1.
Homelessness
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Homelessness is the condition of people without a permanent dwelling, such as a house or apartment. People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure, the legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region. According to the UK homelessness charity Crisis, a home is not just a space, it also provides roots, identity, security, a sense of belonging. American government homeless enumeration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a sleeping accommodation for human beings. There are a number of organizations who provide help for the homeless, in 2005, an estimated 100 million people worldwide were homeless, and as many as 1 billion people live as squatters, refugees or in temporary shelter, all lacking adequate housing. In Western countries, the majority of homeless are men. Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people and these services often provide food, shelter and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations or by government departments or agencies. These programs may be supported by the government, charities, churches, many cities also have street newspapers, which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people. While some homeless have jobs, some must seek other methods to make a living, begging or panhandling is one option, but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. People who are homeless may have conditions, such as physical or mental health issues or substance addiction. In 2004, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs defined a homeless household as those households without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters. They carry their few possessions with them, sleeping in the streets, in doorways or on piers, or in another space and this category includes persons living in the streets without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters, Secondary homelessness. This category may include persons with no place of usual residence who move frequently between various types of accommodations and this category includes persons living in private dwellings but reporting no usual address on their census form. The CES acknowledges that the approach does not provide a full definition of the homeless. Homelessness is perceived and addressed according to country. The ETHOS approach confirms that homelessness is a process that affects many vulnerable households at different points in their lives. The typology was launched in 2005 and is used for different purposes, as a framework for debate, for collection purposes, for policy purposes, monitoring purposes. This typology is an exercise which makes abstraction of existing legal definitions in the EU member states
2.
Migrant worker
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The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world. The United Nations definition is broad, many people were working outside of their home country, some of these are called expatriates. Several countries have millions of foreign workers, some have millions of illegal immigrants, most of them being workers also. According to the Panos Network, it is never appropriate to refer to asylum-seekers or refugees as “illegal migrants”, the term can also be used to describe someone who migrates with in a country, possibly their own, in order to pursue work such as seasonal work. The program is run jointly with the governments of Mexico and the participating Caribbean states, in Canada, non-agricultural companies are beginning to recruit temporary foreign workers under Service Canadas 2002 expansion of an immigration program for migrant workers. As of 2002, the government introduced the Low Skill Pilot Project. This project allows companies to apply to bring in foreign workers to fill low skill jobs. The classification of low skill means that workers require no more high school or two years of job-specific training to qualify. In 2006, the federal Conservatives expanded the list of occupations that qualified for the Low Skill Pilot Project, some inland cities have started providing migrants with social security, including pensions and other insurance. In 2012, there were a reported 167 million migrant workers in China, with trends of working closer to home (within their own or a neighbouring province but with a wage drop of 21%. Because so many migrant works are moving to the city from rural areas, Migrant workers in China are notoriously marginalized, especially due to the hukou system of residency permits, which tie one stated residence to all social welfare benefits. The recent expansions of the European Union have provided opportunities for people to migrate to other EU countries for work. For both the 2004 and 2007 enlargements, existing states were given the rights to impose various transitional arrangements to limit access to their labour markets, the 1st of March has become a symbolic day for transnational migrants strike. This day unites all migrants to them a common voice to speak up against racism. The transnational protests on 1 March were originally initiated in the US in 2006 and have encouraged migrants in other countries to organise and take action on that day. In Austria the first transnational migrants strike took place in March 2011, in the form of actions, e. g. a manifestation. Bulgarians, Kosovars and Estonians were the most likely victimised in the building trade, there has been a substantial flow of people from Bangladesh and Nepal to India over recent decades in search of better work. Bangladeshi women appear to be particularly vulnerable and these findings highlight the need to promote migrants rights with, amongst others, health staff, police and employers at destination
3.
Hobo
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A hobo is a migratory worker or homeless vagabond, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890, unlike a tramp, who works only when forced to, and a bum, who does not work at all, a hobo is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown, according to etymologist Anatoly Liberman, the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in American English circa 1890. Liberman points out that many folk etymologies fail to answer the question, author Todd DePastino has suggested it may be derived from the term hoe-boy meaning farmhand, or a greeting such as Ho, boy. Bill Bryson suggests in Made in America that it could come from the railroad greeting, Ho. It could also come from the homeless boy. H. L. Mencken, in his The American Language, wrote, Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, a hobo or bo is simply a migratory laborer, he may take some longish holidays, but sooner or later he returns to work. Lower than either is the bum, who neither works nor travels and it is unclear exactly when hobos first appeared on the American railroading scene. With the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, others looking for work on the American frontier followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th century. In 1906, Professor Layal Shafee, after an exhaustive study and his article What Tramps Cost Nation was published by The New York Telegraph in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000. The number of hobos increased greatly during the Great Depression era of the 1930s, with no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere. Life as a hobo was dangerous, moreover, riding on a freight train is dangerous in itself. British poet W. H. Davies, author of The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp and it was easy to be trapped between cars, and one could freeze to death in bad weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed, according to Ted Conover in Rolling Nowhere, at some unknown point in time, as many as 20,000 people were living a hobo life in North America. Modern freight trains are faster and thus harder to ride than in the 1930s. Many hobo terms have become part of language, such as big House, glad rags, main drag. To cope with the uncertainties of life, hobos developed a system of symbols. Hobos would write code with chalk or coal to provide directions, information
4.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
5.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
6.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
7.
