1.
United States Ambassador to Japan
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The Ambassador of the United States of America to the State of Japan is the ambassador from the United States of America to Japan. Since the opening of Japan by Commodore Matthew C, the United States maintains an embassy in Tokyo, with consulates-general in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, and Naha. The following is a list of chiefs of mission, resident Ministers Townsend Harris Robert H. Pruyn Chauncey Depew Robert B. Van Valkenburgh Charles E. C. S. –Japan Status of Forces Agreement U. S. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm, United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for Japan United States Department of State, Japan United States Embassy in Tokyo
2.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
3.
Tom Foley
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Foley was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign. He served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton, Foley was born in Spokane, Washington, the son of Helen Marie, a school teacher, and Ralph E. Foley, a Superior Court Judge. He was of Irish Catholic descent, in 1946, he graduated from the Jesuit-run Gonzaga Preparatory School in Spokane. He went on to attend Gonzaga University in Spokane and the University of Washington in Seattle, following law school, Foley entered private practice. In 1958, he working in the Spokane County prosecutors office as a deputy prosecuting attorney. In 1961, he joined the Washington Attorney Generals office as an assistant attorney general, in 1961, Foley moved to Washington, D. C. and joined the staff of Senator Henry Jackson, the then-Democratic Senator From Washington. He left Jacksons employ in 1964 at his urging to run for Congress, in 1964, Foley was unopposed for the Democratic nomination for Washingtons 5th congressional seat, which included Spokane. He faced 11-term Republican incumbent Walt Horan in the election and won by seven points. He was re-elected without significant difficulty until 1978, when he defeated conservative activist Duane Alton. The next race in 1980 was also close, when physician John Sonneland finished just 4 points back, though the fifth district became increasingly conservative, Foley didnt face serious opposition again until his defeat in 1994. In 1981, Foley was chosen majority whip by the House Democratic caucus and served in capacity until 1987. In 1989, Jim Wright of Texas stepped down as Speaker of the House amid an ethics scandal and he became the first Speaker from a state west of the Rocky Mountains. Foley brought suit, challenging the constitutionality of a law setting eligibility requirements on federal offices. Foley won his suit, with a United States district court declaring that states did not have the authority under the United States Constitution to limit the terms of federal officeholders, nethercutt vowed that if elected, he would not serve more than three terms in the House. Foley lost in a narrow race, Foley became the first sitting Speaker of the House to lose his bid for re-election since Galusha A. He is sometimes viewed as a casualty of the term limits controversy of the early 1990s. President Bill Clinton attributed his defeat to his support for the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994, here is a chart of the voting results in Foleys election race. There are subtotals for the city of Spokane, rural Spokane County, from 1995 to 1998, Foley was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D. C
4.
Tom Schieffer
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John Thomas Tom Schieffer is an American diplomat who served as U. S. Ambassador to Australia from 2001 to 2005 and as U. S. Ambassador to Japan from 2005 to 2009. He is the founder and principal of Envoy International, a firm that represents companies with international interests. Schieffer is a friend and former partner of President George W. Bush. He is the brother of Bob Schieffer, a former CBS News reporter. John Thomas Schieffer was born in Fort Worth, the youngest child of the late John E. Schieffer and his father was the managing partner of a construction company. His mother stayed home to rear the children, in addition to his brother, Bob, Schieffer has a sister, Sharon Schieffer Mayes. She is a teacher and school administrator who taught science for seventeen years before becoming the vice principal of Dunbar High School in Fort Worth. Sharon Mayes eventually became the school principal at Keller High School at a time when only 2 percent of the principals in Texas largest high schools were women. She also had a career as an Administrator in the Keller Independent School District. He grew up in Fort Worth attending public schools, and graduated from Arlington Heights High School in 1966 and his masters thesis was entitled, An Examination of the Nuclear Weapons Debate in India. The thesis correctly predicted that India would explode a device in 1974. While in college he worked in the offices of State Senator Don Kennard, Schieffer ran in the 1972 Democratic primary against incumbent Speaker Pro-Tem Tommy Shannon, who was involved in the Sharpstown scandal. After leading the primary and winning the run-off, Schieffer was nominated by Democrats to run at age 24 and he won the general election that fall running county wide with more than 60% of the vote when the Democratic Presidential candidate received just over 30% of the county wide vote. Sworn in at age 25, Schieffer was one of the youngest members of the class of 1972, because of the scandal,77 of the 150 House members were freshman that year. Federal Judge James R. Nowlin was also a member of that class along with a number of other prominent Texans, the first piece of legislation Schieffer passed was a bill renaming the State Finance Building the Lyndon B. Johnson State Office Building. Johnson, whom Schieffer admired greatly for passing the civil rights bills of 1964,1965 and 1968 had died in January 1973. Schieffer was the author on the bill that established the first Presidential primary in Texas. He was also the author on the bill that restricted the catch of redfish along the Texas coast
5.
White House Chief of Staff
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The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest-ranking employee of the White House. With the creation of the new position of White House Chief Strategist by the Trump administration, the Chief of Staffs position is a modern successor to the earlier role of the presidents private secretary. The role was formalized as the assistant to the president in 1946, the Chief of Staff is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the president, it does not require Senate confirmation. Reince Priebus is the current Chief of Staff, the duties of the White House chief of staff vary greatly from one administration to another, and in fact, there is no legal requirement that the president even fill the position. Because of these duties, the chief of staff has at times been labeled The Gatekeeper. Originally, the duties now performed by the chief of staff belonged to the private secretary and were fulfilled by crucial confidants. Cortelyou, Joseph Tumulty, and Louis McHenry Howe to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, the job of gatekeeper and overseeing the presidents schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary, as with FDRs aide Edwin Pa Watson. From 1933 to 1939, as he expanded the scope of the federal governments policies and powers in response to the Great Depression. It was not until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelts second term in office, Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President, which would report directly to the president. In 1946, in response to the growth of the U. S. governments executive branch. Charged with the affairs of the White House, it was the predecessor to the modern chief of staff. It was in 1953, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, assistant to the president became a rank generally shared by the chief of staff with such senior aides as deputy chiefs of staff, the White House counsel, the White House press secretary, and others. This new system did not catch on immediately and this concentration of power in the Nixon and Ford White House led presidential candidate Jimmy Carter to campaign in 1976 with the promise that he would not appoint a chief of staff. And indeed, for the first two and a years of his presidency, he appointed no one to the post. The average term of service for a White House chief of staff is a little under 2.5 years, john R. Steelman, under Harry S. Truman, was the last chief of staff to serve for an entire presidential administration. Steelman also holds the record for longest-serving chief of staff, most White House chiefs of staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnsons chief of staff W. Marvin Watson became postmaster general later in LBJs term, richard Nixons Chief of Staff Alexander Haig became secretary of state under Ronald Reagan. Cheney later became a Congressman for Wyoming, secretary of defense under George H. W. Bush and vice president in the George W. Bush administration
6.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
7.
Donald Regan
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Before serving in the Reagan administration, Regan served as Chairman and CEO of Merrill Lynch from 1971 to 1980. He had worked at Merrill Lynch since 1946 and before this he had studied at Harvard University and served in the United States Marine Corps, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the son of Kathleen and William Francis Regan, he was of Irish Catholic origins. Regan earned his Bachelor of Arts in English from Harvard College in 1940 and he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel while serving in the Pacific theater, and was involved in five major campaigns including Guadalcanal and Okinawa. In 1942, Regan married the former Ann George Buchanan, with whom he had four children, Donna Regan Lefeve, Donald T. Regan, Jr. Richard William Regan and he held those positions until 1980. Regan was one of the directors of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation and was vice chairman of the New York Stock Exchange from 1973 to 1975. In large part thanks to his lobbying, fixed commissions were abolished in 1975, President Ronald Reagan selected Donald Regan in 1981 to serve as Treasury Secretary, marking him as a spokesman for his economic policies, dubbed Reaganomics. He helped engineer changes in the tax code, reduce income tax rates, Regan unexpectedly swapped jobs with then White House Chief of Staff James Baker in 1985. Regan was eventually forced to resign because he was unable to contain the political damage being done to President Reagan by public exposure of the Iran–Contra affair. And the horse you rode in on was a favorite of Regans and he learned it from a poker buddy in Texas who said fuck you and the horse you rode in on. Regan adopted the latter part of the phrase, in the portrait of Regan that hangs on the third floor of the treasury, the title of a book in the background reads And the Horse You Rode In On. Youve got to give loyalty down if you want loyalty up, speed it up was a phrase that Regan infamously said to Ronald Reagan during one of his speeches, as shown in Michael Moores documentary, Capitalism, A Love Story. Regan retired quietly in Virginia with Ann Regan, his wife of sixty years. Late in life, he spent nearly ten hours a day in his art studio painting landscapes, some of which sold for thousands of dollars, Regan had four children and nine grandchildren. He died of cancer on June 10,2003, at age 84, in a hospital near his home in Williamsburg, Virginia, biography as Secretary of the Treasury Donald Regan at Find a Grave
8.
