channel owned and operated by Al Jazeera Media Network, which is headquartered in Doha, Qatar. It is a channel of the Bosnia and Herzegovina-based multi-language Al Jazeera Balkans, the online digital networks AJ+ and Al Jazeera Turk. Al Jazeera English is the worlds first English-language news channel to be headquartered in the Middle East, the channel aims to provide both a regional voice and a global perspective for a potential world audience of over one billion English speakers who do not share the Anglo-American worldview. Instead of being run under one command, news management rotates between broadcasting centers in Doha and London. At its launch, the station actually had four news centres in the world, in Washington, complete news bulletins from Kuala Lumpur stopped on 30 September 2010 and from Washington, D. C. on 28 January 2011, they were replaced by news from Doha. All news inserts from Kuala Lumpur ceased in early 2011 and from Washington DC they ceased on 15 April 2012, by contrast, Al Jazeera English is one of the few global media outlets to maintain an agency in Gaza, and in Harare. The networks stated objective is to voice to untold stories, promote debate. Al Jazeera English has stated objectives of emphasizing news from the world, of reversing the North to South flow of information. Other Al Jazeera English slogans and catchphrases include, All the News | All the Time, Fearless Journalism and If its newsworthy, it gets on air, Al Jazeeras Code of Ethics mirrors some of these statements. Award-winning creative teams shaped the English brand identity, the channel was launched on 15 November 2006 at 12,00 GMT. It had aimed to begin broadcasting in June 2006 but had to postpone its launch because its HDTV technology was not ready. The channel had expected to reach around 40 million households, but it far exceeded that launch target, the channel is noted for its poor penetration in the American market, where it was carried by only one satellite service and a small number of cable networks. Al Jazeera English later began a campaign to enter the North American market and it became available to some cable subscribers in New York in August 2011, having previously been available as an option for some viewers in Washington, D. C. The channel primarily reaches the United States via its online streaming. Foreign press access to Gaza has been limited via either Egypt or Israel, the channel may also be viewed online. It recommends online viewing at its own website or at its channel on YouTube, Al Jazeera English HD launched in the United Kingdom on Freeview on 26 November 2013, and began streaming in HD on YouTube in 2015. On 3 January 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network announced that it had purchased Current TV in the United States, 60% of the channels programming would be produced in America while 40% would be from Al Jazeera English. That was later changed at the request of the cable and satellite providers to almost 100% American programing, regardless Al Jazeera America maintained a close working relationship with Al Jazeera English
27.
Witness (2006 TV programme)
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Witness is the flagship documentary television programme that airs on Al Jazeera English. The programme showcases documentaries commissioned from independent filmmakers around the world, the films focus on stories that receive less international coverage and people at the margins of society. Witness was one of the first programmes on Al Jazeera English and has been airing since the inception in November 2006. The primary broadcast windows are Sundays for their programmes and Wednesdays for their hour-long programmes with repeats appearing throughout the week. The show has won multiple awards including the Peabody and the International Emmy and been nominated for many others including an Academy Award, One World, Rory Peck Trust. Witness premiered in November 2006 when Al Jazeera English launched globally and it was initially presented by Rageh Omaar, Fakhry took over briefly as presenter in 2010 for one year. It is one of the few programmes that makes documentaries available worldwide on all media platforms, the topics covered by the series includes stories of inspiration, empowerment, creativity and a deeper plunge into communities that are otherwise excluded from the global conversation. This includes stories on conflict, the environment, womens rights, the core of each story is a reflection of how global events affect local communities and the people who live there. In 2016 Witness was part of the team nominated at the Academy Awards for Best Documentary Short for the film, Chau and it is an incredible film about a young man, profoundly disabled by Agent Orange at birth who goes onto become a successful, independent artist. In 2015, Witness won an International Emmy for the powerful film and this incredible story is about miners in South Africa who rise up to seek a better living and working conditions. In 2013 Witness was awarded the Peabody Award for the film, Sheikh Jarrah and this documentary tells the story of Palestinians in East Jerusalem who face eviction and find unexpected allies to the cause. Witness coverage of the Red Mosque in Islamabad shortly before a government siege garnered an International Emmy Award nomination in 2008, a special on two schools in the West Bank under Israeli occupation, Return to Nablus, received an International Emmy nomination in 2009. 16 other documentaries featured on Witness have won awards at international film festivals
28.
