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Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
2.
Rupert Brooke
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Rupert Chawner Brooke was an English poet known for his idealistic war sonnets written during the First World War, especially The Soldier. He was also known for his good looks, which were said to have prompted the Irish poet W. B. Yeats to describe him as the handsomest young man in England, Brooke was born at 5 Hillmorton Road, Rugby, Warwickshire, the second of the three sons of William Parker Brooke, a Rugby schoolmaster, and Ruth Mary Brooke, née Cotterill. He was educated at two independent schools in Rugby, Hillbrow School and Rugby School, in 1905, he became friends with St. John Lucas, who thereafter became something of a mentor to him. Brooke made friends among the Bloomsbury group of writers, some of whom admired his talent while others were impressed by his good looks. Virginia Woolf boasted to Vita Sackville-West of once going skinny-dipping with Brooke in a pool when they were in Cambridge together. He also lived in the Old Vicarage, Grantchester, Brooke suffered a severe emotional crisis in 1912, caused by sexual confusion and jealousy, resulting in the breakdown of his long relationship with Ka Cox. As part of his recuperation, Brooke toured the United States and he took the long way home, sailing across the Pacific and staying some months in the South Seas. Much later it was revealed that he may have fathered a daughter with a Tahitian woman named Taatamata with whom he seems to have enjoyed his most complete emotional relationship, many more people were in love with him. Brooke was romantically involved with the actress Cathleen Nesbitt and was engaged to Noël Olivier, whom he met. Brooke was an inspiration to poet John Gillespie Magee, Jr. author of the poem High Flight, Magee idolised Brooke and wrote a poem about him. Magee also won the poetry prize at Rugby School which Brooke had won 34 years earlier. Brookes accomplished poetry gained many enthusiasts and followers, and he was taken up by Edward Marsh and he sailed with the British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force on 28 February 1915 but developed sepsis from an infected mosquito bite. He died at 4,46 pm on 23 April 1915, on the French hospital ship, as the expeditionary force had orders to depart immediately, Brooke was buried at 11 pm in an olive grove on Skyros. The site was chosen by his friend, William Denis Browne. At 4 o’clock he became weaker, and at 4.46 he died, with the sun shining all round his cabin, and the cool sea-breeze blowing through the door and the shaded windows. No one could have wished for a quieter or an end than in that lovely bay, shielded by the mountains and fragrant with sage. Another friend—and war poet—Patrick Shaw-Stewart, also played a prominent role in Brookes funeral, on 11 November 1985, Brooke was among 16 First World War poets commemorated on a slate monument unveiled in Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey
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Jean-Julien Lemordant
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Jean-Julien Lemordant was a Breton artist and French soldier and patriot. Lemordant was born in St. Malo and he grew up in Brittany and was orphaned in his teens. At first he studied architecture but made his career as a painter, initially in Rennes and later in Paris, studying under Léon Bonnat at the Beaux-Arts. The life of Brittany figured prominently in his paintings, including his paintings for the Hôtel de lÉpée dining rooms at Quimper. He was associated with Charles Cottet, and his influences included Gauguin, the Fauves, when his work was exhibited in Paris, it was to broad critical acclaim. At the outset of World War I, in August 1914 and he was wounded at Charleroi and promoted to lieutenant. In October 1915 he was wounded, at the battle of Artois. He was left for four days, thought dead, then was taken as prisoner to Germany and he was eventually exchanged and returned to France through Switzerland. Embraced as a victim of German Kultur, Lemordant became a speaker, talking about the effects of his blindness. He believed that France was victorious over Germany because a series of artists had kept the spirit of art. In 1926, he was made a Commandeur of the Légion dHonneur, Lemordant was made Professor of Esthetics at the École des Beaux-Arts, for life. In 1927, he acquired a site on the Avenue-René-Coty, and designed, with the assistance of Jean Launay and his living quarters contained a huge, naturally lit studio, which, being blind, he never used. Fifty years after his injuries, a series of operations restored his sight, ironically, Lemordant died of tear-gas poisoning during the May 1968 student uprisings in Paris. Some of his works photograph of the Hôtel Lemordant
4.
Gustav Holst
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Gustav Theodore Holst was an English composer, arranger and teacher. Best known for The Planets, he composed a number of other works across a range of genres. His distinctive compositional style was the product of influences, Richard Wagner. There were professional musicians in the three generations of Holsts family and it was clear from his early years that he would follow the same calling. He hoped to become a pianist, but was prevented by neuritis in his right arm, despite his fathers reservations, he pursued a career as a composer, studying at the Royal College of Music under Charles Villiers Stanford. Unable to support himself by his compositions, he played the trombone professionally and later became a great one. He was the founder of a series of Whitsun music festivals, a shy man, he did not welcome this fame, and preferred to be left in peace to compose and teach. In his later years his uncompromising, personal style of composition struck many music lovers as too austere, nevertheless, he was a significant influence on a number of younger English composers, including Edmund Rubbra, Michael Tippett and Benjamin Britten. Apart from The Planets and a handful of works, his music was generally neglected until the 1980s. Holst was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, the elder of the two children of Adolph von Holst, a musician, and his wife, Clara Cox. Holsts great-grandfather, Matthias Holst, born in Riga, Latvia, was of German origin, matthiass son Gustavus, who moved to England with his parents as a child in 1802, was a composer of salon-style music and a well-known harp teacher. He appropriated the aristocratic prefix von and added it to the name in the hope of gaining enhanced prestige. Holsts father, Adolph von Holst, became organist and choirmaster at All Saints Church, Cheltenham, he also taught and his wife, Clara, a former pupil, was a talented singer and pianist. They had two sons, Gustavs younger brother, Emil Gottfried, became known as Ernest Cossart, an actor in the West End, New York. Clara died in February 1882, and the moved to another house in Cheltenham. Gustav recognised her devotion to the family and dedicated several of his compositions to her. In 1885 Adolph married Mary Thorley Stone, another of his pupils and they had two sons, Matthias and Evelyn. Mary von Holst was absorbed in theosophy and not greatly interested in domestic matters, Holst was taught to play the piano and the violin, he enjoyed the former very much more than the latter
5.