International Brotherhood Welfare Association
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The International Brotherhood Welfare Association was a mutual aid society for hobos founded in 1905-1906. It was the second largest after the Industrial Workers of the World and it was started by James Eads How who had inherited a fortune but chose to live a hobo life. IBWA was less radical than the IWW, focusing on education and cooperation rather than political action. It published the Hobo News, distributed through street sellers, the IBWA was centered in the midwest and had locals in about twenty cities including Baltimore, Buffalo, Philadelphia and San Francisco. The centers, called Hobo Colleges, offered lodging, hot meals and they also became important meeting places for migrant workers during the winter months. The object of the Welfare Brotherhood is twofold, I want to make the hoboes not only better citizens, but better hoboes, and I want the public to appreciate what the beat is, what his rights are, and how he should be looked upon. Contemporary sociologist Nels Anderson wrote in 1923 that the program of the IBWA was. To bring together the unorganized workers, to co-operate with persons and organizations who desire to better social conditions. To utilize unused land and machinery in order to work for the unemployed. To furnish medical, legal and other aid to its members, to organize the unorganized and assist them in obtaining work at remunerative wages and transportation when required. To educate the mind to the right of collective ownership in production and distribution. To bring about the scientific, industrial, intellectual, moral and spiritual development of the masses, the hobo colleges, which How started in several cities, primarily offered lodging and meals, but as the name implies also education and a place to meet. They also covered subjects like philosophy, literature and religion, the lectures were held by street orators as well as academics. How often talked about social politics subjects such as 8-hour working day, pensions, the discussions following were known to be very lively. They also served as community meeting places where the workers could express themselves. It was held mainly in winter there were fewer jobs. The success of the colleges varied, the Chicago branch was the biggest and one year debated with University of Chicago students. A hobo college was usually a building in the hobo area of a city
8.
James Eads How
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James Eads How was an American organizer of the hobo community in the early 20th century. He was heir of a wealthy St. Louis family but chose to live as a hobo, the newspapers often referred to him as the Millionaire Hobo. James Eads Hows father was James Flintham How, vice president and his mother, Eliza Eads How, was the daughter of James Buchanan Eads, a successful civil engineer and inventor who had built the Eads Bridge. Even as a child he preferred a life without the servants his family could easily afford. How studied theology, first at Meadville Theological School, a Unitarian school in Meadville, there he was known as an eccentric because he donated much of his allowance to the poor and lived in the bare minimum. This was largely because of his religious conviction, how went to study at Harvard, where he tried but failed to found a monastic order, The Brotherhood of the Daily Life. He later went to Oxford and joined George Bernard Shaws Fabian Society and he then studied medicine at the College of Physicians & Surgeons in Manhattan but did not finish his medical degree. He saw hobos as a class of people that was crucial to American industry, therefore, How spent most of his family estate and the tolls for Eads Bridge on his work with the homeless. Hows vision came from the ideas of Christian socialism and Social Gospel. In addition to advocating for hobos, How chose to live as one and he wore a shaggy beard and rough tramplike clothes. It was said that even ordinary hobos looked well dressed compared to How, from about age 25, he traveled around doing hard work for a living. He knows the life better than many of the veteran hobos and he has become so thoroughly absorbed in the work of what he describes as organizing the migratory, casual, and unemployed. workers that he practically loses interest in himself. He becomes obsessed with some task at times that he will walk the streets all day without stopping long enough to eat, central to Hows work was his brainchild, the International Brotherhood Welfare Association, a sort of union for the hobos with headquarters in Cincinnati. Through the IBWA, How sponsored various hobo advocacy activities, including colleges, hobo journalism. The media often ridiculed How and his many failed projects, calling him the Millionaire Hobo or Millionaire Tramp, the hobo colleges, which How started in several cities, primarily offered lodging and meals, but as the name implies also education and a place to meet. The lectures were held by street orators as well as academics, how often talked about social politics subjects such as 8-hour working day, pensions, and unemployment. The ensuing discussions were known to be very lively and they also served as community meeting places where the homeless workers could express themselves. Hobo College was held mainly in winter there were fewer jobs
9.
Street newspaper
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Street newspapers are newspapers or magazines sold by homeless or poor individuals and produced mainly to support these populations. Most such newspapers primarily provide coverage about homelessness and poverty-related issues, Street papers aim to give these individuals both employment opportunities and a voice in their community. In addition to being sold by individuals, many of these papers are partially produced. Similar papers are now published in over 30 countries, with most located in the United States and they are supported by governments, charities, and coalitions such as the International Network of Street Papers and the North American Street Newspaper Association. Although street newspapers have multiplied, many still face challenges, including funding shortages, unreliable staff and difficulty in generating interest and maintaining an audience. These differences have caused controversy among street newspaper publishers over what type of material should be covered and to what extent the homeless should participate in writing and production. The War Cry was sold by Salvation Army officers and the poor to draw peoples attention to the poor living conditions of these individuals. Most street papers published before 1970, such as The Catholic Worker, were affiliated with religious organizations. At the time, many media outlets portrayed homeless people as being all criminals and drug addicts, thus, one motivation for the creation of the first street newspapers was to counter the negative coverage of homeless people that was coming from existing media. Street News, founded in late 1989 in New York City, is cited as the first modern street newspaper. Street Sheet in San Francisco started organically around the time, without the knowledge of Street News existence. While some small papers were already being published when it was founded, Street News attracted the most attention, many more street papers were launched in the early 1990s, crediting the high-profile New York paper as their inspiration, such as Spare Change News in Boston founded in 1992. During this period, an average of five new papers were created every year, by 2008, an estimated 32 million people worldwide read street newspapers, and 250,000 poor, disadvantaged, or homeless individuals sold or contributed to them. Street papers have been started in major cities worldwide, mainly in the United States. Street papers have been established in cities in Canada, Africa, South America. Even within the United States, some newspapers are published in languages other than English. In the mid-1990s, coalitions were established to strengthen the street newspaper movement, the International Network of Street Papers and the North American Street Newspaper Association aim to provide support for street papers and to uphold ethical standards. National street paper coalitions have also formed in Europe
10.
