1.
Immigration to Canada
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Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada to reside in that country. The majority of these individuals become Canadian citizens, after 1947, domestic immigration law and policy went through major changes, most notably with the Immigration Act,1976, and the current Immigration and Refugee Protection Act from 2002. Canadian immigration policies are still evolving, as recently as 2008, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has made significant changes to streamline the steady flow of immigrants. Those changes included reduced professional categories for skilled immigration as well as caps for immigrants in various categories, in the year from July 2015 to June 2016, there were 320,932 immigrants to Canada. In Canada there are four categories of immigrants, family class, economic immigrants, other,16. 2% of the population belonged to visible minorities. The Canadian public, as well as the political parties. A2014 sociological study concluded that Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western nations, after the initial period of British and French colonization, four major waves of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over a period of almost two centuries. The fifth wave is currently occurring, a second wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and the Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812 with promises of land. Scottish Highlanders from land clearances also became landers in Canada during this period and it marked a new age for Canada and its people. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, the Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copied the American system by offering ownership of 160 acres of land free to any man over 18 or any woman heading a household. They did not need to be citizens, but had to live on the plot, also during this period, Canada became a port of entry for many Europeans seeking to gain entry into the U. S. Canadian transportation companies advertised Canadian ports as a way to enter the U. S. especially as the U. S. began barring entry to certain ethnicities. If found, the companies were responsible for shipping the persons back. Clifford Sifton, minister of the Interior in Ottawa, 1896–1905, argued that the western lands were ideal for growing wheat. He removed obstacles that included control of the lands by companies or organizations that did little to encourage settlement, land companies, the Hudsons Bay Company, and school lands all accounted for large tracts of excellent land. The railways kept closed even larger tracts because they were reluctant to take title to the even-numbered lands they were due. Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up aggressive advertising campaigns in the U. S. and Europe and he also brokered deals with ethnic groups that wanted large tracts for homogeneous settlement. His goal was to maximize immigration from Britain, eastern Canada, the third wave of immigration coming mostly from continental Europe peaked prior to World War I, between 1911–1913
2.
History of immigration to Canada
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The history of immigration to Canada extends back thousands of years. Anthropologists continue to argue over various possible models of migration to modern-day Canada, the Inuit are believed to have arrived entirely separately from other indigenous peoples around 1200 CE. Indigenous peoples contributed significantly to the culture and economy of the early European colonies, statistics Canada has tabulated the effect of immigration on population growth in Canada from 1851 to 2001. On average, censuses are taken every 10 years, which is how Canadian censuses were first incremented between 1871 and 1901, beginning in 1901, the Dominion Government changed its policy so that census-taking occurred every 5 years subsequently. This was to document the effects of the campaign initiated by Clifford Sifton. In 2006, Canada received 236,756 immigrants. The top ten sending countries, by state of origin, were Peoples Republic of China, India, Philippines, Pakistan, United States, United Kingdom, Iran, South Korea, Colombia 5,382, and Sri Lanka. The top ten source countries were followed closely by France, and Morocco, with Romania, Russia, in 1828, during the Great Migration of Canada, Britain passed the first legislative recognition that it was responsible for the safety and well-being of immigrants leaving the British Isles. It was called An Act to Regulate the Carrying of Passengers in Merchant Vessels, the 1828 Act is now recognized as the foundation of British colonial emigration legislation. Canadian citizenship was created under the Immigration Act,1910. All other British subjects required permission to land, after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution. Because of this, Canadians—and others living in countries that became known as Commonwealth realms—were known as subjects of the Crown, however, in legal documents, the term British subject continued to be used. Canada was the nation in the then British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law in 1946. This took effect on January 1,1947, a British subject at that time was anyone from the UK or its colonies, or a Commonwealth country. Acquisition and loss of British subject status before 1947 was determined by United Kingdom law, on February 15,1977, Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship. Many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1946 legislation were repealed, Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of immigration fraud. There are a number of reports of contact made before Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. The presence of Basque cod fishermen and whalers, just a few years after Columbus, has also cited, with at least nine fishing outposts having been established on Labrador
3.
Economic impact of immigration to Canada
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Political and civic engagement among visible minorities, while not at the level of that of some other groups, is substantial in Canada. The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada, while the immigration rate has declined sharply from its peak early in the 20th century, Canada is still among the countries in the world that accept most immigrants per capita. The per capita immigration rate to Canada has been constant since the 1950s. However, over the last 25 years the position of newcomers to Canada relative to the native population has steadily declined. A2007 Statistics Canada study shows that the profile of recent facsimile s deteriorated by a significant amount from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, Canada received 235,824 immigrants, Canada is also unusual among western nations in the widespread popular support for high rates of immigration, and in recent years support for immigration has increased in Canada. All of Canadas major political parties support either sustaining or increasing the current level of immigration, there is no agreed view on the net impact of immigration in current times. Historically, Canadas unusually high immigration rates can be traced to the nations unique economy, one factor is that Canada has one of the worlds largest supplies of natural resources such as oil, metals, and lumber. It also has a population spread over a vast landscape. Canada has thus faced acute labour shortages and has responded by actively searching for immigrants, in the late 19th century this included bringing Chinese migrants to build the Canadian Pacific Railway and actively advertising in Europe to find farmers with the Last Best West campaign. Today similar recruitment efforts are needed to staff the oil projects in Alberta. Another factor that contributes to the question is Canadas low birth rate. The theory is that new residents can assist in meeting future government obligations relating to pay-as-you-go liabilities, in 1995 economic research firm DRI-McGraw Hill Inc. reacted with alarm to proposed reductions in immigration levels. They acknowledged that immigration comes with short term costs, but argued that in the long run immigration boosts employment, the economic dangers of population decline are not universally accepted. Howe Institute suggests that immigration cannot keep Canadas population young and could contribute to population ageing in the near term. Employment statistics also bring into question whether skilled worker immigrants, with a 34% unemployment rate, are successfully meeting existing labour market needs in Canada, many developed nations have much lower fertility rates than Canada but have not embraced immigration. The first detailed analysis of Canadian immigration policy came from the Economic Council of Canada, the report concluded that it would be hard not to recommend an increase when immigrants can gain so much and Canadians not only do not lose but actually make slight economic gains. In 2005 a report by the Royal Bank of Canada called for boosting Canadas immigration rate by 30% to 400,000 per year to ensure continued economic growth, the Canadian system puts great emphasis on finding skilled immigrants
4.
Immigration Act, 1976
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1976, in Canada was insured in 1978 by the Parliament of Canada. It focused on who should be allowed into Canada, not on who should be kept out, the act came into force in 1978, along with new immigration regulations. This act gave more power to the provinces to set their own immigration laws, further, it created four new classes of immigrants who could come to Canada, refugees, families, assisted relatives, and independent immigrants. While independent immigrants had to part in the points system, other classes did not have to take part in this test so long as they passed basic criminal, security. The act also created alternatives to deportation for less serious criminal or medical offenses, after 1978, the government could issue 12-month exclusion orders and a departure notice, if the cause for a persons removal wasnt serious, but in some cases it could be severe. The 1976 Immigration Act was replaced by the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in 2002
5.
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
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The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S. C. 27, is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, passed in 2001, the IRPA came into force on June 28,2002. Controversially, the government failed to implement a component of the legislation that would have implemented a Refugee Appeal Division as part of Canadas immigration system, IRPA creates a high-level framework detailing the goals and guidelines the Canadian government has set with regards to immigration into Canada by foreign residents. The Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations contain the laws created to fit within the IRPA in order to specify how the IRPA is to be applied, portions of IRPA are administered by the Canada Border Services Agency. In the case of Charkaoui v and she concluded that some of the time limits in the provisions for continuing detention of a foreign national violate ss.9 and 10 because they are arbitrary. The bill to amend the IRPA was passed by Parliament with support from the Conservative and Liberal caucuses, Canadian immigration and refugee law Protecting Canadas Immigration System Act Temporary foreign worker program in Canada
6.
