1.
Immigration to Canada
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Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada to reside in that country. The majority of these individuals become Canadian citizens, after 1947, domestic immigration law and policy went through major changes, most notably with the Immigration Act,1976, and the current Immigration and Refugee Protection Act from 2002. Canadian immigration policies are still evolving, as recently as 2008, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has made significant changes to streamline the steady flow of immigrants. Those changes included reduced professional categories for skilled immigration as well as caps for immigrants in various categories, in the year from July 2015 to June 2016, there were 320,932 immigrants to Canada. In Canada there are four categories of immigrants, family class, economic immigrants, other,16. 2% of the population belonged to visible minorities. The Canadian public, as well as the political parties. A2014 sociological study concluded that Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western nations, after the initial period of British and French colonization, four major waves of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over a period of almost two centuries. The fifth wave is currently occurring, a second wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and the Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812 with promises of land. Scottish Highlanders from land clearances also became landers in Canada during this period and it marked a new age for Canada and its people. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, the Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copied the American system by offering ownership of 160 acres of land free to any man over 18 or any woman heading a household. They did not need to be citizens, but had to live on the plot, also during this period, Canada became a port of entry for many Europeans seeking to gain entry into the U. S. Canadian transportation companies advertised Canadian ports as a way to enter the U. S. especially as the U. S. began barring entry to certain ethnicities. If found, the companies were responsible for shipping the persons back. Clifford Sifton, minister of the Interior in Ottawa, 1896–1905, argued that the western lands were ideal for growing wheat. He removed obstacles that included control of the lands by companies or organizations that did little to encourage settlement, land companies, the Hudsons Bay Company, and school lands all accounted for large tracts of excellent land. The railways kept closed even larger tracts because they were reluctant to take title to the even-numbered lands they were due. Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up aggressive advertising campaigns in the U. S. and Europe and he also brokered deals with ethnic groups that wanted large tracts for homogeneous settlement. His goal was to maximize immigration from Britain, eastern Canada, the third wave of immigration coming mostly from continental Europe peaked prior to World War I, between 1911–1913
2.
History of immigration to Canada
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The history of immigration to Canada extends back thousands of years. Anthropologists continue to argue over various possible models of migration to modern-day Canada, the Inuit are believed to have arrived entirely separately from other indigenous peoples around 1200 CE. Indigenous peoples contributed significantly to the culture and economy of the early European colonies, statistics Canada has tabulated the effect of immigration on population growth in Canada from 1851 to 2001. On average, censuses are taken every 10 years, which is how Canadian censuses were first incremented between 1871 and 1901, beginning in 1901, the Dominion Government changed its policy so that census-taking occurred every 5 years subsequently. This was to document the effects of the campaign initiated by Clifford Sifton. In 2006, Canada received 236,756 immigrants. The top ten sending countries, by state of origin, were Peoples Republic of China, India, Philippines, Pakistan, United States, United Kingdom, Iran, South Korea, Colombia 5,382, and Sri Lanka. The top ten source countries were followed closely by France, and Morocco, with Romania, Russia, in 1828, during the Great Migration of Canada, Britain passed the first legislative recognition that it was responsible for the safety and well-being of immigrants leaving the British Isles. It was called An Act to Regulate the Carrying of Passengers in Merchant Vessels, the 1828 Act is now recognized as the foundation of British colonial emigration legislation. Canadian citizenship was created under the Immigration Act,1910. All other British subjects required permission to land, after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution. Because of this, Canadians—and others living in countries that became known as Commonwealth realms—were known as subjects of the Crown, however, in legal documents, the term British subject continued to be used. Canada was the nation in the then British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law in 1946. This took effect on January 1,1947, a British subject at that time was anyone from the UK or its colonies, or a Commonwealth country. Acquisition and loss of British subject status before 1947 was determined by United Kingdom law, on February 15,1977, Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship. Many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1946 legislation were repealed, Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of immigration fraud. There are a number of reports of contact made before Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. The presence of Basque cod fishermen and whalers, just a few years after Columbus, has also cited, with at least nine fishing outposts having been established on Labrador
3.