Bohemianism
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Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people, with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, literary or spiritual pursuits. In this context, Bohemians may or may not be wanderers, adventurers, Bohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints, which often were expressed through free love, frugality, and—in some cases—voluntary poverty. A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème, the term Bohemianism emerged in France in the early nineteenth century when artists and creators began to concentrate in the lower-rent, lower class, Romani neighborhoods. Literary Bohemians were associated in the French imagination with roving Romani people, outsiders apart from conventional society, the term carries a connotation of arcane enlightenment, and also carries a less frequently intended, pejorative connotation of carelessness about personal hygiene and marital fidelity. The title character in Carmen, a French opera set in the Spanish city of Seville, is referred to as a bohémienne in Meilhac and her signature aria declares love itself to be a gypsy child, going where it pleases and obeying no laws. Henri Murgers collection of short stories Scènes de la Vie de Bohème, published in 1845, was written to glorify, Murgers collection formed the basis of Giacomo Puccinis opera La bohème. In England, Bohemian in this sense initially was popularised in William Makepeace Thackerays novel, Vanity Fair, public perceptions of the alternative lifestyles supposedly led by artists were further molded by George du Mauriers highly romanticized best-selling novel of Bohemian culture Trilby. The novel outlines the fortunes of three expatriate English artists, their Irish model, and two very colorful Central European musicians, in the artist quarter of Paris. In Spanish literature, the Bohemian impulse can be seen in Ramón del Valle-Incláns play Luces de Bohemia, in his song La Bohème, Charles Aznavour described the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre. Also reflects the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre at the turn of the 20th century, in the 1850s, aesthetic bohemians began to arrive in the United States. In New York City in 1857, a group of some 15–20 young and this group gathered at a German bar on Broadway called Pffaffs beer cellar. Members included their leader Henry Clapp, Jr, walt Whitman, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, and actress Adah Isaacs Menken. Similar groups in cities were broken up as well by the Civil War. During the war, correspondents began to assume the title bohemian, Bohemian became synonymous with newspaper writer. Mark Twain included himself and Charles Warren Stoddard in the category in 1867. Club member and poet George Sterling responded to this redefinition, Any good mixer of convivial habits considers he has a right to be called a bohemian, but that is not a valid claim. There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism, the first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts, the other is poverty. Despite his views, Sterling associated very closely with the Bohemian Club, canadian composer Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and poet George Frederick Cameron wrote the song The Bohemian in the 1889 opera Leo, the Royal Cadet
11.
August Spies
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August Vincent Theodore Spies was an American upholsterer, radical labor activist, and newspaper editor. Spies is remembered as one of the anarchists in Chicago who were guilty of conspiracy to commit murder following a bomb attack on police in an event remembered as the Haymarket affair. Spies was one of four who were executed in the aftermath of this event, August Spies was born on December 10,1855 in a ruined castle converted into a government building on the mountain Landeckerberg in the Central German state of Hesse. His father was a government forestry official, Spies later recalled that he had a pleasant and privileged childhood, one filled with recreation and study. He was educated by tutors and trained for a career following in his fathers footsteps as a government forester. Spies settled in Chicago, where he became an upholsterer, involving himself in trade union activities, due to the injustices he witnessed, Spies joined the Socialist Labour Party in 1877. He emerged as a leader of the SLP’s radical tendency, a faction that provoked a split in the party by parading through the streets in military uniforms, in 1883, Spies was a leader in the Revolutionary Congress held in Pittsburgh that formally launched the International Working People’s Association. Spies had joined the staff of the Arbeiter-Zeitung in 1880, becoming editor in 1884. Speaking to a rally outside the McCormick Harvesting Machine Plant on May 3,1886, Spies advised the workers to hold together, to stand by their union. Well-planned and coordinated, the strike to this point had remained largely nonviolent. When the end-of-the-workday bell sounded, however, a group of workers surged to the gates to confront the strikebreakers, despite calls by Spies for the workers to remain calm, gunfire erupted as police fired on the crowd. In the end, two McCormick workers were killed, Spies would later testify, I was very indignant. I knew from experience of the past that this butchering of people was done for the purpose of defeating the eight-hour movement. The next day, May 4, Spies spoke at the Haymarket Square rally, violence erupted and a bomb was thrown. The blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers, seven men were arrested, including Spies. Later, Albert Parsons turned himself in, witnesses testified that none of the eight men charged threw the bomb. According to The Press on Trial, Spies had finished his speech but was still on stage when the bomb went off, however, all eight were found guilty, and seven were sentenced to death. One, Oscar Neebe, was sentenced to 15 years in prison, Spies was put on trial for conspiracy in the murder of Officer Mathias Degan with seven other men
12.