Ponte City Apartments
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Ponte City is a skyscraper in the Berea neighbourhood, just next to Hillbrow, Johannesburg, South Africa. It was built in 1975 to a height of 173 m, the 55-story building is cylindrical, with an open centre allowing additional light into the apartments. The centre space is known as the core and rises above a rock floor. When built, Ponte City was seen as a desirable address due to its views over all of Johannesburg. The neon sign on top of the building is the largest sign in the southern hemisphere and it currently advertises the South African mobile phone company Vodacom. The principal designer of Ponte was Mannie Feldman, working in a team together with Manfred Hermer, Grosskopff recalled the decision to make the building circular, the first cylindrical skyscraper in Africa. At the time, Johannesburg bylaws required kitchens and bathrooms to have a window, so Grosskopff designed the building with a hollow interior, allowing light to enter the apartments from both sides. At the bottom of the building were retail stores and initial plans were to include an indoor ski slope on the 3. The building was so tall because developers wanted a number of units. The building is located 35 minutes from the OR Tambo International Airport and almost within walking distance of the city with theatres like the Market. During the late 1980s, gang activity had caused the rate to soar at the tower. By the 1990s, after the end of apartheid, many gangs moved into the building, Ponte City became symbolic of the crime and urban decay gripping the once cosmopolitan Berea neighbourhood. The core filled with five storeys high as the owners left the building to decay. There were even proposals in the mid-1990s to turn the building into a highrise prison, in 2001 Trafalgar Properties took over management of the building and began making numerous improvements. In May 2007 Ponte changed ownership and a re-development project New Ponte was put in motion, david Selvan and Nour Addine Ayyoub under Ayyoubs company, Investagain, planned to revitalize the building completely. The planned development would have contained 467 residential units, retail, the subprime mortgage crisis caused the banks not to provide the funding required to finish the revitalisation, the project was cancelled and ownership was given back to the Kempston Group. One of the shots of the 2009 film District 9 is of the tower. Director Philip Bloom dedicated a film titled Ponte Tower
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Hillbrow Tower
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The Hillbrow Tower is a tall tower located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. Construction of the began in June 1968 and was completed three years later, in April 1971. The tower was known as the JG Strijdom Tower, after JG Strijdom. On 31 May 2005 it was renamed the Telkom Joburg Tower, the tower was constructed for South African Posts & Telecommunications, which later became Telkom, South Africas government run and the countrys largest telecommunications company. As the general height of buildings rose in the business district. The Hillbrow Tower has been closed to visitors since 1981, primarily due to security reasons, before the closure, the Hillbrow tower was one of the largest tourist draws in Johannesburg. The public was able to enter six public floors at the top of the tower, during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, a huge football was fitted to the tower to celebrate the event. In 2013, television programme Carte Blanche broadcast from what used to be the revolving restaurant, the Hillbrow Tower is one of two iconic towers that are often used to identify the Johannesburg skyline. The second tower, the Sentech Tower, is used for television, list of towers Sentech Tower Carlton Center Hillbrow Tower Hillbrow Tower at Structurae
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Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
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Politics of the Netherlands
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The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary state. The Netherlands is described as a consociational state, Dutch politics and governance are characterized by a common striving for broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. The constitution lists the civil and social rights of the Dutch citizens and it describes the position and function of the institutions that have executive, legislative. It should be noted that the constitution of the Netherlands is only applicable in the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Netherlands does not have a Constitutional Court and judges do not have the authority to review laws on their constitutionality. International treaties and the Statute of the Kingdom, however, overrule Dutch law, furthermore, all legislation that is not a law in the strict sense of the word can be tested on their constitutionality. Amendments to the constitution must be approved by both Houses of the States General twice, the first time around, this requires a majority vote. After parliament has been dissolved and general elections are held, both Houses must approve the proposed amendments with a two-thirds vote, major political institutions are the monarchy, the cabinet, the States General and the judicial system. There are three other High Colleges of state, which stand on equal foot with parliament but have a political role. Other levels of government are the municipalities, the waterboards and the provinces, although not mentioned in the constitution, political parties and the social partners organised in the Social Economic Council are important political institutions as well. It is important to realise that the Netherlands does not have a separation of powers, according to the constitution the States General. All legislation has to pass through the Council of State for advice, the executive power is reserved for government. Note however that the Social-Economic Council has the right to make and enforce legislation on several sectors. The judicial power is divided two separate systems of courts. For civil and criminal law the independent Supreme Court is the highest court, for administrative law the Raad van State is the highest court, which is ex officio chaired by the King. The present monarchy was founded in 1813, after the expulsion of the French, the Prince of Orange was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of The Netherlands. The new monarchy was confirmed in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna as part of the re-arrangement of Europe after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, the House of Orange-Nassau were given the present day Netherlands and Belgium to govern as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Between 1815 and 1890, the King of the Netherlands was also Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the heir apparent is the Princess of Orange, Catharina-Amalia. Constitutionally, the King is head of state and has a role in the formation of government and he has to co-sign every law to make it valid
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Constitution Hill, Johannesburg