Permanent residency in Canada
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Permanent residence of Canada is a status of a person who is not a Canadian citizen but who has been granted permission to live and work in Canada without any time limit on their stay. To become a permanent resident, a foreign national must make an application to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, formerly known as Citizenship, a permanent resident must live in Canada for two years out of every five, or risk losing that status. In addition, they may be allowed to join the Canadian Armed Forces if the national interest would not be prejudiced, Permanent residents may apply for Canadian citizenship after four years in Canada, however, this is not mandatory. Time spent travelling with a Canadian spouse or child, on a trip for a Canadian business or working for a Canadian or provincial government office abroad can be included in the calculation. Permanent residents also risk loss for serious crimes, being a security risk or associated with organized crime, a person automatically loses permanent residence status upon becoming a Canadian citizen. A permanent residence may also give up or renounce their status if the person possesses a citizenship or right of abode in another country. A person who gives up their status inside Canada becomes a temporary resident, a permanent resident does not lose their status if their permanent resident card expires. In 2002, the Department of Citizenship and Immigration started issuing the Permanent Resident Card to all new Canadian permanent residents. From December 31,2003, every permanent resident must be able to present his or her Permanent Resident Card upon boarding a carrier in order to travel to Canada. While the PR Card was introduced to ease of travel for permanent residents, it can also be used as a convenient method of proving status to government authorities, employers. In January 2015 the Government of Canada opened a new program to apply for Permanent Residence named Express Entry and it replaced the existing model for almost all Economic immigrants and gave priority to those most likely to succeed economically in Canada. It achieves this by assigning weight to such as age, education, work experience. Some provincial nominees, Quebec applicants and all non-economic immigrants still apply using a paper-based system, the term landed immigrant is an old classification for a person who has been admitted to Canada as a non-Canadian citizen permanent resident. The current official classification for such a person is simply permanent resident, the term Landed immigrant has been in use for so long that it is still part of the Canadian vocabulary and still appears in some government publications and forms. To become an immigrant from outside Canada, one has to legally enter Canada, or land. Upon entry the immigrants passport will be stamped with the words Immigrant Landed, once the immigrant has landed, an IMM1000 form will be given to provide an official record of landed status. Such applicants must still officially land and achieve the landed immigrant status, previously many have left the country through the U. S. /Canada border, either entering the U. S. or receiving a refusal notice, and then re-entered Canada through customs. Since late 2008 some, but not most, may now land at a Citizenship, a person can become a Permanent Resident either by applying outside Canada or inside Canada
7.
Temporary residency
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A temporary resident is a foreign national granted the right to stay in a country for a certain length of time, without full citizenship. This may be for study, business, or other reasons
8.
Canada permanent resident card
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The Permanent Resident card is an identification document for permanent residents of Canada. It was introduced on 28 June 2002 upon the implementation of Canadas Immigration, like Canadian passports, all PR cards are issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and are the property of the Canadian Crown. It is the method by which Canadian permanent residents can prove their status and is the only document that allows permanent residents to return to Canada by air. Starting from 10 November 2016, all travellers to Canada are required to have an Electronic Travel Authorization before boarding a flight to Canada. Hence permanent residents, including those from one of the visa-free countries, there are two types of PR card in circulation, the 2009 version and the 2015 version. As all PR cards lifespan cannot exceed five years, the initial 2002 version is obsolete, all three versions of the card contain a maple leaf in the front of the card, hence earning the nickname Maple Leaf Card. The card is an ISO/IEC7810 ID-1 sized document, the front of the card contains the holders photograph, name, an 8-digit ID number, sex, nationality, date of birth, signature and the cards date of expiration. For the back of the card, a stripe which contains the holders information is available on top. Below it are additional information on the holder including their immigration category, colour of eyes and height, a machine readable zone is at the bottom. The colour of the card is aqua, with graphs in purple and orange, comparing to the previous version, the 2009 version of the card, which was introduced on 24 August 2009, contains the same information as the previous version. PR cards issued after 1 February 2012 no longer contains the holders signature, in circulation since 25 November 2015, the 2015 version of the card has a RFID chip which can be used for future land border crossings. Unlike the biometric chips found in Canadian passports, the RFID chip does not store any personal data, when entering Canada from a land port of entry, the RFID chip in the PR card will be read by RFID tag readers. The design is similar to the 2009 version, although an image of the Peace Tower is shown on the background, the new version also removed immigration category and the 2-D barcode from the back of the card. It is necessary to supply a Canadian residential address at the time of landing, if a Canadian address cannot be supplied at the time, it is necessary to provide one to IRCC within 180 days. Otherwise a new application made to IRCCs processing centre in Sydney, Nova Scotia will be required, there is no fee for a first PR Card provided that the applicant provides an address during the landing. The applicant must demonstrate he or she has resided for at least 730 days before the period of the cards renewal application. In some cases, the PR Card must be collected in person at a IRCC office in Canada, the PR Card is normally valid for 5 years. However, it may be valid for 1 year for those whose PR status are being assessed by the IRCC, a PR cards expiration date does not indicate that the holders status as a permanent resident has expired, or will expire, on that date
9.
Canadian nationality law
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Canadian nationality law determines who is eligible to be a citizen of Canada. Canadian nationality is obtained by birth in Canada, or birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen or by adoption by at least one Canadian citizen. It can also be granted to a permanent resident who has lived in Canada for a period of time, after Canadian Confederation was achieved in 1867, the new Dominions nationality law initially closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom and all Canadians were classified as British subjects. Section 91 of the British North America Act,1867, passed by the British Parliament in London, however, gave the Parliament of Canada authority over Naturalization, the Immigration Act,1910, for example, created the status of Canadian citizen. The Naturalization Act,1914, increased the period of required to qualify for naturalization in Canada as a British subject from three years to five years. Canadian independence from Britain was obtained incrementally between 1867 and 1982 and this, plus the muddled nature of existing nationality law, prompted the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act,1946, which took effect on 1 January 1947. On that date, Canadian citizenship was conferred on most Canadians previously classified as British subjects, subsequently, on 1 April 1949, Canadian nationality law was extended to Newfoundland, upon the former British colony joining the Canadian confederation as the Province of Newfoundland. Canadian nationality law was revised again on 15 February 1977. From that date, multiple citizenship became legal, however, those who had lost Canadian citizenship before that date did not automatically have it restored until 17 April 2009, when Bill C-37 became law. The 2009 act also limited the issuance of citizenship to children born outside Canada to Canadian ancestors to one generation abroad, under paragraph 3 of the 1977 Citizenship Act, any person who was born in Canada after 14 February 1977 acquires Canadian citizenship at birth. Hence, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada considers all children who were born over Canadian airspace as Canadian citizens. In one 2008 case, a born to a Ugandan mother aboard a Northwest Airlines flight from Amsterdam to Boston was deemed a Canadian citizen because she was born over Canadian airspace. There are only three exceptions to this rule, which are listed below, in 2012, Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney proposed to modify the jus soli birthright citizenship recognized in Canadian law as a means of discouraging birth tourism. The move had drawn criticism from experts who said that the proposal was based on overhyped popular beliefs, as of 2016, the incumbent Minister John McCallum said during an interview that there is no plan for the change to end birthright citizenship. Under previous legislations, most of people were never considered to be Canadian citizens because they have lost their British subject status before the creation of Canadian citizenship. Persons who had voluntarily renounced British subject status and had their British subject status revoked are ineligible. Under Bill C-37 which went into force on 17 April 2009, prior to Bill C-37 becoming law on 17 April 2009, this only applied to those people born after 15 February 1977. People falling into that category who did not take steps to maintain their citizenship lost their citizenship on that birthday, with Bill C-37 coming into effect on 17 April 2009, there is no longer a requirement or any allowance to apply to maintain citizenship
10.
