1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Hong Kong Disneyland
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Hong Kong Disneyland is a theme park located on reclaimed land in Pennys Bay, Lantau Island. It is the first theme park located inside the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and it is, together with Ocean Park Hong Kong, one of the two large theme parks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Disneyland opened to visitors on Monday,12 September 2005 at 13,00 HKT, for instance, a bend was put in a walkway near the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort entrance so good qi energy wouldnt flow into the South China Sea. The park consists of seven themed areas, Main Street, U. S. A, Fantasyland, Adventureland, Tomorrowland, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point, and Toy Story Land. The theme parks cast members speak Cantonese, English, and Mandarin, guide maps are printed in traditional and simplified Chinese as well as English, Japanese, Thai, Malay and Indonesian. The park has a capacity of 34,000 visitors — the fewest of all Disneyland parks. The park attracted 5.2 million visitors in its first year, visitor numbers fell 20% in the second year to 4 million, inciting criticisms from local legislators. However, the park attendance jumped by 8% in the third year, in 2009, the park attendance again increased by 2% to 4.8 million visitors. The attendance continued to surge and received 5.23 million guests in the 2009/2010 fiscal year, since the opening of Hong Kong Disneyland, the theme park has hosted over 25 million guests. According to AECOM and TEA, Hong Kong Disneyland is the 13th most visited park in the world in 2013. The park also turned a net profit of HK$109 million for the year ended 29 September 2012, Hong Kong Disneyland currently occupies 27.5186 hectares and hosts 7.92 million to 8.92 million visitors annually. The park capacity will increase to handle up to 10 million visitors annually over a 15-year expansion period, to all who come to this happy place, welcome. Many years ago, Walt Disney introduced the world to enchanted realms of fantasy and adventure, yesterday and tomorrow, today that spirit of imagination and discovery comes to life in Hong Kong. Pennys Bay was filled in to land for the construction of Hong Kong Disneyland. The bay was previously undeveloped except for the Cheoy Lee Shipyard, Chief Executive of Hong Kong Tung Chee Hwa was instrumental in introducing the Disneyland project to Hong Kong. When the SARS epidemic devastated the economy in 2003, it was hoped that the new Disneyland would help boost confidence in Hong Kongs tourism industry. Hong Kong Disneyland had one of the shortest construction periods of any Disneyland-style theme park, on 12 January 2003, more than 400 guests celebrated the groundbreaking of Hong Kong Disneyland after the finishing of land reclamation in Pennys Bay. On 23 September 2004, a special castle topping ceremony was held in the park to commemorate the placing of the tallest turret on Sleeping Beauty Castle, Beijing declared its significant support by sending Zeng Qinghong as Vice President of the Peoples Republic of China
3.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
4.
Walt Disney Imagineering
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Imagineering is responsible for designing and building Disney theme parks, resorts, cruise ships, and other entertainment venues at all levels of project development. Imagineering also manages various properties held by units within the Walt Disney Company including Disneys Burbank Studios, New Amsterdam Theater, when Disney was in the sports team ownership that included Edison Field and the Mighty Ducks Disney Ice practice rink in Anaheim. Disney filed for a copyright for the term in 1967, claiming first use of the term in 1962, Walt Disney Inc. was formed by Walt Disney in 1953 with the Disneyland designing engineering division. In light of objections from Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, in 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park, the site of the former Grand Central Air Terminal, in 1961. The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering, in 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerates real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering. Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U. S. traveling attraction, with poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects Inc. a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, by 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings, the additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices. Imagineers are governed by a few key principles when developing new concepts, often, new concepts and improvements are created to fulfill specific needs. Many solutions to problems are designed in this way, such as the vehicle of the attraction Soarin Over California. An Imagineer found an Erector set in his attic, and was able to envision, Imagineers are also known for returning to ideas for attractions and shows that, for whatever reason, never came to fruition. These ideas are often reworked and appear in a different form – like the Museum of the Weird, finally, there is the principle of blue sky speculation, a process where Imagineers generate ideas with no limitations. The custom at Imagineering has been to start the process with what is referred to as eyewash--the boldest, wildest, best idea one can come up with. Many Imagineers consider this to be the beginning of the design process and operate under the notion that if it can be dreamt. Imagineers are always seeking to improve upon their work--what Walt Disney called plussing and he firmly believed that Disneyland will never be completed as long as theres imagination left in the world, meaning there is always room for innovation and improvement. During an Imagineering workshop in 1991, Marty Sklar presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg, WDI is responsible for technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system. The idea sprang from Disney’s fascination with a bird he purchased in New Orleans
5.
