1.
Rutan Long-EZ
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The Rutan Model 61 Long-EZ is a homebuilt aircraft with a canard layout designed by Burt Rutans Rutan Aircraft Factory. It is derived from the VariEze, which was first offered to homebuilders in 1976, the prototype, N79RA of the Long-EZ first flew on June 12,1979. The Long-EZ was a clean-sheet scaled-up redesign of the VariEze predecessor, plans were offered from 1980 to 1985. As of late 2005, approximately 700 Long EZs are FAA registered in the USA, in January 1985, it was announced that plans for a new canard were being offered, to eliminate rain trim change that had been experienced by Long-EZ pilots. The new canard was designed with the Roncz R1145MS airfoil, which produces more lift than the original GU25-58 airfoil. This enabled the new canard to be designed with less span, reducing wetted area, the new canard has a negligible rain trim and the rain only adds 2 knots to the stall speed. The aircraft is designed for fuel-efficient long-range flight, with a range of just over 2,000 miles and it can fly for over ten hours and up to 1,600 miles on 52 gallons of fuel. Equipped with a fuel tank, a Long-EZ has flown for 4,800 miles. The pilot sits in a seat and controls the Long-EZ by means of a side-stick controller situated on the right-hand console. In addition to having an airbrake on the underside, the twin tails wing-tip rudders can be deflected outwards to act as auxiliary airbrakes, in 1996 Burt Rutan awarded TERF Inc. In 1997 Dick Rutan and Mike Melvill flew two Long-EZ aircraft on an around-the-world flight, some legs of this flight extended over 14 hours in the air. Gloucester businessman Bill Alan converted his Long-EZ G-WILY for trans-oceanic flight, fitting luggage pods beneath the wings, e-Racer An extensivley modified redesign using Long-EZ wings with a fuselage modified for side-by-side seating, retractable landing gear, and larger automotive engine conversion powerplants. Twin EZ Ivan Shaw built a Long-EZ and then converted it into a Twin-EZ, Shaw, a Yorkshireman, later designed the Europa XS kitplane. Long ESA A258 hp electric engine conversion, on 19 July 2012, pilot Chip Yates achieved 202.6 mph in level flight, making the aircraft the fastest man carrying electric powered aircraft. Berkez or Berk-EZ Heavily modified Long-EZ with Berkut 360 components, singer-songwriter John Denver died when his Long-EZ crashed on October 12,1997. The NTSB cited Denvers unfamiliarity with the aircraft and his failure to have the aircraft refueled as causal factors in the accident, the aerodynamics of this unusual aircraft did not play a role in Denvers crash. The author James Gleick crash-landed his Long-EZ at Greenwood Lake Airport, in West Milford, Gleick was seriously injured and the passenger, his 8-year-old son Harry, was killed. Data from Janes All The Worlds Aircraft 1982–83 General characteristics Crew,1 Pilot Capacity,1 Passenger Length,16 ft 10 in Wingspan,26 ft 1 in Height,7 ft 10 in Wing area,81
2.
San Carlos, California
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San Carlos is a city in San Mateo County, California on the San Francisco Peninsula, about halfway between San Francisco and San Jose. It is an affluent residential suburb located between Belmont to the north and Redwood City to the south. The population was 28,406 at the 2010 census, San Carlos, The City of Good Living, aims for a small town feel. Its main downtown area is composed mostly of small shops and restaurants, San Carlos was the first city in California to open a charter school, and its schools rank consistently well in statewide lists. San Carlos is home to San Carlos Airport and two museums, located downtown, the San Carlos History Museum is dedicated to the display of the history of the town from early Native American history to the space age. This museum is open every Saturday from 1,00 PM to 4,00 PM, transportation options include membership in the SamTrans bus system and a Caltrain station. The administrative headquarters of both agencies are located at 1250 San Carlos Avenue, however, voters rejected a parcel tax which placed 100% of the financial burden on property owners and the S. C. O. O. T program was dismantled on June 17,2005. City Hall was once located at 666 Elm Street, the address number was later changed to 600 Elm Street due to pressure from residents. San Carlos was also home of the Circle Star Theater where performers such as Richard Marx. It was torn down and replaced by office buildings, San Carlos also once boasted the 2,500 student San Carlos High School which was closed in 1982 due to declining enrollment. Today, students travel to Belmonts Carlmont High School or Redwood Citys Sequoia High School to receive their secondary education. Every May, the hosts the Hometown Days carnival in Burton Park. In October, the Chamber of Commerce hosts the San Carlos Art & Wine Faire, October 2015 marked the 25th year it has been held. Thursday evenings during the summer Laurel street is home to a farmers market known as Hot Harvest Nights. However, most people call it Farmers Market, prior to the Spanish arrival in 1769, the land of San Carlos was occupied by a group of Native Americans who called themselves the Lamchins. While they considered themselves to have a separate identity from other local tribes, the Lamchins referred to the area of their primary residence—probably on the north bank of Pulgas creek—as Cachanihtac, which included their word for vermin. When the Spanish arrived, they translated this as the fleas, or las Pulgas, giving many places, the Native American life was one of traditional hunting and gathering. There was plentiful game and fowl available, and fish could be caught in the San Francisco Bay, there were also grasses, plants and oak trees, and archaeological finds of mortars and pestles indicate that these source were processed for food
3.
Aviation museum
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An aviation museum, air museum, or aerospace museum is a museum exhibiting the history and artifacts of aviation. In addition to actual or replica aircraft, exhibits can include photographs, maps, models, dioramas, clothing, aviation museums vary in size from housing just one or two aircraft to hundreds. They may be owned by national, regional or local governments or be privately owned, some museums address the history and artifacts of space exploration as well, illustrating the close association between aeronautics and astronautics. Aviation museums may display their aircraft only on the ground or fly some of them, museums that do not fly their aircraft may have decided not to do so either because the aircraft are not in condition to fly or because they are considered too rare or valuable. Museums may fly their aircraft in air shows or other related events. Some museums have sets of periodicals, technical manuals, photographs and these are often made available to aviation researchers for use in writing articles or books or to aircraft restoration specialists working on restoring an aircraft
4.
Aircraft
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An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the lift of an airfoil. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation, crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as type, aircraft propulsion, usage. Each of the two World Wars led to technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras, Pioneers of flight, first World War,1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars,1918 to 1939, Second World War,1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age,1945 to the present day, aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, a balloon was originally any aerostat, while the term airship was used for large, powered aircraft designs – usually fixed-wing. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. – though none had yet been built, the advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by an outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, then several accidents, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a balloon is an aerostat and an airship is a powered one. A powered, steerable aerostat is called a dirigible, sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes dirigible balloon is regarded as the definition of an airship. Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back and these soon became known as blimps. During the Second World War, this shape was adopted for tethered balloons, in windy weather
5.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
6.