History of Canadian nationality law
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Canada established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946, which took effect on 1 January 1947. Under common law, a person born within Her Majestys dominions became a British subject at birth, upon the passage of the Constitution Act,1867, the Parliament of Canada was given authority over Naturalization and Aliens, by virtue of section 91. In addition, Aliens could apply for naturalization after three years residence in Canada, alien-born women became naturalized by marriage to a natural-born subject or to a husband naturalized under the Act. The laws in Nova Scotia and the former Province of Canada that allowed aliens to hold property were kept in force, the 1868 Act was replaced by the Naturalization and Aliens Act,1881, which came into force on 4 July 1883. It made the rules allowing aliens to hold property uniform throughout the Dominion, Aliens, as well as all other British subjects, who wished to immigrate to Canada required permission to land. The status of all British subjects in the Empire was standardized by the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914, as a result, the period of residence required to qualify for naturalization was increased from three years to five years. Because of this Canadians, and others living in countries that became known as Commonwealth realms, were known as subjects of the Crown, however in legal documents the term British subject continued to be used. Prior to 1947, Canada issued two types of passports, those to British subjects by birth, and those to naturalized British subjects or citizens, there were complex rules for determining whether married women qualified as British subjects. Until 14 January 1932, the rule was that the wife of a British subject was deemed to be a British subject, if she then landed in Canada, she became a British subject of Canadian domicile. In addition, Order in Council P. C.7318 of 21 September 1944 – later replaced by P. C. Canadian citizenship, as a separate from British nationality, was created by the Canadian Citizenship Act,1946. Where the child born outside Canada was not a minor at the time the Act came into force, although Canada restricted dual citizenship between 1947 and 1977, there were some situations where Canadians could nevertheless legally possess another citizenship. For example, migrants becoming Canadian citizens were not asked to prove that they had ceased to hold the nationality of their former country. Similarly children born in Canada to non-Canadian parents were not under any obligation to renounce a foreign citizenship they had acquired by descent, holding a foreign passport did not in itself cause loss of Canadian citizenship. Those defined as Status Indians or Eskimos who were domiciled in Canada on 1 January 1947 were granted citizenship on 7 June 1956, the Act was amended in 1953 to replace the provisions relating to Canadian citizenship by descent for minors. Section 4 was added, which read as follows, The provision relating to loss of citizenship by naturalized Canadians living outside Canada for more than ten years was repealed on 7 July 1967. Citizenship law was reformed by the Canadian Citizenship Act,1976, Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship, and many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1947 Act were repealed. Children born outside Canada to naturalized Canadian citizens are not subject to the section 8 provisions, effective 17 April 2009, the Act was significantly amended
11.
Canadian Citizenship Act 1946
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15, is an Act of the Parliament of Canada which separated Canadian citizenship from British nationality. The status of Canadian citizen was originally created under the Immigration Act,1910, to designate those British subjects who were born, all other British subjects required permission to land. Domicile was defined as having been resident in Canada for three years, excluding any time spent in prisons or mental institutions. Canadian citizenship, as a separate from British nationality, was created by the Canadian Citizenship Act,1946. Where the child born outside Canada was not a minor at the time the Act came into force, although Canada restricted dual citizenship between 1947 and 1977, there were some situations where Canadians could nevertheless legally possess another citizenship. For example, migrants becoming Canadian citizens were not asked to prove that they had ceased to hold the nationality of their former country. Similarly children born in Canada to non-Canadian parents were not under any obligation to renounce a foreign citizenship they had acquired by descent, holding a foreign passport did not in itself cause loss of Canadian citizenship. The Act was replaced on 15 February 1977 by the Canadian Citizenship Act,1976, list of Acts of Parliament of Canada Canadian nationality law Canadas Human Rights History - Statutes and Declarations, contains the text of the Citizenship Act 1946
12.
Canadian Citizenship Test
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The test is available in both French and English, the official languages of Canada. The test is written, but in some cases it might be oral. The Department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship decides if the applicants test is written or oral, the test lasts for 30 minutes and contains 20 multiple choice questions. Applicants for citizenship must answer at least 15 questions correctly to pass the test, the test contains questions drawn from a pool of around 200, and is based on the content of the official guide Discover Canada. Canadas native roots and population are much better portrayed. The test also assesses language abilities, to pass the test, the applicant must understand simple statements and questions and communicate simple information to CIC staff in either French or English. On March 15,2010, a new and more thorough test was introduced and this test is based on a longer 63-page guide called Discover Canada. This gives immigrants a richer picture on Canadas history, culture, law, at the same time, immigrants are required to memorize more facts for the test. The failure rate on the citizenship test has been low until recently, in 2008, however, the failure rate for the new citizenship test is much higher. When it was first introduced on March 15,2010, the rate rose to 30%. Later on, a version of the test introduced on October 14,2010 brought the national failure rate down to around 20%. If the English or French language requirement is in doubt for the applicant then a hearing with a Citizenship judge is scheduled, the applicant is required to swear or affirm an oath and is presented with a Citizenship Certificate. An applicant who fails to meet the standard is scheduled for to retake the multiple-choice written test, if they fail again, they must have a 15 to 20 minute interview with a citizenship judge. The judge asks the applicant 20 questions that may be multiple choice, true or false, or question, the judge assesses whether the applicant has correctly answered 15 questions and demonstrated the necessary knowledge to be granted citizenship. In 2008, approximately 20% of the interviewees were refused citizenship, canadians Immigration to Canada Canadian nationality law Official Guide, Discover Canada Clear Language Version of Discover Canada & Practice Tests, Citizenship Counts
13.
Oath of Citizenship (Canada)
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The Oath of Citizenship, or Citizenship Oath, is a statement recited and signed by those who apply to become citizens of Canada. With the enactment of the Citizenship Act that year, the Canadian Oath of Citizenship was established, however, it is maintained within Canadas legal system that the oath to the Queen is in fact an oath to a domestic institution that represents egalitarian governance and the rule of law. Consequently, it has only been modified once, in 1977, prior to 1947, Canadian law continued to refer to Canadian nationals as British subjects, despite the country being since 1931 independent from the United Kingdom. However, all must sign the oath, with parents signing on behalf of any of their children who are minors. These actions are carried out in the context of a ceremony, approximately 2,500 of which take place each year. These events also include the participation of a clerk of the court and, when available, the Canadian flag must be displayed, along with other national symbols, including a portrait of the reigning monarch. Those who have taken the oath then sign the oath document, after some closing remarks from the judge, the ceremony is concluded with the singing of the national anthem in English or French or a bilingual version that is provided. Since the last amendment to the vow in 1977, the idea of modifying it yet again has come up periodically, the subject was addressed again in 1994, when the House of Commons Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration examined changes to the Citizenship Act. Marchi was told by then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to abandon the project and we dont want a discussion like that in Canada right now. Only 5% favoured swearing allegiance only to the monarch, though, at the same time, meanwhile, press reaction to the continued proposals for alternate oaths was muted. It would strengthen the argument for abolishing the monarchy on the death of Queen Elizabeth. I promise to respect our countrys rights and freedoms, to defend our values, to faithfully observe our laws and fulfil my duties. In French, this would be, Dorénavant, je promets fidélité et allégeance au Canada et à Sa Majesté Elizabeth Deux, Reine du Canada. Je mengage à respecter les droits et libertés de notre pays, à défendre nos valeurs démocratiques, throughout the process, the Monarchist League of Canada, while not against amendment in general, voiced its strongest opposition to the proposals to remove the sovereign. Addressing this, both Bills C-16 and C-18 contained a clause stating, It should be noted that removing the words Her Heirs and Successors does not imply that pledging allegiance to the, crown ends with the death of the current Queen. Thus, upon her death, the reference to Queen Elizabeth will automatically be read as a reference to the succeeding monarch, a University of Toronto law professor, however, opined that the rule of law itself was Canadian value, thus rendering the report as moot. Further appeal of this decision to the Supreme Court was denied, Roachs case was dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court in January 2009. Roach relaunched the case in 2012 and, on 18 June and he further ruled that the oath does not contravene either religious or equality rights
14.