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The Constitution Hill precinct is located at 11 Kotze Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg near the western end of the suburb of Hillbrow. Constitution Hill is the seat of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the hill was formerly the site of a fort which was later used as a prison. The Old Fort Prison complex is known as Number Four, the original prison was built to house white male prisoners in 1892. The Old Fort was built around this prison by Paul Kruger from 1896 to 1899 to protect the South African Republic from the threat of British invasion, later, Boer military leaders of the Anglo-Boer War were imprisoned here by the British. The Old Fort prison was extended to include native cells, called Section 4 and Section 5, and, in 1907, a womens section was added. An awaiting-trial block was constructed in the 1920s, both political activists opposed to apartheid and common criminals were held at the prison, and striking white mineworkers in 1907,1913 and 1922. Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned here in 1906, the site housed prisoners until 1983, when it was closed. Activists were usually held as awaiting trial prisoners and then sent off to Robben Island or Pretoria to serve jail terms, brewing beer - an illegal activity if you were black - also landed many women in jail, a situation depicted in the Women Gaol. Still others were arrested for having sex across the bar or for homosexual sex. The Old Fort was declared a National Monument in 1964 although it continued as a prison until 1987 after which the buildings. Constitutional Hill opened its doors as a museum in 2004, with taking the visitors to three prison museums, Number Four, the Womens Gaol and the Old Fort. The site also features the Constitutional Court and the collection of 200 South African artworks. Outside the wooden doors of the building, in the middle of a plaza. The Flame was lit in 2012 when South Africa celebrated the 15th anniversary of the signing of the constitution, in 1995, the Constitutional Court justices began looking for a permanent location for the new Court. The new court building was built using bricks from the demolished awaiting-trial wing of the former number 4 prison, the first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004. The court building is open to the public who want to attend hearings or view the art gallery in the court atrium, the hill overlooks downtown Johannesburg to the South and the wealthy northern suburbs of Houghton Estate, Parktown, Sandton to the North. The Old Fort prison buildings were built from 1896 to 1899 and they were created by the Boers for the specific purpose of holding captive British invaders. During the Anglo-Boer War, however, the British seized Johannesburg and converted the Old Fort prison buildings for the incarceration of Boers, even prominent Boer leaders of the Anglo-Boer War were imprisoned here by the British soon after the British had succeeded in seizing and controlling Johannesburg
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Constitutional Court of South Africa
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The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa. It was originally the final court for constitutional matters. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so. The court was first established by the Interim Constitution of 1993 and it has continued in existence under the Constitution of 1996. The court sits in the city of Johannesburg and it also has occupied a purpose-built complex on Constitution Hill. The first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004, the Constitutional Court consists of eleven judges who are appointed by the President of South Africa from a list drawn up by the Judicial Service Commission. The judges serve for a term of twelve years, the court is headed by the Chief Justice of South Africa and the Deputy Chief Justice. The Constitution requires that a matter before the Court be heard by at least eight judges, in practice, all eleven judges hear almost every case. Decisions are reached by a majority and written reasons are given, the movement for the establishment of the Constitutional Court in South Africa started in 1920 by African National Congress. By the year 1956, judges and liberals in the country put up bill of rights as a support for the creation of the court, the first meeting of selected members of the court took place in 1994. In 1995, President Nelson Mandela was at the court to deliver a speech for its commissioning, according to South African History Online Mandela says “The last time I appeared in court was to hear whether or not I was going to be sentenced to death. Fortunately for myself and my colleagues we were not, today I rise not as an accused, but on behalf of the people of South Africa, to inaugurate a court South Africa has never had, a court on which hinges the future of our democracy. Constitution Hill is the seat of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Constitution Hill precinct is located at 11 Kotze Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg near the western end of the suburb of Hillbrow. The hill overlooks downtown Johannesburg to the South and the northern suburbs of Houghton, Parktown, Sandton. The court building itself was built using bricks from the demolished awaiting-trial wing of the former prison, inside the main room, a row of horizontal windows has been set up behind the seats of the judges. While the windows are at the head-height of judges on the inside, the first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004. The court building is open to the public who want to attend hearings or view the art gallery in the court atrium. The court houses a collection of more than 200 contemporary artworks chosen by Constitutional Court judge Albie Sachs, including works by Gerard Sekoto, William Kentridge, the entrance to the court written in all 11 official languages of South Africa
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Government
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A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled. In the Commonwealth of Nations, the government is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage is analogous to what is called an administration in American English, finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance. In the case of its broad definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of governance, refers to the set of political systems. Government of any kind currently affects every human activity in many important ways, in political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities. as typologies of political systems are not obvious. It is especially important in the science fields of comparative politics. On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be simple, the United States is a constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, for example, elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not free and fair and took place in a one-party state. Voltaire argued that the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, many governments that officially call themselves a democratic republic are not democratic, nor a republic, they are usually a dictatorship de facto. Communist dictatorships have been prone to use this term. For example, the name of North Vietnam was The Democratic Republic of Vietnam. China uses a variant, The Peoples Republic of China, thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic. Experience with those movements in power, and the ties they may have to particular forms of government. For example, The meaning of conservatism in the United States has little in common with the way the words definition is used elsewhere, as Ribuffo notes, what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism. Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, values are sorted from 1–100 based on level of democracy and political accountability