Economic impact of immigration to Canada
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Political and civic engagement among visible minorities, while not at the level of that of some other groups, is substantial in Canada. The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada, while the immigration rate has declined sharply from its peak early in the 20th century, Canada is still among the countries in the world that accept most immigrants per capita. The per capita immigration rate to Canada has been constant since the 1950s. However, over the last 25 years the position of newcomers to Canada relative to the native population has steadily declined. A2007 Statistics Canada study shows that the profile of recent facsimile s deteriorated by a significant amount from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, Canada received 235,824 immigrants, Canada is also unusual among western nations in the widespread popular support for high rates of immigration, and in recent years support for immigration has increased in Canada. All of Canadas major political parties support either sustaining or increasing the current level of immigration, there is no agreed view on the net impact of immigration in current times. Historically, Canadas unusually high immigration rates can be traced to the nations unique economy, one factor is that Canada has one of the worlds largest supplies of natural resources such as oil, metals, and lumber. It also has a population spread over a vast landscape. Canada has thus faced acute labour shortages and has responded by actively searching for immigrants, in the late 19th century this included bringing Chinese migrants to build the Canadian Pacific Railway and actively advertising in Europe to find farmers with the Last Best West campaign. Today similar recruitment efforts are needed to staff the oil projects in Alberta. Another factor that contributes to the question is Canadas low birth rate. The theory is that new residents can assist in meeting future government obligations relating to pay-as-you-go liabilities, in 1995 economic research firm DRI-McGraw Hill Inc. reacted with alarm to proposed reductions in immigration levels. They acknowledged that immigration comes with short term costs, but argued that in the long run immigration boosts employment, the economic dangers of population decline are not universally accepted. Howe Institute suggests that immigration cannot keep Canadas population young and could contribute to population ageing in the near term. Employment statistics also bring into question whether skilled worker immigrants, with a 34% unemployment rate, are successfully meeting existing labour market needs in Canada, many developed nations have much lower fertility rates than Canada but have not embraced immigration. The first detailed analysis of Canadian immigration policy came from the Economic Council of Canada, the report concluded that it would be hard not to recommend an increase when immigrants can gain so much and Canadians not only do not lose but actually make slight economic gains. In 2005 a report by the Royal Bank of Canada called for boosting Canadas immigration rate by 30% to 400,000 per year to ensure continued economic growth, the Canadian system puts great emphasis on finding skilled immigrants
4.
Canada permanent resident card
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The Permanent Resident card is an identification document for permanent residents of Canada. It was introduced on 28 June 2002 upon the implementation of Canadas Immigration, like Canadian passports, all PR cards are issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and are the property of the Canadian Crown. It is the method by which Canadian permanent residents can prove their status and is the only document that allows permanent residents to return to Canada by air. Starting from 10 November 2016, all travellers to Canada are required to have an Electronic Travel Authorization before boarding a flight to Canada. Hence permanent residents, including those from one of the visa-free countries, there are two types of PR card in circulation, the 2009 version and the 2015 version. As all PR cards lifespan cannot exceed five years, the initial 2002 version is obsolete, all three versions of the card contain a maple leaf in the front of the card, hence earning the nickname Maple Leaf Card. The card is an ISO/IEC7810 ID-1 sized document, the front of the card contains the holders photograph, name, an 8-digit ID number, sex, nationality, date of birth, signature and the cards date of expiration. For the back of the card, a stripe which contains the holders information is available on top. Below it are additional information on the holder including their immigration category, colour of eyes and height, a machine readable zone is at the bottom. The colour of the card is aqua, with graphs in purple and orange, comparing to the previous version, the 2009 version of the card, which was introduced on 24 August 2009, contains the same information as the previous version. PR cards issued after 1 February 2012 no longer contains the holders signature, in circulation since 25 November 2015, the 2015 version of the card has a RFID chip which can be used for future land border crossings. Unlike the biometric chips found in Canadian passports, the RFID chip does not store any personal data, when entering Canada from a land port of entry, the RFID chip in the PR card will be read by RFID tag readers. The design is similar to the 2009 version, although an image of the Peace Tower is shown on the background, the new version also removed immigration category and the 2-D barcode from the back of the card. It is necessary to supply a Canadian residential address at the time of landing, if a Canadian address cannot be supplied at the time, it is necessary to provide one to IRCC within 180 days. Otherwise a new application made to IRCCs processing centre in Sydney, Nova Scotia will be required, there is no fee for a first PR Card provided that the applicant provides an address during the landing. The applicant must demonstrate he or she has resided for at least 730 days before the period of the cards renewal application. In some cases, the PR Card must be collected in person at a IRCC office in Canada, the PR Card is normally valid for 5 years. However, it may be valid for 1 year for those whose PR status are being assessed by the IRCC, a PR cards expiration date does not indicate that the holders status as a permanent resident has expired, or will expire, on that date
5.