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
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Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship. On November 10,2016 the Toronto Star reported that the IRCC website crashed when it was flooded with an increase in traffic on the night of the United States presidential election. The increase in traffic was said to be 5 times larger than normal, IRCC operates a large network of Citizenship and Immigration Centres throughout Canada and in an important number of embassies, high commissions and consulates abroad. IRCC remains responsible for the establishment of policies and processing of permanent and temporary residence visa, refugee protection, IRCC helps immigrants and refugees settle in Canada by funding organizations like the Canadian Caregivers Association to provide newcomers with settlement programs. These organizations are called service provider organizations, in 2006 the Canadian government reduced the landing fee per immigrant by 50%. The bodys mandate is directed by the Citizenship Act, the Commission is headed by a Senior Citizenship Judge and serves a 5-year term. The current head of the Commission is Renata Brum Bozzi, CIC Inland Processing Times, A historical graphical record of processing times for applications processed within Canada. Immipedia, A community written guide to Canadian immigration, e-CAS Tracker, A tool that automatically notifies people when their application status is updated on Citizenship and Immigration Canadas e-CAS service. CanadaBaba - Latest Canadian Immigration Information, Free resource for Visas, Immigration, Settling and getting Citizenship in Canada
15.
Lost Canadians
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Some types of persons who would not have Canadian citizenship under the 1946 citizenship laws included the following, Someone whose father became a citizen of another country while he was a child. Someone born in another country who did not live in Canada on his 24th birthday, a war bride who was never naturalized. A war brides child who never was naturalized, a second-generation born-abroad Canadian who did not assert citizenship by his 28th birthday. An unregistered border baby - a person with Canadian parents who were born in U. S. hospitals, in certain circumstances, having a connection to Canada involving descent through a woman rather than a man. A person born to a service member outside of Canada. A woman who married a non-Canadian before 1947, a child of a woman who married a non-Canadian before 1947, regardless of whether that child was born or lived in Canada. A person who took citizenship of another country before 1977, in most cases, the Lost Canadians were never aware that they were not citizens until they applied for government pensions or attempted to receive healthcare. On May 29,2007, Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Diane Finley announced her proposal to amend the Citizenship Act, under the proposal, anyone naturalized in Canada since 1947 would have citizenship even if they lost it under the 1947 Act. Also, anyone born since 1947 outside the country to a Canadian mother or father, in or out of wedlock, would have citizenship if they are the first generation born abroad. Under the proposed legislation, anyone born before 1947 to a Canadian citizen abroad would be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, the law came into effect on April 17,2009, one year following Royal Assent. People who were citizens when the law came into force did not lose citizenship as a result of these amendments. As of 21 October 2009, there were currently 81 people who are asserted to be such cases, one person who died while waiting for citizenship was Guy Valliere, a World War II veteran who had been publicly promised citizenship by Diane Finley. Kasey Neal, aged two and a half as of 2010, was denied citizenship because her grandparent was a female Canadian rather than a male Canadian. Citizenship and Immigration Canada claimed that she is not eligible because her parent was at first denied citizenship, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Benner v. This denial of citizenship is being brought before judicial review and could lead to a lawsuit if the Supreme Courts decision is ignored by CIC. Her passport was issued later that year, after the government was forced to act due to coverage of the incident in the Vancouver Sun newspaper. Sandra Burke is a woman who came to Canada at six years of age with her Canadian father after her American mother died and he then abandoned her, and she was raised by her paternal grandmother in Toronto and P. E. I. She has been unable to produce copies of her documents to Canada, and as of September 2010
16.
Canadians of convenience
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The actual cost was about $6,300 for each evacuee. The National Post has asserted, that of the 15,000 evacuated, turner was criticized by some for suggesting that there are two classes of Canadian citizens. The Economist noted that Of the 5.5 million Canadians born abroad,560,000 declared in the most recent census that they hold passports from another country, prime Minister Stephen Harper said in 2006 that he planned to review the matter. Resentment of Canadian citizens evacuated from Lebanon during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict spurred Bill C-37, a new law came into effect on April 17,2009. One of the changes instituted by the Government of Canada, is the first generation limitation, under the old rules, it was possible for Canadian citizens to pass on their citizenship to endless generations born outside Canada. To restrict the scope of those eligible for Canadian citizenship for the future, new rules have had the consequence of denying citizenship to children of Canadian expats, if the parents were also born outside Canada. Targets of the move were predicted to hail predominantly from the Middle East, Persian Gulf, on September 9,2012, the government raised this number to 3,100 and began sending letters detailing the revocation and appeal process. The following years Immigration Minister Chris Alexander announced that 27 of the investigations had led to revoked citizenships and this represents the largest ever crackdown on Canadian citizenship. In comparison, fewer than 70 citizenships were revoked between the passing of the Citizenship Act in 1947 and 2011. D,99, December 2006, URL accessed 6 December 2006
17.
Demographics of Canada
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This article is about the demographic features of the population of Canada, including population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population, the People of Canada. The Canada 2016 Census had a population count of 35,151,728 individuals. Estimates have the population over 36 million as of July 2016, percentages therefore add up to more than 100%. The most common response was Canadian, Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, about 28% of the population will be foreign-born. The number of people belonging to minority groups will double. All ethnocultural ancestries with responses totalling to more than 1% of the number of responses are listed in the table above according to the exact terminology used by Statistics Canada. Statistics Canada identifies visible minorities in accordance with the Employment Equity Act, Statistics Canada states the Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. All statistics are from the Canada 2011 Census, note, Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal All statistics are from the Canada 2011 Census. Language used most often at work, English,78. 3% French,21. 7% Non-official languages, 2% Languages by language used most often at home, among these, 67% of Canadians were self-identified as Christians in 2011. The second and third-largest categories were of Canadians with no affiliation at 24%. Among these, 39% of Canadians were self-identified as Catholic in 2011
18.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
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Population of Canada
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The historical growth of Canadas population is complex and has been influenced in many different ways, such as indigenous populations, expansion of territory, and human migration. Being a new country, Canada has been predisposed to be a very open society with regards to immigration. Canadians comprise about 0. 5% of the total population. The 2016 Canadian census counted a population of 35,151,728. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, despite the fact that Canadas population density is low, many regions in the south such as Southern Ontario, have population densities higher than several European countries. The large size of Canadas north which is not arable, and thus cannot support large human populations, therefore, the population density of the habitable land in Canada can be modest to high depending on the region. Scholars vary on the size of the aboriginal population in what is now Canada prior to colonization and on the effects of European contact. During the late 15th century is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canadas Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health. Although not without conflict, European Canadians early interactions with First Nations, roland G Robertson suggests that during the late 1630s, smallpox killed over half of the Wyandot, who controlled most of the early North American fur trade in the area of New France. In 1871 there was an enumeration of the population within the limits of Canada at the time. According to the 2011 Canadian Census, Aboriginal peoples numbered at 1,400,685, the European population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high, the women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Yves Landry says, Canadians had a diet for their time. The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in North America and it was organized by Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France, between 1665 and 1666. According to Talons census there were 3,215 people in New France, the census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women. By the early 1700s the New France settlers were established along the Saint Lawrence River. Mainly due to increase and modest immigration from Northwest France the population of New France increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754. This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730, during the late 18th and early 19th century Canada under British rule experienced strong population growth
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Ethnic origins of people in Canada
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Given here are the ethnic origins of Canadian residents as recorded by them on their 2006 census form. The relevant census question asked for the ethnic or cultural origins of the respondents ancestors, as data were collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true ancestry of respondents. Also note that many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries and these people were added to the multiple origin total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins, as with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent. M. Canadas diverse peoples, a reference sourcebook, magocsi, Paul R. Encyclopedia of Canadas peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press, Canada Year Book 2010 - Statistics Canada
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French (language)
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
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Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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Parliament of Canada
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
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House of Commons of Canada
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The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. There were 308 members in the last Parliament, but that number has risen to 338 following the election on Monday October 19,2015, Members are elected by simple plurality in each of the countrys electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election, historically however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an Act of Parliament now limits each term to four years, seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population, the lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both Houses is necessary for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons, moreover, the Government of Canada is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support, or confidence, the term derives from the Anglo-Norman word communes, referring to the geographic and collective communities of their parliamentary representatives and not the third estate, the commonality. This distinction is clear in the official French name of the body. Canada and the United Kingdom remain the only countries to use the name House of Commons for a house of parliament. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the Queen, the Senate, the Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model. Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures, the Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new Acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada and these exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber until that was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum—what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, since then, the Commons has sat in its current chamber. The House of Commons comprises 338 members, each of whom represents a electoral district. The constitution specifies a minimum of 295 electoral districts
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Senate of Canada
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The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons and the Monarch. The Senate is modelled after the British House of Lords and consists of 105 members appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister, Senators may serve until they reach the age of 75. The Senate is the house of Parliament and the House of Commons is the lower house. As a matter of practice and custom, the Commons is the dominant chamber, the approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation and, thus, the Senate can reject bills passed by the Commons. Between 1867 and 1987, the Senate rejected fewer than two bills per year, but this has increased in recent years. Moreover, members of the Cabinet are responsible solely to the House of Commons, while the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet remain in office only while they retain the confidence of the Commons, Senators are not beholden to such control. The Senate of Canada and the House of Commons of Canada sit in separate chambers in the Centre Block on Parliament Hill, located in Ottawa, Ontario. The chamber in which the Senate sits is called the red chamber, due to the red cloth that adorns the chamber. The red Senate chamber is decorated, in contrast with the more modest. There are chairs and desks on both sides of the chamber, divided by a centre aisle, the Speakers chair is at one end of the chamber, in front of it is the Clerks table. Various clerks sit at the table, ready to advise the Speaker, Members of the governing party sit on the benches to the Speakers right, while members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speakers left. The seat has the coat of arms of the Princess Louise The first two seats are vacant but present during the sitting of the Senate. The Speaker of the Senate uses the third seat with the Arms of Canada and this seat is removed during the throne speech. At either end of the chamber, on the floor, are the visitors galleries. The north gallerys lower seating area, or tribune, is reserved for journalists, the Governor General holds the power to make normal senatorial appointments, although, in modern practice, they make appointments only on the advice of the prime minister. A prime minister normally chooses members of his or her own party to be Senators, in practice, a large number of the members of the Senate are ex-Cabinet ministers, ex-provincial premiers, and other eminent people. The first Aboriginal senator was James Gladstone, who sat as an Independent Conservative, under the constitution, each province or territory is entitled to a specific number of Senate seats. The constitution divides Canada into four areas, each with an number of senators,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritime provinces
26.