Narrow-gauge railway
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A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
6.
Main Street, U.S.A.
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Main Street, U. S. A. is the first themed land inside the main entrance of the many Disneyland-style parks run by The Walt Disney Company around the world. Each Main Street, U. S. A. has a station above the entrance. At Disneyland Park, Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland, Sleeping Beauty Castle stands in the distance beyond the end of the street, the area near here is referred to as Town Square, most of the day, there are characters available for a meet and greet here. At the Magic Kingdom and Tokyo Disneyland, Cinderella Castle stands at the end, Town Square is home to City Hall, in which the Guest Relations office is located. Largely they appear as fictional businesses, and they refer to a hobby or interest that the person honored. Ub Iwerkss window, for example, refers to his prowess with cameras, for Disneylands 50th anniversary, on July 17,2005, a first-story window on each Main Street was unveiled with a dedication to all the cast members who had worked for Disney throughout the years. The streets are paved with resilient asphalt to prevent aching of feet, in July 2015, Disneyland expanded their Main Street U. S. A. with a Main Street Arcade in honor of their 60th anniversary. Inspired by Walt Disneys hometown of Marceline, Missouri, Main Street, according to Harper Goff, who worked on Main Street, U. S. A. with Walt, he showed Walt some photos of his childhood home of Fort Collins, Colorado. Walt liked the look, and so many of the features of the town were incorporated into Main Street, U. S. A. Another significant source of inspiration for the Main Street, U. S. A. concept came from the Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village, Walt Disney said, For those of us who remember the carefree time it recreates, Main Street will bring back happy memories. For younger visitors, it is an adventure in turning back the calendar to the days of their grandfathers youth, above the firehouse in Town Square at Disneyland is Walt Disneys personal apartment, fully furnished but off-limits to the public. A lamp is burning in the front window as a tribute to his memory. It is largely decorated for both Halloween and Christmas, there is a 60-foot-tall Christmas tree during Christmas Time, and there is a 16-foot-high Mickey Mouse jack-o-lantern on Halloween Time, with additional pumpkin ears. The Main Street Opera House in Town Square is the oldest building in Disneyland and it formerly served as the parks lumber mill between 1955 and 1961. The cannons that are displayed in the center of the square were used by the French army during the 1800s, the gas lamps that line the street originally came from Baltimore and were bought for $.03 a pound. Partners, sculpted by Blaine Gibson, was added in 1993, during the Halloween season, pumpkin busts for each themed land in the park, except Main Street, are seen around Partners. It is listed as a street in the Orange County Thomas Guide. The Disney Gallery Disneyland Railroad The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr and this is most noticeable in the four corners area in the middle of Main Street where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style
7.
Jungle Cruise
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The Jungle Cruise is an attraction located in Adventureland at many Disney Parks, including Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, and Tokyo Disneyland. At Hong Kong Disneyland, the attraction is named Jungle River Cruise, Disneyland Paris and Shanghai Disneyland are the only Magic Kingdom-style Disney parks that do not have the Jungle Cruise in their attraction rosters. The attraction simulates a riverboat cruise down several major rivers of Asia, Africa, park guests board replica tramp steamers from a 1930s British explorers lodge and are taken on a voyage past many different Audio-Animatronic jungle animals. The tour is led by a live Disney Cast Member delivering a humorous narration and this narration is based on a written and practiced script, but generally is largely delivered ad-lib. Sources of inspiration for the attraction include a 1955 True-Life Adventure, The African Lion, about a pride of lions, imagineer Harper Goff referenced the African Queen frequently in his ideas, even his designs of the ride vehicles were inspired by the steamer used in the film. The project was placed on the schedule to open with the July 17,1955 debut of Disneyland, aside from importing many actual tropical plants, he made wide use of character plants which, while not necessarily exotic, could give the appearance of exoticism in context. In a particularly well-known trick, he uprooted local orange trees and replanted them upside-down, initially, the clean water was dyed brown but after a few years the colorant was changed to a green hue and in recent years a bluish-green has been used. The waters journey continues flowing past Frontierlands entrance and into Adventureland where it