Voltairine de Cleyre
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Voltairine de Cleyre was an American anarchist, known for being a prolific writer and speaker, and opposing the state, marriage, and the domination of religion over sexuality and womens lives. These latter beliefs have led many to cite her as an early feminist. She began her activist career in the freethought movement, de Cleyre was initially drawn to individualist anarchism but evolved through mutualism to an anarchism without adjectives, prioritizing a stateless society without the use of force above all else. She was a contemporary of Emma Goldman, with whom she maintained a relationship of respectful disagreement on many issues, many of her essays were in the Selected Works of Voltairine de Cleyre, published posthumously by Mother Earth in 1914. Born in the town of Leslie, Michigan, she later moved with her family to St. Johns, Michigan. Her father, August de Cleyre, named her after the famed French Enlightenment author Voltaire, at age 12, she was placed into a Catholic convent in Sarnia, Ontario, by her father, because he thought it would give her a better education. This experience had the effect of moving her towards atheism rather than Christianity and she attempted to run away by swimming to Port Huron, Michigan, and hiking 17 miles, but she met friends of her family who contacted her father and sent her back. During her time in the movement in the mid and late 1880s, de Cleyre was especially influenced by Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft. Other influences were Henry David Thoreau, Big Bill Haywood and Eugene Debs, after the hanging of the Haymarket protesters in 1887, however, she became an anarchist. Till then I believed in the justice of the American law of trial by jury, she wrote in an autobiographical essay. She gave birth to a son, Harry, on June 12,1890, as agreed to by de Cleyre and Elliot, Harry lived with Elliot and de Cleyre had no part in his upbringing. She was also close to and inspired by Dyer D. Lum and her relationship with him ended shortly before his suicide in 1893. De Cleyre based her operations from 1889 to 1910 in Philadelphia, where she lived among poor Jewish immigrants, there, she taught English and music, and she learned to speak and write in Yiddish. She also survived an attempt on December 19,1902. Her assailant, Herman Helcher, was a pupil who had earlier been rendered insane by a fever. She wrote, It would be an outrage against civilization if he were sent to jail for an act which was the product of a diseased brain, the attack left her with chronic ear pain and a throat infection that often adversely affected her ability to speak or concentrate. During the spring of 1911 she was encouraged by the revolution in Mexico and her last poem was dedicated to the Mexican activists. Voltairine de Cleyre died on June 20,1912, at St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital in Chicago, Illinois and she is interred near Emma Goldman, the Haymarket defendants, and other social activists at the Waldheim Cemetery, in Forest Park, a suburb west of Chicago
13.
Eugene V. Debs
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Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States. Early in his career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884, after workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. To keep the running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was convicted of charges for defying a court injunction against the strike. In jail, Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as an adherent of the international socialist movement. Debs was a member of the Social Democracy of America, the Social Democratic Party of America. Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of the United States five times, including 1900,1904,1908,1912, and 1920 and he was also a candidate for United States Congress from his native state Indiana in 1916. Debs was noted for his oratory, and his speech denouncing American participation in World War I led to his second arrest in 1918 and he was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918 and sentenced to a term of 10 years. President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence in December 1921, Debs died in 1926, not long after being admitted to a sanatorium due to cardiovascular problems that developed during his time in prison. He has since cited as the inspiration for numerous politicians. Eugene Debs was born on November 5,1855, in Terre Haute, Indiana, to Jean Daniel and Marguerite Mari Debs and his father, who came from a prosperous family, owned a textile mill and meat market. Debs was named after the French authors Eugene Sue and Victor Hugo, Debs attended public school, dropping out of high school at age 14. He took a job with the Vandalia Railroad cleaning grease from the trucks of freight engines for fifty cents a day and he later became a painter and car cleaner in the railroad shops. In December 1871, when a locomotive fireman failed to report for work. He decided to remain a fireman on the run between Terre Haute and Indianapolis, earning more than a dollar a night for the three and half years. In July 1875 Debs left to work at a wholesale grocery house, Debs had joined the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen in February 1875 and became active in the organization. In 1877 he served as a delegate of the Terre Haute lodge to the national convention
14.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
15.
Industrial Workers of the World
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The Industrial Workers of the World, members of which are commonly termed Wobblies, is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States of America. The union combines general unionism with industrial unionism, as it is a union whose members are further organized within the industry of their employment. The philosophy and tactics of the IWW are described as industrial unionism. At their peak in August 1917, IWW membership was more than 150,000, Membership declined dramatically in the 1920s due to several factors. Membership also declined due to government crackdowns on radical, anarchist and socialist groups during the First Red Scare after WWI. The most decisive factor in the decline in IWW membership and influence, however, was a 1924 schism in the organization, from which the IWW never fully recovered. The IWW promotes the concept of One Big Union, and contends that all workers should be united as a class to supplant capitalism. They are known for the Wobbly Shop model of democracy, in which workers elect their managers. IWW membership does not require that one work in a represented workplace, in 2012, the IWW moved its General Headquarters offices to 2036 West Montrose, Chicago. The origin of the nickname Wobblies is uncertain, the convention, which took place on June 24,1905, was referred to as the Industrial Congress or the Industrial Union Convention—it would later be known as the First Annual Convention of the IWW. In its time, it was considered one of the most important events in the history of industrial unionism. There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the people and the few. We find that the centering of the management of industries into fewer and fewer hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the growing power of the employing class. The trade unions foster a state of affairs which allows one set of workers to be pitted against another set of workers in the same industry, thereby helping defeat one another in wage wars. Moreover, the trade unions aid the employing class to mislead the workers into the belief that the class have interests in common with their employers. Instead of the motto, A fair days wage for a fair days work, we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword. It is the mission of the working class to do away with capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for everyday struggle with capitalists, by organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old
16.
New York Public Library
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The New York Public Library is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States and it is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing. The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island, the City of New Yorks other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are served by the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library, respectively. The branch libraries are open to the public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four libraries which are open to the general public as well. At the behest of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 for the creation of a public library. After Astors death in 1848, the board of trustees executed the wills conditions. The library created was a reference library, its books were not permitted to circulate. An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870, the library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 40th and 42nd streets, in 1877. Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana, art works, manuscripts, at its inception, the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items. Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were struggling financially, although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century, almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees. On May 23,1895, Bigelow and representatives of the two agreed to create The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. The plan was hailed as an example of philanthropy for the public good. The newly established library consolidated with the grass-roots New York Free Circulating Library in February 1901, the trustees hired McKim, Mead & White, Carrère and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries. The notable New York author Washington Irving was a friend of Astor for decades and had helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library. They saw their role as protecting the librarys autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status, resources, representative of many major board decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, uncle of the last tsar. This was one of the largest acquisitions of Russian books and photographic materials, at the time, the military drew extensively from the librarys map and book collections in the world wars, including hiring its staff. For example, the Map Divisions chief Walter Ristow was appointed as head of the section of the War Departments New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945
17.