Raoul Wallenberg
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Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg was a Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian. He is widely celebrated for saving tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from German Nazis, while serving as Swedens special envoy in Budapest between July and December 1944, Wallenberg issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings designated as Swedish territory. On 17 January 1945, during the Siege of Budapest by the Red Army, Wallenberg was detained by SMERSH on suspicion of espionage and subsequently disappeared. He was later reported to have died on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned by the KGB secret police in the Lubyanka, due to his courageous actions on behalf of the Hungarian Jews, Raoul Wallenberg has been the subject of numerous humanitarian honors in the decades following his presumed death. Congressman Tom Lantos, himself one of those saved by Wallenberg and he was the second person ever to receive this honor, after Winston Churchill. Wallenberg is also a citizen of Canada, Hungary, Australia. Israel has also designated Wallenberg one of the Righteous Among the Nations, monuments have been dedicated to him, and streets have been named after him throughout the world. A Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States was created in 1981 to perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and it gives the Raoul Wallenberg Award annually to recognize persons who carry out those goals. Postage stamps have been issued in his honour by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Dominica, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Sweden, on 26 July 2012, he was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust. In October 2016,71 years after his disappearance, Wallenberg was formally declared dead by the Swedish Tax Agency. Wallenberg was born in 1912 in Lidingö, near Stockholm, where his grandparents, professor Per Johan Wising. His paternal grandfather, Gustaf Wallenberg, was a diplomat and envoy to Tokyo, Istanbul and his parents, who married in 1911, were Raoul Oscar Wallenberg, a Swedish naval officer, and Maria Maj Sofia Wising. His father died of cancer three months before he was born, and his grandfather died of pneumonia three months after his birth. His mother and grandmother, now both suddenly widows, raised him together, in 1918, his mother married Fredrik von Dardel, they had a son, Guy von Dardel, and a daughter, Nina Lagergren. After high school and his eight months in the Swedish military. He spent one year there, and then, in 1931, although the Wallenberg family was rich, he worked at odd jobs in his free time and joined other young male students as a passenger rickshaw handler at Chicagos Century of Progress. He used his vacations to explore the United States, with hitchhiking being his preferred method of travel, about his experiences, he wrote to his grandfather saying, When you travel like a hobo, everything’s different. You have to be on the alert the whole time, you’re in close contact with new people every day
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Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
28.
Nelson Mandela
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the countrys first black head of state and the first elected in a representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism, ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family and he studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943, after the National Partys white-only government established apartheid—a system of racial segregation that privileged whites—he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANCs Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he joined the banned South African Communist Party. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, in 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory, internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy. Mandela became a statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a figure for much of his life. Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and became the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, given the forename Rolihlahla, a Xhosa term colloquially meaning troublemaker, in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was king of the Thembu people in the Transkeian Territories of South Africas modern Eastern Cape province, one of Ngubengcukas sons, named Mandela, was Nelsons grandfather and the source of his surname. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrates unreasonable demands
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Apartheid
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Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The countrys first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994, Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party during the countrys 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990, with the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900, the policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive, for instance, the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state. Places of residence were determined by racial classification, from 1960 to 1983,3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the population to ten designated tribal homelands, also known as bantustans. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans, Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups. In 1990, prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention, Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991, pending multiracial elections set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning separateness, or the state of being apart and its first recorded use was in 1929. The governors and assemblies that governed the process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters, in 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. Ordinance No.49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 and this was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The Glen Grey Act of 1894, instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold, in 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act required all Indians to register and carry passes, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill, which banned land sales to Indians. The United Party government began to move away from the enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II
30.
President of South Africa
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The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President, the role was founded to be distinct from the now defunct role of prime minister, but the two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which specified a four-year term of office. The 1993 and later constitutions limits the time in office to two five-year terms. The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela, under the interim constitution, there was a Government of National Unity, in which a Member of Parliament from the largest opposition party was entitled to a position as Deputy President. But De Klerk later resigned and went into opposition with his party, a voluntary coalition government continues to exist under the new constitution, although there have been no appointments of opposition politicians to the post of Deputy President. The President is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of his election, upon his election, he immediately resigns his seat for the duration of his term. The President may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial, a number of manifestations of the office have existed. Aspects of these offices exist within the presidency today, alternating sovereignty as a result of wars culminated in the Vereeniging Treaty signed in which concluded the South African War. The Union of South Africa, a British Dominion, was established on 31 May 1910, upon the declaration of South Africa as a republic on 31 May 1961, the office of State President was created. It was originally a ceremonial post, but became an executive post in 1984 when a new constitution abolished the post of Prime Minister, South Africa has an almost unique system for the election of its president. Contrary to presidential systems around the world, the President of South Africa is elected by the Parliament of South Africa rather than by the people directly and he is thus answerable to it in theory and able to influence legislation in practice as head of the majority party. The president is elected at the first sitting of parliament after an election, the president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of parliament, from among its members. The chief justice must oversee the election, once elected, a person is no longer a member of the national assembly. They must then be sworn in as president within five days of the election, should a vacancy arise, the date of a new election must be set by the chief justice, but not more than 30 days after the vacancy occurs. The Constitution has thus prescribed a system combining both parliamentary and presidential systems in a unique manner, only Botswana and a few other countries use a similar system. Between 1996 and 2003 Israel combined the two systems in a way, with an elected prime minister. Although the presidency is the key institution, it is hedged about with numerous checks and balances that prevent its total dominance over the government, the presidential term is five years, with a limit of two consecutive terms. Thus the electoral system attempts to prevent the accumulation of power in the president as was during Apartheid or in many other African countries
31.
Nobel Peace Prize
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Per Alfred Nobels will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year, the prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, the Norwegian Nobel Institute, and the Parliament. Due to its nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history. Alfred Nobels will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category, as he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear, some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobels way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime, ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company and it is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobels death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, the Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize, the statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was again in 2010 with 237 nominations, in 2011. Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have released in a database. Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for review is created. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a decision, but this is not always possible. The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year, the Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount, as of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK
32.