Kenneth Duberstein
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Ken Duberstein served as U. S. President Ronald Reagans White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989. Duberstein was born to a Jewish family, in Brooklyn, New York and he graduated from Poly Prep Country Day School and Franklin and Marshall College and American University. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Franklin and Marshall in 1989, while in college he was a member of Zeta Beta Tau. He is married to Jacqueline Duberstein and has four children, during President Reagans two terms in office, he served as White House Chief of Staff, as well as both the Assistant and the Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs. Duberstein is said to be the first Jewish-American appointed as White House Chief of Staff, prior to joining the Administration, he was Vice President and Director of Business-Government Relations of the Committee for Economic Development. He returned to the sector between his various White House assignments as Vice President of Timmons & Company Inc, one of Washingtons top lobbying firms. Some of the clients include the American Petroleum Institute, Anheuser-Busch, Chrysler, Teva Pharmaceuticals, the American Council of Life Insurers, the American Medical Association. His earlier government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during the Ford Administration and he began his public service on Capitol Hill as an assistant to Senator Jacob K. Javits. Among the Board of Directors on which Mr. Duberstein serves are, The Boeing Company, ConocoPhillips and he also is on the Board of Governors for the American Stock Exchange and NASD, and has served on the Board of Directors of Fannie Mae. He serves on the board for Washington, DC based non-profit America Abroad Media. Prior to 1987, Duberstein served on the Commission for the Preservation of Americas Heritage Abroad and he was succeeded in that position by Betty Heitman, the co-chairwoman of the Republican National Committee from 1983 to 1987. In January 1989, Duberstein was awarded the Presidents Citizens Medal by President Reagan and he is chairman of the Ethics Committee for the U. S. Olympic Committee and served as vice chairman of the independent Special Bid Oversight Reform Commission for the U. S. Olympics Committee. He also appeared on Bloomberg alongside John Podesta, in an interview with CNNs Fareed Zakaria aired November 2,2008, Duberstein announced his support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama for president. This came after he was rebuffed by Sen. John McCain, Duberstein was also a consultant on the West Wing episodes 2162 Votes and Separation of Powers. In 2013, Duberstein was a signatory to an amicus brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. His position succeeded, as the court would go on to effectively legalize same-sex marriage in California and he is married to Jacqueline Fain, and has four children from a previous marriage, Jennifer, Jeff, Andy, and Samantha
9.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
10.
Ted Stevens
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Theodore Fulton Ted Stevens Sr. was a United States Senator from Alaska, whose tenure extended from December 24,1968, until January 3,2009. He was thus the longest serving Republican senator in history at the time he left office, his record was surpassed in January 2017 by Orrin Hatch of Utah. He was President pro tempore in the 108th and 109th Congresses from January 3,2003, to January 3,2007, Stevens served for six decades in the American public sector, beginning with his service in World War II. In 1952, his law career took him to Fairbanks, Alaska, in 1956, he returned to Washington D. C. to work in the Eisenhower Interior Department, where he played an important role in bringing about statehood for Alaska. He was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964, in 1968, Stevens ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for U. S. Senate, but was appointed to Alaskas other Senate seat when it became vacant later that year. He was also known for his sponsorship of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, in 2008, Stevens was embroiled in a federal corruption trial as he ran for re-election to the Senate. He was found guilty, and eight days later was defeated at the polls. Stevens is the most senior U. S, Senator to have ever lost a reelection bid. However, prior to sentencing, the indictment was dismissed—effectively vacating the conviction—when a Justice Department probe found evidence of prosecutorial misconduct. Many have argued the prosecution was unfair and politically motivated, Stevens died on August 9,2010, when a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter he and several others were flying in crashed en route to a private fishing lodge. The family later lived in Chicago, where George Stevens was an accountant before losing his job during the Great Depression, the only adult in the household with a job was Stevenss grandfather. Stevens helped to support the family by working as a newsboy, and would later remember selling many newspapers on March 1,1932, in 1934 Stevenss grandfather punctured a lung in a fall down a tall flight of stairs, contracted pneumonia, and died. Stevenss father, George, died in 1957 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Stevens and his cousin Patricia moved to Manhattan Beach, California, to live with Patricias mother, Gladys Swindells. After graduating from school in 1942, Stevens enrolled at Oregon State University to study engineering, attending for a semester. With World War II in progress, Stevens attempted to join the Navy and serve in Naval Aviation and he corrected his vision through a course of prescribed eye exercises, and in 1943 he was accepted into an Army Air Force Air Cadet program at Montana State College. After scoring near the top of an aptitude test for training, Stevens was transferred to preflight training in Santa Ana, California. Stevens served in the China-Burma-India theater with the Fourteenth Air Force Transport Section and he and other pilots in the transport section flew C-46 and C-47 transport planes, often without escort, mostly in support of Chinese units fighting the Japanese. Stevens received the Distinguished Flying Cross for flying behind enemy lines, the Air Medal, and he was discharged from the Army Air Forces in March 1946
11.
Robert Byrd
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Robert Carlyle Bob Byrd was a United States Senator from West Virginia. A member of the Democratic Party, Byrd served as a U. S, Representative from 1953 until 1959 and as a U. S. He was the longest-serving Senator in United States history, in addition, he was, at the time of his death, the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Congress, a record later surpassed by Representative John Dingell of Michigan. Byrd was the last remaining member of the U. S. Senate to have served during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, Byrd is also the only West Virginian to have served in both houses of the state legislature and both houses of Congress. Byrd served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1947 to 1950, initially elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1952, Byrd served there for six years before being elected to the Senate in 1958. As President pro tempore—a position he held four times in his career—he was third in the line of succession, after the Vice President. Serving three different tenures as Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations enabled Byrd to steer a great deal of money toward projects in West Virginia. Critics derided his efforts as pork barrel spending, while Byrd argued that the federal projects he worked to bring to West Virginia represented progress for the people of his state. He filibustered against the 1964 Civil Rights Act and supported the Vietnam War, but later renounced racism and segregation, renowned for his knowledge of Senate precedent and parliamentary procedure, Byrd wrote a four-volume history of the Senate in later life. Near the end of his life, Byrd was in declining health and was hospitalized several times and he died on June 28,2010, and was buried at Columbia Gardens Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Robert Byrd was born on November 20,1917 as Cornelius Calvin Sale, Jr. in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, to Cornelius Calvin Sale Sr. when he was ten months old, his mother died in the 1918 flu pandemic. In accordance with his mothers wishes, his father dispersed their children among relatives, Calvin Jr. was adopted by his aunt and uncle, Titus and Vlurma Byrd, who changed his name to Robert Carlyle Byrd and raised him in the coal-mining region of southern West Virginia. Byrd was valedictorian of his 1934 graduating class at Mark Twain High School in Tams, on May 29,1936, Byrd married Erma Ora James who was born to a coal mining family in Floyd County, Virginia. Her family moved to Raleigh County, West Virginia, where she met Byrd when they attended the high school. In the early 1940s, Byrd recruited 150 of his friends and associates to create a new chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in Sophia, according to Byrd, a Klan official told him, You have a talent for leadership, Bob. The country needs young men like you in the leadership of the nation, Byrd later recalled, Suddenly lights flashed in my mind. Someone important had recognized my abilities, I was only 23 or 24 years old, and the thought of a political career had never really hit me. But strike me that night, it did, Byrd became a recruiter and leader of his chapter
12.