San Carlos Airport (California)
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San Carlos Airport is two miles northeast of San Carlos, California, in San Mateo County, California. The FAAs National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems classifies San Carlos as an airport for San Francisco International Airport. The airport is off U. S. Route 101, the airport is home to Civil Air Patrol West Bay Composite Squadron 192. Next to the airport is the Hiller Air Museum, the San Carlos Flying Field was established during World War I by J. Pauling Edwards on a five-acre field south of Cordilleras Creek. San Carlos first pilots certificate was issued on July 10,1917 to Lieutenant Prince, in 1923, the airfield was taken over by the Cooley family. Charles P. Cooley was the flight instructor in San Carlos at the time. The airport itself was operated by Cooleys father, Frank S. Cooley. On July 12,1940, a fire destroyed the main hangar, the family then vacated the property in 1935, closing the airport and the flight school and moving their operations to a new airfield near todays Twin Dolphin Drive in San Carlos. By March 1950, the airfield had a 200 ft by 2100 ft runway, however, the Cooley family soon regarded the airport as being inadequate due to its proximity to the Phelpes Slough and Steinberger Slough and poor ground conditions for a suitable runway. They opened another airfield at the present location of the San Carlos airport, by March 1952, the Cooley family transferred ownership of the airfield to Mr. Francis Michaud, who renamed it San Carlos-Belmont Airport. Many repair and administrative buildings were added along with plans to expand the runway up to 7000 ft in length, in 1957, the airport was renamed as San Mateo Country Airport, Inc. Ownership was also split between Michaud, the Piombo Construction Company and six other parties, San Carlos Airport covers 110 acres at an elevation of 5 feet. Its one runway, 12/30, is 2,600 by 75 feet asphalt, a plan to lengthen the runway by 400 feet was quelled by neighbors in 1999. Aircraft with gross weight in excess of 12,500 lb are prohibited, San Carlos Airport is home to over 30 aviation related businesses. In 2007 the airport had 155,273 aircraft operations, average 425 per day, 98% general aviation, 2% air taxi,372 aircraft were then based at this airport, 86% single-engine, 11% multi-engine, <1% jet and 3% helicopter. In fact the airport was SQL years before June 16,1977, the Experimental Aircraft Association has a local chapter at San Carlos Airport. EAA Chapter 20 has about 50 members as of 2010, in 1999 a proposal was given to extend the runway into the marsh before runway 30. The proposal caused trouble in Redwood Shores and Foster City, where critics complained about noise, despite promises by San Mateo County officials, opponents felt a longer runway would lead to bigger and noisier planes, in particular, more corporate aircraft
7.
Northern California
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Northern California, often abbreviated NorCal, is the northern portion of the U. S. state of California. The 48-county definition is not used for the Northern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is instead defined from Metropolitan Fresno north to Greater Sacramento, and from the Bay Area east across Nevada state line to encompass the entire Lake Tahoe-Reno area. The arrival of European explorers from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries, in 1770, the Spanish mission at Monterey was the first European settlement in the area, followed by other missions along the coast—eventually extending as far north as Sonoma County. Northern California is not a geographic designation. Californias north-south midway division is around 37° latitude, near the level of San Francisco, popularly, though, Northern California usually refers to the states northernmost 48 counties. This definition coincides with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude, the term is also applied to the area north of Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains. Because of Californias large size and diverse geography, the state can be subdivided in other ways as well, the state is often considered as having an additional division north of the urban areas of the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento metropolitan areas. The coastal area north of the Bay Area is referred to as the North Coast while the region north of Sacramento is referred by locals as the Northstate. Since the events of the California Gold Rush, Northern California has been a leader on the economic, scientific. In science, advances range from being the first to isolate and name fourteen transuranic chemical elements, other examples of innovation across diverse fields range from Genentech to CrossFit as a pioneer in extreme human fitness and training. It is also Home to one of the largest Air Force Bases on the West Coast, Northern Californias largest metropolitan area is the San Francisco Bay Area which includes the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, and their many suburbs. In recent years the Bay Area has drawn more commuters from as far as Central Valley cities such as Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno, Turlock and Modesto. The 2010 U. S. Census showed that the Bay Area grew at a faster rate than the Greater Los Angeles Area while Greater Sacramento had the largest growth rate of any area in California. The states larger cities are considered part of Northern California in cases when the state is divided into two parts. The first European to explore the coast was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing for the Spanish Crown, in 1542, beginning in 1565, the Spanish Manila galleons crossed the Pacific Ocean from Mexico to the Spanish Philippines, with silver and gemstones from Mexico. The Manila galleons returned across the northern Pacific, and reached North America usually off the coast of northern California, in 1579, northern California was visited by the English explorer Sir Francis Drake who landed north of todays San Francisco and claimed the area for England. In 1602, the Spaniard Sebastián Vizcaíno explored Californias coast as far north as Monterey Bay, other Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of northern California for the next 150 years, but no settlements were established. The first European inhabitants were Spanish missionaries, who built missions along the California coast, the mission at Monterey was first established in 1770, and at San Francisco in 1776
8.
Smithsonian Affiliations
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Any 5013 nonprofit or publicly operated educational entity can apply to become a Smithsonian Affiliate. The Smithsonian Affiliations program was established in 1996 by Smithsonian Secretary I. C, in 1993, the “Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution” introduced the first proposal for initiatives promoting strategic, collections-based partnerships at the Institution. To Educate More of the Nation’s People, “Build collaborative partnerships with other museums, research centers, significant emphasis was placed on the benefits that partnerships with outside museums would create for the Institution. In 1996, during his year as Secretary, Heyman observed several challenges facing the Institution. In addition, the Institution began to see increased interest from outside museums for partnerships, Heyman responded to these challenges by creating the Smithsonian Affiliations program to oversee and manage collections-based partnerships with other museums. As stated by the minutes from the Smithsonian Board of Regents meeting housed in the Smithsonian Institution Archives, there is no value in being just the largest if we do not share the Smithsonian with as many people as possible. It means making sure those who travel to Washington can somehow experience and enjoy the Smithsonian. ”Michael Heyman “ challenge is extending the reach of our collections to communities, museums. The Board of Regents in September strengthened the policy to share our collections with others. ”Michael Heyman The program was received by museums across the country. The end of the fiscal year 1997 recognized 21 organizations as Affiliates, as of 2014 there are nearly 200 Affiliates. On October,21,2016, The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Smithsonian Affiliations considers membership proposals from organizations that will advance the Smithsonian Institutions mission and strategic plan. Successful applicants are non-profit or publicly operated organizations whose missions are directed toward advancing research, knowledge, and education in science, history, and the arts. To qualify as an Affiliate, an organization must prove that it is able to care for, protect. Strong applicants are organizations that are fiscally sound and capable of developing, installing, Affiliates are also responsible for maintaining an annual membership fee. To become an Affiliate, organizations must submit an application package to Smithsonian Affiliations, applicants are required to provide documentation that confirms IRS status as a 5013 entity and a narrative detailing how the agreement will be mutually beneficial. Applications must also include a copy of the mission statement, an organizational chart, an annual report. Once approved, Affiliates are required to sign a Smithsonian Affiliations Agreement form and are assigned a National Outreach Manager to oversee loans, all loan agreements are set for defined period of time. Affiliate organizations participate in a number of training, outreach. Smithsonian Affiliations Visiting Professional Program, Professionals of Affiliate organizations receive training from Smithsonian officials while visiting and working in Washington, the Smithsonian Affiliations program supports, develops, and organizes a number of collaborative programs to promote education in science, art, history, and culture
9.
Coaxial rotors
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Coaxial rotors or coax rotors are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions. This configuration is a feature of helicopters produced by the Russian Kamov helicopter design bureau, the idea of coaxial rotors originates with Mikhail Lomonosov. He had developed a helicopter model with coaxial rotors in July 1754. In 1859, the British Patent Office awarded the first helicopter patent to Henry Bright for his coaxial design, from this point, coaxial helicopters developed into fully operational machines as we know them today. Two pioneering helicopters, the Corradino DAscanio-built DAT3 of 1930, having two coaxial sets of rotors provides symmetry of forces around the central axis for lifting the vehicle and laterally when flying in any direction. Because of the complexity, many helicopter designs use alternate configurations to avoid problems that arise when only one rotor is used. Common alternatives are single-rotor helicopters or tandem rotor arrangements, one of the problems with any single set of rotor blades is the torque exerted on the helicopter fuselage in the direction opposite to the rotor blades. This torque causes the fuselage to rotate in the direction opposite to the rotor blades, in single rotor helicopters, the antitorque rotor or tail rotor counteracts the main rotor torque and controls the fuselage rotation. Coaxial rotors solve the problem of main rotor torque by turning each set of rotors in opposite directions, the opposite torques from the rotors cancel each other out. Rotational maneuvering, yaw control, is accomplished by increasing the pitch of one rotor. This causes a controlled dissymmetry of torque, dissymmetry of lift is an aerodynamic phenomenon caused by the rotation of a helicopters rotors in forward flight. Rotor blades provide lift proportional to the amount of air flowing over them, when viewed from above, the rotor blades move in the direction of flight for half of the rotation, and then move in the opposite direction for the remainder of the rotation. A rotor blade produces more lift in the advancing half, at the same time, a rotor blade in the retreating half produces less lift. Coaxial rotors avoid the effects of dissymmetry of lift through the use of two rotors turning in opposite directions, causing blades to advance on either side at the same time. Another benefit is increased safety on the ground, the absence of a tail rotor eliminates the source of injuries and fatalities to ground crews. A principal disadvantage of the rotor design is the increased mechanical complexity of the rotor hub. The linkages and swashplates for two rotor systems need to be assembled atop the mast, which is complex because of the need to drive two rotors in opposite directions. Because of the number of moving parts and complexity, the coaxial rotor system is more prone to mechanical faults
10.
