1.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
2.
Rupert Brooke
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Rupert Chawner Brooke was an English poet known for his idealistic war sonnets written during the First World War, especially The Soldier. He was also known for his good looks, which were said to have prompted the Irish poet W. B. Yeats to describe him as the handsomest young man in England, Brooke was born at 5 Hillmorton Road, Rugby, Warwickshire, the second of the three sons of William Parker Brooke, a Rugby schoolmaster, and Ruth Mary Brooke, née Cotterill. He was educated at two independent schools in Rugby, Hillbrow School and Rugby School, in 1905, he became friends with St. John Lucas, who thereafter became something of a mentor to him. Brooke made friends among the Bloomsbury group of writers, some of whom admired his talent while others were impressed by his good looks. Virginia Woolf boasted to Vita Sackville-West of once going skinny-dipping with Brooke in a pool when they were in Cambridge together. He also lived in the Old Vicarage, Grantchester, Brooke suffered a severe emotional crisis in 1912, caused by sexual confusion and jealousy, resulting in the breakdown of his long relationship with Ka Cox. As part of his recuperation, Brooke toured the United States and he took the long way home, sailing across the Pacific and staying some months in the South Seas. Much later it was revealed that he may have fathered a daughter with a Tahitian woman named Taatamata with whom he seems to have enjoyed his most complete emotional relationship, many more people were in love with him. Brooke was romantically involved with the actress Cathleen Nesbitt and was engaged to Noël Olivier, whom he met. Brooke was an inspiration to poet John Gillespie Magee, Jr. author of the poem High Flight, Magee idolised Brooke and wrote a poem about him. Magee also won the poetry prize at Rugby School which Brooke had won 34 years earlier. Brookes accomplished poetry gained many enthusiasts and followers, and he was taken up by Edward Marsh and he sailed with the British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force on 28 February 1915 but developed sepsis from an infected mosquito bite. He died at 4,46 pm on 23 April 1915, on the French hospital ship, as the expeditionary force had orders to depart immediately, Brooke was buried at 11 pm in an olive grove on Skyros. The site was chosen by his friend, William Denis Browne. At 4 o’clock he became weaker, and at 4.46 he died, with the sun shining all round his cabin, and the cool sea-breeze blowing through the door and the shaded windows. No one could have wished for a quieter or an end than in that lovely bay, shielded by the mountains and fragrant with sage. Another friend—and war poet—Patrick Shaw-Stewart, also played a prominent role in Brookes funeral, on 11 November 1985, Brooke was among 16 First World War poets commemorated on a slate monument unveiled in Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey
3.
Jean-Julien Lemordant
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Jean-Julien Lemordant was a Breton artist and French soldier and patriot. Lemordant was born in St. Malo and he grew up in Brittany and was orphaned in his teens. At first he studied architecture but made his career as a painter, initially in Rennes and later in Paris, studying under Léon Bonnat at the Beaux-Arts. The life of Brittany figured prominently in his paintings, including his paintings for the Hôtel de lÉpée dining rooms at Quimper. He was associated with Charles Cottet, and his influences included Gauguin, the Fauves, when his work was exhibited in Paris, it was to broad critical acclaim. At the outset of World War I, in August 1914 and he was wounded at Charleroi and promoted to lieutenant. In October 1915 he was wounded, at the battle of Artois. He was left for four days, thought dead, then was taken as prisoner to Germany and he was eventually exchanged and returned to France through Switzerland. Embraced as a victim of German Kultur, Lemordant became a speaker, talking about the effects of his blindness. He believed that France was victorious over Germany because a series of artists had kept the spirit of art. In 1926, he was made a Commandeur of the Légion dHonneur, Lemordant was made Professor of Esthetics at the École des Beaux-Arts, for life. In 1927, he acquired a site on the Avenue-René-Coty, and designed, with the assistance of Jean Launay and his living quarters contained a huge, naturally lit studio, which, being blind, he never used. Fifty years after his injuries, a series of operations restored his sight, ironically, Lemordant died of tear-gas poisoning during the May 1968 student uprisings in Paris. Some of his works photograph of the Hôtel Lemordant
4.
Gustav Holst
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Gustav Theodore Holst was an English composer, arranger and teacher. Best known for The Planets, he composed a number of other works across a range of genres. His distinctive compositional style was the product of influences, Richard Wagner. There were professional musicians in the three generations of Holsts family and it was clear from his early years that he would follow the same calling. He hoped to become a pianist, but was prevented by neuritis in his right arm, despite his fathers reservations, he pursued a career as a composer, studying at the Royal College of Music under Charles Villiers Stanford. Unable to support himself by his compositions, he played the trombone professionally and later became a great one. He was the founder of a series of Whitsun music festivals, a shy man, he did not welcome this fame, and preferred to be left in peace to compose and teach. In his later years his uncompromising, personal style of composition struck many music lovers as too austere, nevertheless, he was a significant influence on a number of younger English composers, including Edmund Rubbra, Michael Tippett and Benjamin Britten. Apart from The Planets and a handful of works, his music was generally neglected until the 1980s. Holst was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, the elder of the two children of Adolph von Holst, a musician, and his wife, Clara Cox. Holsts great-grandfather, Matthias Holst, born in Riga, Latvia, was of German origin, matthiass son Gustavus, who moved to England with his parents as a child in 1802, was a composer of salon-style music and a well-known harp teacher. He appropriated the aristocratic prefix von and added it to the name in the hope of gaining enhanced prestige. Holsts father, Adolph von Holst, became organist and choirmaster at All Saints Church, Cheltenham, he also taught and his wife, Clara, a former pupil, was a talented singer and pianist. They had two sons, Gustavs younger brother, Emil Gottfried, became known as Ernest Cossart, an actor in the West End, New York. Clara died in February 1882, and the moved to another house in Cheltenham. Gustav recognised her devotion to the family and dedicated several of his compositions to her. In 1885 Adolph married Mary Thorley Stone, another of his pupils and they had two sons, Matthias and Evelyn. Mary von Holst was absorbed in theosophy and not greatly interested in domestic matters, Holst was taught to play the piano and the violin, he enjoyed the former very much more than the latter
5.
