1.
Simonstone, Lancashire
–
Simonstone is a small village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, England. The population of the parish taken at the 2011 census was 1,154. It is about 4 miles west of Burnley and south of Pendle Hill, the village adjoins the village of Read, Lancashire and neighbours Padiham. St Peters CE Church is the local Church of England building in the village and was founded in 1841, the interior of the building is modern and part is also used as the school hall and gym during the week. The building dates from 1879 and was originally a National School, the Higher Trapp Hotel is part of the Best Western chain of hotels. It was originally built in the early 1900s as a private house, Simonstone railway station was south of the village and closed in 1957. Granville Technology Group was based in the village, until its closure in 2005, Simonstone was once a township in the ancient parish of Whalley. This became a parish in 1866, forming part of the Burnley Rural District from 1894 to 1974. With the creation of the new local government districts in 1974 Simonstone was included in Borough of Burnley, however, after a public campaign and Boundary Commission review completed in 1985, it subsequently became part of the Borough of Ribble Valley. Together with Read, the forms the Read and Simonstone ward of Ribble Valley Borough Council. Huntroyde Hall was originally built for Edmund Starkie in the 16th-century and has since been modified many times and its estate, Huntroyde Demesne separates Simonstone from Padiham. The house remained in the ownership of the Starkie family until 1983, the Hall dates from the 17th century and was originally the home of the Whitaker family. It is a privately owned listed building, the house was substantially re-built in the 18th century as an early example of Jacobean revival architecture. Ancillary buildings include a 17th-century barn and an 18th-century stables, st Peters CE Primary School is the villages only school, with around 120 pupils. The school hosts several events throughout the year, including the School Gala held late in June. The village is in the catchment area of the Clitheroe Royal Grammar School, listed buildings in Simonstone, Lancashire Parish Council website
2.
Ribble Valley
–
Ribble Valley is a local government district with borough status within the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire, England. The total population of the district at the 2011 Census was 57,132. Its council is based in Clitheroe, other places include Whalley, Longridge and Ribchester. The area is so called due to the River Ribble which flows in its final stages towards its estuary near Preston, the area is popular with tourists who enjoy the areas natural unspoilt beauty, much of which lies within the Forest of Bowland. Elections to the council are held every four years, with all of the 40 seats on the council being filled at each election. After being under no control for a number of years, the Conservative party gained a majority at the 2003 election. The project was launched in September 2004, the radio station helped 6 local residents into paid work within the radio sector in just 3 years and trained over 100 volunteers to present and produce their own radio shows. Many letters appeared in support of the project and damning the short sighted decision of the council, the whole episode brought excellent publicity and boosted the radio stations listening figures by 400%. MP Nigel Evans was a supporter and tabled an Early Day Motion at Parliament EDM979 calling for better resources and funding for Ribble Valley Radio. However Ribble Valley Radio closed down on 14 October 2007, the radio station closed as it was unable to gain sufficient funding to apply for a licence. A new group, known as Ribble FM, was formed in 2011 with the aim of applying for a community licence in the third round of licensing by Ofcom. Ribble FM was set up by The Bee founder Roy Martin and includes local directors, although Ribble Valley is the largest area of Lancashire, it also has the smallest population. The authority also has the highest proportion of people in Lancashire that work from home
3.
Lancashire
–
Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Listed building
–
A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
6.
Ha-ha
–
A ha-ha is a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier while preserving an uninterrupted view of the landscape beyond. The design includes a turfed incline which slopes downward to a vertical face. Ha-has are used in design to prevent access to a garden, for example by grazing livestock. In security design, the element is used to deter vehicular access to a site while minimizing visual obstruction, the name ha-ha may derive from the unexpected moment of discovery when, on approach, the vertical drop suddenly becomes visible. Before mechanical lawn mowers, a way to keep large areas of grassland trimmed was to allow livestock, usually sheep. The ha-ha fit well with Chinese gardening ideas of concealing barriers with nature, the basic design of sunken ditches is of ancient origin, being a feature of deer parks in England. The deer-leap or saltatorium consisted of a ditch with one steep side surmounted by a pale or hedge, on Dartmoor the deer-leap was known as a leapyeat. The concept of the ha-ha is of French origin, with the term being attested in toponyms in New France from 1686, Ha. from where it takes its name. This sort of opening is haha, on occasions, to be preferred, for that it does not at all interrupt the prospect. The etymology of the term is given as being an expression of surprise—someone says ha ha or ah. ah. when they encounter such a feature. Then deemed so astonishing, that the people called them Ha. Has. to express their surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to their walk, thomas Jefferson, describing the garden at Stowe after his visit in April 1786, also uses the term with exclamation marks, The inclosure is entirely by ha. ha. In Britain, the ha-ha is a feature of the gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman. Horace Walpole credits Bridgeman with the invention of the ha-ha but was unaware of the earlier French origins, during his excavations at Iona in the period 1964–1984, Richard Reece discovered an 18th-century ha-ha designed to protect the abbey from cattle. Ice houses were built into ha-ha walls because they provide a subtle entrance that makes the ice house a less intrusive structure. They vary in depth from about 0.6 m to 2.7 m, an unusually long example is the ha-ha that separates the Royal Artillery Barracks Field from Woolwich Common in southeast London. The Royal Artillery ha-ha is maintained in a state of preservation by the Ministry of Defence, it is a Listed Building. There is a shorter ha-ha in the grounds of the nearby Jacobean, in Australia, ha-has were also used at Victorian-era lunatic asylums such as Yarra Bend Asylum, Beechworth Asylum, and Kew Lunatic Asylum
7.
Demesne
–
In England royal demesne is the land held by the Crown, and ancient demesne is the legal term for the land held by the king at the time of the Domesday Book. The word derives from Old French demeine, ultimately from Latin dominus, lord, the word barton, which is an element found in many place-names, can refer to a demesne farm, it derives from Old English bere and ton. In this feudal system the demesne was all the land retained under his own management by a lord of the manor for his own use and it was not necessarily all contiguous to the manor house. A portion of the lands, called the lords waste, served as public roads and common pasture land for the lord. Most of the remainder of the land in the manor was sub-enfeoffed by the lord to others as sub-tenants, with the advent of the early modern period, demesne lands came to be cultivated by paid labourers. In times of inflation or debasement of coinage, the rent might come to represent a pittance, demesne lands that were leased out for a term of years remained demesne lands, though no longer in the occupation of the lord of the manor. The king made grants of large parcels of land under various forms of feudal tenure from his demesne. The land not so enfeoffed, for example royal manors administered by royal stewards and royal hunting forests, thus remained within the royal demesne. During the reign of King George III, Parliament appropriated most of the demesne, in exchange for a fixed annual sum thenceforth payable to the monarch. The position of the estate of Windsor, still occupied by the monarch and never alienated since 1066. Since the demesne surrounded the principal seat of the lord, it came to be used of any proprietary territory. A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases
8.
Padiham
–
Padiham /ˈpædiəm/ is a small town and civil parish on the River Calder, about 3 miles west of Burnley and south of Pendle Hill, in Lancashire, England. It is part of the Borough of Burnley, but has its own council with varied powers. Padiham was originally a village lying by the River Calder. It is still surrounded by attractive countryside on an arc running from the north-west to the north-east in the foothills of Pendle Hill. According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, the parish has a population of 10,098, no prehistoric or Roman sites have been found in the urban area and Padiham, a name of Anglo-Saxon origin, is not recorded in the Domesday Book. The first recorded mention of the town, as Padyngham, dates from 1294, for hundreds of years it was a market town where produce from Pendleside was bought and sold. The town expanded and was redeveloped during the Industrial Revolution. Padihams population peaked around 1921 at about 14,000 declining to 10,000 in the early 1960s and 8,998 at the time of the 2001 census. This follows people moving to the south of England in search of work following the decline of the cotton, coal. The Queen, together with Prince Philip, first visited Burnley, Nelson, Padiham was once a township in the ancient parish of Whalley. This became a parish in 1866. An urban district covered the town from 1894, however at this time the rural areas mainly to the north became a new parish called Northtown. But the Padiham Green area, previously part of Hapton, transferred to Padiham with another small area following in 1935, since 1974 Padiham has formed part of the Borough of Burnley. A Town Council was established in 2002, Burnley Borough Council now addresses public correspondence to both the people of Burnley and Padiham. Padiham is part of Lancashire County Council and the Parliamentary Constituency is Burnley currently represented by Julie Cooper for the Labour Party, in the 19th century, Padihams industry was based on coal-mining and weaving. Helm Mill on Factory Lane was the first mill built in 1807, by 1906 there were twenty cotton mills though the best preserved, now converted into flats, is Victoria Mill, built 1852–53 with an 1873 extension, in Ightenhall Street. Industrial development was helped by the proximity of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal about 2 miles south, by 1848, Padiham had many coal pits around the town, including two large collieries and a number of smaller workings. The availability of coal and water nearby helped the development of the industry in the town
9.
Borough of Burnley
–
The Borough of Burnley is a local government district of Lancashire, England, with the status of a non-metropolitan district and borough. It has an area of 42.7 square miles and a population of 87,400, the borough is bounded by Hyndburn, Ribble Valley, Pendle, Rossendale – all in Lancashire – and the borough of Calderdale in West Yorkshire. It is governed by Burnley Borough Council, which has controlled by the Liberal Democrats since 2008. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, when the county borough of Burnley merged with the urban district of Padiham. At this time Simonstone and the parish of North Town were included in the borough. Another part was transferred to Pendle districts Higham with West Close Booth and small adjustments occurred to the boundaries with Padiham, in 2007 its proposal to merge with neighbouring Pendle Borough Council to form a larger unitary authority was rejected by the government. Burnley Borough Council has had a predominantly Labour controlled history, the party returned to power in 2012, the borough comprises 15 wards electing a total of 45 councillors. The borough contains the parishes of Ightenhill, Habergham Eaves, Dunnockshaw and Clowbridge, Hapton, Cliviger, Briercliffe. Padiham Town Council was established in 2002, since 2002, a number of BNP councillors have been elected in the borough, with the last councilor losing her seat in the Hapton with Park ward in 2012. Places in the borough of Burnley include, The boroughs population has fallen from a high of 130,339 in 1911 to an estimated 87,700 in 2005, between 1991 and 2001, it fell by 2. 6%. Its employment rate of 59. 0% places it 261st out of 376 local authorities in England & Wales, just 12. 6% of its workforce are graduates, education Services in the borough are provided and controlled by Lancashire County Council. The Hospital Trust operates Burnley General Hospital, while the PCT operates the network of GP surgeries, policing Services in the borough are provided by the Pennine division of Lancashire Constabulary based at Burnley Police station, and controlled by Lancashire County Council. Plans are in place to merge the pennine division into the eastern division. Policing Services of the boroughs Railways are provided by North West division of the British Transport Police - the nearest Transport Police office being in Preston, Fire and rescue services in the borough are provided by Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service and controlled by Lancashire County Council. The borough Council has signed up to Lancashires Municipal Waste Management Strategy, there are currently 2 household waste recycling centres run by Lancashire County Council in the borough. One located on Grosvenor Street in Burnley and the second on Park Road in Padiham,3 months later they then announced the closure of the Padiham site as part of cost-cutting measures, increasing the unsuitability of the new Burnley site’s location
10.
Ashlar
–
Ashlar is finely dressed masonry, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared or the masonry built of such stone. It is the finest stone masonry unit, generally cuboid, mentioned by Vitruvius as opus isodomum, one such decorative treatment consists of small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb. Generally used only on softer stone ashlar, this decoration is known as masons drag, ashlar is in contrast to rubble masonry, which employs irregularly shaped stones, although sometimes minimally worked or selected for similar size, or both. Ashlar is related but distinct from other stone masonry that is finely dressed but not quadrilateral, such as curvilinear masonry, ashlar may be coursed, which involves lengthy horizontal courses of stone blocks laid in parallel, and therefore with continuous horizontal joints. Ashlar may also be random, which involves stone blocks laid with deliberately discontinuous courses, in either case, it generally uses a joining material such as mortar to bind the blocks together, although dry ashlar construction, metal ties, and other methods of assembly have been used. The dry ashlar of Inca architecture in Cusco and Machu Picchu is particularly fine, the word is attested in Middle English and derives from Old French aisselier, from Latin axilla, diminutive of axis, plank. Ashlar blocks have been used in the construction of buildings as an alternative to brick or other materials. In classical architecture, ashlar wall surfaces were contrasted with rustication. The term is used to describe the dressed stone work of prehistoric Greece and Crete. For example, the tombs of Bronze Age Mycenae use ashlar masonry in the construction of the so-called beehive dome. This dome consists of finely cut ashlar blocks that decrease in size and these domes are not true domes, but are constructed using the corbel arch. Ashlar masonry was also used in the construction of palace facades on Crete. These constructions date to the MM III-LM Ib period, ca, in modern European masonry the blocks are generally about 35 centimetres in height. When shorter than 30 centimetres, they are called small ashlar. In some Masonic groupings, which such societies term jurisdictions, ashlars are used as a metaphor for how ones personal development relates to the tenets of their lodge. Ablaq Dimension stone Opus quadratum Rustication Stone cladding Stone veneer