Bob Dole
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In the 1976 presidential election, Dole was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President and incumbent President Gerald Fords running mate. He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 and 1988, in 1996, Dole secured the Republican nomination for President of the United States, but lost the general election to incumbent President Bill Clinton. Dole is currently a member of the council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington. Dole is married to former U. S. cabinet member and former U. S, Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Dole was born on July 22,1923, in Russell, Kansas, Doles father, who had moved the family to Russell shortly before Robert was born, earned money by running a small creamery. One of Doles fathers customers was the father of future Senator Arlen Specter, during the Great Depression, which severely impacted Kansas and its residents, the Dole family moved to the basement of their home and eventually rented out the upper floors to raise money. As a boy, Dole worked as a jerk in the local drug store. Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941, Dole had been a star high school athlete in Russell, and Kansas basketball coach Phog Allen traveled to Russell to recruit him to play for the Jayhawks basketball team. While at KU, Dole played for the team, the track team. In football, Dole played at the end position, earning varsity letters in 1942 and 1944, while in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and in 1970 was bestowed with the Fraternitys Man of the Year honor. Doles pre-med studies at KU were interrupted by World War II, after the war, Dole returned to become a law student. Dole attended the University of Arizona from 1948 to 1951 and earned both his law degree and BA degrees from Washburn University in 1952, Dole was initiated as a Freemason of Russell Lodge No. 177, Russell, Kansas on April 19,1955, Dole grew up in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence throughout his political career. In 1942, Dole joined the United States Armys Enlisted Reserve Corps to fight in World War II, Dole was transported to the United States, where his recovery was slow, interrupted by blood clots and a life-threatening infection. After large doses of penicillin had not succeeded, Dole overcame the infection with the administration of streptomycin and he nevertheless remained despondent, not ready to accept the fact that my life would be changed forever. He was encouraged to see Hampar Kelikian, an orthopedist in Chicago who had working with veterans returning from war. Dr. K, as Dole later came to call him, operated on him seven times, free of charge, and had, in Doles words. Dole recovered from his wounds at the Percy Jones Army Hospital, Dole was decorated three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with combat V for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman
13.
Hugh Scott
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Hugh Doggett Scott Jr. was an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1941 to 1945 and he also represented the state in the U. S. Senate from 1959 to 1977. As a Senator, he served as Senate Minority Leader from 1969 to 1977 and he was also chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1948 to 1949. The son of Hugh Doggett and Jane Lee Scott, Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. was born on an estate in Fredericksburg, Virginia, that was once owned by George Washington. His grandfather served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War under General John Hunt Morgan, after attending public schools in Fredericksburg, he studied at Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, Virginia, from which he graduated in 1919. He enrolled in the Student Reserve Officers Training Corps and the Students Army Training Corps during World War I and his interest in politics was established after frequently attending committee hearings in the Virginia House of Delegates. Scott was admitted to the bar in 1922 and then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, two years later, he married Marian Huntington Chase, to whom he remained married until her death in 1987, the couple had one daughter, Marian. Scott, who had become a worker for the Republican Party, was appointed assistant district attorney of Philadelphia in 1926. He served in that position until 1941, and claimed to have prosecuted more than 20,000 cases during his tenure, from 1938 to 1940, he served as a member of the Governors Commission on Reform of the Magistrates System. In 1940, after longtime Republican incumbent George Darrow decided to retire, at the time, the district was based in Northwest Philadelphia. He defeated Democratic candidate Gilbert Cassidy by a margin of 3,362 votes, in 1942, he was re-elected to a second term after defeating Democrat Thomas Minehart, a former Philadelphia City Councilman and future State Treasurer, receiving nearly 56% of the vote. In 1943, he became a member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati, in 1944, Scott was narrowly defeated for re-election by Democrat Herb McGlinchey, losing by 2,329 votes. He served in the U. S. Navy during the remainder of World War II and he handily defeated McGlinchey by a margin of more than 23,000 votes. He was subsequently re-elected to five more terms, during his tenure in the House, Scott established himself as a strong internationalist after voting in favor of the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, foreign aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan. He also earned a reputation as a moderate to liberal Republican, supporting public housing, rent control, facing staunch opposition from Ohio Senator Bob Taft, Scott barely survived a no-confidence ballot but nevertheless resigned as RNC chairman. He later served as chairman for Dwight D. Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. In 1958, after fellow Republican Edward Martin declined to run for re-election and he narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent, Governor George Leader, by a margin of 51 to 48 percent. Scott continued his progressive voting record in the Senate, opposing President Eisenhowers veto of a bill in 1959
14.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
15.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
16.
Ross Bass
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Ross Bass was an American florist, postmaster, Congressman and United States Senator from Tennessee. Bass was the son of a circuit-riding Methodist minister in rural Giles County, attended the public schools. He joined the Army Air Corps during World War II, becoming a bombardier, after his 1945 discharge Bass opened a flower shop in Pulaski, the county seat. He was named postmaster of Pulaski in 1946, serving until 1954, in 1954, Bass was elected as a Democratic U. S. Congressman from Tennessees 6th District, which included Pulaski and he was the only Representative from the rural South to vote for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1963, Senator Estes Kefauver died in office, governor Frank G. Clement made no secret that he wanted to run in the special election due in 1964 for the final two years of Kefauvers term. However, rather than appoint himself to the seat, he appointed one of his members, Herbert S. Walters. However, Clements plan backfired when Bass defeated him in the Democratic primary held in August. In November, Bass defeated the Republican nominee, Howard Baker by only 4.7 percentage points—the closest that a Republican had come to winning election to the Senate from Tennessee at the time, Bass became Tennessees junior Senator and prepared to run for a full term in 1966. However, this proved problematic for Bass. Clement still desired the seat for himself, especially since he could not run for reelection as governor in 1966 and he wanted to avoid being forced out of politics, as he had once before when faced with term limits the first time in 1958. Bass lost the August 1966 Democratic primary to Clement, even though he received 10% more votes than in the previous election, since Tennessee does not have registration by party, Bass loss was widely attributed to a large Republican crossover vote. Bass subsequently made two attempts to re-enter politics and he ran for the 1974 Democratic nomination for governor, but finished fifth in a nine-candidate field—well behind the eventual winner, Ray Blanton. Bass strong opposition to capital punishment was thought to have contributed to what was a surprisingly weak finish for a former Senator. In 1976 he entered the Democratic primary for his former House seat, the district, however, had been significantly redrawn since his previous service. Bass found himself running in an amount of territory that he did not know. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1967, after his 1976 loss, he moved to Florida, where he lived in Miami Shores until his death of lung cancer in 1993, aged 74, survived by his second wife, Jacqui. His first cousin is actor Dewey Martin, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
17.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
18.
Huntsville, Tennessee
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Huntsville is a town in Scott County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 981 at the 2000 census and 1,248 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Scott County. Huntsville was named after a hunter known only by the surname Hunt. This long hunter camped under a shelter in the mid-18th century. When Scott County was formed in 1849, Huntsville was chosen as the county due to the sites central location within the new county as well as an excellent spring that flowed across the property. During the U. S. Civil War, Scott County was staunchly pro-Union, in Tennessees June 1861 referendum on secession, the county voted 541-19 against secession, the highest percentage of any county in Tennessee. In spite of opposition from Scott and other East Tennessee counties. Later that year, Scott County voted unanimously to secede from Tennessee, in 1906, a new courthouse square was built in Huntsville using a beige-colored native sandstone for the buildings outer walls. Although the courthouse burned in 1946, two of these sandstone buildings remain— the First National Bank building and the Old Scott County Jail, both have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Baker family, which arrived in the Huntsville area shortly after the Civil War, has active in state. James F. Baker was an attorney and newspaper publisher. Bakers son, Howard H. Baker, Sr. was the Republican candidate for governor of Tennessee in 1938 and later served in the U. S. House of Representatives. Howard H. Baker, Jr. son of Howard Sr. was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1966, Baker later served as Senate Majority Leader and White House Chief of Staff. Huntsville is located at 36°24′39″N 84°29′42″W, the town is situated atop the Cumberland Plateau at just over 10 miles west of the plateaus eastern escarpment. Huntsvilles southern boundary is located along a series of cliffs overlooking New River, Huntsville is surrounded by low mountains and hills that comprise the southern section of the Cumberland Mountains. Huntsvilles town center is situated along Tennessee State Route 63, although the municipal boundaries stretch westward to TN-63s junction with U. S. Route 27. TN-63 intersects Interstate 75 approximately 15 miles east of Huntsville, near the base of the Cumberland Plateau, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.3 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 981 people,406 households, the population density was 295.3 people per square mile
19.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
20.