Robert Edmond Jones
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Robert Edmond Bobby Jones was an American scenic, lighting, and costume designer. He is credited with incorporating the new stagecraft into the American drama and his designs sought to integrate the scenic elements into the storytelling instead of having them stand separate and indifferent from the play’s action. His visual style, often referred to as simplified realism, combined bold vivid use of color and simple, yet dramatic, born in Milton, New Hampshire, Jones attended Harvard University and graduated in 1910. Jones eventually moved to New York where, with friends made at Harvard, in 1913 Jones and several friends sailed to Europe to study the new stagecraft with Edward Gordon Craig in Florence. The school in Florence would not accept Jones so he went to Berlin instead and his innovative designs for Vladimir Rosings American Opera Company in 1927 and 1928 were praised by critics. Jones also brought his style to many productions put on by the Theatre Guild, with innovative designs for The Philadelphia Story, Othello. Jones’s biggest commercial success was with The Green Pastures, which, if we include its revival in 1951 and this revival was Jones’s last production. Other Broadway credits include Holiday, Mourning Becomes Electra, Ah, juno and the Paycock, and Lute Song. Jones was also the designer for some early three-color Technicolor films, such as La Cucaracha and Becky Sharp. Jones published many articles on design in the course of his career. His books include Drawings for the Theatre, and The Dramatic Imagination and his book The Dramatic Imagination is considered the definitive work on modern stage design in the first half of the 20th century. He died in the house he was born in on Thanksgiving Day,1954, in a time where theatrical set designs were extravagant and realistic, Jones counteracted the norm by creating simple or expressionistic sets and props. He was an unashamed pleader for beauty and, far more important, are attempting to express directly to the audience the unspoken thoughts of their characters, to show us not only the patterns of their conscious behavior but the pattern of their subconscious lives. We accept unthinkingly as objective transcripts of life, whereas in reality they are images of life. On stage we shall see the characters of the drama. The theater is a school we shall never have done with studying and learning, a stage setting is not a background, it is an environment. I think needs also actors who have in them a kind of wildness, an exuberance, a take-it-or-leave-it quality, I am indebted to the great Madame Freisinger for teaching me the value of simplicity in the theater. The sole aim of the arts of scene-designing, costuming, lighting, is, as I have already said, to enhance the natural powers of the actor
6.
Scenic design
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Scenic design is the creation of theatrical, as well as film or television scenery. Scenic designers come from a variety of backgrounds, but in recent years, are mostly trained professionals. Scenic designers design sets and scenery that aim to fully immerse the viewer in the production, a designer looks at the details searching for evidence through research to produce conceptual ideas that’s best toward supporting the content and values with visual elements. The subject of, “How do we generate creative ideas. ”The most consuming part of expanding our horizons toward scenic concepts is more than witnessing creativity. It starts with us opening our mind to the possibilities, to have an attitude toward learning, seeking, and engaging in creativity and to be willing to be adventurous, inquisitive and curious. Whether outside or inside, colorful trees or concerts, star lit skies or the architecture of a great building, discovering what will best clarify and support the story being told. The scenic designer works with the director and other designers to establish a visual concept for the production. All of these required drawing elements can be created from one accurate 3-D CAD model of the set design. Scenic designers are responsible for creating models of the scenery, renderings, paint elevations. Prague, CZ What is Scenography Article illustrating the differences between US and European theatre design practices Special, WhatLinksHere/Julia Anastasopoulos
7.
League of Nations
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The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, at its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, however, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them, after a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, the onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years, the United Nations replaced it after the end of the Second World War on 20 April 1946 and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, the organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were held to help refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure consisted of a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League, at the start of the 20th century, two power blocs emerged from alliances between the European Great Powers. It was these alliances that, at the start of the First World War in 1914 and this was the first major war in Europe between industrialised countries, and the first time in Western Europe that the results of industrialisation had been dedicated to war. By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had an impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe. Anti-war sentiment rose across the world, the First World War was described as the war to end all wars, the causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term League of Nations in 1914, together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. The group became more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party. In Dickinsons 1915 pamphlet After the War he wrote of his League of Peace as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation
8.
Philip Noel-Baker
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Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, born Philip John Baker, was a British politician, diplomat, academic, outstanding amateur athlete, and renowned campaigner for disarmament. He carried the British team flag and won a medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Noel-Baker is the person to have won an Olympic medal. He was a Labour member of parliament from 1929 to 1931 and from 1936 to 1970, serving in several ministerial offices and he became a life peer in 1977. He was born in Brondesbury Park, London, the sixth of seven children of the Canadian-born Quaker, Joseph Allen Baker, Baker was educated at Ackworth School, Bootham School and then in the US at the Quaker-associated Haverford College in Pennsylvania. He studied at Kings College, Cambridge from 1908 to 1912 and he competed in the Olympic Games before and after the First World War. He ran for Great Britain in the 800 metres and 1500 meters at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, reaching the final of the 1500 metres and he was captain of the British track team for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and carried the flag. He won his first race in the 800 metres but then concentrated on the 1500 meters and he was captain again for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, but did not compete. He was an early in his career. He was appointed vice-principal of Ruskin College, Oxford in 1914 and he became the first Sir Ernest Cassel Professor of International Relations at the University of London from 1924 to 1929 and a lecturer at Yale University from 1933 to 1934. His political career with the Labour Party began in 1924 when he stood, unsuccessfully and he was elected as the member for Coventry in 1929, and served as parliamentary private secretary to the Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson. Noel-Baker lost his seat in 1931, but remained Hendersons assistant while Henderson was president of the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva in 1932 to 1933. He stood for Parliament again in Coventry in 1935, unsuccessfully, when that constituency was split in 1950, he transferred to Derby South. Noel-Baker became a member of the Labour Partys National Executive Committee in 1937. On 21 June 1938, Noel-Baker, as M. P. for Derby, in the run up to World War II, the only way to prevent atrocities from the air is to abolish air warfare and national air forces altogether. Noel-Baker moved to become Secretary of State for Air in October 1946, Noel-Baker was the minister responsible for organising the 1948 Olympic Games in London. He moved to the Ministry of Fuel and Power in 1950, in the mid-1940s, Noel-Baker served on the British delegation to what became the United Nations, helping to draft its charter and other rules for operation as a British delegate. He served as Chairman of the Labour Party in 1946–47, but lost his place on the National Executive Committee in 1948, his place being taken by Michael Foot
9.