Hiller VZ-1 Pawnee
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The Hiller VZ-1 Pawnee was a unique direct-lift rotor aircraft, using contra-rotating ducted fans for lift inside a platform upon which the single pilot shifted body weight for directional control. The platform was developed starting in 1953 under an Office of Naval Research contract to Hiller Aircraft, the original concept had been developed by Charles H. Zimmerman in the late 1940s. Further development followed, both by Hiller Aircraft and the De Lackner Company, there were two main models, the ONR model 1031-A-1, and the somewhat larger VZ-1 Pawnee model produced in 1956 for the U. S. Army. Three of each model were built as prototypes, neither of the variants was put into production. The smaller ONR model used two 44 horsepower Nelson H-59 piston engines, coupled to the propellers by a modified helicopter transmission built by the Industrial Power Division of Hall-Scott, the larger Pawnee model used three of the aforementioned engine and had an extended duct area. The Pawnee had ineffective kinesthetic control and instead had the operator seated on a platform controlling the flight with conventional helicopter controls. Due to aerodynamic effects in the duct within which the propellers rotated, the platform was dynamically stable, even though the pilot and center of gravity of the platform were fairly high up. In testing, the prototypes flew well, but the U. S. Army judged them to be impractical as combat vehicles as they were small, limited in speed, two of the six prototypes are known to survive, both are ONR 1031-A-1 models. One is located at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California, the latter platform was formerly on loan to the Pima Air & Space Museum. A replica of the 1031 platform is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum.8 ft Armament Standard combat weapons of a U. S
11.
Boeing 747
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The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet. Its distinctive hump upper deck along the part of the aircraft makes it among the worlds most recognizable aircraft. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years, as of January 2017, the 747 has been involved in 60 hull losses, resulting in 3722 fatalities. The four-engine 747 uses a configuration for part of its length. It is available in passenger, freighter and other versions, the 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold, but it exceeded critics expectations with production passing the 1,000 mark in 1993. By February 2017,1,528 aircraft had been built, the 747-400, the most common passenger version in service, has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0. 85–0.855 with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles. The newest version of the aircraft, the 747-8, is in production, deliveries of the 747-8F freighter version began in October 2011, deliveries of the 747-8I passenger version began in May 2012. In 1963, the United States Air Force started a series of projects on a very large strategic transport aircraft. The payload bay had to be 17 feet wide by 13.5 feet high and 100 feet long with access doors at the front. Featuring only four engines, the design required new engine designs with greatly increased power and better fuel economy. After a downselect, Boeing, Douglas, and Lockheed were given study contracts for the airframe, along with General Electric. All three of the airframe proposals shared a number of features, as the CX-HLS needed to be able to be loaded from the front, a door had to be included where the cockpit usually was. In 1965 Lockheeds aircraft design and General Electrics engine design were selected for the new C-5 Galaxy transport, the nose door and raised cockpit concepts would be carried over to the design of the 747. The 747 was conceived while air travel was increasing in the 1960s, the era of commercial jet transportation, led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, had revolutionized long-distance travel. In 1965, Joe Sutter was transferred from Boeings 737 development team to manage the design studies for a new airliner, Sutter initiated a design study with Pan Am and other airlines, to better understand their requirements. At the time, it was thought that the 747 would eventually be superseded by supersonic transport aircraft. Boeing responded by designing the 747 so that it could be adapted easily to carry freight, in the freighter role, the clear need was to support the containerized shipping methodologies that were being widely introduced at about the same time. Standard containers are 8 ft square at the front and available in 20 and 40 ft lengths and this meant that it would be possible to support a 2-wide 2-high stack of containers two or three ranks deep with a fuselage size similar to the earlier CX-HLS project
12.
Fairchild 24
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The Fairchild Model 24 is a four-seat, single-engine monoplane light transport aircraft designed by the Fairchild Aviation Corporation in the 1930s. It was adopted by the United States Army Air Corps as UC-61, the Model 24 was itself a development of previous Fairchild models and became a successful civil and military utility aircraft. Fairchild Aircraft was hit hard by the Great Depression in the early 1930s as airline purchases disappeared, consequently, the company attention turned to developing a reliable and rugged small aircraft for personal and business use. Having adapted many components from the industry, the aircraft was also affordable. In production continuously from 1932 to 1948 the aircraft remained essentially unchanged aerodynamically and internally, with the addition of extra passenger seating. The first models were equipped with two seats, but in 1933 a third seat was installed and by 1938 a fourth was added. The interior was first created for the Model 24 in 1937 by noted American industrial designer Raymond Loewy, a minor airframe revision was made in 1938 with the redesign of the vertical fin and redesignation from C8 to F24G onwards. As an innovative concept, the aircraft was available with two powerplants, Warners reliable Scarab and Fairchilds in-house 200 hp Ranger series in the F24 C8D, E and F. Initially the 1932 model Fairchild 24 C8B used a reliable and popular Warner 125 hp radial engine, American Cirrus and Menasco Pirate inline engines were also occasionally used in some earlier Fairchild 24s. Later models such as the popular 24Ws upgraded to the 165 hp Warner Super Scarab, the result was a complex but undeniably solid undercarriage that could absorb large amounts of shock and was also adapted for the fitting of twin floats for water-based operations. The sturdiness of construction of the aircraft has ensured many have survived to this day, in civil use, the aircraft was a quick sales success, with prominent businessmen and Hollywood actors purchasing the aircraft. In 1936, the US Navy ordered Model 24s designated as GK-1 research, the type was also used by the US Army as a light transport and by the Coast Guard, with the designation J2K-1. The UC-61 was also procured by the US Navy as the GK-1, in 1941, the United States Army Air Forces placed an initial order for 163 Fairchild C-61s, however, via Lend-Lease,161 of these were shipped abroad. Under the auspices of this program, the majority of the 525 Warner Scarab Fairchild 24s/C-61s went to Great Britain. Most of these saw service as Argus Is and improved Argus IIs and were allocated to a newly formed adjunct of the Royal Air Force. An additional 306 Ranger-powered Argus IIIs were also used by the ATA, in British service, the majority of the Argus type operated with the ATA ferrying their aircrew to collect or deliver aircraft to and from manufacturers, Maintenance Units s and operational bases. The Argus I was a Warner Scarab-equipped aircraft identified by its wind-driven generator located on the starboard struts, the Argus II was also a Scarab-powered aircraft, usually with a transparent cabin roof. This mark was certified for heavier operational weight than the Mark I and was identified by its yellow propeller, the Argus III was equipped with the six-cylinder inverted inline Ranger engine
13.