St. Louis Public Library
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The St. Louis Public Library is a municipal public library system in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. It operates sixteen locations, including the main Central Library location, although similarly named, the St. Louis Public Library is unrelated to the St. Louis County Library system. In 1865, Ira Divoll, the superintendent of the St. Louis Public School system, Divoll believed that library should work in tandem with the public education system and offer citizens an opportunity for self-improvement and culture. By 1869, Divoll’s the subscription library moved to the Board of Education building, the library consisted of 4 staff members who offered reference services 12 hours a day. The library also encouraged children visit the library and had no age restrictions like most libraries of the day, due to rapid growth of the library collection, which grew from 1500 volumes in 1865, to 90,000 volumes by 1893, the library required more space. In 1893, the moved into a new space on the top floors of the new Board of Education building. Also in 1893, the citizens of St. Louis voted to move the administration of the Library to an independent board and this vote enabled to library to offer a library free of subscription fees and be open to all St. Louis residents. The Library occupied the board of building from 1893 until 1909. This buildings size wasn’t large enough to accommodate the growing collection. It was during time, the library began its role as a lending library, allowing the public to ‘check out’. In 1901, Andrew Carnegie made a donation which was used for expansion. By this time the collection included 90,000 books, by 1938 the collection included 900,000 items, and by 2014,4,600,000 items The St. Louis Public Library operates 17 libraries, including the main Central Library. Branches include Baden, Barr, Buder, Cabanne, Carondelet, Carpenter, Central Express, Charing Cross, Compton, Julia Davis, Divoll, Kingshighway, Machacek, Marketplace, Schlafly, and Walnut Park. In addition to the Central Library building, Barr, Cabanne, Carpenter, the Central Library building at 13th and Olive was built in 1912 on a location formerly occupied by the St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall and was designed by Cass Gilbert. The main library for the public library system has an oval central pavilion surrounded by four light courts. The outer facades of the building are of lightly rusticated Maine granite. The Olive Street front is disposed like an arcade, with contrasting marble bas-relief panels. A projecting three-bay central block, like a triumphal arch
18.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
19.
Bowery
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The Bowery /ˈbaʊəri/ is a street and neighborhood in the southern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. In the 17th century, the road branched off Broadway north of Fort Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan to the homestead of Peter Stuyvesant, the street was known as Bowery Lane prior to 1807. Bowery is an anglicization of the Dutch bouwerij, derived from an antiquated Dutch word for farm, a New York City Subway station named Bowery, serving the BMT Nassau Street Line, is located close to the Bowerys intersection with Delancey and Kenmare Streets. There is a tunnel under the Bowery once intended for use by proposed but never built New York City Subway services, including the Second Avenue Subway. The Bowery is the oldest thoroughfare on Manhattan Island, preceding European intervention as a Lenape footpath, in 1654, the Bowery’s first residents settled in the area of Chatham Square, ten freed slaves and their wives set up cabins and a cattle farm there. Petrus Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam before the English took control, after his death in 1672, he was buried in his private chapel. His mansion burned down in 1778 and his great-grandson sold the chapel and graveyard. I believe we mett 50 or 60 slays that day—they fly with great swiftness, nor do they spare for any diversion the place affords, and sociable to a degree, theyr Tables being as free to their Naybours as to themselves. James Delanceys grand house, flanked by matching outbuildings, stood behind a forecourt facing Bowery Lane, behind it was his garden, ending in an exedra. The Bulls Head Tavern was noted for George Washingtons having stopped there for refreshment before riding down to the waterfront to witness the departure of British troops in 1783. As the population of New York City continued to grow, its northern boundary continue to move, the Bowery began to rival Fifth Avenue as an address. Across the way the Bowery Amphitheatre was erected in 1833, specializing in the more populist entertainments of equestrian shows, from stylish beginnings, the tone of Bowery Theatres offerings matched the slide in the social scale of the Bowery itself. Theodore Dreiser closed his tragedy Sister Carrie, set in the 1890s, the Bowery, which marked the eastern border of the slum of Five Points, had also become the turf of one of Americas earliest street gangs, the nativist Bowery Boys. The mission has relocated along the Bowery throughout its lifetime, from 1909 to the present, the mission has remained at 227–229 Bowery. One investigator in 1899 found six saloons and dance halls, the resorts of degenerates and fairies, from 1878 to 1955 the Third Avenue El ran above the Bowery, further darkening its streets, populated largely by men. Here, too, by the thousands come sailors on leave, —notice the studios of the tattoo artists, —and here most in evidence are the down. Prohibition eliminated the Bowerys numerous saloons, One Mile House, the old tavern. Restaurant supply stores were among the businesses that had come to the Bowery, pressure for a new name after World War I came to naught and in the 1920s and 1930s, it was an impoverished area
20.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
Taylor & Francis