Nancy Kassebaum
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Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker is an American politician who represented the State of Kansas in the United States Senate from 1978 to 1997. She is the daughter of Alf Landon, who was Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937 and the 1936 Republican nominee for president, and she was the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate without her husband having previously served in Congress. Baker was born Nancy Landon in Topeka, Kansas, the daughter of Theo and she attended Topeka High School and graduated in 1950. She graduated from the University of Kansas in Lawrence in 1954, in 1956, she received a masters degree in diplomatic history from the University of Michigan, where she met her first husband, Philip Kassebaum. They settled in Maize, Kansas, where they raised four children and she worked as vice president of Kassebaum Communications, a family-owned company that operated several radio stations. Kassebaum also served on the Maize School Board, in 1975, Kassebaum and her husband were legally separated, their divorce became final in 1979. She worked in Washington, D. C. as a caseworker for Senator James B. Pearson of Kansas in 1975 and she was also the first woman to represent Kansas in the Senate. At the time that she entered the race, Kassebaum was legally separated from her husband Philip and she chose to use the name Nancy Landon Kassebaum to capitalize on the political fame of her father. She defeated eight other Republicans in the 1978 primary elections to replace retiring Republican James B. Pearson, after her first few years in office, her maiden name was used less and less as the senator established her own credibility and credentials as a federal lawmaker. For the rest of her career, she was primarily known as Nancy Kassebaum. She was re-elected to her Senate seat in 1984 and 1990 and she was also active in foreign policy. Early in her career, she was tapped to serve as Temporary Chairperson of the 1980 Republican National Convention. Presiding over the first two days of the convention, her appointment to that role was seen by many as a nod from the Reagan campaign to the moderate and liberal wings of the party. Kassebaum voted to confirm Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court in 1991 and she is an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. She is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One, in 1996, she married former U. S. Senator Howard Baker, Jr. of Tennessee and her son, William Kassebaum, is a former member of the Kansas House of Representatives. Her other son, filmmaker Richard Kassebaum, died of a brain tumor August 27,2008 at the age of 47, as of 2015, she currently resides at a family ranch near Burdick, Kansas. Women in the United States Senate Congressional Biography Appearances on C-SPAN Kassebaum, to Form a More Perfect Union Presidential Studies Quarterly 18, 241-49
21.
Tulane University
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Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is generally considered the top university and the most selective institution of education in the state of Louisiana. From a nationwide perspective, U. S. News & World Report categorizes Tulane as most selective, the school is known to attract a geographically diverse student body, with 85% of undergraduate students coming from over 300 miles away. The school was founded as a medical college in 1834. The institution was privatized under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884, Tulane is the 9th oldest private university in the Association of American Universities, which consists of major research universities in the United States and Canada. The Tulane University Law School and Tulane University Medical School are considered the 12th oldest and 15th oldest law and medical schools, respectively, members of Congress, heads of Federal agencies, two Surgeon Generals of the United States, U. S. At least two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University, the university was founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 partly as a response to the fears of smallpox, yellow fever, and cholera in the United States. The university became only the medical school in the South. In 1847, the legislature established the school as the University of Louisiana, a public university. Subsequently, in 1851, the university established its first academic department, the first president chosen for the new university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War, after reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nations economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a dry goods and clothing business. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund and this act created the Tulane University of Louisiana. The university was privatized, and is one of only a few American universities to be converted from a public institution to a private one. In 1884, William Preston Johnston became the first president of Tulane and he had succeeded Robert E. Lee as president of Washington and Lee University after Lees death. He had moved to Louisiana and become president of Louisiana State University, in 1885, the university established its graduate division, later becoming the Graduate School. One year later, gifts from Josephine Louise Newcomb totaling over $3.6 million, Newcomb was the first coordinate college for women in the United States and became a model for such institutions as Pembroke College and Barnard College. In 1894 the College of Technology formed, which would become the School of Engineering
22.
Sewanee: The University of the South
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Sewanee, The University of the South, also known as Sewanee, is a private, residential, coeducational liberal arts college located in Sewanee, Tennessee, United States. It is owned by 28 southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church, the universitys School of Letters offers graduate degrees in American Literature and Creative Writing. The campus consists of 13,000 acres of scenic mountain property atop the Cumberland Plateau, the school was ranked 45th in the 2015 U. S. News & World Report list of liberal arts colleges. In 2016, Forbes ranked it 94th on its Americas Top Colleges list, Sewanee is a member of the Associated Colleges of the South. The goal was to create a Southern university free of Northern influences, as one of its founders, Bishop James Otey of Tennessee put it, the new university will materially aid the South to resist and repel a fanatical domination which seeks to rule over us. John Armfield, co-owner of Franklin and Armfield was by far the most influential in bankrolling the new university, today, Sewanee admits students from all backgrounds and downplays the short-lived role of this notorious slave trader in the Universitys founding. A few were donated back to the university, and a fragment was eventually installed in a wall of All Saints Chapel. Several figures later prominent in the Confederacy, notably Bishop-General Leonidas Polk, Bishop Stephen Elliott, generals Edmund Kirby Smith, Josiah Gorgas and Francis A. Shoup were prominent in the universitys postbellum revival and continuance. Because of the damage and disruptions during the Civil War, construction came to a temporary halt, in 1866 building was resumed, and this date is sometimes used as the re-founding of the university and the year from which it has maintained continuous operations. The universitys first convocation was held on September 18,1868, with nine students, rev. Quintard is known as the Re-Founder of the University of the South. Schools of dentistry, engineering, law, medicine, and nursing once existed, however, for financial reasons it was eventually decided to focus on the College and the School of Theology. In June 2006, Sewanee opened its School of Letters, a graduate school. The School of Letters offers a Master of Arts in American Literature, the institution has combined its two historical names in all university publications that are not official documents and bills itself as Sewanee, The University of the South. In the past, though, unorganized use of official name. To avoid confusion and to honor the history and character of the institution, so, for extended audiences unfamiliar with the institution, the naming convention Sewanee, The University of the South should be used on a first reference. Subsequent references may be to Sewanee or the University, when this naming system was proposed in 2004, it was misinterpreted by some alumni to reflect a change in the official name of the university. A minor scandal ensued, with more conservative commentators insinuating that the change was intended to distance the university from its association with Southern culture. The Sewanee campus overlooks the Tennessee Valley, consisting of 13,000 acres on the Cumberland Plateau and it includes many buildings constructed of various materials faced with local stone, most done in the Gothic style
23.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
24.
University of Tennessee
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The University of Tennessee is a public sun- and land-grant university in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states, in its 2017 universities ranking, U. S. News & World Report ranked UT 103rd among all national universities and 46th among public institutions of higher learning. Seven alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars, James M. Buchanan,41, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics. Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker, the university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center, which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee. UT is one of the oldest public universities in the United States, when Samuel Carrick, its first president and only faculty member, died in 1809, the school was temporarily closed until 1820. When it reopened, it began experiencing growing pains, thomas Jefferson had previously recommended that the college leave its confining single building in the city and relocate to a place it could spread out. Ironically, in the Summer of 1826, the trustees explored Barbara Hill as a potential site, in 1840, the college was elevated to East Tennessee University. Tennessee was a member of the Confederacy in 1862 when the Morrill Act was passed, on February 28,1867, Congress passed a special Act making the State of Tennessee eligible to participate in the Morrill Act of 1862 program. In January 1869, ETU was designated as Tennessees recipient of the Land-Grant designation, in accepting the funds, the university would focus upon instructing students in military, agricultural, and mechanical subjects. ETU eventually received $396,000 as its endowment under the program, Trustees soon approved the establishment of a medical program under the auspices of the Nashville School of Medicine and added advanced degree programs. East Tennessee University was renamed the University of Tennessee in 1879 by the state legislature, during World War II, UT was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. The campus is headed by a Chancellor who functions as the executive officer of the campus, responsible for its daily administration. The chancellor reports to the president of the university system and is elected annually by the UT Board of Trustees at the recommendation of the system president, jimmy Cheek has been Chancellor of the Knoxville campus since February 1,2009. Joseph A. DiPietro has been president since January 1,2011. Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Susan D. Martin is responsible for the administration of the Knoxville campus. On December 15,2016 the UT Board of Trustees confirmed Dr. Beverly J. Davenport as the next Chancellor of the Knoxville campus and she will begin her role on February 15,2017. Campus policing and security is provided by the University of Tennessee Police Department.4 percent from 2000 to 2009, many doctors and nurses at UTMC have integrated careers as teachers and healthcare professionals, and the center promotes itself as the areas only academic, or teaching hospital. The new UT Medical Center Heart Hospital received its first patient on April 27,2010, in Fall 2016, the university enrolled 21,863 undergraduate and 5,982 graduate and professional students, 50% of students are female, 50% are male
25.
Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
26.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
27.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
28.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
29.
Watergate scandal
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When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
30.
Watergate complex
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The Watergate complex is a group of five buildings in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D. C. in the United States. Covering a total of 10 acres next to the John F, the complex has been sold several times since the 1980s. In the 1990s, it was split up and its component buildings, the investigation into the burglary revealed that high officials in the Nixon administration had ordered the break-in and then tried to cover up their involvement. The ensuing Watergate scandal, named for the complex, led to Nixons resignation on August 9,1974, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political scandals in the United States and elsewhere. The Watergate superblock is bounded on the north by Virginia Avenue, on the east by New Hampshire Avenue, on the south by F Street and it is in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood overlooking the Potomac River, next to the Kennedy Center and the embassy of Saudi Arabia. The nearest Metro station,0.4 miles distant, is Foggy Bottom-GWU, Gas production ceased at the site in 1947, and the plant was demolished shortly thereafter. C. The name Watergate relates to numerous aspects of its physical and historical context, the complex sits near the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which operated from 1831 to 1924 and is now a National Historical Park. A large wooden water gate marks the point where the canal meets the Potomac River, land once owned by the canal company was part of the 10-acre site purchased in 1960 by the projects developer, Rome-based Società Generale Immobiliare. Another namesake is the restaurant, the Water Gate Inn. Instead, beginning in 1935, the steps faced a floating stage on the Potomac River on which open-air concerts were held. Up to 12,000 people would sit on the steps and surrounding grass and listen to symphonies, military bands, the music venue was depicted in scenes in the motion pictures Houseboat and Born Yesterday. The barge concerts ended in 1965 when jet service began at National Airport. The Watergate complex was developed by the Italian firm SGI, the company purchased the 10 acres that belonged to the defunct Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in February 1960 for $10 million. The project was announced on October 21,1960, Italian Luigi Moretti of the University of Rome was the chief architect, and Milton Fischer of the D. C. -based firm of Corning, Moore, Elmore and Fischer the associate architect. The apartment buildings included two-story units on the first and second floors, the design for the entire complex also envisioned an electronic security system so extensive that the press claimed intruders will have difficulty getting onto the grounds undetected. Boris V. Timchenko, a noted D. C, landscape features such as planters would also be used to create privacy barriers between apartments. The complex was the first mixed-use development in the District of Columbia, the Watergate complex was intended to be a city within a city, and provide so many amenities that residents would not need to leave. At the time, it was also the largest renewal effort in the District of Columbia undertaken solely with private funds, the Watergates curved structures were designed to emulate two nearby elements
31.
Presidency of Richard Nixon
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He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford, who had become vice president nine months earlier, following Spiro Agnews resignation from office. A Republican, Nixon took office after the 1968 presidential election, in which he defeated Hubert Humphrey, four years later, in 1972, Nixon won reelection in a landslide victory over George McGovern. Overall, he won 60. 7% of the popular vote, Nixon, the 37th United States president, succeeded Lyndon B. Johnson, who had launched the Great Society, a set of domestic programs financed, in contrast, Nixon advocated a New Federalism domestic program model, one in which certain powers would devolve back to the states. Nixons primary focus while in office was on foreign affairs, Nixon pursued a detente with the Peoples Republic of China, taking advantage of the Sino-Soviet split and significantly altering the nature of the Cold War. Nixons many accomplishments as president were however, largely overshadowed by the scandals that enveloped his administration, regarding his lasting legacy, historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term, Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20,1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2,4, which reads, They shall beat their swords into plowshares, in his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. Nixon made fifteen international trips during his presidency and his first was an eight-day European visit starting in Brussels on February 23,1969. He met with Britain’s Prime Minister Harold Wilson in London and Frances President Charles de Gaulle in Paris and he also stopped in Bonn, Berlin and Rome and met with Pope Paul VI in Vatican City. He also made groundbreaking trips to several Eastern European Communist nations, including, Romania, Yugoslavia, even those who hated Nixons presidency occasionally praise his work in China. The extent to which his visit had any consequences of note, however. Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, with whom the President worked closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China, Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials. On July 15,1971, it was announced by Beijing. The secrecy allowed both sets of time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact. In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China, Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation. Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One, Nixon made a point of shaking Zhous hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva
32.
Nixon White House tapes
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The system was subsequently expanded to include other rooms within the White House and Camp David. The recording system was turned off on July 18,1973, Nixon was not the first president to record his White House conversations, the practice was initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. Nixons refusal of a subpoena to release the tapes constituted an article of impeachment against Nixon. On August 19,2013, the Nixon Library and the National Archives, just prior to assuming office in January 1969, President Nixon learned that his predecessor, Lyndon Johnson, had installed a system to record his meetings and telephone calls. According to his Chief of Staff H. R, at Nixons request, Haldeman and his staff—including Deputy Assistant Alexander Butterfield—then worked with the United States Secret Service to install a recording system. On February 16,1971 a taping system was installed in two rooms in the White House, namely, the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room. The system was installed and monitored by the Secret Service, significant phone lines were tapped as well, including those in the Oval Office and the Lincoln Sitting Room, which was Nixons favorite room in the White House. All audio equipment was sound-activated, except in the Cabinet Room, by design, only very few individuals knew of the existence of the taping system, Butterfield, Haldemans assistant Lawrence Higby, and the Secret Service technicians who had installed it. The recordings were produced on as many as nine Sony TC-800B machines using very thin 0.5 mil tape at the slow speed of 15/16 inches per second. The tapes contain more than 3,000 hours of conversation, hundreds of hours are of discussions on foreign policy, including planning for the 1972 Nixon visit to China and subsequent visit to the Soviet Union. Only 200 hours of the 3,500 contain references to Watergate, the existence of the White House taping system was first confirmed by Senate Committee staff member Donald Sanders, on July 13,1973, in an interview with White House aide Alexander Butterfield. Three days later, it was made public during the testimony of Butterfield. On July 16,1973, Butterfield told the committee in a hearing that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations. On October 19,1973, he offered a compromise, Nixon proposed that U. S, senator John C. Stennis review and summarize the tapes for accuracy and report his findings to the special prosecutors office. Special prosecutor Archibald Cox refused the compromise and on Saturday, October 20,1973, Richardson refused and resigned instead, then Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus was asked to dismiss Cox but refused and was subsequently fired. Solicitor General and acting head of the Justice Department Robert Bork discharged Cox, Nixon appointed Leon Jaworski special counsel on November 1,1973. While playing the tape on a Uher 5000, she answered a phone call, reaching for the Uher 5000 stop button, she said that she mistakenly hit the button next to it, the record button. For the duration of the call, about 5 minutes, she kept her foot on the devices pedal
33.