Canadian nationality law
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Canadian nationality law determines who is eligible to be a citizen of Canada. Canadian nationality is obtained by birth in Canada, or birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen or by adoption by at least one Canadian citizen. It can also be granted to a permanent resident who has lived in Canada for a period of time, after Canadian Confederation was achieved in 1867, the new Dominions nationality law initially closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom and all Canadians were classified as British subjects. Section 91 of the British North America Act,1867, passed by the British Parliament in London, however, gave the Parliament of Canada authority over Naturalization, the Immigration Act,1910, for example, created the status of Canadian citizen. The Naturalization Act,1914, increased the period of required to qualify for naturalization in Canada as a British subject from three years to five years. Canadian independence from Britain was obtained incrementally between 1867 and 1982 and this, plus the muddled nature of existing nationality law, prompted the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act,1946, which took effect on 1 January 1947. On that date, Canadian citizenship was conferred on most Canadians previously classified as British subjects, subsequently, on 1 April 1949, Canadian nationality law was extended to Newfoundland, upon the former British colony joining the Canadian confederation as the Province of Newfoundland. Canadian nationality law was revised again on 15 February 1977. From that date, multiple citizenship became legal, however, those who had lost Canadian citizenship before that date did not automatically have it restored until 17 April 2009, when Bill C-37 became law. The 2009 act also limited the issuance of citizenship to children born outside Canada to Canadian ancestors to one generation abroad, under paragraph 3 of the 1977 Citizenship Act, any person who was born in Canada after 14 February 1977 acquires Canadian citizenship at birth. Hence, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada considers all children who were born over Canadian airspace as Canadian citizens. In one 2008 case, a born to a Ugandan mother aboard a Northwest Airlines flight from Amsterdam to Boston was deemed a Canadian citizen because she was born over Canadian airspace. There are only three exceptions to this rule, which are listed below, in 2012, Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney proposed to modify the jus soli birthright citizenship recognized in Canadian law as a means of discouraging birth tourism. The move had drawn criticism from experts who said that the proposal was based on overhyped popular beliefs, as of 2016, the incumbent Minister John McCallum said during an interview that there is no plan for the change to end birthright citizenship. Under previous legislations, most of people were never considered to be Canadian citizens because they have lost their British subject status before the creation of Canadian citizenship. Persons who had voluntarily renounced British subject status and had their British subject status revoked are ineligible. Under Bill C-37 which went into force on 17 April 2009, prior to Bill C-37 becoming law on 17 April 2009, this only applied to those people born after 15 February 1977. People falling into that category who did not take steps to maintain their citizenship lost their citizenship on that birthday, with Bill C-37 coming into effect on 17 April 2009, there is no longer a requirement or any allowance to apply to maintain citizenship
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