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History of Spain (1808–1874)
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Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "liberation war" ensued. Following the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and the absolutism personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal pronunciamiento, giving way to the brief Trienio Liberal (1820–1823).
The first Spanish Constitution was established by the Cortes of Cádiz
The first Spanish Constitution was established by the Cortes of Cádiz
King Ferdinand VII of Spain (r. 1808, 1814–1833)
King Ferdinand VII of Spain (r. 1808, 1814–1833)
The cortes of the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823), a period of liberal rule in Spain
The cortes of the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823), a period of liberal rule in Spain
The execution of Torrijos, by Antonio Gisbert Pérez. Ferdinand VII, after his restoration as absolute monarch in 1823, took repressive measures agains
The execution of Torrijos, by Antonio Gisbert Pérez. Ferdinand VII, after his restoration as absolute monarch in 1823, took repressive measures against the liberal forces in his country.
Liberal Wars
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The Liberal Wars, also known as the War of the Two Brothers, was a war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative traditionalists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1832 to 1834. Embroiled parties included the Kingdom of Portugal, Portuguese rebels, the United Kingdom, France, the Catholic Church, and Spain.
Battle of Ferreira Bridge, 23 July 1832
Battle of Ferreira Bridge, 23 July 1832
A contemporaneous cartoon, showing the conflict between the Two Brothers, as children, supported and instigated, respectively, by the French King Loui
A contemporaneous cartoon, showing the conflict between the Two Brothers, as children, supported and instigated, respectively, by the French King Louis Philippe I, representing the liberal side, and Czar Nicholas I of Russia, representing the anti-liberalist Holy Alliance
Battle of Praia Bay, 11 August 1829
Battle of Praia Bay, 11 August 1829
Landing of the liberal forces in Pampelido, north of Porto, 8 July 1832
Landing of the liberal forces in Pampelido, north of Porto, 8 July 1832