Operation Sandwedge
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Operation Sandwedge was a proposed clandestine intelligence-gathering operation against the political enemies of the Richard Nixon presidential administration. The proposals were put together by H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, the operation was planned to help Nixons 1972 re-election campaign. Operation Sandwedge included proposed surveillance of Nixons enemies to gather information on their status and sexual activities. Liddys plan eventually led to the downfall of Nixons presidency, which Caulfield believed would have been avoided had Sandwedge been acted upon. In 1968, Richard Nixon, the United States Republican Party nominee, won the presidential election, Nixon appointed H. R. Haldeman as his Chief of Staff, this position granted Haldeman a relatively large degree of control over the activities of the presidential administration. Haldeman had first worked for Nixon in 1956, during Nixons successful bid for the vice-presidency under Dwight D. Eisenhower, by 1971, Nixons staff were receiving a cursory intelligence report from Haldemans assistant, Gordon C. Strachan, Strachans reports essentially collated information about political rallies and campaign groups that had already gathered by the police. Muskie was a Democratic senator who had been Humphreys 1968 vice-presidential candidate, in late 1971, John Dean, the White House Counsel, pushed to expand the existing intelligence program ahead of the 1972 re-election campaign. Dean delegated the task to Jack Caulfield, a member of his staff who was a former New York police officer. John Ehrlichman, a friend of Haldeman, who had also served as White House Counsel, had been part of the operations inception. Caulfields work to this end had already resulted in two wiretaps on phone lines—one on Nixons brother Donald, and another on journalist Joseph Kraft, the investigations and surveillance would, in part, assess how the anti-Vietnam War movement could damage Nixons campaign. Kennedy, a Democrat and former Attorney General, Caulfield noted that this firm had the potential to employ formidable and sophisticated intelligence-gathering techniques, and Sandwedge was his attempt to create a Republican counterpart to it. The plan would involve black bag operations, targeting political enemies of the campaign, electronic surveillance was also an element of the proposal, with plans to scrutinize the private lives of the targets, including their tax records and sexual habits. Herb Kalmbach, Nixons own attorney, transferred $50,000 to Caulfield at the request of John N. Mitchell, Mitchell had served as Attorney General under Nixons first term, and directed the 1972 re-election campaign. Caulfield was also given responsibility for the salary of Tony Ulasewicz, however, Strachan, Dean and other staff members were frustrated at the pace of Caulfields development of the project. During this time, Caulfield recruited James W. McCord, Jr. a retired CIA officer, to protect the offices of the Republican National Convention, McCord would later be directly employed by CRP from January 1972. Caulfield also sent Ulasewicz to the offices of Paul McCloskey in New Hampshire. McCloskey was a Republican senator for California, who was running for the presidential nomination against Nixon on a platform opposing the Vietnam War
34.
Operation Gemstone
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The first meeting occurred in the Attorney Generals Washington, D. C. office at 11,00 a. m. on January 27,1972. Liddys proposals would cost approximately $1 million to enact, according to all four participants of the January 27 meeting, Attorney General Mitchell declared, with some evident sarcasm, Gordon, thats not quite what I had in mind. It was just an incredible thing, the second meeting occurred one week later, on February 4,1972, again at Mitchells office. The participants of this meeting were the four men as the first. Dean himself later testified that he arrived late to the meeting. Liddy, Magruder, and Mitchell all disputed this claim, at the February 4 meeting, Liddy proposed a scaled-down plan that would cost $500,000 to enact. Beginning in April 1973, as the Watergate scandal began to unravel, Magruder, for his part, Liddy remained silent until the publication of his memoir Will in April 1980. However, all four men have stated that the February 4 meeting adjourned without Mitchell having expressed any approval for any of Liddys plans
35.
United States presidential election, 1972
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The United States presidential election of 1972, the 47th quadrennial presidential election was held on Tuesday, November 7,1972. Overall, he won 60. 7% of the popular vote, Johnson’s in 1964, but with a larger margin of victory in the popular vote, thus becoming the fourth largest in presidential election history. He received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern, the widest margin of any United States presidential election. McGovern only won the votes in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. It was also the first time that Hawaii was carried by a Republican, together with the House and Senate elections of 1972, it was the first electoral event in which people aged 18 to 20 could vote in every state, according to the provisions of the 26th Amendment. It was also the first election in which California had the most votes in the electoral college, furthermore, the presidential term of 1973–1977 is notable for being the only one in American history in which both the original President and Vice President fail to complete the term. Ultimately, the 1973–77 term would see two different Presidents and three different Vice Presidents, as of 2016, this is the last time Minnesota voted for the Republican candidate. Overall, fifteen people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination, mcCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota Henry M. C. The favorite for the Democratic nomination then became Senator Ed Muskie, Muskie’s momentum collapsed just prior to the New Hampshire primary, when the so-called Canuck letter was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. Subsequently, the published an attack on the character of Muskie’s wife Jane, reporting that she drank. Muskie made a defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper’s offices during a snowstorm. Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing. On January 25,1972, New York Representative Shirley Chisholm announced she would run, Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink also announced she would run and became the first Asian American to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. On April 25, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary, once middle America – Catholic middle America, in particular – finds this out, he’s dead. ”The label stuck and McGovern became known as the candidate of amnesty, abortion, and acid. It became Humphrey’s battle cry to stop McGovern—especially in the Nebraska primary, alabama Governor George Wallace, an anti-integrationist, did well in the South and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North. What might have become a campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down, the day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign and he pulled out in July. In the end, McGovern won the nomination by winning primaries through grassroots support in spite of establishment opposition, McGovern had led a commission to re-design the Democratic nomination system after the divisive nomination struggle and convention of 1968
36.
Saturday Night Massacre
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When Cox issued a subpoena to President Nixon, asking for copies of taped conversations recorded in the Oval Office and authorized by Nixon, the President initially refused to comply. Cox refused the compromise that evening and it was believed that there would be a short rest in the legal maneuvering while government offices were closed for the weekend. However, on the following day Nixon ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox, Richardson refused, and resigned in protest. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox, Nixon then ordered the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, to fire Cox. Both Richardson and Ruckelshaus had given assurances to Congressional oversight committees that they would not interfere. Although Bork later claimed that he believed Nixons order to be valid and appropriate, nevertheless, having been brought to the White House by limousine and sworn in as Acting Attorney General, Bork wrote the letter firing Cox. Congress was infuriated by the act, which was seen as an abuse of presidential power. The public sent in a large number of telegrams to both the White House and Congress. In the days followed, numerous resolutions of impeachment against the president were introduced in Congress. Nixon was compelled to allow Bork to appoint a new special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, there was a question whether Jaworski would limit the investigation to the Watergate burglary alone, or follow Coxs lead and also look at broader corrupt activities, such as the White House Plumbers. As it turned out, Jaworski also looked at broader corrupt activities, while Nixon continued to refuse to turn over the actual tapes, he agreed to release transcripts of a large number of them. Nixon cited the fact that any audio pertinent to national security information would have to be redacted from the tapes, there was further controversy on November 7, when an 18½-minute portion of one tape was found to have been erased. Nixons personal secretary, Rose Mary Woods, said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the foot pedal on her tape player while answering the phone. Later forensic analysis determined that the tape had been erased in several segments—at least five, Nixons presidency succumbed to mounting pressure resulting from the Watergate scandal and its cover-up. In the face of certain removal from office through the impeachment process against him, the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 was a direct result of the Saturday Night Massacre. In his posthumously published memoirs, Bork stated that Nixon promised him the seat on the Supreme Court following Borks role in the firings. Nixon was unable to carry out the promise after his resignation, but Ronald Reagan nominated Bork for the Supreme Court in 1987, though he was rejected by the Senate
37.