Nobel Peace Prize
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Per Alfred Nobels will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year, the prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, the Norwegian Nobel Institute, and the Parliament. Due to its nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history. Alfred Nobels will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category, as he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear, some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobels way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime, ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company and it is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobels death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, the Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize, the statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was again in 2010 with 237 nominations, in 2011. Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have released in a database. Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for review is created. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a decision, but this is not always possible. The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year, the Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount, as of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK
10.
Salvador de Madariaga
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Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist. He graduated with a degree in engineering in Paris, France before gaining a Masters of Arts at Oxford University in the United Kingdom. He then went to work as an engineer for the Northern Spanish Railway Company but abandoned this work to return to London and become a journalist, writing in English, at this time he began publishing his first essays. In 1921 he became a member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations. In 1928, he became Professor of Spanish at Oxford University for three years, during which time he wrote a book on nation psychology called Englishmen, Frenchmen, between 1932 and 1934 he was Ambassador to France. In 1933 he was elected to the National Congress, serving as both Minister for Education and Minister for Justice, in July 1936, as a classic liberal he went into exile in England to escape the eruption of the Spanish civil war. From there he became an opponent of, and organised resistance to. In 1947, he was one of the authors of the Oxford Manifesto on liberalism. He participated in the Hague Congress in 1948 as president of the Cultural Commission and he was one of the co-founders, in 1949, in his writing career he wrote books and essays about Don Quixote, Christopher Columbus, Shakespeares Hamlet, and the history of Latin America. He militated in favour of a united and integrated Europe and he wrote in French and German as well as Spanish and Galician and English. In 1973 he won the Karlspreis for contributions to the European idea, in 1976, he returned to Spain after the death of dictator Francisco Franco. The Madariaga European Foundation has been named him, promoting his vision of a united Europe making for a more peaceful world. The 1979–1980 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour, in 1912 he had married Constance Archibald de Madariaga, a Scottish economic historian. The couple had two daughters, Nieves Mathews and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga, after Constances death in May 1970 Salvador in November 1970 married Emilia Székely de Rauman who had been his secretary since 1938 and who died in 1991 aged 83. An Oxfordshire blue plaque in honour of Salvador de Madariaga was unveiled at 3 St Andrews Road, Headington, and she will, when Spaniards say our Chartres, Englishmen say our Cracow, Italians our Copenhagen and Germans our Bruges. Archival sources by and on Salvador de Madariaga can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
11.
Paul Hindemith
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Paul Hindemith was a prolific German composer, violist, violinist, teacher and conductor. Notable compositions include his song cycle Das Marienleben, Der Schwanendreher for Viola and Orchestra, Hindemiths most popular work, both on record and in the concert hall, is likely the Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber, written in 1943. Born in Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, Hindemith was taught the violin as a child and he entered Frankfurts Hoch’sche Konservatorium, where he studied violin with Adolf Rebner, as well as conducting and composition with Arnold Mendelssohn and Bernhard Sekles. At first he supported himself by playing in bands and musical-comedy groups. He became deputy leader of the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra in 1914 and he played second violin in the Rebner String Quartet from 1914. Hindemith was conscripted into the German army in September,1917, there he was assigned to play bass drum in the regiment band, and also formed a string quartet. In May 1918 he was deployed to the front in Flanders, after the armistice he returned to Frankfurt and the Rebner Quartet. In 1921 he founded the Amar Quartet, playing viola, in 1922, some of his pieces were played in the International Society for Contemporary Music festival at Salzburg, which first brought him to the attention of an international audience. The following year, he began to work as an organizer of the Donaueschingen Festival, in 1927 he was appointed Professor at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. Hindemith wrote the music for Hans Richters 1928 avant-garde film Ghosts Before Breakfast, although the score was subsequently lost, in 1929 he played the solo part in the premiere of William Waltons Viola Concerto, after Lionel Tertis, for whom it was written, turned it down. Hindemith did not stay in Turkey as long as many other émigrés, nevertheless, he greatly influenced the developments of Turkish musical life, the Ankara State Conservatory owes much to his efforts. In fact, Hindemith was regarded as a master by young Turkish musicians and he was appreciated. Towards the end of the 1930s, he made tours in America as a viola and viola damore soloist. Hindemiths relationship to the Nazis is a complicated one, the controversy around his work continued throughout the thirties, with the composer falling in and out of favor with the Nazi hierarchy, he finally emigrated to Switzerland in 1938. This development seems to have been supported by the Nazi regime, it may have got him out of the way, yet at the same time he propagated a German view of musical history. In 1940, Hindemith emigrated to the United States, at the same time that he was codifying his musical language, his teaching and compositions began to be affected by his theories, according to critics like Ernest Ansermet. During this time he gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard. Hindemith had a friendship with Erich Katz, whose own compositions were influenced by him
12.