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Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in the United Kingdom that publishes books and academic journals. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher, the company was founded in 1852 when William Francis joined Richard Taylor in his publishing business. Taylor initially founded his company in 1798 and their subjects covered include agriculture, chemistry, education, engineering, geography, law, mathematics, medicine, and social sciences. From 1917 to 1930 Francis son, Richard Taunton Francis was sole partner in the firm, in 1965 Taylor & Francis launched Wykeham Publications and began book publishing. In 1988 it acquired Hemisphere Publishing and the company was renamed Taylor & Francis Group to reflect the number of imprints. In 1990 Taylor & Francis exited from the business to concentrate on publishing. In 1998 Taylor & Francis Group went public on the London Stock Exchange, acquisitions of other publishers has remained a core part of the group’s business strategy. Taylor & Francis merged with Informa in 2004 to create a new company called T&F Informa, following the merger, T&F closed the historic Routledge books office in New Fetter Lane, London and relocated to its current headquarters in Milton Park, Oxfordshire. Taylor & Francis Group is now the publishing arm of Informa. Taylor & Francis publishes more than 2,500 journals, and approximately 6,500 new books each year, with a backlist of over 130,000 titles available in print and digital formats. Although generally considered the smallest of the Big Four STEM publishers, its Routledge imprint is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities, the journals and e-books have been delivered through the Taylor & Francis Online website since June 2011. Prior to that they were provided through the Informaworld website, Taylor & Francis operates a number of Web services for its digital content including Routledge Handbooks Online, the Routledge Performance Archive, Secret Intelligence Files and CRC Netbase. Taylor & Francis offers Open Access publishing options in both its books and journals divisions and through its Cogent Open Access journals imprint, the group has approximately 1,800 employees located in at least 18 offices worldwide. The old Taylor and Francis logo depicts a hand pouring oil into a lit lamp, the modern logo is a stylised oil lamp in a circle. In 2013, the board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned in a dispute over author licensing agreements. Category, Taylor & Francis academic journals Munroe, Mary H. Taylor & Francis, the Academic Publishing Industry, A Story of Merger and Acquisition. The Lamp Of Learning, Taylor & Francis And Two Centuries Of Publishing, official website Taylor & Francis online journals and reference works Taylor & Francis eBooks Informa Divisions - Academic Publishing
23.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
24.
Change of Heart (street paper)
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Change of Heart is a quarterly street newspaper produced and sold in Lawrence, Kansas. It was founded by Craig Sweets in late 1996, who says the idea of starting a street newspaper was given to him by Michael Stoops, the director of the National Coalition for the Homeless. The paper is a member of the North American Street Newspaper Association, like most street newspapers, it is written mostly by the homeless and is sold by homeless vendors, it has also been supported by a grant from the Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation. The paper claims a readership of about 1200 per quarter, in 1999 the paper was named Best New Street Newspaper in North America by NASNA. At the time, the paper was a single printed on both sides and published using local churches photocopiers, today it is 10 pages long and has its own staff
25.
Real Change
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Real Change is a weekly progressive street newspaper based in Seattle, Washington, USA written by professional staff and sold by self-employed vendors, many of whom are homeless. The paper provides them with an alternative to panhandling and covers a variety of social issues, including homelessness. It became weekly in 2005, making it the second American street newspaper ever to be published weekly, Real Change is a 501 non-profit organization with an annual budget of 950,000 dollars. Real Change has been published by the Real Change Homeless Empowerment Project since 1994, after moving to Seattle in 1994, he started Real Change as a monthly paper with only one staff member. Later, the paper started producing every other week, in February 2005, Real Change began publishing weekly due to increasing interest and sales, making it the second street newspaper in the country to do so. In addition to becoming a newspaper, it hired several professional journalists shifting its focus to become a broadly progressive alternative paper. As a biweekly, it sold 18,000 copies every two weeks, and now has a circulation of 16,000 papers. In April 2013, the price increased from one dollar to two dollars and was the sixth street newspaper to do so. In 2012, it sold 872,562 copies and raised 957,949 dollars,68.42 percent from donations and grants,31.26 percent from circulation, advertising and subscriptions, and 0.32 percent from other sources. The topics covered in Real Change are a mixture of local news and information specifically pertaining to the homeless. Though it covers news, it still openly advocates for social justice. Some readers, though, admit that they buy the more to help out and interact with the vendors than to actually read the contents. Part of the reason for the paper becoming a weekly publication in 2005 was to more readers. Anyone may be a Real Change vendor, however, most are poor or unable to hold a regular job due to physical disability, mental illness, criminal records, or other issues. After attending an orientation and signing a code of conduct, Vendors get their first 10 papers free and they then buy the paper for sixty cents and sell it for two dollars keeping the difference, plus any tips. The paper has an average of 350 to 400 active vendors each month and there as many as 800 vendors in a year, if occasional vendors are included. Most vendors sell within Seattle proper, although some sell in the Eastside, as far north as Bellingham, Vendors may sell without restriction on sidewalks and public spaces, and sometimes need to obtain permission to sell in commercial areas like malls. Several vendors are very successful, selling as many as 2,000 papers a month and being known as fixtures in the community, in the 2012 annual report, Real Change published data gathered by a voluntary vendor survey
26.