Stearman-Hammond Y-1
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The Stearman-Hammond Y-1 was a 1930s American utility monoplane built by the Stearman-Hammond Aircraft Corporation and evaluated by the United States Navy and the British Royal Air Force. In the early 1930s Dean Hammond designed the Hammond Model Y a low-wing monoplane twin-boom pusher monoplane, Hammond cooperated with the aircraft designer Lloyd Stearman to develop the type for production. They formed the Stearman-Hammond Aircraft Corporation in 1936 to build the aircraft as the Stearman-Hammond Y-1, the first aircraft was powered by a 125 hp Menasco C-4 piston engine driving a pusher propeller. The performance was not impressive so it was re-engined with a 150 hp Menasco C-4S, although designed to be easy to fly the high price meant only 20 aircraft were produced. The aircraft had no rudder as such, the fins being adjustable. Turning was by differential aileron and elevator alone, in 1934 the Bureau of Air Commerce held a competition for a safe and practical $700 aircraft. In 1936 the winner of the competition was the Stearman-Hammond Y-1, two other winners were the Waterman Aeroplane and a roadable autogyro from the Autogiro Company of America- the AC-35. 25 examples were ordered by the bureau at a price of $3190 each, the first delivery was considered unnacceptable in finish, prompting the production of the re-engineered Y-S model. Two Y-1S, serial numbers 0908 and 0909, were used for radio controlled development trials by the United States Navy as the JH-1. A successful unmanned radio-controlled flight was made with a JH-1 drone on 23 December 1937 at the Coast Guard Air Station, Cape May, takeoff and landing was controlled via a landbased radio set, for flight maneuvers, control was shifted to an airborne TG-2. KLM purchased a Y-1 for use in training their pilots in tricycle undercarriage, the Royal Air Force also evaluated a former KLM Y-1S in the 1940s. Hammond Model Y Prototype for the 1934 Bureau of Air Commerce safe airplane competition, Stearman-Hammond Y-1 Prototype aircraft with a 125hp Menasco C-4 engine. Stearman-Hammond Y-1S Production aircraft with a 150hp Menasco C-4S engine, JH-1 United States Navy designation for two Y-1S used for tests. Netherlands KLM United Kingdom Royal Air Force United States United States Navy NC15522 a Y-1S at the Hiller Aviation Museum, San Carlos, California, United States
14.
Rutan Defiant
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The Rutan Model 40 Defiant is a four-seat, twin-engine aircraft with the engines in a push-pull configuration. It was designed by aerospace engineer Burt Rutan for the Rutan Aircraft Factory, the prototype Defiant, N78RA, was first flown on 30 June 1978. It had been intended as a proof-of-concept of a very safe light twin design, requiring little trim change and no action in case of engine failure. A comparison of the Defiant single engine climb rate with a Grumman Cougar had shown about 390 feet vs 280 feet per minute at low altitude with both aircraft cleaned up, the prototype is now owned by the Hiller Aviation Museum. In 1979 the Rutan Aircraft Factory announced they would proceed with certification of a Defiant-based light twin, adequate financing was not secured for this project, and the design was modified for homebuilt construction as the Model 74, with the second aircraft appearing at Oshkosh 1983. 176 sets of plans were purchased before RAF discontinued selling plans in 1985, nine examples were known to be flying as of mid-1987. Nineteen are registered with the FAA as of 2005, the Defiant is built using fiberglass layup over Styrofoam core shapes in the same manner as the Rutan VariEze. The main gear is fixed, and there are no flaps, the Propellers are fixed-pitch non-feathering, which is unusual in a twin-engine design. Cockpit entry is through a side hinged canopy, unusually, the Defiant has a ventral, starboard offset, forward mounted rudder, as can be seen in pictures of the plane taxiing. General characteristics Crew, one, pilot Capacity,3 passengers Length,22.8 ft Wingspan,30 ft 9 in Height,9.33 ft Wing area,139.4 ft² Empty weight,1,701 lb Loaded weight,2,997 lb Max. Takeoff weight,2,997 lb Powerplant,2 × Lycoming O-320,160 hp each Performance Maximum speed,188 kts Range,1,130 miles Service ceiling,18,000 ft Rate of climb,1,600 ft/min Barnett, Cliff. Defiant, the shape of twins to come, aerofiles information Media related to Rutan Defiant at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Burt Rutan
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Elbert Leander Burt Rutan is a retired American aerospace engineer noted for his originality in designing light, strong, unusual-looking, energy-efficient aircraft. With his VariEze design, Rutan is responsible for popularizing the canard configuration, Rutan has five aircraft on display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D. C. United States, SpaceShipOne, the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, Voyager, Quickie, born in 1943 in Estacada, Oregon,30 miles southeast of Portland, and raised in Dinuba, California, Burt Rutan displayed an early interest in aircraft design. By the time he was eight years old he was designing and building model aircraft and his first solo flight piloting an airplane was in an Aeronca Champ in 1959. In 1965 he graduated third in his class from the California Polytechnic State University with a BS degree in aeronautical engineering and he left to become Director of Development of the BD-5 aircraft for Bede Aircraft in Newton, Kansas, a position he held until 1974. In June 1974, Rutan returned to California to establish the Rutan Aircraft Factory, in this business he designed and developed prototypes for several aircraft, mostly intended for amateur builders. His first design, executed while he was still at Bede, was the VariViggen, the canard would become a feature of many Rutan designs, notably the very popular VariEze and Long-EZ. In April 1982, Rutan founded Scaled Composites, LLC, which has one of the worlds pre-eminent aircraft design. Scaled Composites is headquartered in Mojave, California, at the Mojave Air & Space Port and that same year, Beechcraft contracted Rutans Scaled Composites to refine the design and build the prototype Beechcraft Starship. In a 2010 interview, Rutan articulated his motivation for developing suborbital technology projects with SpaceShipOne and he was developing suborbital spaceflight technology because in this we can achieve some breakthroughs, making such flight orders of magnitude safer and orders of magnitude more affordable. Rutan is married to Tonya Rutan and he retired from Scaled Composites in April 2011. That same year, he recognized as a Living Legend of Aviation. In 2012, Rutan spoke on Innovation and the Space Race to the World Affairs Council, flying magazine ranked him at number 18 on their 2013 list,51 Heroes of Aviation. Rutan was also a recipient of the prestigious Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy in 2015, in a 45-year career, each of Rutans designs have often been quite dissimilar from their predecessors. His airplanes and spacecraft take on all types of shapes and sizes. In all, Rutan has come up with 367 individual concepts — of which 45 have flown, VariViggen and VariViggen SP In 1968, he began building his first design, the VariViggen, which first flew in April 1972. It had the wing, forward canard, and pusher configuration design elements which became his trademarks. In lieu of wind tunnel testing, Rutan developed aerodynamic parameters for the VariViggen using a model rigged atop his station wagon, the VariViggen was the Rutan model 27
16.
NASA AD-1
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The unique oblique wing was demonstrated on a small, subsonic jet-powered research aircraft called the AD-1. The first known oblique wing design was the Blohm & Voss P.202, the oblique wing concept was later promoted by Robert T. Jones, an aeronautical engineer at NASAs Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. At high speeds, both subsonic and supersonic, the wing would be pivoted at up to 60 degrees to the fuselage for better high-speed performance. The studies showed these angles would decrease drag, permitting increased speed. At lower speeds, during takeoffs and landings, the wing would be perpendicular to the fuselage like a wing to provide maximum lift. As the aircraft gained speed, the wing would be pivoted to increase the angle, thereby reducing the drag. The wing could only be swept in one direction, with the right moving forward. The AD-1 aircraft was delivered to Dryden in February 1979, bohemia, New York, constructed it, under a US$240,000 fixed-price contract. NASA specified the overall vehicle design using a geometric configuration studied by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, the Rutan Aircraft Factory, Mojave, California, provided the detailed design and load analysis for the intentionally low-speed, low-cost aircraft. The low speed and cost, of course, limited the complexity of the vehicle, piloting the aircraft on its first flight December 21,1979, was NASA research pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, who was also the pilot on the final flight August 7,1982, another well-known test pilot involved in the project was Pete Knight. Powered by two small Microturbo TRS18-046 turbojet engines, each producing 220 pounds of static thrust at sea level and these were essentially the same engines used in the BD-5J. The aircraft was limited for reasons of safety to a speed of about 170 mph, the AD-1 was 38.8 feet in length and had a wingspan of 32.3 feet unswept. It was constructed of plastic reinforced with fiberglass, in a sandwich with the skin separated by a foam core. It had a weight of 2,145 pounds. A fixed tricycle landing gear, mounted close to the fuselage to lessen aerodynamic drag and it was only 6.75 feet high. The wing was pivoted by an electrically driven gear mechanism located inside the fuselage, the basic purpose of the AD-1 project was to investigate the low-speed characteristics of an oblique-wing configuration. The AD-1 made its first flight late in 1979, the wing was pivoted incrementally over the next 18 months until the full 60-degree angle was reached in mid-1981
17.