Joseph C. Grew
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Joseph Clark Grew was an American career diplomat and Foreign Service officer. Early in his career, he was the chargé daffaires at the American Embassy in Vienna when the Austro-Hungarian Empire severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 9,1917, later, Grew was the Ambassador to Denmark and Ambassador to Switzerland. In 1924, Grew became the Under Secretary of State, Grew was the Ambassador to Turkey and the Ambassador to Japan beginning in 1932. He was the American ambassador in Tokyo at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Ambassador Grew was interned for nine months by the Japanese government, but he was released to return to the United States in July 1942. Grew was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in May 1880, at the age of 12 he was sent to Groton School, a boys preparatory school whose purpose was to cultivate manly Christian character. Grew was there just two grades ahead of Franklin D. Roosevelt, during his youth, Grew enjoyed the outdoors, sailing, camping, and hunting during his summers away from school. After graduating from Groton, one of four men in his class to do so, Grew attended Harvard University. Following graduation, Grew made a tour of the Far East, while recovering in India, he became friends with an American consul there. Grew was then promoted to vice-consul in Egypt, Grew married Alice Perry, a great-granddaughter of famed American naval hero Oliver Hazard Perry. She became Joe Grews life partner and helper as promotions took him to work in Mexico, Russia, and Germany. As an aide to the American ambassador in Berlin from 1912 to 1917, Grew stayed in Germany until the United States entered World War I in April 1917 and hence broke diplomatic relations with Germany. Grew later found himself in a similar situation when the United States went to war with the Japanese Empire in 1941. Grews book Sport and Travel in the Far East was a one of Roosevelts. Your description, both of the hunting and the people and surroundings, is really excellent. Alice Perry Grew was the daughter of premier American impressionist painter Lilla Cabot Perry, daughter of Dr. Samuel Cabot and her husband, after the Armistice was signed with Germany in November 1918, Grew worked at the United States Department of State in Washington, D. C. In 1922, he and Richard Child acted as the American observers at the Conference of Lausanne, in 1927, Grew was appointed as the American ambassador to Turkey. He served in Constantinople for five years until he was offered the opportunity to return to the Far East, Grews daughter, Lilla Cabot Grew, married Jay Pierrepont Moffat, the American Ambassador to Canada, in 1927. Grew was appointed by President Herbert Hoover to succeed William Cameron Forbes as the United States Ambassador to Japan in 1932, the Grews soon became popular in Japanese society, joining clubs and societies there, and adapting to the culture, even as relations between the two countries deteriorated
13.
John Dill
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Field Marshal Sir John Greer Dill, GCB, CMG, DSO was a senior British Army officer with service in both the First World War and the Second World War. From May 1940 to December 1941 he was the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, the head of the British Army. Born in Lurgan, County Armagh, Ireland in 1881, his father was the bank manager and his mother was a Greer from Woodville. Always intended for a career in the services, Dill attended the Methodist College Belfast, Cheltenham College, on 8 May 1901 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 1st battalion the Leinster Regiment and was posted to South Africa to see out the Second Boer War. Dill was appointed adjutant on 15 August 1906, having previously been assistant adjutant from 1902. Promoted captain on 12 July 1911, he was seconded to study at the Staff College, Camberley from 1 February 1913 and he became brigade major of the 25th Brigade in France where he was present at Neuve Chapelle. By the end of the war he was a general and had been Mentioned in Despatches eight times. From the spring of 1918 he was Head of Operations at GHQ and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1918 New Year Honours. After the war he gained a reputation as an army instructor. In the 1928 New Year Honours he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, alongside his other positions, he was appointed to the largely honorary role of Colonel of the East Lancashire Regiment on 24 December 1932, a position he held until his death. Dill was appointed Director of Military Operations and Intelligence in 1934 and then General Officer Commanding British forces in Palestine on 8 September 1936 and he was promoted to general on 1 October 1939. On returning to the UK in April 1940, Dill was appointed Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff, under CIGS Sir Edmund Ironside, on 27 May 1940, after Chamberlain had been replaced by Churchill, Dill replaced Ironside as CIGS. Dill was promoted field marshal on 18 November 1941, but by time it was clear how poorly he. Dill gained a reputation as unimaginative and obstructionist, Dill showed a great flair as a diplomatic military presence. In 1943 alone he attended the Quebec Conference, the Casablanca Conference and he also served on the Combined Policy Committee set up by the British and United States governments under the Quebec Agreement to oversee the construction of the atomic bomb. In the United States he was important in making the Chiefs of Staff committee – which included members from both countries – function, often promoting unity of action. Dill served in Washington until his death from aplastic anaemia in November 1944 and his funeral arrangements reflected the great professional and personal respect and affection that he had earned. A witness recorded that I have never seen so many men so visibly shaken by sadness and his character and wisdom, his selfless devotion to the allied cause, made his contribution to the combined British-American war effort of outstanding importance
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Combined Chiefs of Staff
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The Combined Chiefs of Staff was the supreme military staff for the Western Allies during World War II. It emerged from the meetings of the Arcadia Conference in December 1941. S. military operations between War and Navy Departments, the CCS charter was approved by President Roosevelt 21 April 1942. The American members of the CCS were General George C, Marshall, the United States Army chief of staff, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Harold R. Stark, and the Chief of the Army Air Forces, Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold. In July 1942 a fourth member was added, the Presidents personal Chief of Staff, on the British side the Chiefs of Staff only normally attended during the heads of states conferences. Instead the British Joint Staff Mission was permanently situated in Washington, the representative of the Prime Minister was Field Marshal Sir John Dill and after his death Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. Sir Coville Wemyss and Lt. Gen. G. N. Macready, and the Chief of the Air Staff was represented by Air Marshal D. C. S. Evill, Air Marshal Sir William L. Welsh, and Air Marshal Douglas Colyer. Dill, a friend of Marshall, often took the American position. The Combined Chiefs of Staff organization included the Combined Secretariat and a number of committees, in the Northern hemisphere spring of 1942, Britain and the United States agreed on a worldwide division of strategic responsibility. On 24 March 1942, the U. S, china was designated a separate theater commanded by its chief of state, Chiang Kai-shek, though within the United States sphere of responsibility. Six days later the Joint Chiefs of Staff divided the Pacific theater into three areas, the Pacific Ocean Areas, the South West Pacific Area, and the Southeast Pacific Area, the Pacific Ocean Area command formally became operational on 8 May. The CCS usually held its meetings in Washington, the full CCS usually met only during the great wartime conferences on grand strategy, such as at Casablanca. The meetings of heads of government at conferences were designed to reach formal agreement on issues thoroughly staffed by the CCS. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, General Frank Maxwell Andrews was appointed commander of all United States forces in the European Theater of Operations. Although it was responsible to both the British and American governments, the CCS controlled forces from different countries in all theaters, including the Pacific, India. Representatives of allied nations were not members of the CCS but accepted procedure included consultation with Military Representatives of Associated Powers on strategic issues. Both the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the UKs Chiefs of Staff Committee met as a Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee around March 2013 and this was held in Washington DC. Subsequent meetings were held in London 2014 and in the National Defense University, witness to Power, The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy Butler, J. R. M. September 1939 - June 1941, official British history Cline, Ray S. Washington Command Post, office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army,1951
15.