Spare Change News
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The Homeless Empowerment Project is a 501 not-for-profit corporation registered in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, with an annual budget in 2012 of $130,000 and six staff members, all part-time. The newspaper offices are headquartered in the Old Cambridge Baptist Church, the mission of the Homeless Empowerment Project is to empower the economically disadvantaged in Greater Boston through self-employment, skill development, and self-expression. To create forums, including those of independent media in order to reshape public perception of poverty, since the founding of Spare Change News, the price of the newspaper has varied. Originally it was sold for $1 and the vendor paid 25 cents for a making a profit of 75 cents on each paper sold. As of September 2016, a vendor pays 50 cents for each copy of the paper, as a result, the vendor makes a $1.50 profit for each newspaper sold. There are approximately 100 active vendors in the greater Boston area at any one time, a full page is devoted to listings of local centers for job/skills training, senior care, womens care, drug recovery programs and homeless shelters. Circulation is roughly 10,000 per issue, HEP/SCN rely on grants and donations to publish the newspaper, but the organization works to increase its advertising revenue to become self-sufficient. In 1994, Harris would go on to use the model of Spare Change News and the Homeless Empowerment Project to found Real Change and those things are necessary, but its more than that. The homeless need to express themselves and be a part of the community and its important that they have human dignity. The first issue of Spare Change News was published on Friday, May 8,1992, the newspapers first managing editor, Tim Hobson, said at its founding that it would be heavy on politics as well as discussion of homeless empowerment. He also said an important goal was to put a face on the homeless to show that were human beings, MIT Professor Noam Chomsky, together with his friend, the historian Howard Zinn, were some of the first major supporters of Spare Change News. In July 2002, Spare Change News and the Homeless Empowerment Project hosted the Seventh Annual Conference of the North American Street Newspaper Association. He changed the tone of the paper from advocacy journalism to objective reporting on social issues and he was later executive director of the Homeless Empowerment Project. In November 2007, Bostons South End street newspaper Whats Up Magazine disbanded and merged into Spare Change News under the umbrella of the Homeless Empowerment Project, on February 28,2008, Whats Up published their first 4-page insert inside Spare Change News. In October 2010, a Worcester, Massachusetts edition of Spare Change News was launched and it is a collaboration of Spare Change News and the Worcester Homeless Action Committee. In July 2011, Tom Benner, a veteran journalist and former head of the Massachusetts State House bureau for The Patriot Ledger newspaper, in June 2012, Vincent Flanagan, Esq. was appointed Executive Director of the Homeless Empowerment Project/Spare Change News. Mr. Reverend Sekou was interviewed by Callie Crossley on WGBH Radio in Boston on August 29,2012 about the mission and future of the newspaper. In August 2015, Ms. Katherine Bennett was hired as Executive Director of HEP/SCN replacing Vincent Flanagan who had been on board for years and had moved with his family out of state
27.
Street Sheet
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The Street Sheet is a street newspaper published and sold in San Francisco, California which focuses on the problems of homeless people in the city, and on issues of poverty and housing. The Coalition on Homelessness publishes the newspaper, and vendors distribute the paper on the streets of San Francisco, the millionth issue was sold in 1993. List of street newspapers Torck, Danièle, voices of Homeless People in Street Newspapers, A Cross-Cultural Exploration. Street Sheet Website Profile of former Street Sheet editor Chance Martin
28.
StreetWise
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StreetWise is a street magazine sold by people without homes or those at-risk for homelessness in Chicago. Topics covered depend on what is happening in Chicago at the time, in 2003, it had the largest readership of any street publication in the United States of America. Today, it remains among the largest street newspapers in the nation, StreetWise contains art, poetry, and articles by vendors, as well as stories of local and national interest, particularly progressive issues. In 1991 a group of Chicago business people joined the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless to address the problem of street homelessness. In 1992, Judd Lofchie created StreetWise, about 200 vendors sell approximately 20,000 magazines weekly. The vendors buy the magazine for 90 cents each and sell for $2, StreetWise was headquartered at 1331 S. It relocated to its 1201 W. Lake St. headquarters until 2011 when it moved to its current headquarters at 4554 N. Broadway in Chicago, over time, the magazine has fallen victim to a slow economy. Foundation support had made up half of StreetWises $500,000 budget but is down 60 percent as of 2012. Ad revenues also are in decline and street sales have dropped 20 percent, after publishers and board members announced on April 15,2009 that declining revenues and foundation support might force a closure with 45 days, donations began pouring in. Before the end of the day, an influx of almost $41,000 helped the ailing publication halfway to its goal, within a week, over $190,000 in donations were made, far exceeding the needed $75,000 to keep afloat. During a February 2009 meeting, StreetWises board of directors decided to fire Executive Director Michael Speer, Bruce Crane was promoted to turn the company around. Crane reduced operation costs and increased ad sales, the organization went from $200,000 in debt to posting a net income of $1,168 last year under Crane. Jim LoBianco, the former Commissioner for the Office of Homeless Services in Chicago, in 2008, the format changed from the original tabloid-style newspaper to a magazine publication. This change was intended to increase readership and advertisement revenue, in 2012, StreetWise began collaborating with The Night Ministry. The objective is to increase the assistance StreetWise provides to Chicagos most vulnerable individuals, StreetWise also launched the Neighbor Carts program. StreetWise vendors will sell fresh produce on Chicago streets as a part of this program, international Network of Street Papers North American Street Newspaper Association Green, Norma Fay. Chicagos StreetWise at the Crossroads, A Case Study of a Newspaper to Empower the Homeless in the 1990s, print Culture in a Diverse America. James Philip Danky, Wayne A. Wiegand
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The Contributor (street paper)
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The Contributor is a weekly street newspaper published in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The papers content focuses on issues surrounding homelessness and poverty and is written by journalists as well as people experiencing homelessness or working within the homeless community. Beginning in April 2014 the publication increased to once a week. At the same time, the price per issue increased from $1.00 to $2.00, vendors of The Contributor have a 30% rate of finding housing using income from their paper sales. The Contributor was established in 2007 by a group of volunteers. The first issue was published in November of that year and had a circulation of about 800 copies, in 2010, The Contributor received 501 status, becoming an independent non-profit organization. One of the founders of The Contributor, Tasha French, received the Tennessee Titans Community Quarterback award for their efforts with the paper. The award came with a $10,000 grant, the Contributor is one of many street newspapers in the United States, including Real Change in Seattle, Washington and Spare Change News in Boston, Massachusetts. The Contributor is a member of the North American Street Newspaper Association, list of street newspapers The Contributor home page
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Homeless Grapevine
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The Homeless Grapevine was a street newspaper sold by homeless in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It was published by the Northeast Ohio Coalition for the Homeless from 1992 to 2009, vendors bought the paper for 25 cents per copy and sell them for 1 dollar. The papers attempted to be a voice for the homeless and content was entirely dedicated to homeless issues and it was a monthly magazine of 16 pages and as of 2004 had a circulation of 5,000 copies sold by 15–20 vendors. Sellers were often at The West Side Market, Public Square and it was started in 1991 by Kent State University student Fred Maier and was originally photocopied and sold for 25 cents. In 1993 it was taken over NEOCH and its former director Bryan Gillooly, the special issue 65 in May–June 2004 was entirely dedicated to Daniel Thompson, the poet laureate of Cuyahoga County, who was also a homeless advocate and had often written for the paper. The Homeless Grapevine was listed as an entry in the 2006 Knight-Batten Awards with the comment A pat on the back for job well done. The paper won the Greater Cleveland Community Shares Social Justice Reporting Award in 2005, the Homeless Grapevine was discontinued in 2009. The following year, NEOCH launched its replacement, The Cleveland Street Chronicle, in the mid-1990s, the city required that Grapevine sellers have a peddlers license, costing 50 dollars. After one vendor was ticketed, the American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio argued that it was a violation of the First Amendment, a lawsuit was also filed on behalf of homeless vendors and the Nation of Islam that was selling their newspaper The Final Call in public. A district court ruled with the vendors, but the Sixth Circuit Appeals Court reversed it, the Homeless Grapevine website Homeless Grapevine blog
31.