14th Dalai Lama
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The 14th Dalai Lama (/ˈdɑːlaɪ ˈlɑːmə/, /ˌdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/, is the current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are important monks of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism which is headed by the Ganden Tripas. From the time of the 5th Dalai Lama to 1959, the government of Tibet. The Gelug schools government administered an area corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent PRC wished to assert central control over it. During the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama fled to India, the 14th Dalai Lama received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. His family was of Monguor extraction and his mother, Diki Tsering, gave birth to him on a straw mat in the cowshed behind the house. He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood, the eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years his senior. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high Lama Taktser Rinpoche and his sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Childrens Villages project. The Dalai Lamas first language was, in his own words, a broken Xining language which was the Chinese language, a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family did not speak the Tibetan language. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the team to Sir Charles Bell, former British resident in Lhasa. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the lake of Lhamo La-tso indicating Amdo as the region to search. This vision also indicated a large monastery with a roof and turquoise tiles. This team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, the Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates, within a year the Panchen Lama had died. There they found a house, as described in the vision, according to the 14th Dalai Lama, at the time the village of Taktser stood right on the real border between the region of Amdo and China. When the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader and he held an old rosary that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said if you know who I am, you can have it, the child said Sera Lama, Sera Lama and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a language the boys mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose, one test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not
33.
Dalai Lama
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The Dalai Lama /ˈdɑːlaɪ ˈlɑːmə/, /ˌdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/ is a monk of the Gelug or Yellow Hat school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism founded by Je Tsongkhapa. The Dalai Lama title was created by Altan Khan in 1578, the 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso. The Dalai Lama has always been an important figure of the Gelug tradition, although finding dominance in Central Tibet, the Dalai Lama has been an important figure beyond sectarian boundaries. The Dalai Lama figure is important for many reasons, since the time of the Fifth Dalai Lama his personage has always been a symbol of unification of the state of Tibet, where he has represented Buddhist values and traditions. The Dalai Lama is considered to be the successor in a line of tulkus who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteśvara, the name is a combination of the Mongolic word dalai meaning ocean and the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ meaning guru, teacher, mentor. The Tibetan word lama corresponds to the better known Sanskrit word guru, special Features of the Gelug Tradition. This government also enjoyed the patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings of the Khoshut and Dzungar Khanates and this is according to The Book of Kadam, the main text of the Kadampa school, to which the First Dalai Lama, Gendun Drup, first belonged. In fact, this text is said to have ‘laid the foundation’ for the Tibetans later identification of the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara and it traces the legend of the bodhisattva’s incarnations as early Tibetan kings and emperors such as Songsten Gampo and later as Dromtönpa. This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to and including the Dalai Lamas, thus, according to such sources, an informal line of succession of the present Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara stretches back much further than Gendun Drub. First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries around Lhasa in the province of Ü before he died in 1419, the 1st Dalai Lama soon became Abbot of the greatest one, Drepung, and developed a large popular power base in Ü. He later extended this to cover Tsang, where he constructed a great monastery, Tashi Lhunpo. The 2nd studied there before returning to Lhasa, where he became Abbot of Drepung, having reactivated the 1sts large popular followings in Tsang and Ü, the 2nd then moved on to southern Tibet and gathered more followers there who helped him construct a new monastery, Chokorgyel. He also established the method by which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered through visions at the oracle lake, the 3rd built on his predecessors fame by becoming Abbot of the two great monasteries of Drepung and Sera. Thus most of Mongolia was added to the Dalai Lamas sphere of influence, after being given the Mongolian name Dalai, he returned to Tibet to found the great monasteries of Lithang in Kham, eastern Tibet and Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet. The 4th was then born in Mongolia as the grandson of Altan Khan. Finally, in fulfilment of Avalokiteśvaras master plan, the 5th in the succession used the vast popular power base of devoted followers built up by his four predecessors, overall, they have played a monumental role in Asian literary, philosophical and religious history. Gendun Drup was the name of the monk who came to be known as the First Dalai Lama. Tsongkhapa largely modelled his new, reformed Gelugpa school on the Kadampa tradition, therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be a very important Gelugpa lama, after he died in 1474 there was no question of any search being made to identify his incarnation
34.
Aung San Suu Kyi
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Aung San Suu Kyi is a Burmese politician, diplomat, and author who is the First and incumbent State Counsellor and Leader of the National League for Democracy. The youngest daughter of Aung San, Father of the Nation of modern-day Myanmar, after graduating from the University of Delhi in 1964 and the University of Oxford in 1968, she worked at the United Nations for three years. She married Michael Aris in 1972, and gave birth to two children, Aung San Suu Kyi rose to prominence in the 1988 Uprisings, and became the General Secretary of the newly formed National League for Democracy. In the 1990 elections, NLD won 81% of the seats in Parliament and she had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010 and her party boycotted the 2010 elections, resulting in a decisive victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Aung San Suu Kyi became a Pyithu Hluttaw MP while her party won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the 2012 by-elections and she is an honorary citizen of many countries, including Canada, and was an honorary member of Nelson Mandelas Elders. The Burmese refer to her as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Daw, literally meaning aunt, is not part of her name but is a Burmese honorific for any older and revered woman, akin to Madame. Burmese sometimes address her as Daw Suu or Amay Suu, Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, British Burma. According to Peter Popham, she was born in a village outside Rangoon called Hmway Saung. Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burmas independence from the British Empire in 1947 and she grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he drowned in a lake on the grounds of the house. Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen, after Aung San Lins death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Aung San Suu Kyi met people of various backgrounds, political views and religions. She was educated in Methodist English High School for much of her childhood in Burma and she speaks four languages, Burmese, English, French and Japanese. Suu Kyis mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960 and she studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi, and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964. Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hughs College, Oxford, obtaining a B. A degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1967, graduating with a third and M. A degree in politics in 1968. After graduating, she lived in New York City with family friend Ma Than E and she worked at the United Nations for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris. On 1 January 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi and Aris, the following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London, their second son, Kim, was born in 1977
35.
Myanmar
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Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in South East Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. About one third of Myanmars total perimeter of 5,876 km, forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km along the Bay of Bengal, the countrys 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres in size and its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city and former capital city is Yangon. Early civilizations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma, the Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur. The British invaded Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a nation and then, following a coup détat in 1962. For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife, during this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, there is, however, continuing criticism of the governments treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses, Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2013, its GDP stood at US$56.7 billion, the income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government. As of 2016, according to the Human Development Index, Myanmar had a level of human development. The renaming remains a contested issue, many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country. The countrys official name is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead, in English, the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar /ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group, Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from Bamar, the colloquial form of the groups name
36.