White House horrors
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The revelation of their existence and scope is among the many events of the Watergate scandal. More than 70 people were convicted of related to Watergate. Here is a listing of much of the criminality involved, Breaking into Daniel Ellsbergs psychiatrists office, Mitchell gave approval to the break-in at the Watergate. Charles Colson proposed firebombing the Brookings Institution and seizing politically damaging documents the President wanted destroyed, E. Howard Hunt fabricated documents implicating John F. Kennedy in the assassination of South Vietnamese President Diem. John Ehrlichman ordered FBI Director L. Patrick Gray to take possession of the files in Hunts safe, Gray destroyed the evidence from Hunts safe. Watergate investigator Henry E. Petersen gave John Dean secret grand jury testimony, Gray at the FBI gave Dean access to all FBI investigation files. Creation of the White House Plumbers to plug leaks through the use of illegal wiretaps, operation Sandwedge, The Jack Caulfield operation designed to orchestrate a massive campaign to spy on the Democrats. Ehrlichman claimed he did not know in advance about the Ellsberg break-in, Gemstone, The Liddy operation to kidnap students who might disrupt the Republican convention in 1972, use prostitutes to compromise Democratic politicians. Attorney General Mitchell objected to the plan on the grounds it cost too much, Mitchell, Haldeman and Jeb Magruder approved of Gemstone. Hush money paid to Watergate break-in defendants, Nixon promised clemency to Watergate criminals. Caulfield sent to Chappaquiddick Island to pose as a reporter to dig up dirt on Ted Kennedy before all the leaks, charles Colson was guilty of offering clemency to Hunt at Nixons orders. Nixon told Petersen to stay out of the Ellsberg psychiatrists break-in on the grounds that an investigation would compromise national security, Nixon proposed to Alexander Haig and Fred Buzhardt that they fabricate evidence—a missing dictabelt tape—wanted by Judge John Sirica, both refused. Nixon ordered the IRS to audit the tax returns of Larry OBrien, Nixon ordered the IRS to stop an investigation of Howard Hughes. Huston Plan, In June 1970 Tom Huston persuaded the heads of the CIA, DIA, and NSA to approve a plan for black bag jobs against enemies of the Nixon administration
38.
United States v. Nixon
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United States v. Nixon,418 U. S. Issued on July 24,1974, the ruling was important to the stages of the Watergate scandal. United States v. Nixon is considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any U. S. president to claim executive privilege. Burger wrote the opinion for a court, joined by Justices William O. Douglas, William J. Brennan, Potter Stewart, Byron White, Thurgood Marshall, Harry Blackmun. Burger, Blackmun and Powell were appointed to the Court by Nixon during his first term, associate Justice William Rehnquist, a Nixon appointee, recused himself as he had previously served in the Nixon administration as Assistant Attorney General. The Watergate scandal began during the 1972 Presidential campaign between Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota and President Nixon. On June 17,1972, about five months before the election, five burglars broke into Democratic headquarters located in the Watergate building complex in Washington. In May 1973, Nixons Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, appointed Archibald Cox to the position of special prosecutor, in October 1973, Nixon arranged to have Cox fired in the Saturday Night Massacre. However, public outrage forced Nixon to appoint a new special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, in April 1974, Jaworski obtained a subpoena ordering Nixon to release certain tapes and papers related to specific meetings between the President and those indicted by the grand jury. Those tapes and the conversations they revealed were believed to contain damaging evidence involving the indicted men, hoping Jaworski and the public would be satisfied, Nixon turned over edited transcripts of 43 conversations, including portions of twenty conversations demanded by the subpoena. St. Clair, Nixons attorney, then requested Judge John Sirica of the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia to quash the subpoena. While arguing before Sirica, St. Sirica denied Nixons motion, both Nixon and Jaworski appealed directly to the Supreme Court which heard arguments on July 8. Nixons attorney argued the matter should not be subject to judicial resolution since the matter was a dispute within the executive branch, also, he claimed Special Prosecutor Jaworski had not proven the requested materials were absolutely necessary for the trial of the seven men. Besides, he claimed Nixon had an executive privilege to protect communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in carrying out their duties. Less than three weeks after oral arguments, the Court issued its decision, the justices struggled to write an opinion that all eight could agree to. The stakes were so high, in that the tapes most likely contained evidence of wrongdoing by the President and his men. All contributed to the opinion and Chief Justice Burger delivered the unanimous decision, the Court rejected Nixons claim to an absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances. Nixon was ordered to deliver the materials to the District Court
39.
Richard Nixon's resignation speech
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Richard Nixons resignation speech was an address made on August 8,1974, by President of the United States Richard Nixon to the American public. It was delivered in the White House Oval Office, the scandal had cost Nixon much of his political support, and at the time of his resignation he faced almost certain impeachment and removal from office. Nixon was the incumbent president not to complete the four-year term to which they had been elected since the presidency was established in 1789. He was however, the first to do so for an other than dying in office. His resignation remains the one in U. S. On the evening of August 7, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger informed Nixon that his thought he should resign “in the national interest. Nixon agreed to resign, so speechwriter Raymond K. Price wrote the speech for Nixon the same evening, at the Oval Office the next day, the speech was taped and then broadcast. The speech was also broadcast live on public radio, jack Nelson of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Nixons speech chose to look ahead, rather than focus on his term. The Times of London article Mr, in his book Nixon, Ruin and Recovery 1973-1990, Stephen Ambrose finds that response from United States media to Nixon’s speech was generally favorable. This book cites provides Roger Mudd of CBS News as an example of someone who disliked the speech, Mudd noted that Nixon re-framed his resignation speech to accent his accomplishments rather than to apologize for the Watergate scandal
40.
Inauguration of Gerald Ford
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The inauguration marked the commencement of Gerald Fords only term as President. Chief Justice Warren Burger administered the oath of office, the Bible upon which Ford recited the oath was held by his wife, Betty Ford, open to Proverbs 3, 5-6. Ford had become Vice President on December 6,1973, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew and he was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Thus, when he succeeded Nixon, Ford became the first person to have both the office of Vice President and President without having been elected to either. At 9,00 am the morning, Nixon gave a farewell talk to an East Room assembly of White House staff and selected dignitaries, including the Cabinet. It was an event, with President Nixon nearly breaking down a number of times. The nuclear codes were left with Ford, nixons resignation was tendered to United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at 11,35 am. At that moment, Ford became the 38th President of the United States, once the former President Nixon left the building, the White House staff began preparations for Fords swearing in. More chairs were added for the larger crowd of invited guests than was at the farewell. The oath was administered to Ford by Chief Justice Warren Burger in the White House East Room, Chief Justice Burger was traveling in the Netherlands at the time, and was flown back to Washington on an Air Force plane. And I hope that such prayers will also be the first of many, if you have not chosen me by secret ballot, neither have I gained office by any secret promises. I have not campaigned either for the Presidency or the Vice Presidency, I have not subscribed to any partisan platform. I am indebted to no man, and only to one woman—my dear wife and my fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over. Our Constitution works, our great Republic is a government of laws, but there is a higher Power, by whatever name we honor Him, who ordains not only righteousness but love, not only justice but mercy. Immediately after the 850 word address was over, Ford introduced his new secretary, Jerald terHorst to the press corps. Ford asked Henry Kissinger to stay on as Secretary of State in the new Administration, later that day, Ford met with ambassadors of the NATO nations. Presidency of Gerald Ford Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford Watergate scandal Gerald Ford Inauguration on YouTube
41.
Bernard Barker
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Bernard Leon Barker was a Watergate burglar. He had a career as an undercover operative. Barker was born in Havana, to a Russian American father, therefore, Barker was a dual citizen of Cuba and the United States. At the age of 16, Barker joined the ABC, a group opposed to then president Gerardo Machado Morales. It was during this period that he acquired the nickname Macho, worried by these developments, Barkers father sent him to live in the United States. In 1935 Barker became an American citizen, but he returned to Cuba in order to study at the University of Havana, on his thirteenth combat mission, he was shot down on a bombing raid to Brunswick, Germany, February 10,1944. The Germans held him as a prisoner of war at Stalag Luft I in Barth, the Red Army liberated the camp on May 2,1945. After the war, Barker returned to Cuba and joined the police under Fulgencio Batista. He was later recruited by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and worked for them as an undercover agent and he also did work for the Central Intelligence Agency. He joined the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, some conspiracy theorists accused Barker as being involved in the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy. In September 1971, his former CIA superior, E. Howard Hunt, recruited him for the Plumbers and he was recruited by Hunt to find background information on Daniel Ellsberg. Ellsberg was under watch for leaking the Pentagon Papers, a series of articles featured in the New York Times in 1971 detailing U. S. government secrets concerning the Vietnam Wars history. Along with Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, Barker broke into the office of Ellsbergs psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding, the missions purpose was to find discrediting information on Ellsberg. The mission was completed, but largely unsuccessful in finding any damaging information about Ellsberg, the others were Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez and James McCord. On March 7,1974, Barker, along with Ehrlichman, Charles Colson, Liddy, Martinez, Barker was released pending appeal after serving one year of a two-and-a-half to six-year sentence. After Barkers release from prison, he worked as an inspector for the city of Miami, Florida. He chose early retirement in 1982 rather than fight proceedings seeking his dismissal for loafing on the job, president Jimmy Carter denied him a pardon. Barker died of cancer in his Miami home on June 5,2009
42.
