History of logic
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The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). Formal logics developed in ancient times in India, China, and Greece. Greek methods, particularly Aristotelian logic as found in the Organon, found wide application and acceptance in Western science and mathematics for millennia. The Stoics, especially Chrysippus, began the development of predicate logic.
Umaswati (2nd century AD), author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra, expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.
Painting of Nāgārjuna from the Shingon Hassozō, a series of scrolls authored by the Shingon school of Buddhism. Japan, Kamakura period (13th–14th century)
Parmenides has been called the discoverer of logic.
Plato's Academy mosaic
Chrysippus
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Chrysippus of Soli was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of the Stoic philosopher Cleanthes. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the Stoic school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Cleanthes' mentor Zeno of Citium, the founder and first head of the school, which earned him the title of the Second Founder of Stoicism.
Roman copy of a Hellenistic bust of Chrysippus (British Museum)
Chrysippus argued dogs reason.
A partial marble bust of Chrysippus that is a Roman copy of a Hellenistic original (Louvre Museum).
Cleromancy in ancient Greece. Chrysippus accepted divination as part of the causal chain of fate.