Rohingya people
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The Rohingya people are Muslim Indo-Aryan peoples from the Rakhine State, Myanmar. International media and human rights organizations have often described Rohingyas as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, according to the United Nations, the human rights violations against Rohingyas could be termed as crimes against humanity. According to the Rohingyas and some scholars, they are indigenous to Rakhine State, Muslims have settled in Rakhine State since the 15th century, although the number of Muslim settlers before British rule is unclear. Despite debates concerning its origins, the term Rohingya, in the form of Rooinga, in 1826, after the first Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Arakan and encouraged migrations from Bengal to work as farm laborers. The Muslim population may have constituted 5% of Arakans population by 1869, successive British censuses of 1872 and 1911 recorded an increase in Muslim population from 58,255 to 178,647 in Akyab District. The rebellion left enduring mistrust and hostilities in both Muslim and Buddhist communities, in 1982, General Ne Wins government enacted the Burmese nationality law, which denied Rohingya citizenship, rendering a majority of Rohingya population stateless. Since the 1990s, the term Rohingya has increased in usage among Rohingya communities, many Rohingyas have fled to neighbouring Bangladesh, to areas along the border with Thailand, and to the Pakistani city of Karachi. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar live in camps for displaced persons. Rohingyas have received attention in the wake of 2012 Rakhine State riots,2015 Rohingya refugee crisis. The Rohingya refer to themselves as Ruáingga /ɾuájŋɡa/, in the dominant languages of the region, they are known as rui hang gya in Burmese, ရိုဟင်ဂျာ /ɹòhɪ̀ɴd͡ʑà/ and Rohingga in Bengali, রোহিঙ্গা /ɹohiŋɡa/. The term Rohingya comes from Rakhanga or Roshanga, the words for the state of Arakan, jacques P. Leider states that in precolonial sources, the term Rohingya, in the form of Rooinga appears in a text written by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. The first is that spoken by the Mohammedans, who have settled in Arakan. The word Rohingya means inhabitant of Rohang, which was the early Muslim name for Arakan and he also says the term cannot be found in any historical source in any language before the 1950s. After riots in 2012, academic authors used the term Rohingya to refer to the Muslim community in northern Rakhine, although Muslim settlements have existed for a long time in Arakan, the number of original settlers before the British rule are generally assumed to be low. After four decades of British rule in 1869, Muslim settlers reached 5% of Arakans population, the number steadily increased until World War II. Early evidence of Bengali Muslim settlements in Arakan date back to the time of Min Saw Mon of the Kingdom of Mrauk U, after 24 years of exile in Bengal, he regained control of the Arakanese throne in 1430 with military assistance from the Bengal Sultanate. The Bengalis who came with him formed their own settlements in the region, Min Saw Mon ceded some territory to the Sultan of Bengal and recognised his sovereignty over the areas. In recognition of his kingdoms vassal status, the kings of Arakan received Islamic titles, Min Saw Mon minted his own coins with the Burmese alphabet on one side and the Persian alphabet on the other
37.
Aga Khan IV
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Prince Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, KBE, CC is the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailism, a denomination of Ismailism within Shia Islam consisting of an estimated 25 million adherents. The Aga Khan is a British business magnate, racehorse owner and breeder. He has held this position of Imam, under the title of Aga Khan IV, since 11 July 1957, Forbes describes the Aga Khan as one of the worlds ten richest royals with an estimated net worth of US$800 million. Additionally he is unique among the richest royals as he does not rule over a geographic territory and he is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world. Aga Khan IV became the first faith leader to address the Joint Session of the Canadian Parliament on 27 February 2014, born Prince Karim Aga Khan, the Aga Khan IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly Khan, and his first wife, the Hon. Princess Tajuddawlah Aly Khan, formerly the Hon. Joan Barbara Yarde-Buller, born in Geneva, Switzerland, on 13 December 1936, Prince Karim was declared healthy despite being born prematurely. The Aga Khans brother, Prince Amyn, was less than a year later. The Aga Khan IV also had a half-brother, Patrick Benjamin Guinness, from his mothers first marriage, Prince Karim spent his childhood in Nairobi, Kenya, where his early education was done by private tutoring. His grandfather, Aga Khan III, engaged Mustafa Kamil, a teacher from Aligarh Muslim University, for both Prince Karim and Prince Amyn. Prince Karim later attended the Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland, the most expensive boarding school in Europe, for nine years where he ended up with, in his words, There, he switched to majoring in History after failing an engineering course. He says about it, Overnight, my life changed completely. I woke up with serious responsibilities toward millions of human beings. I knew I would have to abandon my hopes of studying for a doctorate in History. The Aga Khan IV graduated from Harvard in 1959, two years becoming the Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History. The young Aga Khan was a downhill skier, and he skied for Iran in the 1964 Olympic Games. Specifically, his followers wanted to know whether they should try to hold on to their interests in East Africa or instead return to India and Pakistan. Paul Ress, of Sports Illustrated, writes that the young, contact lens wearing Prince turned Aga Khan IV, having responsibility to go with his wealth and he did, however, relish. speed on water as well as on snow, highways and in the air. And increased the speed of his 72-foot yacht by almost 20%, after being named Aga Khan the young prince, who habitually drove at 90 to 145 miles an hour road permitting, noted he could no longer afford to risk his life on a piste
38.
Isma'ilism
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Ismāʿīlism is a branch of Shia Islam. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God, as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, the Ismāʿīlī and the Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams from the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and therefore share much of their early history. Both groups see the family of Muhammad as divinely chosen, infallible, and guided by God to lead the Islamic community, Ismaili thought is heavily influenced by neoplatonism. There are also a significant number of Ismāʿīlīs in Central Asia, Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shi‘i sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali, cousin of Muhammad and this also included his two sons, who were the grandsons of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Soon after his ascendancy, Aisha, the third of the Prophets wives, claimed along with Usmans tribe, the Ummayads, ‘Ali voted against it as he believed that situation at that time demanded a peaceful resolution of the matter. Both parties could rightfully defend their claims, but due to escalated misunderstandings, following this battle, Muawiya, the Umayyad governor of Syria, also staged a revolt under the same pretences. ‘Ali led his forces against Muawiya until the side of Muawiya held copies of the Quran against their spears, ‘Ali accepted this, and an arbitration was done which ended in his favor. A group among Alis army believed that subjecting his legitimate authority to arbitration was tantamount to apostasy and this group was known as the Khawarij and ‘Ali wished to defeat their forces before they reached the cities where they would be able to blend in with the rest of the population. While he was unable to do this, he defeated their forces in subsequent battles. Regardless of these defeats, the Kharijites survived and became a problematic group in Islamic history. The Entrusted Imam is an Imam in the full sense except that the lineage of the Imamate must continue through the Permanent Imam. However, the caliphate was soon taken over by Muawiya. Even some of Ali’s early followers regarded him as “an absolute and divinely guided leader who could demand of them the kind of loyalty that would have been expected for the Prophet. ”For example, one of Ali’s supporters who also was devoted to the Prophet said to him, “our opinion is your opinion. The early followers of ‘Ali seem to have taken his guidance as “right guidance” deriving from Divine support, in other words, ‘Ali’s guidance was seen to be the expression of God’s will and the Qur’anic message. This spiritual and absolute authority of ‘Ali was known as walayah and it was inherited by his successors, the Imams. In the first century after the Prophet, the sunnah was not specifically defined as “Sunnah of the Prophet” but was used in connection to Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman. The idea of “Hadith” or traditions ascribed to the Prophet was not mainstream nor was Hadith criticism, even the earliest legal texts by Malik b
39.
Malala Yousafzai
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Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Her advocacy has since grown into an international movement, Yousafzai was born in Swat District, Pakistan. Her family came to run a chain of schools in the region, in early 2009, when she was 11–12, she wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC Urdu detailing her life during the Taliban occupation of Swat. The following summer, journalist Adam B, ellick made a New York Times documentary about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the region. She rose in prominence, giving interviews in print and on television, on the afternoon of 9 October 2012, Yousafzai was injured after a Taliban gunman attempted to murder her. The murder attempt sparked a national and international outpouring of support for Yousafzai, deutsche Welle wrote in January 2013 that she may have become the most famous teenager in the world. Weeks after her attempt, a group of fifty leading Muslim clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her. Since recovering, Yousafzai became a prominent education activist, based out of Birmingham, she founded the Malala Fund, a non-profit and in 2013 co-authored a I am Malala, an international bestseller. In 2015, Yousafzai was a subject of the Oscar-shortlisted documentary He Named Me Malala, the 2013,2014 and 2015 issues of Time magazine featured her as one of the most Influential people globally. In 2012, she was the recipient of Pakistans first National Youth Peace Prize, aged 17 at the time, she became the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Since March 2013, she has been a pupil at the all-girls Edgbaston High School in Birmingham, Yousafzai was born on 12 July,1997 in the Swat District of Pakistans northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to Ziauddin Yousafzai and Tor Pekai Yousafzai. Her family is a Sunni Muslim family of Pashtun ethnicity and she was given her first name Malala after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan. Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistans Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Tor Pekai. She once stated to an interviewer that she would like to become a doctor, Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed. Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, how dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education. Yousafzai asked her audience in a covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region. In late 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan of the BBC Urdu website and they decided to ask a schoolgirl to blog anonymously about her life there
40.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
41.