Virgilio Gonzalez
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When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
43.
James W. McCord Jr.
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James Walter McCord Jr. is a former CIA officer, later involved, as an electronics expert, in the burglaries which precipitated the Watergate scandal. McCord was born in Waurika, Oklahoma, briefly attended Baylor University, McCord worked for the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1961, and under his direction, a program was launched against the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. He also held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U. S. Air Force Reserve, McCord was interviewed and then hired by Jack Caulfield in January 1972 for strict, solely defensive security work at the Republican National Committee and the Committee to Re-Elect the President. He and four accomplices were arrested during the second break-in to the Democratic National Committees headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17,1972. The arrests led to the Watergate scandal and resignation of President Nixon, McCord was one of the first men convicted in the Watergate criminal trial, on eight counts of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping. In a later letter, written to U. S. Mitchell, the letter implicated senior individuals in the Richard Nixon administration of covering up the conspiracy that led to the burglary. G. Gordon Liddy#White House undercover operative McCord wrote a book about his connection with the Watergate burglary, McCord, a piece of tape, the Watergate story, fact and fiction. All the Presidents Men by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward
44.
Frank Sturgis
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Frank Anthony Sturgis, born Frank Angelo Fiorini, was one of the five Watergate burglars whose capture led to the end of the Presidency of Richard Nixon. He served in several branches of the United States military and in the Cuban Revolution of 1958, when still a child, his family moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Honorably discharged as a corporal in 1945, he enrolled at Virginia Polytechnic Institute but left college and he soon discovered a corrupt payoff system and brought it to the attention of his superiors, who told him to overlook the illegal activities. On October 5,1946 he had a confrontation with his sergeant, for the next 18 months, he managed the Havana-Madrid tavern in Norfolk that catered to foreigners, mostly Cuban merchant seamen. On November 9,1947, Fiorini joined the United States Naval Reserve at the Norfolk Naval Air Station and he was honorably discharged on August 30,1948 and joined the United States Army the next day. He was sent immediately to West Berlin, where the USSR had closed the land routes during the Berlin Blockade, two weeks after the USSR reopened the land routes on May 11,1949, Fiorini was honorably discharged. Fiorini started to believe Russia was a threat, and he became a lifelong militant. Returning to Norfolk in 1952, he took a job managing the Cafe Society tavern, then partnered with its owner, Milton Bass, to co-purchase and manage The Top Hat Nightclub in Virginia Beach. His new name resembled that of Hank Sturgis, the hero of E. Howard Hunts 1949 novel, Bimini Run. They were sending money to Mexico to support Fidel Castro, Prio asked Sturgis to go to Cuba to join up with Castro and to report back to the exiled powers in Miami. Sturgis met up with Castro and his 400 rebels in the Sierra Maestra mountains, Sturgis offered to train Castro’s troops in guerrilla warfare. Castro accepted the offer, but he also had an immediate need for guns and ammunition, so Sturgis became a gunrunner. Sturgis explained later that he chose to throw in with Castro rather than Prio because Fidel was a soldier, in March 1958, Sturgis opened a training camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains, where he taught Che Guevara and other 26th of July Movement rebel soldiers guerrilla warfare. Afterward, Fiorini was photographed holding a rifle on top of the mass grave. Castro then appointed Sturgis gambling czar and director of security and intelligence for the air force, Sturgis went to Miami on June 2,1959, with Alan McDonald while supervising the investigation of several American gamblers with criminal records that operate casinos in Havana. Sturgis defected the following month with Revolutionary Air Force chief Commandant Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, the 1975 Rockefeller Commission report found that Frank Sturgis was not an employee or agent of the CIA either in 1963 or at any other time. The phone number of Hunt was found in books of the burglars. Reporters were able to link the break-in to the White House, the burglars had made an earlier successful entry to the same location several weeks earlier, but returned to fix a malfunctioning device and to photograph more documents
45.
Master list of Nixon's political opponents
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A master list of Nixon political opponents was compiled to supplement the original Nixons Enemies List of 20 key people considered opponents of President Richard Nixon. The master list was compiled by Charles Colsons office and sent in memorandum form to John Dean, Dean later provided to the Senate Watergate Committee this updated master list of political opponents. The original list split out Black Congressmen, listing all of the Black congressmen, carol Channing stated that inclusion on the list was her greatest accomplishment. Talk show host and journalist Lou Gordon, who was also on the list, likewise, Tony Randall found it something he was extremely proud of, according to Jack Klugman in his memoir on Randall. Carl Djerassis autobiography The Pill, Pigmy Chimps, and Degas Horse stated that President Nixon awarded him the National Medal of Science when he was on the Enemies List, djerassi attributed his inclusion to the fact that he was an opponent of the Vietnam War. Black Congressmen and Congresswomen Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force 1971 to 1977 via National Archives and Records Administration
46.
Nixon's Enemies List
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The list was part of a campaign officially known as Opponents List and Political Enemies Project. The list became public knowledge on June 27,1973, when Dean mentioned during hearings with the Senate Watergate Committee that a list existed containing those whom the president did not like. Journalist Daniel Schorr, who happened to be on the list, a longer second list was made public by Dean on December 20,1973, during a hearing with the Congressional Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation. In a memorandum from John Dean to Lawrence Higby, Dean explained the purpose of the list, The IRS commissioner, Alexander, refused to launch audits of the people on the list. The 20 names in the memo in order were as follows, arnold Picker Alexander E. Barkan Edwin Guthman Maxwell Dane Charles Dyson Howard Stein Allard Lowenstein Morton Halperin Leonard Woodcock S. On December 20,1973, the Congressional Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation concluded that people on the Enemies list had not been subjected to a number of tax audits. The Washington Post printed the entire list the day. Newsman Daniel Schorr and actor Paul Newman stated, separately, that inclusion on the list was their greatest accomplishment, when this list was released, Schorr read it live on television, not realizing that he was on the list until he came to his own name. Author Hunter S. Thompson remarked he was disappointed he was not on it, in the United States, the term enemies list has come to be used in contexts not associated with Richard Nixon. It includes Jane Fonda and the Black Panthers who were on the real-life expanded master list, The Berrigans, moe promptly adds Barney to the list for his insolence. In Futuramas first episode, Space Pilot 3000, Fry and Bender walk through a room of live preserved heads of famous people, when Fry knocks over Nixons jar, Nixon says, Thats it, you just made my list. In a 2nd-season episode called The Shot, BoJack Horseman and Todd visit the Nixon Presidential Library with the intent of stealing a scaled-down replica of the library, mounted on the walls are Nixons Enemy and Frenemy Lists. Walt Disney is included on the Enemy List, Nixon, President of the United States of America, Book VIII, Internal Revenue Service, May-June 1974 via the Internet Archive
47.
Watergate Babies
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Watergate Babies are Democrats first elected to the United States Congress in 1974, following President Richard Nixons resignation over the Watergate scandal, on August 9,1974. Tom Downey was the youngest among the babies, being aged 25 upon his election and this is the minimum age at which one may serve. Future Senator Chris Dodd was also elected to Congress in this election cycle, in November 1974, Democrats picked up 49 seats in the House and 5 in the Senate. This group greatly increased the strength of Northerners and liberals in the House Democratic Caucus, Democrats made substantial state legislative gains in a large number of states in 1974, the Watergate election, the political scientist Malcolm Jewell wrote. Numerous states passed sweeping ethics and public disclosure reforms in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, the Center for Public Integrity has compiled a state by state account of governmental political corruption watchdogs, many with roots in the post-Watergate era. A prominent Watergate baby of 1974 now serving again as Governor of California is Jerry Brown, Watergate Babies has also been used to apply to journalists who entered journalism because of their fascination with the Watergate scandal. Watergate, David Baumann wrote, also created a generation of journalists who were not willing to accept politicians at their word. If the journalists who helped uncover the scandal, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, could expose the crimes of a president and those journalists believed in investigative reporting and became watchdogs who attempted to keep politicians honest. Rebels of 94 and Watergate Babies Similar In Class Size, Sense of Zeal at All Politics CNN
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