Sven Markelius
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Sven Gottfrid Markelius was one of the most important modernist Swedish architects. Markelius played an important role in the urban planning of Stockholm. In 1931, he co-authored with five other architects the book-length manifesto Acceptera, direct promotion of modernism as a set of cultural values. And his association with Swedish reformer Alva Myrdal resulted in a design for a 57-unit communal-living Collective House in the center of Stockholm, the building offered communal amenities like childcare facilities and shared kitchen and meeting spaces, all at least partly inspired by the Narkomfin Building in Moscow. Meanwhile, among his major projects, Markelius began work on the Concert Hall in Helsingborg in 1932. In 1952, Markelius was nominated to the board of consultants for the United Nations Secretariat Building by Sweden. Towards the end of his career the architect turned his attention to city planning, in 1949 Markelius took the Howland Memorial Prize, and in 1961 the Prince Eugen Medal. In 1962 Markelius was awarded a Gold Medal by the Royal Institute of British Architects, new York, W. W. Norton ISBN 0-393-01779-6 Kidder-Smith, G. E
16.
John Hersey
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Hersey was born in Tientsin, China, the son of Grace Baird and Roscoe Hersey, Protestant missionaries for the Young Mens Christian Association in Tientsin. Hersey learned to speak Chinese before he spoke English, Herseys novel, The Call, is based on the lives of his parents, John Hersey was a descendant of William Hersey of Reading, Berkshire, England. William Hersey was one of the first settlers of Hingham, Massachusetts in 1635, Hersey returned to the United States with his family when he was ten years old. He attended public school in Briarcliff Manor, New York, including Briarcliff High School for two years, at Briarcliff, he became his troops first Eagle Scout. Later he attended the Hotchkiss School, followed by Yale University, Hersey lettered in football at Yale, was coached by Ducky Pond, Greasy Neale and Gerald Ford and was a teammate of Yales two Heisman Trophy winners, Larry Kelley and Clint Frank. He subsequently was a student at the University of Cambridge as a Mellon Fellow. Two years later he was transferred to Times Chongqing bureau, during World War II, newsweekly correspondent Hersey covered fighting in Europe as well as Asia, writing articles for Time as well as Life magazine. The journalist visited the missionary, who introduced him to other survivors, soon afterward John Hersey began discussions with William Shawn, an editor for The New Yorker, about a lengthy piece about the previous summers bombing. Hersey proposed a story that would convey the narrative through individuals who survived. The next May,1946, Hersey traveled to Japan, where he spent three weeks doing research and interviewing survivors. The result was his most notable work, the 31, 000-word article Hiroshima, the story dealt with the atomic bomb dropped on that Japanese city on August 6,1945, and its effects on the six Japanese citizens. The article occupied almost the entire issue of the magazine – something The New Yorker had never done before, Hersey himself often decried the New Journalism, which in many ways he had helped create. He would have disagreed with a description of his article on the effects of the atomic bomb as New Journalism. Later, the ascetic Hersey came to feel that some elements of the New Journalism of the 1970s were not rigorous enough about fact and reporting. After publication of Hiroshima, Hersey noted that the important flashes, the things we remember are emotions and impressions and illusions and images and characters, the elements of fiction. Shortly before writing Hiroshima, Hersey published his novel Of Men and War, one of the stories in Herseys novel was inspired by President John F. Kennedy and the PT-109. Soon afterward, the war correspondent began publishing mostly fiction. The bestselling book won the National Jewish Book Award during the year of that awards existence
17.
Ralph Vaughan Williams
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Ralph Vaughan Williams OM was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies. Strongly influenced by Tudor music and English folk-song, his output marked a break in British music from its German-dominated style of the 19th century. Vaughan Williams was born to a family with strong moral views. Throughout his life he sought to be of service to his fellow citizens and he wrote many works for amateur and student performance. He was musically a late developer, not finding his voice until his late thirties. Vaughan Williams is among the best-known British symphonists, noted for his wide range of moods, from stormy and impassioned to tranquil. Among the most familiar of his concert works are Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis. His vocal works include hymns, folk-song arrangements and large-scale choral pieces and he wrote eight works for stage performance between 1919 and 1951. Although none of his operas became popular repertoire pieces, his ballet Job, Two episodes made notably deep impressions in Vaughan Williamss personal life. The First World War, in which he served in the army, had an emotional effect. Twenty years later, though in his sixties and devotedly married, he was reinvigorated by an affair with a much younger woman. He went on composing through his seventies and eighties, producing his last symphony months before his death at the age of eighty-five. His works have continued to be a staple of the British concert repertoire, Vaughan Williams was born at Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, the third child and younger son of the vicar, the Reverend Arthur Vaughan Williams and his wife, Margaret, née Wedgwood. His paternal forebears were of mixed English and Welsh descent, many of them went into the law or the Church, the judges Sir Edward and Sir Roland Vaughan Williams were respectively Arthurs father and brother. Margaret Vaughan Williams was a great-granddaughter of Josiah Wedgwood and niece of Charles Darwin, Arthur Vaughan Williams died suddenly in February 1875, and his widow took the children to live in her family home, Leith Hill Place, Wotton, Surrey. The children were under the care of a nurse, Sara Wager, such views were consistent with the progressive-minded tradition of both sides of the family. When the young Vaughan Williams asked his mother about Darwins controversial book On the Origin of Species, she answered, great Uncle Charles thinks it took longer, but we need not worry about it, for it is equally wonderful either way
18.
Owen Dixon
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Sir Owen Dixon OM GCMG QC was an Australian judge and diplomat who served as the sixth Chief Justice of Australia. A judge of the High Court for thirty-five years, Dixon was one of the jurists in the English-speaking world and is widely regarded as Australias greatest-ever jurist. Dixon was born in Hawthorn in suburban Melbourne in 1886 and his father, JW Dixon, was a barrister and subsequently a solicitor. He attended Hawthorn College and later the University of Melbourne, graduating with an Arts degree in 1907, during this time, he developed his lifelong love of the classics from his classical philology professor, Thomas George Tucker. He was also influenced by professor of law, William Harrison Moore and his B. A. became an M. A. as was the custom then, a year later upon the payment of a small fee. He then studied law at Melbourne Law School and was awarded a Bachelor of Laws in 1908, Dixon was later awarded honorary doctorates from Oxford, Harvard, and the University of Melbourne. Dixon was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1910, in December 1911, he appeared before the High Court of Australia for the first time, aged just 25 years. After a slow start, his career became stellar, and he was made a Kings Counsel in 1922. In the 1920s, Dixon was a prominent member of the Victorian Bar, along with his colleagues and friends John Latham (who would precede Dixon as Chief Justice of Australia and he regularly appeared in the High Court of Australia and the Privy Council in London. At the time of his appointment to the High Court in 1929, he was the leader of the Bar in Victoria. In 1920, he married Alice Brooksbank and they had four children, Franklin, Ted, Betty and Anne. In 1926, Dixon was briefly made an Acting Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria, in 1929, Dixon was appointed to the bench of the High Court, on the recommendation of his friend John Latham, who was then the Commonwealth Attorney-General. During his time on the bench, Dixon also wrote several judgments on behalf of his colleague, Sir George Rich. Examples are McDonald v Dennys Lascelles Ltd 48 CLR457, Brunker v Perpetual Trustee Company Ltd 57 CLR555, Yerkey v Jones 63 CLR649 and Penfolds Wines v Elliott 74 CLR204. Dixon had reservations about the appointment of Labor politicians Herbert Vere Evatt and he and Evatt wrote a number of joint judgments prior to Evatts resignation in 1940 to return to politics. From 1942 to 1944, Dixon took leave from his duties while he served as Australia’s Minister to the United States. On 27 May 1950, Dixon was invited by the United Nations to act as their official mediator between the governments of India and Pakistan over the territory of Kashmir. His role was to continue conciliation talks between the two nations in the lead-up to a plebiscite to be put to the residents of Kashmir
19.
Tyrone Guthrie
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Guthrie was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, the son of Dr Thomas Guthrie and Norah Power. His great-grandfather was the Irish actor Tyrone Power and he was also a second cousin of the Hollywood actor Tyrone Power. His sister, Susan Margaret, married his university friend. He received a degree in history at Oxford University, where he was active in student theatre, in 1924 Guthrie joined the BBC as a broadcaster and began to produce plays for radio. This led to a year directing for the stage with the Scottish National Players, during the period from 1929 to 1933 he directed at various theatres, including a production of Pirandellos Six Characters in Search of an Author in 1932. During 1933–1934, and 1936–1945 he was director of the Shakespeare Repertory Company, while in Montreal, Guthrie produced the Romance of Canada series of radio plays for recalling epic moments in Canadian history. The series was broadcast on the Canadian National Railway radio network, Butler translated the text for Guthries 1934 production of Anton Chekhovs Cherry Orchard, for perhaps its first English-language production. In the 1940s Guthrie began to direct operas, to acclaim, including a realistic Carmen at Sadlers Wells. Staged in the citys General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Mound, specially adapted for the occasion, in 1953, he was invited to help launch the Stratford Festival of Canada. All performances in the first seasons took place in a tent on the banks of the Avon River. He remained as Artistic Director for three seasons, and his work at Stratford had an influence in the development of Canadian theatre. Guthrie produced Gilbert and Sullivans H. M. S, pinafore in 1960 and The Pirates of Penzance in 1961, which were televised in Canada and also brought to the Phoenix Theatre in New York and on tour in the US. In 1962, as soon as the Gilbert and Sullivan copyrights expired, he brought these productions to Britain and they were among the first Savoy opera productions in Britain not authorized by the DOyly Carte Opera Company. In 1963, he founded the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, peter Hall wrote, Among the great originators in British Theatre. Guthrie was a towering figure in every sense. He blazed a trail for the theatre of the sixties. He showed how to run a company and administer a theatre, and he was a brilliant and at times great director. Guthrie wrote two books about the creation of effective drama, Theatre Prospect and A Life in the Theatre. He was Chancellor of Queens University Belfast, on 15 September 2010 a blue plaque in his memory was unveiled at the BBC in Belfast by the Ulster History Circle
20.
Indira Gandhi
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Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was an Indian politician and central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, Gandhi served as her fathers personal assistant and hostess during his tenure as prime minister between 1947 and 1964. She was elected Congress President in 1959, upon her fathers death in 1964, Gandhi refused to enter the Congress party leadership contest and instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government led by Lal Bahadur Shastri. As the Prime Minister of India, Gandhi was known for her political ruthlessness, Gandhi also presided over a controversial state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree. Akin to Mahatma Gandhis fate, she was assassinated by nationalists in 1984. The assassins, Beant Singh and Satwant Singh, were both killed, in 1999, Indira was named Woman of the Millennium in a poll organised by the BBC. Indira Gandhi was born as Indira Nehru in a Kashmiri Pandit family on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad and her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a leading figure in Indias political struggle for independence from British rule, and became the first Prime Minister of the Union of India. She was the child, and grew up with her mother, Kamala Nehru, at the Anand Bhavan. She had a lonely and unhappy childhood and her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bed-ridden with illness, and later suffered an early death from tuberculosis. She had limited contact with her father, mostly through letters, Indira was mostly taught at home by tutors, and intermittently attended school until matriculation in 1934. It was during her interview that Rabindranath Tagore named her Priyadarshini, a year later, however, she had to leave university to attend to her ailing mother in Europe. While there, it was decided that Indira would continue her education at the University of Oxford, after her mother died, she briefly attended the Badminton School before enrolling at Somerville College in 1937 to study history. Indira had to take the entrance examination twice, having failed at her first attempt with a performance in Latin. At Oxford, she did well in history, political science and economics and she did, however, have an active part within the student life of the university, such as the Oxford Majlis Asian Society. During her time in Europe, Indira was plagued with ill-health and was attended by doctors. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies and she was being treated there in 1940, when the Nazi armies rapidly conquered Europe. Gandhi tried to return to England through Portugal but was stranded for nearly two months
21.
Aaron Copland
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Aaron Copland was an American composer, composition teacher, writer, and later a conductor of his own and other American music. Copland was referred to by his peers and critics as the Dean of American Composers, the open, slowly changing harmonies in much of his music are typical of what many people consider to be the sound of American music, evoking the vast American landscape and pioneer spirit. He is best known for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 1940s in an accessible style often referred to as populist. Works in this include the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kid and Rodeo, his Fanfare for the Common Man. In addition to his ballets and orchestral works, he produced music in other genres including chamber music, vocal works, opera. After some initial studies with composer Rubin Goldmark, Copland traveled to Paris and he studied three years with Boulanger, whose eclectic approach to music inspired his own broad taste. Determined upon his return to the U. S. to make his way as a composer, Copland gave lecture-recitals, wrote works on commission. He found composing orchestral music in the modernist style he had adapted abroad a financially contradictory approach and he shifted in the mid-1930s to a more accessible musical style which mirrored the German idea of Gebrauchsmusik, music that could serve utilitarian and artistic purposes. During the Depression years, he traveled extensively to Europe, Africa, during the late 1940s, Copland became aware that Stravinsky and other fellow composers had begun to study Arnold Schoenbergs use of twelve-tone techniques. After he had exposed to the works of French composer Pierre Boulez, he incorporated serial techniques into his Piano Quartet, Piano Fantasy, Connotations for orchestra. From the 1960s onward, Coplands activities turned more from composing to conducting and he became a frequent guest conductor of orchestras in the U. S. and the UK and made a series of recordings of his music, primarily for Columbia Records. Aaron Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 14,1900 and he was the youngest of five children in a Conservative Jewish family of Lithuanian origins. While emigrating from Russia to the United States, Coplands father, Harris Morris Copland, Copland was however unaware until late in his life that the family name had been Kaplan, and his parents never told him this. His father was a staunch Democrat, the family members were active in Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes, where Aaron celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. Not especially athletic, the young man became an avid reader. Coplands father had no musical interest and his mother, Sarah Mittenthal Copland, sang, played the piano, and arranged for music lessons for her children. Of his siblings, oldest brother Ralph was the most advanced musically and his sister Laurine had the strongest connection with Aaron, she gave him his first piano lessons, promoted his musical education, and supported him in his musical career. A student at the Metropolitan Opera School and a frequent opera-goer, Copland attended Boys High School and in the summer went to various camps
22.
Leopold Stokowski
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Leopold Anthony Stokowski was a British conductor of Polish and Irish descent. One of the conductors of the early and mid-20th Century, he is best known for his long association with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He was especially noted for his conducting style that spurned the traditional baton. He was also the founder of the All-American Youth Orchestra, the New York City Symphony, the Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra, there is some mystery surrounding his early life. For example, he spoke with an unusual, non-British accent, though he was born and raised in London. On occasion, Stokowski gave his year of birth as 1887 instead of 1882, as in a letter to the Hugo Riemann Musiklexicon in 1950, in Germany there was a corresponding rumour that his original name was simply Stock. However, Stokowskis birth certificate gives his birth on 18 April 1882, at 13 Upper Marylebone Street, Stokowski was named after his Polish-born grandfather Leopold, who died in the English county of Surrey on 13 January 1879, at the age of 49. Samaroff, born Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper, was from Galveston, Texas, for professional and career reasons, she urged him to emphasize only the Polish part of his background once he became a resident of the United States. He studied at the Royal College of Music, where he first enrolled in 1896 at the age of thirteen, in his later life in the US, Stokowski would perform six of the nine symphonies composed by his fellow organ student Ralph Vaughan Williams. Stokowski sang in the choir of the St Marylebone Parish Church, by age 16, Stokowski was elected to a membership in the Royal College of Organists. In 1900, he formed the choir of St. Marys Church, Charing Cross Road, in 1902, he was appointed the organist and choir director of St. Jamess Church, Piccadilly. He also attended The Queens College, Oxford, where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1903, in 1905, Stokowski began work in New York City as the organist and choir director of St. Bartholomews Church. He was very popular among the parishioners, who included members of the Vanderbilt family, Stokowski moved to Paris for additional study in conducting. There he heard that the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra would be needing a new conductor when it returned from a long sabbatical, Stokowski was selected over the other applicants, and took up his conducting duties in late 1909. Stokowskis conducting debut in London took place the week on 18 May with the New Symphony Orchestra at Queens Hall. His engagement as new permanent conductor in Cincinnati was a great success and he introduced the concept of pops concerts and, starting with his first season, he began championing the work of living composers. His concerts included performances of music by Richard Strauss, Sibelius, Rachmaninoff, Debussy, Glazunov, Saint-Saëns and he conducted the American premieres of new works by such composers as Elgar, whose 2nd Symphony was first presented there on 24 November 1911. He was to maintain his advocacy of music to the end of his career
23.