Honorary citizenship
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Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction. The classical example of a limited citizenry was Athens where slaves, women, the Roman Republic forms another example. By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, honorary United States citizenship has been awarded to eight individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires the approval of Parliament. In Germany honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states, the honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honoured, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town, or state. In the case of war criminals, all such honours were taken away by Article VIII, section II, in Ireland, honorary citizenship bestowed on a foreigner is full legal citizenship including the right to reside and vote. Berlin awarded Lucius D. Che Guevara was made a citizen of Cuba by Fidel Castro for his part in the Cuban Revolution. Embarking on fomenting revolutions in countries, Che Guevara, in his farewell letter to Fidel, gave up all his official ties to Cuba. In 2002 South Korea awarded honorary citizenship to Dutch football coach Guus Hiddink who successfully and unexpectedly took the team to the semi-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Honorary citizenship was also awarded to Hines Ward, a black Korean American football player and he was the first foreign national to receive that honour. Kitts and Nevis, following their record-breaking innings in the 2007 Cricket World Cup In April 2013, in August 2013, French actor Gérard Depardieu received an honorary citizenship by Belgium. Freedom of the City Media related to Honorary citizenship at Wikimedia Commons
42.
Hansard
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Hansard is the traditional name of the transcripts of Parliamentary Debates in Britain and many Commonwealth countries. It is named after Thomas Curson Hansard, a London printer and publisher, though the history of the Hansard began in the British parliament, each of Britains colonies developed a separate and distinctive history. Before 1771, the British Parliament had long been a highly secretive body, the official record of the actions of the House was publicly available, but there was no record of the debates. The publication of remarks made in the House became a breach of Parliamentary privilege, as the populace became interested in parliamentary debates, more independent newspapers began publishing unofficial accounts of them. Several editors used the device of veiling parliamentary debates as debates of fictitious societies or bodies, the names under which parliamentary debates were published include Proceedings of the Lower Room of the Robin Hood Society and Debates of the Senate of Magna Lilliputia. The Senate of Magna Lilliputia was printed in Edward Caves The Gentlemans Magazine, the names of the speakers were carefully filleted, for example, Sir Robert Walpole was thinly disguised as Sr. R―t W―le. In 1771 Brass Crosby, who was Lord Mayor of the City of London, had brought him a printer by the name of John Miller who dared publish reports of Parliamentary proceedings. He released the man, but was ordered to appear before the House to explain his actions. Crosby was committed to the Tower of London, but when he was brought to trial, several judges refused to hear the case and after protests from the public, Crosby was released. Parliament ceased to punish the publishing of its debates as harshly, partly due to the campaigns of John Wilkes on behalf of free speech, there then began several attempts to publish reports of debates. Among the early successes, the Parliamentary Register published by John Almon and John Debrett began in 1775, cobbetts avocation for the freedom of the press was severely punished by the British Government. On June 5,1810 William Cobbett stood trial for libel for an article he wrote against the British Government which was published by Thomas Curson Hansard. Cobbett was found guilty, upon the fullest and most satisfactory evidence, the sentence was described by J. C Trewin as vindictive. Cobbetts Parliamentary Debates became Hansard Parliamentary Debates, abbreviated over time to the now familiar Hansard, from 1829 the name Hansard appeared on the title page of each issue. Neither Cobbett nor Hansard ever employed anyone to take notes of the debates. For this reason, early editions of Hansard are not to be relied upon as a guide to everything discussed in Parliament. The last attempt at a rival was The Times which published debates in the 1880s. In 1878 a subsidy was granted to the Hansard press and at that point reporters were employed, despite hiring contract reporters there were still widespread complaints about the accuracy of the debates
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Irish nationality law
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Irish nationality law is contained in the provisions of the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Acts 1956 to 2004 and in the relevant provisions of the Irish Constitution. A person may be an Irish citizen through birth, descent, the law grants citizenship to individuals born in Northern Ireland under the same conditions as those born in the Republic of Ireland. Dual citizenship is permitted under Irish nationality law, Ireland previously had a much less diluted application of jus soli which still applies to anyone born on or before 31 December 2004. The previous legislation was replaced by the 1999 changes, which were retroactive in effect. Before 2 December 1999, the distinction between Irish citizenship and entitlement to Irish citizenship rested on the place of birth. The provisions of the 1956 Act were, in terms of citizenship by birth, retroactive and replaced the provisions of the previous legislation, under that legislation, those born in Northern Ireland on or after 6 December 1922 did not have an entitlement to Irish citizenship by birth. Like most countries, Ireland does not normally grant citizenship to the children of diplomats and this does not apply, however, when a diplomat parents a child with an Irish citizen, a British citizen or a permanent resident. In 2001, Ireland enacted a measure which allowed the children of diplomats to register as Irish citizens if they chose to do so, however, the option to register remains for those born to diplomats before 2005. A person is an Irish citizen by descent if, at the time of his or her birth, place of birth is not a deciding factor. In cases where at least one parent was an Irish citizen born in the island of Ireland or an Irish citizen resident abroad in the service, citizenship is automatic. In all other cases citizenship is subject to registration in the Foreign Births Register, Citizenship by registration had previously been back-dated to birth. Anyone with an Irish citizen grandparent born in the island of Ireland is eligible for Irish citizenship and his or her parent would have automatically been an Irish citizen and their own citizenship can be secured by registering themselves in the Foreign Births Register. In contrast, those wishing to claim citizenship through an Irish citizen great-grandparent would be unable to do so unless their parents were placed into the Foreign Births Register. Their parents can transmit Irish citizenship to only those born after they themselves were registered. Citizenship acquired through descent may be maintained indefinitely so long as each generation ensures its registration before the birth of the next. All adoptions performed or recognised under Irish law confer Irish citizenship on the child if at least one of the adopters was an Irish citizen at the time of the adoption. From 30 November 2005, citizenship of the spouse of an Irish citizen must be acquired through the normal naturalisation process, the residence requirement is reduced from 5 to 3 years in this case, and the spouse must intend to continue to reside in the island of Ireland. Previously, the law allowed for the spouses of most Irish citizens to acquire citizenship post-nuptially by registration without residence in the island of Ireland, from 17 July 1956 to 31 December 1986, the wife of an Irish citizen could apply for post-nuptial citizenship
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Honorary Citizen of South Korea
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Honorary citizen is an honour is bestowed by the Minister of Justice on foreigners of exceptional merit. It is an honour, the recipient does not take the Oath of Citizenship and thus does not receive any rights, privileges. However, Korean Honorary Citizen can enjoy specialized immigration privileges under Ordinances from the Minister of Justice, martine Prost was given special permission by the Minister of Justice to become honorary citizen for her contribution on returning les manuscripts coréens from France. As of Nov 20,2015, there is only one Honorary Citizen of South Korea, Citizenship Honorary citizen of the United States
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Honorary citizen of the United States
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Eight people have been so honored, six posthumously, and two, Sir Winston Churchill and Mother Teresa, during their lifetimes. For Lafayette and Mother Teresa, the honor was proclaimed directly by an Act of Congress, in the other cases, an Act of Congress was passed authorizing the President to grant honorary citizenship by proclamation. What rights and privileges honorary citizenship bestows, if any, is unclear, according to State Department documents, it does not grant eligibility for United States passports. Despite widespread belief that Lafayette received honorary citizenship of the United States before Churchill, Lafayette did become a natural-born citizen during his lifetime. On 28 December 1784, the Maryland General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Lafayette and this made him a natural-born citizen of the United States under the Articles of Confederation and as defined in Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution. Lafayette boasted in 1792 that he had become an American citizen before the French Revolution created the concept of French citizenship, in 1803, President Jefferson wrote him he would have offered to make him Governor of Louisiana, had he been on the spot. Honorary citizenship should not be confused with citizenship or permanent residency bestowed by a private bill, private bills are, on rare occasions, used to provide relief to individuals, often in immigration cases, and are also passed by Congress and signed into law by the President. One such statute, granting Elián González US citizenship, was suggested in 1999, Citizenship Citizenship in the United States Honorary Canadian citizenship Public Laws granting Honorary Citizenship
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