Coleopter
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A coleopter is a type of vertical take-off and landing aircraft design that uses a ducted fan as the primary fuselage of the entire aircraft. Generally they appear to be a large extension at the rear. Coleopters are generally designed as tailsitters, the term is an anglicisation of the French coléoptère after the first actual implementation of this design, the SNECMA Coléoptère of the mid-1950s. The first design of an aircraft using the coleopter concept was developed during World War II. From 1944 on the Luftwaffe was suffering from almost continual attacks on its airfields. Their preferred solution was to some sort of VTOL interceptor that could be launched from any open location. Heinkel conducted a series of studies as part of their Wespe. The Wespe intended to use a Benz 2,000 hp turboprop engine, but these were not forthcoming, nothing ever came of either design. In the immediate post-war era, most VTOL research centered on the helicopter, however, as the limitations of the simple rotary wing became clear, teams started looking for other solutions and many turned to using jet engines directly for vertical thrust. SNECMA developed a series of systems as part of their Atar Volant series during the 1950s. To further improve the design, SNECMA had Nord Aviation built an annular wing, the Coléoptère first flew on 6 May 1959, but crashed on 25 July and no replacement was built. Even in this limited testing period, the design showed several problems related to the high angular momentum of the engine. In the US, Hiller Helicopters had been working on a number of ducted fan flying platforms originally designed by Charles Zimmerman. After some early successes, the Army demanded a series of changes continued to increase the size and weight of the platform. These generally required more size and power to correct, and no satisfactory design came from these efforts, instead, Hiller approached the Navy with the idea of building a full coleopter design. This emerged as the Hiller VXT-8 which was similar to the SNECMA design. Convair selected the coleopter layout for their Model 49 proposal, entered into the Advanced Aerial Fire Support System, the Army went conventional however, and selected the AH-56 Cheyenne and Sikorsky S-66 for further development
18.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
19.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
20.
Fairchild Aircraft
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Fairchild was an American aircraft and aerospace manufacturing company based at various times in Farmingdale, New York, Hagerstown, Maryland, and San Antonio, Texas. The company was founded by Sherman Fairchild in 1924 as Fairchild Aviation Corporation, based in Farmingdale and it was established as the parent company for Fairchilds many aviation interests. The company produced the first US aircraft to include an enclosed cockpit and hydraulic landing gear. At some point, it was known as the Fairchild Aircraft Manufacturing Company. The Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. of Longueuil, Quebec, Canada was an aircraft manufacturer during the period of 1920 to 1950, the Fairchild Engine Company was formed with the purchase of the Caminez Engine Company in 1925. In 1929, Sherman Fairchild purchased a majority stock interest in Kreider-Reisner Aircraft Company of Hagerstown, the company moved to Hagerstown in 1931. In 1935, Fairchild was hired by the US government to do aerial surveys of the United States to track soil erosion. Their performance and carrying ability led to becoming one of the most popular bushplanes of the era. A Fairchild 71 monoplane, the Virginia, was taken as one of three aircraft by Richard E. Byrd on his 1928–1929 expedition to the South Pole and it was used for test flights and reconnaissance. During World War II, Fairchild produced PT-19/PT-23/PT-26 and AT-21 Gunner trainers, C-82 Packet transports, the Fairchild AT-21 Gunner, a twin-engine trainer, was manufactured at a former rayon mill in Burlington, North Carolina. Also large numbers of the Fairchild 24 were produced for the military, Fairchild ranked 73rd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar was a US military transport aircraft developed from the World War II C-82 Packet, the C-119 could carry cargo, personnel, stretcher patients and mechanized equipment with the ability to make paradrops of cargo and troops. Many were converted into waterbombers after being retired from military service, in 1949 the Hagerstown, Maryland Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation developed the Chase XCG-20 glider into the C-123 Provider transport which entered service in 1955. In 1954 Fairchild purchased the American Helicopter Company, incorporating it, in 1956, the company acquired rights to the Fokker Friendship, producing 206 of the aircraft as the Fairchild F-27 and Fairchild Hiller FH-227. During the 1950s, Fairchild was a subcontractor to Boeing for B-52 fuselage sections. Later they would build McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II tail sections, Grumman F-14 Tomcat tails and their association with Boeing would continue into the 1980s as they built wing control surfaces for 747s and 757s. In 1964, the company purchased Hiller Aircraft, changing its name to Fairchild Hiller and producing the FH-1100, in 1965, the company acquired the Republic Aviation Company. In 1971 the company developing the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II which prevailed over the rival Northrop YA-9 in the A-X competition for an eventual production run of 716 aircraft
21.
Sherman Fairchild
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Sherman Mills Fairchild was an American businessman, investor and inventor. He founded over 70 companies, including Fairchild Aircraft, Fairchild Industries, Fairchild Aviation Corporation, Fairchild made significant contributions to the aviation industry and was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1979. His Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corporation, Semiconductor Division company played a role in the development of Silicon Valley. He held over 30 patents for products ranging from the semiconductor to the 8-mm. Fairchild is also responsible for inventing the first synchronized camera shutter, born in Oneonta, New York, Sherman Fairchild was the only child of George Winthrop Fairchild and Josephine Mills Sherman. His father was a Republican Congressman as well as a co-founder and his mother was the daughter of William Sherman, of Davenport, Iowa. His father died on December 31,1924, and as a child he inherited his fathers multimillion-dollar estate. He also inherited his fathers IBM stock, becoming IBMs largest individual stockholder until his death in 1971, during these college years he also contracted tuberculosis and under the advice of his physician, moved to Arizona to recover in the drier climate. He then transferred to the University of Arizona, where he became interested in photography. He would later transfer to Columbia University in New York, due to his ongoing medical problems, Fairchild did not earn a degree from any of these schools. Instead he pursued his desire to become an entrepreneur, having never been married or having any children, he spent his time exploring a variety of interests. Aside from maintaining his companies, he enjoyed architecture, cooking, jazz, dancing, philosophy and he always kept an eye out for opportunities to create or improve upon existing technology or capabilities. In 1917, after being rejected from the military because of his poor health Fairchild was determined to find way to support the World War I effort. Fairchild and his father went to Washington and won a government contract to develop an aerial camera. The camera featured a shutter that was inside the lens, thereby reducing the significant image distortion caused by the shutter speeds that could not keep up with the movement of the plane. The U. S. government gave Fairchild a budget of $7,000, although the military did not accept his camera until the war effort was over, the U. S. government did purchase two cameras for training. Undeterred, Fairchild went on to focus his attention on developing a more advanced camera, shortly thereafter the U. S. Army ordered 20 additional Fairchild cameras and selected it as the standard for aerial cameras. The need for Fairchilds aerial cameras continued to grow, during World War II over 90% of all cameras used by Allied Forces were of Fairchild design or manufacture
22.