Alistair Cooke
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Alistair Cooke KBE was a British-born American journalist, television personality and broadcaster. Outside his journalistic output, which included Letter from America and Alistair Cookes America, after holding the job for 22 years, and having worked in television for 42 years, Cooke retired in 1992, although he continued to present Letter from America until shortly before his death. He was the father of author and folk singer John Byrne Cooke and he was born Alfred Cooke in Salford, Lancashire, England, the son of Mary Elizabeth and Samuel Cooke. His father was a lay Methodist preacher and metalsmith by trade and he was educated at Blackpool Grammar School, Blackpool and won a scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge, where he gained an honours degree in English. Cooke changed his name to Alistair when he was 22, Cooke saw a newspaper headline stating that Oliver Baldwin, the Prime Minister Stanley Baldwins son, had been sacked by the BBC as film critic. Cooke sent a telegram to the Director of Talks, asking if he would be considered for the post and he was invited for an interview and took a Cunard liner back to Britain, arriving twenty-four hours late for his interview. He suggested typing out a review on the spot. He also sat on a BBC committee headed by George Bernard Shaw for correct pronunciation, Cooke was also the London correspondent for NBC. Each week, he recorded a 15-minute radio dialogue for American listeners on life in Britain, in 1936, he intensively reported on the Edward VIII abdication crisis for NBC. He made several talks on the each day to listeners in many parts of the United States. He calculated that in ten days he spoke 400,000 words on the subject, during the crisis, he was aided by a twenty-year-old Rhodes Scholar, Walt Rostow, who would become Lyndon B. In 1937, Cooke emigrated to the United States, he became a United States citizen and swore the Oath of Allegiance on 1 December 1941, six days before Pearl Harbor was attacked. Shortly after emigrating, Cooke suggested to the BBC the idea of doing the London Letter in reverse, a prototype, Mainly About Manhattan, was broadcast intermittently from 1938, but the idea was shelved with the outbreak of World War II in 1939. During this time, as well, Cooke undertook a journey through the whole United States, recording the lifestyle of ordinary Americans during the war, the manuscript was published as The American Home Front, 1941–1942 in the United States in 2006. The first American Letter was broadcast on 24 March 1946, the series was commissioned for only 13 installments. The series came to an end 58 years later, in March 2004, along the way, it picked up a new name and an enormous audience, being broadcast not only in Britain and in many other Commonwealth countries, but throughout the world by the BBC World Service. In 1947, Cooke became a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian newspaper. It was the first time he had employed as a staff reporter
24.
Tony Blair
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Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
25.
Paul Krugman
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Paul Robin Krugman is an American economist, Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and a columnist for The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to New Trade Theory, Krugman was a professor of economics at MIT and later at Princeton University. He retired from Princeton in June 2015 and holds the title of professor emeritus there and he is also Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics and was President of the Eastern Economic Association in 2010. As of 2016, Research Papers in Economics ranked him as the worlds 24th most influential economist based on citations of his work, Krugman is known in academia for his work on international economics, liquidity traps, and currency crisis. He has also several hundred columns on economic and political issues for The New York Times, Fortune. A2011 survey of economics professors named him their favorite living economist under the age of 60, followed by Greg Mankiw, as a commentator, Krugman has written on a wide range of economic issues including income distribution, taxation, macroeconomics, and international economics. Krugman considers himself a liberal, referring to his books, his blog on The New York Times. His popular commentary has attracted comments, both positive and negative, Krugman was born to a Jewish family, the son of Anita and David Krugman. In 1922, his grandparents immigrated to the United States from Brest, Belarus. He was born in Albany, New York, and grew up in Merrick and he graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Bellmore. Since present-day science fell far short of psychohistory, Krugman turned to economics as the next best thing and his first wife, Robin L. Bergman, is a designer. He is currently married to Robin Wells, an academic economist who has collaborated with Krugman on textbooks, Krugman reports that he is a distant relative of conservative journalist David Frum. He has described himself as a Loner and he lives in New York City. In 1978, Krugman presented a number of ideas to Dornbusch, encouraged, Krugman worked on it and later wrote, knew within a few hours that I had the key to my whole career in hand. In that same year, Krugman wrote The Theory of Interstellar Trade and he says he wrote it to cheer himself up when he was an oppressed assistant professor. Krugman joined the faculty of MIT in 1979, from 1982 to 1983, Krugman spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers. He rejoined MIT as a professor in 1984. Krugman has also taught at Stanford, Yale, and the London School of Economics, in 2000, Krugman joined Princeton University as Professor of Economics and International Affairs
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