alongside the Tiki Room before entering the Jungle Cruise beside the rides exit. The water returns to the end of the Rivers of America via a 37 diameter underground pipe near Tarzans Treehouse. Originally, the Jungle Cruise waterway was 1,920 feet in length before being shortened and re-routed in 1994. The Indian Elephant Bathing Pool and Rhinoceros Chasing Explorers up a Pole were among his contributions. The story claims that Walt overheard a mother visiting Disneyland telling her child that since they had been on the ride the last time they visited the park, in horror, he put his Imagineers to work designing upgrades to the ride. Many similar variations of this story exist, the attraction was in the opening day roster of the park, and has remained open and largely unchanged in theme and story since then. The original plan was to use real animals, but the animals would have been sleeping during the day, aside from alterations and maintenance changes, four completely new show scenes have been added to date. In 1994 the river channel was rerouted to make way for the queue buildings, until 1962, the original spiel had no jokes and sounded much like the narration of a nature documentary. The queue and station are themed as the headquarters and boathouse of the Jungle Navigation Company, the extended queue winds upstairs, underneath an Audio-Animatronic hornbill, and then downstairs again. Big band music from the 1940s plays overhead, punctuated by jungle-related news bulletins, helping to reinforce the setting and threading together the show scenes, once aboard the boats, guests are introduced to their skipper and they head into the jungle, allegedly never to return. The first rivers simulated are the Irrawaddy and Mekong rivers, representing tropical Southeast Asia, the boats sail through a dense rainforest inhabited by large butterflies and a pair of toucans, before passing by the Temple of the Forbidden Eye and a shrine to the Hindu monkey deity Hanuman
8.
Mad Tea Party
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Mad Tea Party is a spinning tea cup ride at five of the six Disneyland-style theme parks around the world. The ride theme is inspired by the Unbirthday Party scene in Walt Disneys Alice In Wonderland, the ride has gained infamy over the years for the number of guests who get motion sickness as a result of the spinning component to the ride. The attraction is called Mad Tea Party at Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom and it is known as Alices Tea Party at Tokyo Disneyland, Mad Hatters Tea Cups at Disneyland Paris, and Mad Hatter Tea Cups at Hong Kong Disneyland. All five versions of the attraction are located in Fantasyland, the Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland versions do not have a big teapot in the center of the ride platform. Like Dumbo the Flying Elephant, Disneyland and its Hong Kong counterpart have a replica of one of the teacups located outside of the attraction to be used by guests for better photo opportunities. Restrictions, The original attraction at Disneyland is unable to run in the rain because once the turntables are saturated with an amount of water, they slip. Unlike its Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Hong Kong Disneyland counterparts, several concepts for the Mad Tea Party were originally much more outrageous compared to todays version. One drawing showed the Mad Hatters dinner table featured in the center of the ride with various lanterns and decorations all around, another drawing showed 20 teacups circling a central hub, making it similar to a racetrack with banked curves. For the first few months after the ride first opened, the tea cups spun on a platform before it was painted with the psychedelic spiral that exists today. Also, during the ride’s first two years, the tea cups had no brakes or clutches, nothing limited how fast they could be spun, until 1982, the attractions original location was directly behind Sleeping Beauty Castle. It was also given slight modifications in 1972 with ornamental arches connecting the light posts, in 1983, the whole attraction was completely remodeled and relocated to its present location near Matterhorn Bobsleds. It also incorporated a few ideas from the concepts, such as the colorful Japanese garden lanterns. In 2004, the attraction was modified to make it difficult to spin fast after a disabled rider lost his balance. Like other remaining 1955 attractions, one of Disneylands teacups was painted gold in honor of the parks 50th anniversary in 2005, the installation at Disneyland was manufactured by Arrow Development. Like Disneyland, Magic Kingdoms original 1971 version of this attraction opened without a roof and it was eventually added in 1974 due to extreme weather conditions. It was updated in 1992 with a new scheme, new music. In 2010, the canopy was repainted, the Paris version of the attraction is the only version to feature a petal-shaped glass roof and surrounding gardens. It also uses the Dormouses teapot outside of the ride, near the March Hares Refreshments, the teacup designs were later used for Tokyo Disneyland and Hong Kong Disneylands teacups