Das Megaphon
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Das Megaphon is a street newspaper sold by homeless in Graz and other cities in Styria, Austria. It was started in October 1995 and is run by Catholic charity Caritas, the paper is published monthly with a circulation of about 13,000 copies. It is sold mostly by Nigerian and Liberian male refugees, Megaphon was one the street papers initiating the Homeless World Cup in 2001 and hosted the first cup in 2003
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The Big Issue
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The Big Issue is a street newspaper founded by John Bird and Gordon Roddick in September 1991 and published in four continents. It is written by journalists and sold by homeless individuals. It is the worlds most widely circulated street newspaper, the Body Shop provided start-up capital to the equivalent value of $50,000. The magazine was published monthly, but, in June 1993. The venture continued to expand with national editions being established in Scotland and Wales, as well as regional editions for Northern England, further editions are also produced in seven locations overseas. In 1995, The Big Issue Foundation was founded to offer support and advice to vendors around issues such as housing, health, personal finance. In 2001, the magazine sold nearly 300,000 copies, between 2007 and 2011, the circulation of The Big Issue declined from 167,000 to less than 125,000. Competition between vendors also increased at this time, in January 2012, the magazine was relaunched, with an increased focus on campaigning and political journalism. New columnists were added, including the Premier League footballer Joey Barton, Rachel Johnson, to become a vendor, one must be homeless, vulnerably housed or marginalised in some way. There are five localised editions of the magazine throughout the United Kingdom and vendors buy The Big Issue for £1.25. The magazine is produced and sold in Australia, Ireland, South Korea, South Africa, Japan, Namibia, Kenya, Malawi. All vendors receive training, sign a code of conduct and can be identified by badges which include their photo, the accession of several Central and Eastern European countries to the European Union in 2004 led to the increased migration to the UK of residents of those countries. When Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007, the right of their residents to work in Britain was limited to the self-employed, highly skilled migrants, the Big Issue, whose vendors are classed as self-employed, offers an opportunity for A2 migrants to work in the UK. By 2011, around half of Big Issue sellers in the north of England were of Romani origin, in London, 30% of rough sleepers are Eastern European. In 2012, a Romanian Big Issue vendor obtained a ruling which confirmed that she is entitled, as a self-employed person. The Big Issue has been criticised for enabling migrants to access the system in this way. The magazine is produced by The Big Issue Company Ltd, the company is a self-sustaining business which generates income through magazine sales and advertising revenues. Financially, The Big Issue is an organisation, with all post-investment profits passed to The Big Issue Foundation
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The Big Issue Malawi
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The Big Issue Malawi is a street paper in Malawi. It is a bimonthly magazine sold only by homeless individuals, the founder and current Executive Chairman of the project, Dr. John Chikago, imported the street paper concept from Japan, where he was working as Malawis ambassador. He said that he was fascinated by the experience of The Big Issue Japan, the Big Issue Malawi is currently sold in the main Malawian cities, Lilongwe, Blantyre, Zomba, Mzuzu and Karonga. In July 2010 its circulation accounted to 2000 copies, the language of the magazine is both English and Chichewa, a Bantu language widely spoken in Malawi. Vendors buy the magazine for 150 Kwacha and sell it for 300 Malawian Kwacha and they are trained in business management skills and sign a code of conduct outlining rules they must adhere while selling the magazine and are issued an official identity card. As of 2010, approximately 200 people have been recruited, the majority of whom are women, the Big Issue Malawi receives funding through the Scottish Government’s International Development Fund, who are supporting the project with a three-year grant of £93000 GB sterling. The publication is produced with the assistance of the United Nations Democracy Fund and it has also received financial support from Ubuntu Trading, the company the produces the fair trade version of Coke. The magazine has its offices in Blantyre and regional office in the Lilongwe. The Malawian street paper belongs to the International Network of Street Papers, Malawi has become the sixth country in Africa to introduce the magazine. June 2010, Omega Chanje-Mulwafu is the new Executive Director at The Big Issue Malawi, July 2010, Shoe manufacturing firm Bata Shoe Company donates jackets and reflectors to more than 60 vendors. July 2010, Islamic charity Gift of Givers Foundation donates 120 blankets to vendors of The Big Issue Malawi street magazine, International network of Street Papers Ubuntu Trading