Dornier Flugzeugwerke
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Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claude Dornier. Over the course of its lifespan, the company produced many designs for both the civil and military markets. Originally Dornier Metallbau, Dornier Flugzeugwerke took over Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen production facilities when it failed in 1923, Dornier built its aircraft outside Germany during much of this period, in compliance with the restrictions placed on German aircraft manufacturers by the Treaty of Versailles. Foreign factories licence-building Dornier products included CMASA and Piaggio in Italy, CASA in Spain, Kawasaki in Japan, once the Nazi government came to power and abandoned the treatys restrictions, Dornier resumed production in Germany. Dorniers most significant military aircraft design before and during World War II was the Do 17 and it was developed and first flown in 1934 as a commercial aircraft in competition for a Lufthansa contract. Due to its narrow fuselage it was not commercially attractive and was passed over by Lufthansa, Dornier then further developed it as a military aircraft with a prototype bomber first flying in 1935. In 1937, it was employed in pro-Fascist terror bombings by the German Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War, production continued within Germany and this versatile two-engined aircraft was developed by the Luftwaffe into multiple combat variations. The medium bomber variant saw much service during the part of World War II including extensive use in the Battle of Britain. It was later developed into an effective nightfighter to defend Germany from the RAF bomber offensive, Dornier developed the successful Do 217 based on the Do 17, ostensibly looking like its younger sibling, this larger and much heavier bomber was in fact a completely new design. Dornier also developed the fastest piston-engined fighter of the war, the two-engined Do 335, introduced too late to enter combat service. Dorniers history of flying boats lead to new models that saw service in several armed forces around the world as well as Germany, including the Do 22, Do 18. Post-war, Dornier quickly re-established itself with highly successful small STOL transports such as the Do 27, additionally, in 1974 it developed the Alpha Jet as part of a joint venture with French aircraft manufacturers Dassault-Breguet. The plane was received and established itself as the new standard NATO trainer during the 1970s and 80s. In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited bought a licence for the Dornier Do 228. By 2013 a total of 117 Dornier DO-228 aircraft had been produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14, in 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech, in 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002, production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft
23.
Faint Object Camera
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The Faint Object Camera was a camera installed on the Hubble Space Telescope from launch in 1990 until 2002. It was replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys, in December 1993, Hubbles vision was corrected on STS-61 by installing COSTARS, which corrected the problem with Hubbles mirror before it reached an instrument like FOC. Later instruments had this built in, which is why it was possible to later remove COSTARS itself. The camera was built by Dornier GmbH and was funded by the European Space Agency, the unit actually consists of two complete and independent camera systems designed to provide extremely high resolution, exceeding 0.05 arcseconds. It is designed to very faint UV and optical light from 115 to 650 nanometers in wavelength. FOC has been compared to a lens, providing a high-resolution in a small field of view. FOC could distinguish two points 0.05 arc-seconds apart. The camera was designed to operate at low, medium, or high resolution, the angular resolution and field of view at each resolution were as follows, First FOC image Images of Nova Cygni 1992 With Hubbles Old and New Optics Pluto by FOC
24.
Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen
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Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH was a German aircraft manufacturing company. It was founded in 1912 in Friedrichshafen, Germany by Theodor Kober who had worked for the Zeppelin company. The town, which was located by the Bodensee, was famous in aviation circles as the place where Zeppelin airships were built. After the Armistice, the took over the old Zeppelin shed at Manzell. They would also start production in Weingarten and Warnemünde, when the company failed in 1923, their production facilities were taken over by Dornier Flugzeugwerke. German and Austro-Hungarian Aircraft Manufacturers 1908-1918
25.
SAM-N-2 Lark
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The Lark project was a high-priority, solid-fuel boosted, liquid-fueled rocket surface-to-air missile developed by the United States Navy to meet the kamikaze threat. After Lark configuration was established by the Bureau of Aeronautics in January 1945 Fairchild Aircraft was given a contract to produce 100 missiles in March 1945, Fairchild used radio command guidance with a semi-active radar homing AN/DPN-7. A backup contract for another 100 missiles was given to Convair in June 1945, Convair used beam riding guidance with AN/APN-23 active radar homing. One of these Raytheon guidance systems in a Convair airframe scored the first successful United States surface-to-air missile interception of a target in January 1950. The Lark never proceeded past the prototype stage, further Lark development was halted by the Bureau of Ordnance in late 1950 in favor of the RIM-2 Terrier being developed by Operation Bumblebee. Modified Larks were used for system development testing by all three services through the early 1950s. The Bureau of Aeronautics Sparrow program began in 1950 using the Lark target seeker in air-to-air missiles, the Army used Lark components investigating guidance options for the MGM-18 Lacrosse surface-to-surface missile. Changing roles during a period of changing nomenclature created a number of designations for Lark. Fairchild production was identified as KAQ, SAM-N-2, and CTV-N-9, Convair production was identified as KAY, SAM-N-4, and CTV-N-10. Army test versions were designated RV-A-22
26.
XSM-73 Goose
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The Fairchild SM-73 was a sub-sonic, jet-powered, ground-launched Decoy Cruise missile. Starting in December 1952 Fairchild began concept studies for a long range decoy missile that could simulate strategic bombers on radar. Multiple SM-73 missiles would be ground-launched from Strategic Air Command bases located in the continental United States, fifty percent of the deployed SM-73 missiles would be launched within the first hour after an alert and the remaining missiles would be launched one hour later. The requirement called for 85 percent of the missiles to arrive at the target area within 115 nm. The SM-73 was to fly 4,000 nm at speed of at least 0.85 Mach at an altitude of 50,000 ft with a payload of 500 lb. After flying 2,500 nm, the SM-73 would simulate the performance of the B-47 Stratojet or B-52 Stratofortress over the final 1,500 nm of flight. Study contracts were awarded to Convair and Fairchild in July 1954 by the United States Air Force under the project designation MX-2223, the Fairchild MX-2223 design called for a non-metallic fuselage with swept wings and a v-tail. Radar reflectors were located in the fuselage and on pods positioned on the tips to simulate the radar return of a bomber. In December 1955, Fairchild was awarded a contract to develop Weapon System 123A which included the SM-73 missile, two engine contracts were awarded by the USAF in November 1954 to minimize development risk. Each engine was in the 2,450 lbf thrust class with a thrust to weight ratio goal of 10,1, General Electric was awarded a contract for the development of the General Electric J85 and Fairchild was awarded a contract for the a competing engine the Fairchild J83. Fairchild proposed an engine of conventional design. The proposed General Electric engine had an advanced design, involving more risk. The XSM-73 was powered by the Fairchild J83 on all test flights but was capable of using the General Electric J85. The Fairchild J83 was operating by early 1957, like the MX-2223 design, the SM-73 utilized a non-metallic fiberglass fuselage. The swept wing of the MX-2223 design evolved to a fiberglass 52°delta wing, a Thiokol solid-propellant rocket booster was used to launch the SM-73 to a speed of 300 knots. Cruise speed for the SM-73 was 488 knots, the SM-73 had a fuel capacity of 803 gal of JP-4. This fuel was stored in 10 fuselage and six wing tanks, an autopilot used a Rate integrating gyroscope for directional control. The rate integrating gyroscope could be pre-programmed to turn the SM-73, pitch and roll control were provided by elevons either operating in phase or asymmetrically
27.
Fairchild Aircraft Ltd.
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The Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. was an aircraft manufacturer active at Longueuil, Quebec, Canada in the period 1920–50. It served as a subsidiary of the Fairchild Aircraft company of the United States, Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. came about a result of the aviation activities of the St. Maurice Valley Protective Association beginning in 1919. This association was the first to use aircraft for commercial purposes in Canada, from the St. Maurice Association, Fairchild Aerial Surveys of Canada Ltd. was formed in 1922. Until 1929, Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. acted solely as an organization dealing with forestry, mapping, surveying. Forester extraordinaire, Ellwood Wilson, was the man responsible for creating this specialized Canadian company, the first planes used were 12 Curtiss HS-2Ls. Problems with this seaplane arose when water entered the rubber seals, froze, the need for utility aircraft appropriate for the Canadian climate, sparked the company to expand into the construction and adaptation of aircraft for the Canadian government. A great deal of the work to open up the Canadian North, was carried out by Fairchild Cabin types, most of them were utility aircraft that could perform a number of roles and could be utilized on wheels floats, or skis. These aircraft played a part in the rapid development of aviation during this period until they were succeeded by newer types later in the 1930s. Fairchild aircraft were to be found from northern Canada and Alaska down through the United States and they were purchased by civil operators, governments and the military. Their main functions involved carrying of passenger and/or freight, air mail, the 71Bs were put to use largely for photographic and transport duties. Twelve Fairchild 71Bs were on strength with the RCAF from 20 May 1930 to 2 October 1941 although one was converted to a 71C. On 6 July 1930, Fairchild 71B, G-CYVX began an inspection trip of the Canadian Arctic. The Fairchild 82A was a Canadian-designed successor to the FC-2W-2 and 71 models and it won immediate acceptance by Canadian bush operators who appreciated its good load-lifting capabilities for freight. The 82A proved to be one of the north’s most reliable bush aircraft, the type was made in Canada and seven were exported to Mexico and South America. Only 24 were built once construction was phased out to make room to produce the Bristol Bolingbroke, an attempt to design a more capable large bush plane resulted in the Fairchild 45-80 Sekani, a twin-engined sesquiplane. Testing revealed a number of troubling faults leading to rejection by both the RCAF and Canadian Airways, after only two aircraft were built and tested, the project was abandoned. For bush use, some preferred the Fairchild 82A to the more famous Noorduyn Norseman. The last 82A in service disappeared on a flight in the Northwest Territories on June 9,1964, the Fairchild Aircraft Company of Hagerstown, Maryland, was awarded a US Army Air Force contract in 1938 for a tandem cockpit, primary trainer
28.
Hiller Aircraft
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Hiller Aircraft Company was founded in 1942 as Hiller Industries by Stanley Hiller to develop helicopters. S. The XH-44 became operational in 1944, in collaboration with Henry J. Kaiser, it became United Helicopters in 1945. In January,1949, a Hiller-360 became the first civilian helicopter to cross the United States. S, the company was renamed Hiller Helicopters in 1948. It was involved in the development of a number of prototype helicopters, from the early 1960s to 1969, its Palo Alto plant served as a CIA cover for the production of the CORONA reconnaissance satellites. Hiller was purchased by Fairchild Aircraft in 1964, jeff Hiller, the son of Stanley Hiller, repurchased the company in 1994 with the help of a dozen Thai investors led by Patrick C. Lim, part owner of Siam Steel and many other Asian ventures, in 2009, the Hiller Aircraft Manufacturing Company began construction of a production facility in Zhangjiakou City, northwest of Beijing. The company is a joint venture between Hiller Aircraft Corporation, Zhangjiakou Chahar General Aviation Company, at the time, Zhangjiakou Chahar General Aviation was already carrying out low-rate production of UH-12 parts and sub assemblies. Hillers home page China Hillers home page Hiller Aircraft Ready To Takeoff Hiller Helicopter Owners and Pilots Forum
29.
Ranger Engines
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The Ranger Engines Division of the Fairchild Engine & Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft engine company. It was known as the Fairchild Engine Division after World War II, World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK, Sutton Publishing Limited
30.
AUM-N-2 Petrel
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The AUM-N-2 Petrel was an air-to -surface missile produced by the United States of America. Later variants were converted into AQM-41A target drones, the origins of the Petrel date back to the 1950s, when the U. S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance began the Kingfisher program, intending to develop a series of standoff torpedo weapons. The Kingfisher C, later known as the AUM-2 and then as AUM-N-2, was designed as an air-launched jet-powered missile which carried a torpedo warhead. On launch the missile dropped to 60 meters above the water and cruised at Mach 0.5 towards the target, at a range of just under 1,500 meters the engine shut down and all wings and fins were jettisoned. The torpedo dropped on a trajectory into the water and began to home in on the target. The weapon was suitable for use against surface targets only—primarily ships, the AUM-2 was usually carried by the Lockheed P-2 Neptune. Tests of the AUM-2 began in 1951, development was transferred to Fairchild in 1954, with the project becoming operational in 1956. The weapons were produced at the Fairchild Guided Missiles Division plant at Wyandanch, Long Island, the Petrel was never considered a very high priority by the U. S. Navy, which was far more concerned about the threat from submarines than surface ships. New submarine designs powered by nuclear reactors were beginning to appear in the mid-1950s, as a result the prospects of catching an enemy submarine on the surface were receding, and more emphasis was being placed on underwater engagements. The use of guidance also required the launching aircraft to continue closing the target throughout the missiles flight. The AUM-N-2 was initially assigned only to reserve units, in 1959 the missiles were withdrawn from reserve service and converted to serve as air-launched target drones. In 1962, the remaining Petrel drones were re-designated as the Fairchild AQM-41A and they were finally disposed of shortly afterwards. List of missiles Fairchild AUM-N-2/AQM-41 Petrel
31.
Republic Aviation
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The Republic Aviation Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Farmingdale, Long Island, New York. The Seversky Aircraft Company was founded in 1931 by Alexander de Seversky, in 1939, Seversky Aircraft again entered in a military fighter competition, this time with the much improved AP-4. By April 1939, the Seversky Aircraft Corporation had lost $550,000, the board, led by financier Paul Moore, voted W. Wallace Kellett to replace him as president, and in September 1939, the company was reorganized as the Republic Aviation Corporation. Seversky continued to fight for his company, and the matter was not resolved to his satisfaction until September 1942, meanwhile, Severskys AP-4 continued in development, finally going into production as the P-43 Lancer. 272 P-43s were eventually produced, with 108 of them being sent to China to be used against the Japanese, perhaps Claire Chennault disliked the early P-43s lack of self-sealing fuel tanks and armor. He declined to retain the plane for his crews, in 1939, both Republic and Curtiss participated in an Army competition to develop a lightweight interceptor. Curtiss submitted a version of the P-40 designated the XP-46 while Republic submitted a similar design designated the XP-47. Both designs were based on an aircraft built around an Allison V-1710 V-12 engine. In the end, neither design showed a significant improvement over the P-40, further development of the P-43 continued in the form of a lightweight version using a Pratt & Whitney R-2180 radial engine. The resulting aircraft was known as the XP-44, when the R-2180 did not produce the expected horsepower, Republic switched to the Wright R-2600. The resulting aircraft, now known as the P-44, was truly impressive, capable of speeds of 404 mph at 20,000 ft, and a climb rate of 4,000 ft per minute, the aircraft would have been an exceptional interceptor. Unfortunately, the aircraft was capable of carrying no more fuel than the P-43, as the air war in Europe progressed, the Army was discovering that what it really needed was a long range fighter capable of escorting bombers into Germany. Alexander Kartveli was called to the Armys Experimental Aircraft division and told of the new requirements, and this was a devastating setback for Kartveli and Republic Aircraft because Kartveli knew the XP-44 could not be redesigned to meet these new requirements. On the train back to New York City, he began sketching a new design and this aircraft would become the P-47 Thunderbolt. The USAAF refused to give Republic any money for the development of the new XP-47B, so Republic paid for the construction of the first mock-up, reusing the cockpit area of the P-43. By the time the prototype was ready for testing, it weighed over 12,550 lb.900 lb over the Armys limit for the new fighter design, and far more than any single-engine fighter ever developed. The U. S. entry into the war in December 1941 rapidly increased the need for the XP-47B, in June 1942, the Army took delivery of its first P-47Bs. They soon placed an order that required Republic Aviation to quadruple the size of their factory, eventually this proved inadequate, and in November 1942, the Army authorized the construction of a new factory adjacent to the Evansville, Indiana airport
32.
International Cometary Explorer
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The International Cometary Explorer spacecraft, was launched August 12,1978, into a heliocentric orbit. ISEE-3 was the first spacecraft to be placed in an orbit at the L1 Earth-Sun Lagrangian point. Renamed ICE, it became the first spacecraft to visit a comet, NASA suspended routine contact with ISEE-3 in 1997, and made brief status checks in 1999 and 2008. On May 29,2014, two-way communication with the spacecraft was reestablished by the ISEE-3 Reboot Project, on July 2,2014, they fired the thrusters for the first time since 1987. However, later firings of the failed, apparently due to a lack of nitrogen pressurant in the fuel tanks. The project team initiated a plan to use the spacecraft to collect scientific data and send it back to Earth. ISEE-3 carries no cameras, instead, its instruments measure energetic particles, waves, plasmas, ISEE-3 originally operated in a halo orbit about the L1 Sun-Earth Lagrangian point,235 Earth radii above the surface. It was the first artificial object placed at a so-called libration point, entering orbit there on November 20,1978, proving that such a suspension between gravitational fields was possible. It rotates at 19.76 rpm about a perpendicular to the ecliptic, to keep it oriented for its experiments, to generate solar power. After completing its mission, ISEE-3 was re-tasked to study the interaction between the solar wind and a cometary atmosphere. On June 10,1982, the spacecraft performed a maneuver which removed it from its orbit around the L1 point. This involved a series of passages between Earth and the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrangian point, through the Earths magnetotail, fifteen propulsive maneuvers and five lunar gravity assists resulted in the spacecraft being ejected from the Earth-Moon system and into a heliocentric orbit. Its last and closest pass over the Moon, on December 22,1983, was only 119.4 km above the surface, following this pass. Its new orbit put it ahead of the Earth on a trajectory to intercept comet Giacobini-Zinner, on September 11,1985, the craft passed through the comets plasma tail. ICE transited between the Sun and Comet Halley in late March 1986, when other spacecraft were near the comet on their early-March comet rendezvous missions, ICE flew through the tail, its minimum distance to the comet nucleus was 28 million kilometres. For comparison, Earths minimum distance to Comet Halley in 1910 was 20.8 million kilometres, an update to the ICE mission was approved by NASA in 1991. It defines a heliospheric mission for ICE consisting of investigations of coronal mass ejections in coordination with ground-based observations, continued cosmic ray studies, by May 1995, ICE was being operated under a low duty cycle, with some data-analysis support from the Ulysses project. On May 5,1997, NASA ended the ICE mission, the ISEE-3/ICE downlink bit rate was nominally 2048 bits per second during the early part of the mission, and 1024 bit/s during the Giacobini-Zinner comet encounter
33.
Claude Dornier
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Claude Honoré Désiré Dornier born in Kempten im Allgäu was a German airplane builder and founder of Dornier GmbH. His legacy remains in the named after him, including the 12-engine Dornier Do X flying boat. The son of a French wine importer and his German wife, Claude Dornier was born in Bavaria where he grew up and attended school, Dornier then moved to Munich, where he graduated in 1907 from the Technical University. As a young engineer Dornier first worked on strength calculations at Nagel Engineering Works in Karlsruhe, Dornier received the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt for outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering in 1959. His son, Claudius Dornier Jr. was also an aircraft designer, Dornier D. I Windsock Mini datafile #12. Dornier - Die Chronik des ältesten deutschen Flugzeugwerks, friedrichshafen, Germany, Walter Biering GmbH. p.78. The Development of Dornier Landplanes, 1914-1918, cross and Cockade Great Britain Journal
34.
Elbit Systems
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Elbit Systems Ltd. is an Israel-based international defense electronics company engaged in a wide range of programs throughout the world. In 2013, Elbit Systems had approximately 12,000 employees, the majority of whom are engaged in engineering, research and development, Elbit Systems shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and OTC in the United States.75. Elbit Systems has a cap of over $3 Billion. Elbit – which focused on activities and in 1999 led the consortium that founded Partner Communications Company Ltd. Israels first GSM operator NASDAQ, PTNR, in 2002, Elbit was merged into Elron. Elron sold its shares in Partner during 2003–2006 for approximately $160 million, following the merger with El-Op, Michael Federmann became the largest shareholder in the combined group. Following the merger with El-Op, Michael Federmann and CEO Joseph Ackerman led an aggressive growth by acquisitions strategy, mikal Ltd Elbit subsequently announced a cash tender offer for the 12. 15% remainder of ITL held by the public. In October 2014, Elbit Systems won a $12.7 million contract for the supply, the contract would be delivered over a two-year period. Elbit Systems Intelligence and Electro-optics – Elop Ltd, Elbit Systems Land and C4I Ltd. Elbit Systems EW and SIGINT – Elisra Ltd, SCD – Semi-Conductor Devices Opgal – Optronics Industries Ltd. Chip PC Technologies – a developer and manufacturer of thin client solutions for server-based computing, france – On June 19,2011, Elbit announced that its subsidiary Elisra Electronic Systems Ltd. The project is to be performed within 24 months, the contract is to be performed over the next three years. Macedonia - In February 2004 Elbit System started modernization of 4 helicopters in Air Base Petrovec for Macedonian Air Force with equipment for flight, on May 11,2011 Ministry of Defence signed a contract for building a training center for pilots with simulators for MI17 and MI24 helicopters. On May 24,2011, Elbit announced that it was awarded a contract valued at approximately $18.6 million to upgrade the Romanian Air Forces C-130 transport aircraft. The project, to be performed four years, will be executed in cooperation with local companies in Romania. United Kingdom – In 2005 Elbit set up a joint venture company in the UK with Thales, UAV Tactical Systems Ltd, on December 7,2007 it was announced that QinetiQ will join the programme as a sub-contractor to provide testing services at ParcAberporth, West Wales. In 2007, Elbit acquired Ferranti Technologies Limited, talla-Com in Tallahassee, Florida Innovative Concepts, Inc. In January 2011, Elbit announced that it had two more Brazilian companies, Ares Aeroespecial e Defesa, and Periscopio Equipamentos Optronicos
35.
M7 Aerospace
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M7 Aerospace LP is an aerospace company with its headquarters on the property of San Antonio International Airport in Uptown San Antonio, Texas, United States. M7 is the organization to Fairchild Dornier Aviation, having bought much of that firms assets out of bankruptcy. M7 occupies the 426,000 sq ft. manufacturing and support facility operated by Fairchild-Dornier
36.
United Helicopters
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United Helicopters was formed in 1945 as a joint venture between Stanley Hiller and Henry Kaiser. The company made a wide range of helicopters, including the worlds first successful two-seat co-axial helicopter. The company was notable for making military helicopters, however. The company lives on as Hiller Aircraft, the Hiller Aviation Museum has several United Helicopter prototype helicopters available for display
37.
Fairchild Semiconductor
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Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. Founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, it became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors, Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987, Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997. The company has locations in the United States at San Jose, California, South Portland, Maine, West Jordan, Utah, Mountaintop, Pennsylvania. Outside the U. S. it operates locations in Singapore, Bucheon, South Korea, Penang, Malaysia, Suzhou, China, in September 2016, Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor. At first he attempted to hire some of his colleagues from Bell Labs. Shockley then founded the core of the new company with what he considered the best and brightest graduates coming out of American engineering schools, while Shockley was effective as a recruiter, he was less effective as a manager. A core group of Shockley employees, later known as the traitorous eight, the eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to Sherman Fairchilds Fairchild Camera and Instrument, in 1957 the Fairchild Semiconductor division was started with plans to make silicon transistors at a time when germanium was still the most common material for semiconductor use. According to Sherman Fairchild, Noyces impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Sherman Fairchild had agreed to create the division for the traitorous eight. Noyce advocated the use of silicon as substrate – since the costs would consist of sand and a few fine wires. Their first transistors were of the silicon mesa variety, innovative for their time, later Fairchild pioneered the planar process developed by Jean Hoerni in 1958, which was a huge improvement – transistors could be made more easily, at a lower cost and with higher performance. Fairchilds planar process made most other transistor processes obsolete, one casualty of this was Philcos transistor division, which had just built a $40 million plant to make their now-totally obsolete germanium PADT process transistors. Within a few years every other transistor company copied or licensed the Fairchild planar process and their first marketed transistor was the 2N697, and was a huge success. The first batch of 100 was sold to IBM for $150 a piece, the first planar silicon transistor was the 2N1613 developed by Jean Hoerni. Its introduction was an event in semiconductor history. Only two years later they had managed to build a circuit with four transistors on a wafer of silicon. The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year, Fairchilds Noyce and Texas Instruments Kilby had independently invented the integrated circuit based on bipolar technology. In 1960, Noyce invented the integrated circuit