Robert Edmond Jones
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Robert Edmond Bobby Jones was an American scenic, lighting, and costume designer. He is credited with incorporating the new stagecraft into the American drama and his designs sought to integrate the scenic elements into the storytelling instead of having them stand separate and indifferent from the play’s action. His visual style, often referred to as simplified realism, combined bold vivid use of color and simple, yet dramatic, born in Milton, New Hampshire, Jones attended Harvard University and graduated in 1910. Jones eventually moved to New York where, with friends made at Harvard, in 1913 Jones and several friends sailed to Europe to study the new stagecraft with Edward Gordon Craig in Florence. The school in Florence would not accept Jones so he went to Berlin instead and his innovative designs for Vladimir Rosings American Opera Company in 1927 and 1928 were praised by critics. Jones also brought his style to many productions put on by the Theatre Guild, with innovative designs for The Philadelphia Story, Othello. Jones’s biggest commercial success was with The Green Pastures, which, if we include its revival in 1951 and this revival was Jones’s last production. Other Broadway credits include Holiday, Mourning Becomes Electra, Ah, juno and the Paycock, and Lute Song. Jones was also the designer for some early three-color Technicolor films, such as La Cucaracha and Becky Sharp. Jones published many articles on design in the course of his career. His books include Drawings for the Theatre, and The Dramatic Imagination and his book The Dramatic Imagination is considered the definitive work on modern stage design in the first half of the 20th century. He died in the house he was born in on Thanksgiving Day,1954, in a time where theatrical set designs were extravagant and realistic, Jones counteracted the norm by creating simple or expressionistic sets and props. He was an unashamed pleader for beauty and, far more important, are attempting to express directly to the audience the unspoken thoughts of their characters, to show us not only the patterns of their conscious behavior but the pattern of their subconscious lives. We accept unthinkingly as objective transcripts of life, whereas in reality they are images of life. On stage we shall see the characters of the drama. The theater is a school we shall never have done with studying and learning, a stage setting is not a background, it is an environment. I think needs also actors who have in them a kind of wildness, an exuberance, a take-it-or-leave-it quality, I am indebted to the great Madame Freisinger for teaching me the value of simplicity in the theater. The sole aim of the arts of scene-designing, costuming, lighting, is, as I have already said, to enhance the natural powers of the actor
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Scenic design
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Scenic design is the creation of theatrical, as well as film or television scenery. Scenic designers come from a variety of backgrounds, but in recent years, are mostly trained professionals. Scenic designers design sets and scenery that aim to fully immerse the viewer in the production, a designer looks at the details searching for evidence through research to produce conceptual ideas that’s best toward supporting the content and values with visual elements. The subject of, “How do we generate creative ideas. ”The most consuming part of expanding our horizons toward scenic concepts is more than witnessing creativity. It starts with us opening our mind to the possibilities, to have an attitude toward learning, seeking, and engaging in creativity and to be willing to be adventurous, inquisitive and curious. Whether outside or inside, colorful trees or concerts, star lit skies or the architecture of a great building, discovering what will best clarify and support the story being told. The scenic designer works with the director and other designers to establish a visual concept for the production. All of these required drawing elements can be created from one accurate 3-D CAD model of the set design. Scenic designers are responsible for creating models of the scenery, renderings, paint elevations. Prague, CZ What is Scenography Article illustrating the differences between US and European theatre design practices Special, WhatLinksHere/Julia Anastasopoulos
7.
League of Nations
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The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, at its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, however, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them, after a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, the onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years, the United Nations replaced it after the end of the Second World War on 20 April 1946 and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, the organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were held to help refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure consisted of a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League, at the start of the 20th century, two power blocs emerged from alliances between the European Great Powers. It was these alliances that, at the start of the First World War in 1914 and this was the first major war in Europe between industrialised countries, and the first time in Western Europe that the results of industrialisation had been dedicated to war. By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had an impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe. Anti-war sentiment rose across the world, the First World War was described as the war to end all wars, the causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term League of Nations in 1914, together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. The group became more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party. In Dickinsons 1915 pamphlet After the War he wrote of his League of Peace as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation
