1.
ITV Choice
–
ITV Choice is a cable and satellite television channel owned and operated by ITV plc. It is available in parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia as well as in Cyprus, the channel was launched in 1997 by Granada Media under the name Granada UKTV. The service was expanded and relaunched as Granada TV during 2008, on 1 November 2010, it was rebranded as ITV Granada. The channel was renamed again as ITV Choice on 25 March 2013, It primarily carries ITV and other UK programming, produced by ITV Studios and other independent production companies. Key programmes include Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway, Dancing on Ice, the Jonathan Ross Show, Doc Martin, The Chase and Tipping Point, among others. It is also available on satellite ABS1 across Asia and Middle East, malaysia on Astro New Zealand on Sky Television Official website
2.
MediaCityUK
–
MediaCityUK is a 200-acre mixed-use property development site on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal in Salford and Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. The project is being developed by Peel Media, and its tenants are media organisations. The land occupied by the development was part of the Port of Manchester and Manchester Docks, the BBC signalled its intention to move jobs to Manchester in 2004, and the Salford Quays site was chosen in 2006. The Peel Group was granted planning permission to develop the site in 2007, based in Quay House, the principal tenant is the BBC, whose move marks a large-scale decentralisation from London. The Studios on Broadway houses seven high-definition studios, claimed to be the largest such facility in Europe, MediaCityUK is to be developed in two phases. The 36-acre first phase was completed in 2011, and the second is dependent on its success, Metrolink, Greater Manchesters light-rail system, was extended to MediaCityUK with the opening of the MediaCityUK tram stop on 20 September 2010 and further extensions are planned. Road access was improved by the construction of Broadway Link Road, the Quays development includes The Lowry Arts Centre and the Imperial War Museum North. A total of 200 acres of land was earmarked for the development of MediaCityUK, the first phase of its development was primarily focused on a 36-acre site at Pier 9 on Salford Quays. In 2010 it was announced that the ITV production centre would be built on Trafford Wharf in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford. In 2003 reports emerged that, as part of the plans for the renewal of its Royal Charter, early discussions involved a plan where the BBC would move to a new media village proposed by Granada Television at its Bonded Warehouse site at Granada Studios in the city. Proposals to relocate 1,800 jobs to Manchester were unveiled by BBC Director General, Mark Thompson, the BBC justified the move as its spending per head was low in northern England where it had low approval ratings and its facilities at New Broadcasting House in Manchester needed replacing. The site at Salford Quays was chosen in June 2006 and the north was conditional on a satisfactory licence fee settlement from the government. In the same month the BBC Trust approved moving five London-based departments to the development, the departments to be moved were Sport, Childrens, Learning, Future Media and Technology and Radio Five Live. Construction started in 2007 with the owner, Peel Group as developer. The media facilities opened in stages from 2007, the first facility being the Pie Factory, which was located in a refurbished bakery. It featured three sound stages suitable for drama productions and commercials. In January 2011 Peel Media received planning permission to convert on-site offices used by Bovis Lend Lease during the construction of the first phase into the Greenhouse, the first trial show took place in November 2010 in Studio HQ2. The half-hour test show featured a power failure and a fire drill, the first programme filmed at MediaCityUK was Dont Scare the Hare in February 2011, and the first to transfer was A Question of Sport, the same month
3.
Granada Studios
–
Granada Studios were television studios on Quay Street in Manchester with the facility to broadcast live and film drama programmes. They were the headquarters of Granada Television and later ITV Granada between 1956 and 2013, at the time of their closure, the studios were the oldest operating purpose-built television studios in the United Kingdom. Firsts at the studios include The Beatles first television performance in 1962, until 2010 the main building, Granada House, had a red neon Granada TV sign on the roof, which was a landmark for rail passengers travelling from the west into Manchester city centre. A decorative broadcasting tower was erected at the behest of Sidney Bernstein to give the studios an embellished, at its top, this tower had an enclosed, steerable, microwave dish which, pre-satellite, provided line of sight outside broadcast links to the companys Eagle Tower vehicles. There were three studios, each covering over 4,500 square feet. The studios were owned by ITV Studios and BBC Resources through a joint venture company, after a dip in production during the early 2000s, the studios underwent a revival from 2009 until their closure. Countdown moved to Manchester from the Leeds Studios in 2009, programmes such as John Bishops Britain, The Chase, Divided, Take Me Out and High Stakes were recorded here and the studios hosted the first ever General Election debate in April 2010. The studios closed in June 2013, and ITV Granada and ITV Studios moved to MediaCityUK in Salford Quays, Granada House is not a listed building but will nonetheless be retained as part of new proposals by Allied London. This will generally consist of exhibition space and a new bespoke hotel, in 2013 the site was sold for £26 million. The difficulty was that equipment for film was incompatible and new areas were required for playout, Granada bypassed these problems by creating new studios. Sidney Bernstein chose its base for operations from Leeds, Liverpool. Granada executive, Victor Peers, believed Manchester was the choice even before Granada executives, Peers, Denis Forman, Reg Hammans and Sidney Bernstein. One site was identified by Hammans in Leeds and three were found in Manchester which convinced Bernstein to explore further, two sites were deemed expensive, and another in Salford Quays was rejected by Bernstein as inadequate. A site on Quay Street in Manchester city centre owned by Manchester City Council was bought for £82,000, the land supposedly hosted a cemetery containing paupers graves, where 22,000 people were buried. Part of the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, which linked the River Irwell to the Rochdale Canal from 1839 to 1922, the studios were designed by Ralph Tubbs, but Sidney Bernstein was instrumental in influencing designs and giving regular plan briefings. Forman wrote that Tubbs looked sometimes enthusiastic, sometimes disconsolate during Bernsteins lecture briefings, the logo which adorned the building was in a period font and remained in position from 1961 until 2010. Bernstein, keen to save money, had the studios built in a modular and this led to a jumbled appearance as the company expanded and renovated the site which encompassed a bonded warehouse built in the Victorian era. The original studios were in a building on Quay Street
4.
Cheshire
–
Cheshire is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Wales to the west. Cheshires county town is Chester, the largest town is Warrington, other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford. The county covers 905 square miles and has a population of around 1 million and it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese, salt, chemicals and silk. Cheshires name was derived from an early name for Chester. Although the name first appears in 980, it is thought that the county was created by Edward the Elder around 920, in the Domesday Book, Chester was recorded as having the name Cestrescir, derived from the name for Chester at the time. A series of changes occurred as English itself changed, together with some simplifications and elision, resulted in the name Cheshire. Because of the close links with the land bordering Cheshire to the west. The Domesday Book records Cheshire as having two complete Hundreds that later became the part of Flintshire. Additionally, another portion of the Duddestan Hundred later became known as Maelor Saesneg when it was transferred to North Wales. For this and other reasons, the Welsh name for Cheshire is sometimes used within Wales, after the Norman conquest of 1066 by William I, dissent and resistance continued for many years after the invasion. In 1069 local resistance in Cheshire was finally put down using draconian measures as part of the Harrying of the North, the ferocity of the campaign against the English populace was enough to end all future resistance. Examples were made of major landowners such as Earl Edwin of Mercia, William I made Cheshire a county palatine and gave Gerbod the Fleming the new title of Earl of Chester. When Gerbod returned to Normandy in about 1070, the king used his absence to declare the earldom forfeit, due to Cheshires strategic location on Welsh Marches, the Earl had complete autonomous powers to rule on behalf of the king in the county palatine. Cheshire in the Domesday Book is recorded as a larger county than it is today. It included two hundreds, Atiscross and Exestan, that became part of North Wales. At the time of the Domesday Book, it included as part of Duddestan Hundred the area of land later known as English Maelor in Wales. The area between the Mersey and Ribble formed part of the returns for Cheshire, an example is the barony of Halton. One of Hugh dAvranches barons has been identified as Robert Nicholls, Baron of Halton, in 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the county in which the land Inter Ripam et Mersam was
5.
Greater Manchester
–
Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles, which roughly covers the territory of the Greater Manchester Built-up Area, the second most populous urban area in the UK. It is landlocked and borders Cheshire, Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, for the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government, district councils shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council. The county council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts became unitary authority areas. However, the county has continued to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference, and as a ceremonial county, has a Lord Lieutenant. A further devolution of powers to Greater Manchester is set to place upon the election of the inaugural Mayor of Greater Manchester scheduled for 2017. Before the creation of the county, the name SELNEC was used for the area. Since deindustrialisation in the century, Greater Manchester has become known as an exporter of media and digital content, for its guitar and dance music. Although the modern county of Greater Manchester was not created until 1974, there is evidence of Iron Age habitation, particularly at Mellor, and Celtic activity in a settlement named Chochion, believed to have been an area of Wigan settled by the Brigantes. Stretford was also part of the believed to have been occupied by the Celtic Brigantes tribe. The remains of 1st-century forts at Castlefield in Manchester, and Castleshaw Roman fort in Saddleworth, are evidence of Roman occupation. Much of the region was omitted from the Domesday Book of 1086, Redhead states that this was only a partial survey was taken. During the Middle Ages, much of what became Greater Manchester lay within the hundred of Salfordshire – an ancient division of the county of Lancashire, Salfordshire encompassed several parishes and townships, some of which, like Rochdale, were important market towns and centres of Englands woollen trade. The development of what became Greater Manchester is attributed to a tradition of domestic flannel and fustian cloth production. Infrastructure such as rows of terraced housing, factories and roads were constructed to house labour, transport goods, however, it was Manchester that was the most populous settlement, a major city, the worlds largest marketplace for cotton goods, and the natural centre of its region. In the 1910s, local government reforms to administer this conurbation as an entity were proposed. In the 18th century, German traders had coined the name Manchesterthum to cover the region in, however, the English term Greater Manchester did not appear until the 20th century. One of its first known recorded uses was in a 1914 report put forward in response to what was considered to have been the creation of the County of London in 1889
6.
Lancashire
–
Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
7.
Merseyside
–
Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1.38 million. Merseyside, which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, Merseyside spans 249 square miles of land which border Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire and the Irish Sea to the west. North Wales is across the Dee Estuary, there is a mix of high density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a system of local government. The county council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts are now effectively unitary authority areas, Merseyside is joined by the neighbouring borough of Halton to form the Liverpool City Region, which together forms a local enterprise partnership and combined authority area. Further areas, including Widnes and Runcorn, were added to the Special Review Area by Order in 1965, draft proposals were published in 1965, but the commission never completed its final proposals as it was abolished in 1966. This would have included four districts, Southport/Crosby, Liverpool/Bootle, St. Helens/Widnes, in 1970 the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive was set up, covering Liverpool, Sefton, Wirral and Knowsley, but excluding Southport and St. Helens. The Redcliffe-Maud Report was rejected by the incoming Conservative Party government, a White Paper was published in 1971. The Local Government Bill presented to Parliament involved a substantial trimming from the White Paper, excluding the northern and southern fringes of the area, excluding Chester, following the creation of Merseyside, Merseytravel expanded to take in St Helens and Southport. Between 1974 and 1986 the county had a system of local government with the five boroughs sharing power with the Merseyside County Council. However, in 1986 the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the county council along with all other county councils. The eastern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, the territory comprising the county of Merseyside previously formed part of the administrative counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The two parts are linked by the two Mersey Tunnels, the Wirral Line of Merseyrail, and the Mersey Ferry, to express location within the Merseyside area by the preposition on – thus on Merseyside as opposed to in Merseyside – was traditionally the more usual. Therefore, more recent usage tends to draw distinctions between the geographical Merseyside – for which on is considered appropriate – and the Metropolitan county of Merseyside, Merseyside contains the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St. Helens and Wirral. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. This also has a usage by some local authorities and organisations and is used by Geographers A-Z Map Company for their Merseyside Street Atlas. However, a separate City region, comprising Merseyside and Halton, has official recognition as being Greater Merseyside. Halton also forms part of the Merseyside NUTS region, List of Lord Lieutenants of Merseyside List of High Sheriffs of Merseyside 1911 Liverpool general transport strike List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside Dickinson, Joseph
8.
Derbyshire
–
Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire, in 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, there is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland, 75% of the population live in 25% of the area. Further occupation came with the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age when Mesolithic hunter gatherers roamed the hilly tundra, evidence of these nomadic tribes has been found in limestone caves located on the Nottinghamshire border. Deposits left in the date the occupancy at around 12,000 to 7,000 BCE. Burial mounds of Neolithic settlers are also situated throughout the county and these chambered tombs were designed for collective burial and are mostly located in the central Derbyshire region. There are tombs at Minninglow and Five Wells that date back to between 2000 and 2500 BCE, three miles west of Youlgreave lies the Neolithic henge monument of Arbor Low, which has been dated to 2500 BCE. It is not until the Bronze Age that real signs of agriculture, in the moors of the Peak District signs of clearance, arable fields and hut circles were discovered after archaeological investigation. However this area and another settlement at Swarkestone are all that have been found, during the Roman invasion the invaders were attracted to Derbyshire because of the lead ore in the limestone hills of the area. They settled throughout the county with forts built near Brough in the Hope Valley, later they settled around Buxton, famed for its warm springs, and set up a fort near modern-day Derby in an area now known as Little Chester. Several kings of Mercia are buried in the Repton area, following the Norman Conquest, much of the county was subject to the forest laws. To the northwest was the Forest of High Peak under the custodianship of William Peverel, the rest of the county was bestowed upon Henry de Ferrers, a part of it becoming Duffield Frith. In time the area was given to the Duchy of Lancaster. Meanwhile, the Forest of East Derbyshire covered the county to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of Henry II to that of Edward I. The main rivers in the county are the River Derwent and the River Dove which both join the River Trent in the south. The varied landscapes within Derbyshires have been formed mainly as a consequence of the underlying geology, the oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. In its north-east corner to the east of Bolsover there are also Magnesian Limestone rocks of Permian age, across both regions can be found drift deposits of Quaternary age – mainly terrace and river gravel deposits and boulder clays
9.
Cumbria
–
Cumbria is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbrias county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, the county of Cumbria consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, a large area of the south east of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB. Much of Cumbria is mountainous, and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet above sea level, with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet being the highest point of England. An upland, coastal, and rural area, Cumbrias history is characterised by invasions, migration, notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle, Furness Abbey, Hardknott Roman Fort, Brough Castle and Hadrians Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. D. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitas of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria, the names Cumbria, Cymru, Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant compatriots. In the Early Middle Ages, Cumberland formed the core of the Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, for the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, in 1092 Cumberland was invaded by William II and incorporated into England. There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two sieges during the Jacobite risings. In particular, the west-coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. Later, the childrens writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner and its strategic authority is Cumbria County Council. Local papers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic county, other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as Cumbria, as do the Lake District National Park Authority and most visitors. Cumbria is the most northwesterly county of England, the northernmost and southernmost points in Cumbria are just west of Deadwater, Northumberland and South Walney respectively. Kirkby Stephen and St Bees Head are the most easterly and westerly points of the county, at 978 metres Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, the Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into South Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945, the Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONBs lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively. Cumbria is bordered by the English counties of Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, the boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east
10.
North Yorkshire
–
North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county and larger ceremonial county in England. It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, created by the Local Government Act 1972, it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres, making it the largest county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshires boundaries, the largest settlements are York, Middlesbrough, Harrogate and Scarborough, the county town, Northallerton, has a population of 16,832. The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts, Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, the changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council, the largest settlement in the administrative county is Harrogate, the second largest is Scarborough, while in the ceremonial county, the largest is York. The largest urban area within the county is the Middlesbrough built-up area sub-division of Teesside. Uniquely for a district in England, Stockton-on-Tees is split between North Yorkshire and County Durham for this purpose, Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Redcar and Cleveland boroughs form part of the North East England region. The ceremonial county area, including the authorities, borders East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumbria. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape, within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas of countryside within England and Wales to be officially designated as national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills in the west lie the Vales of Mowbray, the Tees Lowlands lie to the north of the North York Moors and the Vale of Pickering lies to the south. Its eastern border is the North sea coast, the highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 736 metres. The two major rivers in the county are the River Swale and the River Ure, the Swale and the Ure form the River Ouse which flows through York and into the Humber estuary. The River Tees forms part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and flows from upper Teesdale to Middlesbrough and Stockton and to the coast, North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county that operates a cabinet-style council, North Yorkshire County Council. The full council of 72 elects a council leader, who in turn appoints up to 9 more councillors to form the executive cabinet, the cabinet is responsible for making decisions in the County. The county council have their offices in the County Hall in Northallerton, the county is affluent and has above average house prices. Unemployment is below average for the UK and claimants of Job Seekers Allowance is also very low compared to the rest of the UK at 2. 7%, agriculture is an important industry, as are mineral extraction and power generation. The county also has high technology, service and tourism sectors. This is a chart of trend of gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling
11.
Isle of Man
–
The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
12.
North Wales
–
North Wales is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales. Retail, transport and educational infrastructure are centred on Wrexham, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno and Bangor. It is bordered to the south by the counties of Ceredigion and Powys in Mid Wales, the southern boundary is arbitrary and its definition may depend on the use being made of the term. For example, the boundary of North Wales Police differs from the boundary of the North Wales area of the Natural Resources Wales, montgomeryshire is sometimes referred to as being in north Wales. The region is steeped in history and was for almost a millennium known as the Kingdom of Gwynedd, the mountainous stronghold of Snowdonia formed the nucleus of that realm and would become the last redoubt of independent Wales — only overcome in 1283. To this day it remains a stronghold of the Welsh language, the area is home to two of the three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales. These are Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and canal and, collectively, the Edwardian castles and town walls of the region which comprise those at Caernarfon, Beaumaris, Conwy and Harlech. It also shares with Powys and Ceredigion the distinction of hosting the only UNESCO Biosphere reserve in Wales, namely, the area is mostly rural with many mountains and valleys. This, in combination with its coast, has ensured that tourism is the principal industry, farming, which was once the principal economic force in the area, is now much reduced in importance. The average income per capita of the population is the lowest in the UK. The eastern part of North Wales contains the most populous areas, with more than 300,000 people living in the areas around Wrexham, Wrexham is North Wales largest town, with a population of 63,084 in 2001. The total population of North Wales is 687,937, the majority of other settlements are along the coast, including some popular resort towns, such as Rhyl, Llandudno and Pwllheli. The A55 road links these towns to cities like Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham, the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon, is situated in north west Wales. North Wales has a diverse and complex geology with Precambrian schists along the Menai Strait. To the east, around Llangollen, to the north on Halkyn Mountain, added to all this are the complexities posed by Parys Mountain and the outcrops of unusual minerals such as Jasper and Mona Marble which make the area of special interest to geologists. North Wales has a regional identity. Colloquially, a person from North Wales is known as a North Walian, areas close to the border with Cheshire can have Scouse accents of English, and along the coast Manchester accents are common. Two daily newspapers are published in the region, a weekly Welsh-language newspaper, Y Cymro is published each week by the Cambrian News from its Porthmadog office alongside two localised Welsh titles, Y Cyfnod and Y Dydd
13.
Associated British Corporation
–
When Kemsley-Winnick, one of the consortia that had been awarded a franchise in the new Independent Television network in 1954 collapsed, the ITA approached ABPC to step into the breach. Accordingly, the Corporation agreed to assume the franchises to broadcast on Saturdays and Sundays to the Midlands, the contract agreeing to do so was signed on 21 September 1955, the day before Independent Television began in London. This gave the new ABC five months to begin broadcasting in the Midlands, soon afterwards, it was also up and running in the North - it began broadcasting there for the first time on 5 May 1956. Structural changes in the contract areas meant that ABC no longer had a contract to re-apply for. The Northern area became an operation as did the Midlands. Existing weekday contractors were correctly considered the favourites, ABC consequently submitted two applications, one for the service for London at the weekend, the other for the Midlands seven-day operation, although it favoured the first contract. It was expected that ABC would be awarded the weekend London licence and this led to a situation where a successful company could be closed down through no fault of its own. Despite protests from Rediffusion, the two eventually became Thames Television. ABC ceased weekend broadcasting in the North and Midlands regions on 28 July 1968, ABC operated three production sites and had a further sales office. The main production facilities were the former Warner Studios in Teddington, upon the merger with Rediffusion this site became the main production base for the new company Thames Television. In the Midlands, ABC formed a joint venture with Midlands weekday licensee ATV to oversee the running of a production and transmission facility to be used by both. Alpha Television purchased a cinema in Aston, near Birmingham and extended it by the construction of additional studios and office space. ABC operated a northern studio centre in Manchester and an office based in Television House in the city centre. The production facility was converted from a former Capitol cinema in Didsbury, ABC vacated both premises during 1968. For its pre-filmed series, The Avengers, ABC used its parent companys facilities in Elstree, when ABC first went on the air, it used the branding of its sister company ABC Cinemas. This featured a shield with the letters ABC upon it. This lasted from the launch in 1956 until c.1958. The ITA had criticised ABCs original presentation style for being bland, as a result, ABC created a new brand ident featuring three arrows pointing to the bottom of the screen to reveal the letters ABC in turn and leaving a triangle behind and on top of the letters
14.
ITV Yorkshire
–
ITV Yorkshire is the British television service provided by ITV Broadcasting Limited for the Yorkshire franchise area on the ITV network. Until 1974, this was primarily the historic county of Yorkshire and parts of neighbouring counties served by the Emley Moor, on 1 January 2007, the company transferred its programme production business to ITV Studios Limited. As a consequence, Yorkshire Television Limited ceased to trade on 1 January 2007, Yorkshire Television Ltd still legally exists, but its licence is now owned and operated by ITV plc under the licence name of ITV Broadcasting Limited. Yorkshire Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. ITV Yorkshire, previously known as Yorkshire Television, and sometimes abbreviated to YTV or Yorkshire, has its origins in the 1967 franchise round. That round stipulated that the influential pan-North region, the licence which was owned by Granada Television and ABC, consequently, it was decided that Granada would keep the North West franchise and a new franchise created for Yorkshire. Ten formal bids were received by the date, another less-serious bid, Diddy TV. Telefusion Yorkshire Limited, created by the Blackpool-based TV rental chain Telefusion and it was chosen on the condition that it merged with another applicant Yorkshire Independent Television. The new venture initially chose the name Yorkshire Television Network but decided to drop the word Network before going on air, the station began broadcasting on 29 July 1968 from new studios at Kirkstall Road in Leeds. After an opening ceremony led by The Duchess of Kent, the stations first programme was live coverage of a Test cricket match between England and Australia at Headingley. The station was hit hard financially when the transmitter mast at Emley Moor collapsed in March 1969 under a heavy build-up of ice and this left the major part of the region uncovered by Yorkshire Television plus BBC2 who broadcast from the same mast. A temporary mast was erected and television to the West Riding of Yorkshire resumed. From this, the company grew and by May 1970 the company was making profits of over £689,000, in June 1969, talks began between Yorkshire and Anglia about achieving a cost cutting exercise by sharing equipment and facilities. Neither company planned joint productions or a merger, the decision to form an association was purely down to the costs of the increase levy on the companies advertising revenue by the government, and the cost of colour TV. ITA stated there was no reason why the companies should not have talks about sensible economies that could be made and this seriously reduced YTVs monopoly commercial broadcast area. Partially to address this issue, in 1974 the Independent Broadcasting Authority reallocated the Belmont Transmitter, then served by Anglia Television, to YTV. It is often contended that the point of the trident was intended to be Anglia Television. However, it appears that the point was to be Tridents non-television interests
15.
ITV plc
–
The network, which is branded ITV by ITV plc, has vied with the British Broadcasting Corporations BBC One for the status of the UKs most watched channel since the 1950s. The company was formed by a takeover by Granada plc of Carlton Communications. Granada acquired a 68% controlling interest of the newly formed company whilst Carlton retained the 32% remaining shares and it began trading on 2 February 2004. This was the most recent stage in a process of mergers between the original ITV regional franchises. It acquired the remaining 25% of the Breakfast franchise holder, GMTV, from The Walt Disney Company in 2009, on 19 October 2015, ITV announced it would buy UTV for £100 million, with ownership transferring to ITV on 29 February 2016. ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, the first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million, MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television, MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of The Daily Express in 1996. The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises, Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds. All three, however, merged the network operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content. By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales, Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new and this arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITVs production operations. In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a company for all ITV franchises in England. One of the consequences of the merger was an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, in order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Carlton Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of studios. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, as well as consolidating its shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITNs original partners NTL in April 2004. A year later they launched ITV4, on 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million
16.
North West England
–
North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside. The North West had a population of 7,052,000 in 2011 and it is the third most populated region in the United Kingdom after the South East and Greater London. North West England is bounded to the east by the Peak District, the region extends from the Scottish Borders in the north to the West Midlands region in the south. To its southwest is North Wales, amongst the better known of the North Wests physiographical features are the Lake District and the Cheshire Plain. The highest point in North West England is Scafell Pike, Cumbria, Windermere is the largest natural lake in England. Broad Crag Tarn on Broad Crag is Englands highest lake, wast Water is Englands deepest lake, being 74m deep. A mix of rural and urban landscape, two large conurbations, centred on Liverpool and Manchester, occupy much of the south of the region. The north of the region, comprising Cumbria and northern Lancashire, is rural, as is the far south which encompasses parts of the Cheshire Plain. The region includes parts of three National parks and three areas of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, source, Office for National Statistics Mid Year Population Estimates North West Englands population accounts for just over 13% of Englands overall population. 37. 86% of the North Wests population resides in Greater Manchester,21. 39% in Lancashire,20. 30% in Merseyside,14. 76% in Cheshire and 7. 41% live in the largest county by area, Cumbria. According to 2009 Office for National Statistics estimates,91. 6% of people in the region describe themselves as White,88. 4% White British,1. 0% White Irish and 2. 2% White Other. The Mixed Race population makes up 1. 3% of the regions population, there are 323,800 South Asians, making up 4. 7% of the population, and 1. 1% Black Britons. 0. 6% of the population are Chinese and 0. 5% of people belong to ethnic group. North West England is a diverse region, with Manchester. 19. 4% of Blackburn with Darwens population are Muslim, the third highest among all local authorities in the United Kingdom, Areas such as Moss Side in Greater Manchester are home to a 30%+ Black British population. In contrast, the town of St. Helens in Merseyside, one in five of the population in the North West is Catholic, a result of large-scale Irish emigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire. For top-tier authorities, Manchester has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the region, for council districts, Burnley has the highest rate, closely followed by Hyndburn, both in Lancashire. For top-tier authorities, Cheshire has the lowest teenage pregnancy rate, for council districts, Eden has the lowest rate closely followed by South Lakeland, both in Cumbria
17.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
18.
Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein
–
In 1954 he founded Granada Television, which was one of the original four ITA franchisees. He believed the Norths media industry had potential to be cultivated, Granada Television eventually became one of the most successful British production companies in history and still produces programmes in 2011 under the ITV Studios moniker. He is described by the British Film Institute as the dominant influence on the growth, Bernstein left school at 15 and he gradually inherited the property portfolio his father had built. Bernstein built, with his brother Cecil, a circuit of some sixty cinemas and theatres. Some of the cinema were on property he inherited from his father, the Bernstein holdings eventually encompassed interests in publishing, real estate, motorway services, retail shops and bowling alleys, as well as the hugely profitable television-rental business. Bernstein was a co-founder of the London Film Society in 1925, where he met and befriended the young Alfred Hitchcock, who became a lifelong friend and eventual producing partner. He also ventured into theatre, building an elegant new venue which housed the premiere of Private Lives by Noël Coward, though his involvement with the live stage was short-lived, he was passionate about the construction of state-of-the-art film palaces throughout Britain. By 1943, Bernstein was also a member of SHAEF and worked on films which would help the new Allies, Britain and America and he read and advised on early drafts of Mrs. As the invasion of France loomed, Bernstein brought his friend Alfred Hitchcock back from Hollywood to Britain to work on two documentary films for the post-invasion French audience. The London-based Granada group surprised establishment thinkers by not bidding for a contract in the affluent South East. Instead, Granada pursued the weekday licences centred on Manchester in the industrial North, embracing an area extending across the north of England, granadas evidence to the Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting in 1961 justified this decision, The North and London were the two biggest regions. Granada preferred the North because of its tradition of home-grown culture, in 1991, Granada Theatres Ltd was sold to Bass. In 1954, Bernstein won a licence to broadcast commercial television to the north of England including key urban areas such as Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds. Bernstein wanted the north of England as this would not have any effect on viewers at his theatres which were predominantly based in the south of England. Furthermore, he believed the north of England had a cultural heart that had potential to be cultivated which would translate itself into good television. The North and London were the two biggest regions, Granada preferred the North because of its tradition of home-grown culture, and because it offered a chance to start a new creative industry away from the metropolitan atmosphere of London. Compare this with London and its suburbs – full of displaced persons, and, of course, if you look at a map of the concentration of population in the North and a rainfall map, you will see that the North is an ideal place for television. To achieve his aim, Bernstein ordered the building of the United Kingdoms first television studios, construction of Granada Studios began in 1954
19.
Independent Television Authority
–
The Authority began its operations on 4 August 1954, a mere four days after the Television Act received Royal Assent, under the Chairmanship of Sir Kenneth Clark. The Authoritys first Director General, Sir Robert Fraser was appointed by Clark a month later on 14 September. The physics of VHF broadcasting meant that a small number of transmitters could cover the majority of the population of Britain. The ITA determined that the first three areas would cover the London area, the English Midlands, and the North of England. Franchises were awarded initially between 1954 and 1961, with the new television stations usually beginning their broadcasting 1-2 years later. In January 1955 the ITA authorised the creation of ITN, an owned and operated by the ITV companies collectively. On 22 September 1955 the ITV service opened in the London area, the first commercial on British television was for Gibbs SR toothpaste. The Central Scotland franchise was awarded to Scottish Television, from three applications, the South Wales and West of England franchise was awarded to Television Wales and the West, TWW, from ten applications. The South of England franchise was awarded to Southern Television, from thirteen applications, the North East England franchise was awarded to Tyne Tees Television, from eleven applications. The East of England franchise was awarded to Anglia Television, from eight applications, the Northern Ireland franchise was awarded to Ulster Television, from four applications. The South West England franchise was awarded to Westward Television, from fifteen applications, the franchise for the English-Scottish Border and the Isle of Man was awarded to Border Television, from two applications. The franchise for North East Scotland was awarded to Grampian Television, the franchise for West and North Wales was awarded to the Wales Television Association, Teledu Cymru, transmitting as WWN, Wales Television. When WWN went on the air on 14 September 1962, the ITV Network was completed, the 1967 franchise review involved substantial changes, All weekday/weekend split franchises were ended except in London. The North of England franchise was split between North West England, awarded to Granada Television, and the three Ridings of Yorkshire to create Yorkshire Television, the new 7-day franchise in the Midlands was awarded to Associated TeleVision. The ITA asked ABC and Associated-Rediffusion to merge, forming Thames Television which was awarded the London Weekday franchise, LWT was awarded the London Weekend franchise. Most controversially, TWW lost its franchise for Wales and the West of England to Harlech Television, the 1967 franchises were subsequently extended in stages to expire in 1976, then 1979, and finally to expire on 31 December 1981. See the entry for the IBA for details of the 1981, history of ITV Sendall, Bernard Independent Television in Britain, Volume 1 - Origin and Foundation 1946-62 London, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1982 ISBN 0-333-30941-3
20.
ITV Border
–
The TV service previously covered the Isle of Man from 26 March 1965 until 15 July 2009. The licence for the region was transferred from Border TV to ITV Broadcasting Limited in November 2008, the legal name of the company was changed on 29 December 2006 from Border Television Ltd to ITV Border Ltd. This company is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. However, on 16 September 2013, a regional news service for the Border region was restored as part of an extensive relaunch of the stations local programming. A sub-regional service for the south of Scotland was reintroduced in January 2014, prior to this, the ITA had moved away from the idea of satellite stations towards companies that had strong local ownership. The contract covered two new transmitters at Caldbeck, near Carlisle and Selkirk, near Saint Boswells in the Scottish Borders, Granada Television and ABC Weekend Television had laid a claim to providing service via Caldbeck whilst Scottish Television expressed a strong interest in Selkirk. Two applications were received, one from Solway Television and another from Border Television, Border were chosen on the basis of their plans and management which was considered local but still featured names from large business and from the world of education. Launch was scheduled for February 1961 but construction problems with both transmitters resulted in delays until May of that year, as this led into the summer holiday period, Border asked for a launch delay as the break would affect advertising revenue. Accordingly, Border launched on Friday 1 September 1961, from Friday 26 March 1965, the Isle of Man was added to Borders coverage area. Initially, Border produced little for the network and concentrated on local programming, later, when ITV and the BBC were given permission to extend broadcasting hours to daytime, Border carved a niche for providing the ITV network with afternoon quizzes and light entertainment. Meanwhile, a 15-minute music show, The Sound of, was seen across several ITV regions and featured The Spinners, British folk music band The Settlers and other similar artists. Financial and industrial began to hit the company during the 1970s – a fall in net profits to just £13,587, led to job losses. From January 1982, Border began broadcasting to south Cumbria from the Kendal transmitter which previously carried Granada, the dispute led to several members of management resigning - with Jim Graham moving from the BBC to become managing director and Paul Corley joining as director of programming. Graham and Corley began to transform Border by targeting a greater presence on the ITV network, Graham hired Melvyn Bragg to present new programming. Melvyn Bragg went on to become deputy chairman of Border Television in 1985, in 1996, he left the post but remained on the board. In 1989, Border began providing a service for Scottish Borders viewers served by the Selkirk transmitter. In April 1999, the opt-out was extended to cover Dumfries and Galloway, the following August, Border began to use the opt-out service to provide split coverage of sports and occasional political programming. The station also opened an Edinburgh bureau to provide coverage of the Scottish Parliament, by May 1995, Grampian had brought out Borders stake in the company
21.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
22.
Carlton Communications
–
Carlton Communications was a British media company. It was led by Michael P. Green and listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1983 until 2 February 2004, Carlton shareholders gained approximately 32% of ITV plc. As well as being the parent company of Carlton Television Limited it was involved in several other media. In 1967 Michael Green established a printing and photo-processing company, Tangent Industries, with his brother-in-law, in 1982, Michael Green bought Transvideo, renaming the company Carlton Television Studios. A year later the name was changed to Carlton Communications when the company went public, Carlton acquired MPC itself in July 1983 for £13 million, with Mike Luckwell as managing director of the enlarged company. Carltons gross profit reached £38.1 million in 1985, Michael Green tried unsuccessfully to acquire a broadcasting station. He first tried for Thames before trying for LWT, the Independent Broadcasting Authority intervened, allowing Green only a 10 percent share. In response, Green sold his existing 5 percent share for £1 million, Carlton also failed to win the direct satellite broadcasting franchise, which went to British Satellite Broadcasting. Carlton increased its portfolio of companies with the acquisition of Zenith Productions for £7.3 million. Carlton purchased Skyscan, the satellite dish manufacturer, in 1986, the company was sold on in 1988 because of slow sales and continuing delays in new start-up television services. A year later, Carlton bought United Engineering Industries plc for £580m, incorporating Quantel and Solid State Logic, Carlton later disposed of Solid State Logic in 1999 and Quantel in 2000. Carltons most significant move was to outbid Thames Television for the ITV London weekday licence in 1991, previously, in 1985, Carlton had executed a failed take-over bid for Thames after Thorn EMI and British Electric Traction decided to sell its share of Thames. Michael Green was left bewildered, saying, We are surprised at the IBAs decision, im absolutely certain it would not have been a major change to Thames. We have always suggested that we would make sure the company would continue to be what it is at this moment in time. IBA stated they had nothing against Carlton owning part of an ITV company, Carlton Television had a policy of being a publisher-broadcaster, not producing any programmes of its own, even its news was outsourced to London News Network. By 1994, the ITC had criticised the channel for its network programming. The company acquired a 20% stake in GMTV a month after it won the ITV breakfast franchise 1991, Carlton increased its stake in Central Television to 81% in 1994 and two years later added Westcountry Television to its portfolio. The acquisition of Central made Carlton one of the largest television producers in the UK, the future Prime Minister, David Cameron became Director of Corporate Affairs for Carlton from July 1994 to February 2001, his only venture into employment outside of the political world
23.
Duopoly
–
A duopoly is a form of oligopoly where only two sellers exist in one market. In practice, the term is used where two firms have dominant control over a market. It is the most commonly studied form of due to its simplicity. The Bertrand model, in which, in a game of two firms, each one of them assume that the other will not change prices in response to its price cuts. When both firms use this logic, they reach a Nash equilibrium. Existence of only two sellers 2, presence of monopoly elements, so long products are differentiated, the firms enjoy some monopoly power, as each product will have some loyal customers 4. There are two modes of duopoly, i. e. Cournot’s Model and Chamberlain’s Model. Third Parties have encountered various blocks in getting onto ballots at different levels of government as well as other electoral obstacles, a commonly cited example of a duopoly is that involving Visa and MasterCard, who between them control a large proportion of the electronic payment processing market. In 2000 they were the defendants in a U. S. Department of Justice antitrust lawsuit, an appeal was upheld in 2004. Examples where two companies control a large proportion of a market are, Airbus and Boeing in the market for commercial airplanes. See also, Competition between Airbus and Boeing, televisa and Azteca in the Mexican Television market. RAI and Mediaset in the Italian Television market, radio Televisyen Malaysia and Media Prima in the Malaysian Television market. Air Canada and WestJet in the Canadian Aviation market, woolworths and Coles in the Australian supermarket market. Mitre 10 MEGA and Bunnings Warehouse in the Australian and New Zealand retail/trade timber, intel and AMD in X86 CPU market and Nvidia and AMD in consumer and professional PC GPU market. The BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad have a duopoly on freight traffic in the Western United States. Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation operate a duopoly on freight traffic in the Eastern United States. Apple and Microsoft in the electronics industry, apples iOS and Googles Android in the mobile operating system market. Globe Telecom and Smart Communications in the Philippine Telecomunnications industry, first American Financial Corporation and Fidelity National Financial in the American title insurance sector
24.
Financial Times
–
The Financial Times is an English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. The paper, published and owned by Nikkei Inc. in Tokyo, was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, and merged in 1945 with its closest rival, the Financial Times has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. FT. com has 4.5 million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper had an average daily circulation of 234,193 copies in January 2014. In February 2014 the combined sale of the editions of the Financial Times was 224,000 copies. In October 2013 the combined print and digital circulation of the Financial Times reached nearly 629,000 copies. In December 2016 print sales for the paper stood at 193,211, on 23 July 2015 Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m. On 30 November 2015 Nikkei completed the acquisition, the FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, the readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the slightly older and more daring Financial News. After 57 years of rivalry the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper, the Financial Times brought a higher circulation while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was introduced from Financial News. Pearson bought the paper in 1957, over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the economy towards globalisation. On 1 January 1979 the first FT was printed outside the UK, since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U. S. The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa and it is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the Euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the world with the launch of FT. com
25.
The Independent
–
The Independent is a British online newspaper. The printed edition of the paper ceased in March 2016, nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet newspaper, but changed to tabloid format in 2003. Until September 2011, the paper described itself on the banner at the top of every newspaper as free from party political bias and it tends to take a pro-market stance on economic issues. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. In June 2015, it had a daily circulation of just below 58,000,85 per cent down from its 1990 peak. On 12 February 2016, it was announced that The Independent, the last print edition of The Independent on Sunday was published on 20 March 2016, with the main paper ceasing print publication the following Saturday. Launched in 1986, the first issue of The Independent was published on 7 October in broadsheet format and it was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwells ownership, marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper. The paper was created at a time of a change in British newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the Wapping dispute, consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time, created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdochs move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside, the Independent attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his companys new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan It is, and challenging both The Guardian for centre-left readers and The Times as the newspaper of record, The Independent reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989. Competing in a market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years. Some aspects of production merged with the paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff. It featured spoofs of the other papers mastheads with the words The Rupert Murdoch or The Conrad Black, a number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Tony OReillys media group and Mirror Group Newspapers had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994, in March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into OReillys Independent News & Media, MGN, and Prisa. In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, OReilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent, and Rosie Boycott became editor of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, My Trade
26.
BFI TV 100
–
The listing was split into six categories, Single Dramas, Drama Series and Serials, Comedy and Variety, Factual, Childrens / Youth, and Lifestyle & Light Entertainment. Each voter was required to cast a minimum of three votes in every category, some programmes are represented on the list by an entire series. For some series, such as the anthology The Wednesday Play and current affairs show This Week, television programmes no longer existing in the archives were excluded from consideration. The judges were asked to name their top overseas programme. Britains Best Sitcom 100 Greatest BFI Top 100 British films The BFI TV100 at the BFI website, archived from the original on 11 September 2011. BBC News coverage British TV News
27.
Coronation Street
–
Coronation Street is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960. In the shows history, the street was built in the early 1900s. The show typically airs five times a week, Monday and Friday 7. 30–8 pm &8. 30–9 pm and Wednesday 7. 30–8 pm, however this varies due to sport or around Christmas. From late 2017 the show will air six times a week, the programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester. Warrens initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the stations founder Sidney Bernstein, within six months of the shows first broadcast, it had become the most-watched programme on British television, and is now a significant part of British culture. The show has one of the most lucrative programmes on British commercial television, underpinning the success of Granada Television. Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions, on 17 September 2010, it became the worlds longest-running TV soap opera in production. On 23 September 2015, Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITVs 60th anniversary, Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth working class community combined with light-hearted humour, and strong characters. The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm, Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes, and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run. Despite the criticism, viewers were drawn into the serial. The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect, affectionate local terms like eh, nowt, and by eck. became widely heard on British television for the first time. Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow, who had won a place at university, the character was one of the few to have experienced life outside of Coronation Street. In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation, and the decline of similar communities, in an episode from 1961, Barlow declares, You cant go on just thinking about your own street these days. Were living with people on the side of the world. Theres more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends, Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast, which makes him the longest-serving actor in Coronation Street, and in British and global soap history. At the centre of early stories, there was Ena Sharples, caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall, and her friends, timid Minnie Caldwell. Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner, whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals, Elsie resented Enas interference and gossip, which most of the time had little basis in reality. In April 1961, Jed Stone made his first appearance and returned the year in 1962
28.
Up Series
–
The Up Series is a series of documentary films produced by Granada Television that have followed the lives of fourteen British children since 1964, when they were seven years old. So far the documentary has had eight episodes spanning 49 years, in a 2005 Channel 4 programme, the series topped the list of The 50 Greatest Documentaries. The children were selected to represent the range of backgrounds in Britain at that time. Every seven years, the director, Michael Apted, films material from those of the fourteen who choose to participate, the aim of the series is stated at the beginning of 7 Up as, Why do we bring these children together. Because we want to get a glimpse of England in the year 2000, the shop steward and the executive of the year 2000 are now seven years old. 56 Up premiered on British TV on 14 May 2012, its release in the USA came on 4 January 2013, Apted has said, I hope to do 84 Up when I’ll be 99. The first film in the series, Seven Up. was directed by Paul Almond, from 7 Plus Seven onward the films have been directed by Michael Apted, who had been a researcher on Seven Up. and chose the original children with Gordon McDougall. The premise of the film was taken from the Jesuit motto Give me a child until he is seven and I will give you the man, the 1998 programme was commissioned by BBC One, although still produced for them by Granada Television. The subjects are first seen on a visit to London Zoo. The participants were chosen in an attempt to represent different social classes in Britain in the 1960s, Apted states in the commentary track of the 42 Up DVD that he was asked to find children at the extremes. Because the show was not originally intended to become a repeating series, each subject is filmed in about two days and the interview itself takes more than six hours. In an interview with the BBCs Will Gompertz shortly before the broadcast of 56 Up, Andrew Brackfield was one of three boys chosen from the same pre-preparatory school in the wealthy London district of Kensington. The three are introduced in Seven Up, at the age of seven, when asked what newspaper he reads, if any, Andrew stated that he reads The Financial Times. All three could say which prep schools, public schools and universities they planned to attend, two named the specific Oxbridge college they intended to join, andrews academic career culminated in his studying at Trinity College, Cambridge. Andrew subsequently became a solicitor, married and raised a family and he is the only one of the three Kensington boys to have appeared in all the Up films. Both Andrew and his wife are most satisfied with how their children have turned out, Charles has worked in journalism in varying capacities over the years, including as a producer for the BBC, and in the making of documentary films, including Touching the Void. He chose not to appear in the series after 21 Up, Apted also commented on the irony that as a documentary maker himself, Charles was the only one who refused to continue. By the time of 56 Up, all references to Charles had been removed other than in fleeting glimpses of joint shots with Andrew, John Brisby, who was vocal on politics by 14, attended Oxford and became a barrister
29.
The Royle Family
–
The Royle Family was a British television sitcom produced by ITV Studios for the BBC, which ran for three series from 1998 to 2000, and specials from 2006 to 2012. The series features simple production values and a portrayal of low income family life at the turn of the millennium. It therefore has something in common with kitchen sink drama, almost all of the episodes take place in the Royles home, largely in the telly-centric living room, with the humour derived from the conversations held therein. Aherne and Cash co-wrote every episode, along with Henry Normal, Carmel Morgan, a sixth special episode was set to be written but writer and actress who played Denise, Caroline Aherne died on 2 July 2016 effectively ending the series. In a list of the 100 greatest British television programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 and voted on by industry professionals, in a 2004 poll to find Britains best sitcom, The Royle Family was placed 19th. The series has won several BAFTA awards. Most episodes appear to place in real time and all action takes place within the Royles council house home. The producer Glenn Wilhide is on record as saying, It was a big fight to make sure it had no laughter track. The one-off specials take a traditional sitcom structure, though many scenes still run longer than standard in line with the real time nature of the original series. The 2006 special episode The Queen Of Sheba was partly set in a hospital and its narrative moves forward in time in a more typical manner. 2008s Christmas special, The New Sofa, is set two days. In it the characters spend Christmas Eve at the Royle household in the manner, followed by Christmas Day at Dave. Much of the 2009 Christmas special takes place in a caravan at a holiday park and it also features intermediate scenes of Dave driving Twiggys car there. All of 2010 and 2012s Christmas special takes place at the Royles house, there were lots of rumours if it would return after the 2012 special. In 2016 Tomlinson said that there would probably be one year but Aherne died in July 2016. The shows theme song is Half the World Away by Oasis, when Aherne died, ex Oasis member Noel Gallagher performed a tribute to Aherne by playing it during a concert in America. The Royle Family have broadcast three series between 1998 and 2000, each consisting of 6 episodes, a Christmas special followed the second series in 1999, while another Christmas special followed the third series in 2000. A further four Christmas specials were included between 2008 and 2012, the final episode, Barbaras Old Ring, was screened on Christmas Day 2012
30.
The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)
–
The Jewel in the Crown is a British television serial about the final days of the British Raj in India during World War II, based upon the Raj Quartet novels by British author Paul Scott. Granada Television produced the series for the ITV network, the serial opens in the 1940s in the fictional Indian city of Mayapore, against the backdrop of the last years of the British Raj and the Indian independence movement. Hari Kumar is a young Indian man who was educated at Chillingborough, the bankruptcy of his father, a formerly successful businessman, forces him to return to India to live with his aunt. Working as a journalist, Kumar sees that his position is lower in India and he becomes involved with a British woman, Daphne Manners, who does not share the prejudices of most of her people. Hari is beaten and Daphne is raped showing that not only the British opposed relationships across ethnic boundaries, the local Indian Police superintendent is Ronald Merrick, a young Englishman who is intelligent, hardworking, and from a lower-class background. He had made advances to Daphne during her first months in India and he arrests Hari for her rape, holding him in the local jail, where he beats and sexually humiliates him. Merrick resents Haris privileged education and he resents Daphnes preferring the young Indian to him, because Daphne refuses to cooperate with the investigation, the police do not prosecute Hari for rape. Word that Hari was tortured causes outrage in the Indian community, Merrick is transferred from Mayapore to a smaller and less important town in the province. She chooses to believe the father is Hari, though she cant know whether it is he or one of the rapists who is the father, the mixed-race child, a girl, is taken in by Daphnes aunt, Lady Manners, widow of a former provincial governor. While Lady Manners takes the infant to the area of Srinagar, she meets Sarah Layton. Sarah and Susans father is the colonel of the Indian Army regiment in Pankot and he is being held as a prisoner of war in Germany, where his unit was captured. Susan and their mother prefer to stay away from Lady Manners due to the scandal of her great-nieces illegitimate birth, but Sarah pays a call on Lady Manners, Sarah and her family soon encounter Merrick, who has left the police and procured a commission in the Indian Army. Teddie Bingham, an Indian Army officer and the fiancé of Sarahs sister Susan, is stationed in the princely state of Mirat, Merrick, also assigned there. Because the unit is soon to leave for the border with Burma, Teddie, when Teddies best man for the ceremony becomes ill, he asks Merrick to step in. Merrick, seeing a relationship with the upper-class Teddie and the Laytons as a means to advancement, is pleased to help. While Merrick and Teddie are driving to the ceremony a stone is thrown at their car, soon after the wedding Teddie and Merrick leave for the Burma front with their unit. Teddie is soon killed in an ambush by soldiers of the Japanese-sponsored Indian National Army, Merrick is badly wounded trying to get Teddie to safety and is evacuated to a hospital in Calcutta. When Sarah visits him to him, she learns that his arm is to be amputated
31.
Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)
–
Brideshead Revisited is a 1981 British television serial starring Jeremy Irons and Anthony Andrews, and produced by Granada Television for broadcast by the ITV network. The serial is an adaptation of Evelyn Waughs novel Brideshead Revisited, the bulk of the serial was directed by Charles Sturridge, with a few sequences filmed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg. In 2000, the serial was 10th on a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute, in 2007, the serial was listed as one of TIME magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-Time. In 2010, it was second in The Guardian newspapers list of the top 50 TV dramas of all time, in 2015, The Telegraph listed it as #1 in the greatest television adaptations, stating that Brideshead Revisited is television’s greatest literary adaptation, bar none. Its utterly faithful to Evelyn Waughs novel yet its somehow more than that, Episode 2, Home and Abroad At Brideshead, Charles is introduced to Sebastians younger sisters Julia and Cordelia and his older brother Brideshead. The two young men decide to accept an invitation to Venice extended by Sebastians father, Lord Marchmain, Episode 3, The Bleak Light of Day Back at Oxford, Sebastian learns his mother has arranged for him to be tutored - and carefully supervised - by Mr. Samgrass. Lady Marchmain visits the university and implores Charles to be an influence on her rowdy son. Invited to a charity ball in London by Julia, Charles, after a drunken Sebastian crashes their car, the political and social power of ambitious MP Rex Mottram and Mr. Samgrass result in Sebastian being let off with only a fine. Episode 4, Sebastian Against the World Sebastians rapid descent into alcoholism leads him into constant trouble, during Easter holiday at Brideshead, Charles tries to reason with a constantly inebriated Sebastian, who accuses him of being a spy for Lady Marchmain. Sebastians failure to reform leads to his dismissal from Oxford, Episode 5, A Blow Upon a Bruise Charles returns from his art studies in Paris and journeys to Brideshead for the 1925 New Years celebration. Sebastian agrees to participate in a fox hunt although he plans to make an escape to a pub, so he asks Charles for money. When Sebastian returns home heavily inebriated at the end of the day, learning he financed Sebastians drinking binge, she rebukes him for enabling him, and Charles leaves Brideshead, fully expecting never to return. Episode 6, Julia Charles returns to Paris, where he is visited by Rex Mottram, who is searching for Sebastian, Rex discusses the financial woes of the Marchmain family and announces he intends to marry Julia nonetheless. Lady Marchmain reluctantly consents to the marriage as long as Rex converts to Catholicism, Episode 7, The Unseen Hook In May 1926, Charles returns to England to volunteer his services during the General Strike. While delivering milk in the East End, he encounters Boy Mulcaster, at a party they encounter Anthony Blanche who tells how Sebastian is living in Fez. Julia tells Charles her dying mother is anxious to make amends with her prodigal son and he discovers Sebastian has been living with Kurt, a German ex-soldier discharged from the French Foreign Legion after deliberately shooting himself in the foot. Sebastian is an alcoholic and has been hospitalized with pneumonia. Charles finds his friend emaciated and dissipated, unwilling to follow doctors orders, before Charles departs Morocco, he learns Lady Marchmain has died
32.
World in Action
–
World in Action was a British investigative current affairs programme made by Granada Television from 1963 until 1998. Its campaigning journalism frequently had a impact on events of the day. Its production teams often took audacious risks and gained a reputation for its often unorthodox approach. Cabinet ministers fell victim to its probings, numerous innocent victims of the British criminal justice system, including the Birmingham Six, were released from jail. Honouring the programme in its 50th anniversary awards, the Political Studies Association, said, World in Action thrived on unveiling corruption, World in Action came to be seen as hard-hitting investigative journalism at its best. Decades later Birt described it as one of the moments of the Sixties. World in Action was sold around the world, series of TV films, which in due course spanned decades, was first broadcast from 1964 as part of World in Action. In its heyday World in Action drew audiences of up to 23 million in Britain alone and its removal after 35 years was seen by some as part of a general dumbing-down of British television, and of ITV in particular. One commercial TV regulatory official characterised in private the Tonight programme which replaced it as merely fluffy, others saw World in Actions eventual disappearance as the inevitable consequence of rising commercial pressures. World in Action was the pre-eminent current affairs produced by Britains ITV Network in its first 50 years. For the first 35 years of its existence, ITV had a near-monopoly of television advertising revenue, roy Thomson, who ran Scottish Television famously described ITV as a licence to print money. In return for this income, the broadcasting regulator insisted that the ITV companies broadcast a proportion of their programmes as public service TV, out of this was born the networks reputation for serious current affairs, eagerly grabbed by programme makers under Granadas founder Lord Sidney Bernstein. World in Action trained generations of journalists and, in particular, Michael Apted worked on the original Seven Up. Paul Greengrass, who spent 10 years on World in Action, told the BBC, My first dream was to work on World In Action and it was that wonderful eclectic mixture of filmmaking and reportage. It showed me the world and made me see many things and he later told The Guardian, If theres a thread running through my career its World in Action – the phrase as well as the programme. In its time, the series was honoured by all of the major broadcasting awards, including many BAFTA, World in Actions style was the opposite to its urbane BBC rivals, especially to the London BBC. By repute, especially in its early days World in Action would never employ anybody who was on terms with any politician. Gus Macdonald, a producer of the programme, said it had been born brash
33.
University Challenge
–
University Challenge is a British quiz programme which first aired in 1962. University Challenge aired for 913 episodes on ITV from 21 September 1962 to 31 December 1987, the BBC revived the programme on 21 September 1994 with Jeremy Paxman as the quizmaster. The current holders are Peterhouse, Cambridge, who won the 45th series in 2016, the 46th series is being shown on the BBC. The show is produced by Granada Television, under licence from Richard Reid Productions and it was recorded at Granada Studios in Manchester from its inception until the studios closed down in 2013, it is now recorded at MediaCityUK in Salford. Despite periodic changes to the sets, studio layout, and presentation, some commentators have cited this as an essential element of its success. College Boy was originally scored for an ensemble of tubular bells, Flugelhorn, harpsichord, brushed Hi-hat, bass drum, the original theme returned for the early Paxman era episodes, and was later replaced by a string quartet arrangement of the theme recorded by the Balanescu Quartet. The programme had its beginnings in an American television quiz show called College Bowl, cecil Bernstein, brother of Sidney Bernstein who founded Granada Television in 1954, had seen the programme in the United States and liked the format. It was decided that Granada would produce a programme with competing teams from universities across the United Kingdom. From its inception in 1962, University Challenge was hosted by Bamber Gascoigne, the show was a cult favourite with a small but loyal core audience, and was one of a select few ITV shows that were transmitted without any advertising breaks. In the absence of a regular networked slot, audience figures would often fall, in October 1983 LWT decided to broadcast the series no longer, with Thames following suit, which resulted in no broadcasts in the London area. The series was given a rest for the whole of 1985, before returning in April 1986, the final series was also network but broadcast around 11am during the summer holiday period. Even so, the new networked time did little to save the series from the axe and this was one ostensible inspiration for an unusual 1975 protest. It did, however, get broadcast, although portions of the episode still exist in the archives of Granada TV. Granada banned the University of Manchester for several years and it was eventually revived in 1994 by the BBC, although still produced by Granada Television, using the original format with minor differences and presented by Jeremy Paxman. During the shows hiatus, an edition of the show was made, not by Granada but by BBC Television. It was presented by Bamber Gascoigne, and screened on BBC2 on 28 December 1992 and this show was preceded by a short documentary about the shows history. Bamber Gascoignes final appearance as host was in Universe Challenge in 1998, the show has, since its revival in 1994, featured a number of very high standard teams of postgraduate and mature students, who perhaps have a greater breadth of general knowledge. The Open University won the 1999 series with a team whose ages averaged 46, in the quarter-final, they beat a slightly younger team from part-time and mature student specialist Birkbeck, University of London, by only one question
34.
The Krypton Factor
–
The Krypton Factor is a British game show produced by Granada for broadcast on ITV. The show originally ran from 7 September 1977 to 20 November 1995, contestants from across the United Kingdom and Ireland competed in a series of rounds that tested their physical stamina and mental attributes. The title of the show is a reference to Supermans home planet Krypton, the contestants, from 1986 onwards, all had their own corresponding colour, either red, green, yellow or blue. They wore their own clothes, apart from the Physical Ability round where the contestants wore track suits which were, in series, red, burgundy, orange, green, black, light blue. From 1986 onwards, the tracksuits were red, green, yellow and blue, the track suits changed to black with a coloured stripe from 1990 to 1993. For their own clothes, the contestants either wore a shirt/blouse, the points contestants earned through the game were not referred to as their score, but as their Krypton Factor, e. g. The winner, with a Krypton Factor of 46, is the secretary from Kent. The 1987 series won the prestigious Premio Ondas - Spanish Television Award for Entertainment, the show was revived for two series which aired in 2009 and 2010, presented by Ben Shephard. The first series of the show was shown on Wednesdays, it was presented by Gordon Burns and it was then on Fridays for two years before arriving on Mondays in 1980. Up to and including the 1979 series, Gordon Burns would be seen next to the scoreboard before being given a desk to sit behind from 1980 onwards. In the first few series, there were no groups and eight heats, the top two of each semi-final qualified for the Grand Final. From 1981 to 1985, each series had twelve heats, from which each winner along with the top four progressed to the four semi-finals. In 1986 and in 1987, the series was divided into four groups, each group consisted of three heats, with the winner of each heat and the highest scoring runner up of the heats within a group making it to the group final. The winner of each group final would qualify for the grand final, from 1988 to 1995, the series had 13 episodes, and only had three groups. The highest scoring runner-up from the finals would then go through to the Grand Final. The overall winner of the Grand Final would receive a bronze trophy, unusually, and possibly uniquely for the time, until 1993, the series had no advert break in the middle even though it was on ITV in a primetime 7pm slot. This explains why some of the elements were shortened in later series and they both later met in the same Group Final, in which Evans won and Hetherington qualified as the Highest Scoring Runner Up, and went on to win the Grand Final. In 1995, the show was revamped, including the introduction of co-host Penny Smith
35.
Paul Greengrass
–
Paul Greengrass is an English film director, film producer, screenwriter and former journalist. He specialises in dramatisations of real-life events and is known for his use of hand-held cameras. His early film Bloody Sunday won the Golden Bear at 52nd Berlin International Film Festival, in 2004 he co-wrote and produced the film Omagh, which won British Academy Television Award. In 2007 Greengrass co-founded Directors UK, an organization of British filmmakers. In 2008 The Telegraph named him among the most influential people in British culture, Greengrass was born 13 August 1955 in Cheam, Surrey, England. His mother was a teacher and his father a river pilot and he is the brother of noted English historian Mark Greengrass. Greengrass was educated at Westcourt Primary School, Gravesend Grammar School and Sevenoaks School, in October 2012, he received an honorary degree from Kingston University in recognition of his “outstanding contribution to television and cinema. Greengrass is a self-confessed Crystal Palace supporter and his 1998 film The Theory of Flight starred Kenneth Branagh and Helena Bonham Carter, who played a woman with motor neurone disease. The film dealt with the issue of the sexuality of people with disabilities. Bloody Sunday was inspired by Don Mullans politically influential book Eyewitness Bloody Sunday, mullan was a schoolboy witness of the events of Bloody Sunday. The book is credited as a major catalyst in the establishment of the new Bloody Sunday Inquiry chaired by Lord Saville, the inquiry, the longest running and most expensive in British legal history, led to an historic apology by Prime Minister David Cameron on 15 June 2010. Mullan was co-producer and actor in Bloody Sunday, in 2004 Paul Greengrass co-wrote the television film Omagh with Guy Hibbert. Based on the bombing of 1998, the film was a critical success and this was the first professional film that Paul Greengrass had not directed, instead being credited as a writer and producer, because of his work on The Bourne Supremacy. Instead the film was directed by Pete Travis and it was the second film Greengrass had written about terrorism and mass killing in Ireland after Bloody Sunday. Based on that film, Greengrass was hired to direct 2004s The Bourne Supremacy, the film starred Matt Damon as Jason Bourne, an amnesiac who realises he was once a top CIA assassin and is now being pursued by his former employers. It proved to be an enormous financial and critical success. In 2006, Greengrass directed United 93, a based on the 11 September 2001 hijacking of United Airlines Flight 93. The film received acclaim, particularly for Greengrass quasi-documentary-style directing
36.
Michael Apted
–
Michael David Apted, CMG is an English director, producer, writer and actor. He is one of the most prolific British film directors of his generation, and directed the Up Series of documentaries, on 29 June 2003 he was elected president of the Directors Guild of America. He returned to television, directing the first three episodes of the TV series Rome, Apted directed Amazing Grace which premiered at the closing of the Toronto International Film Festival in 2006. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael, Apted was born to a middle-class family in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, the son of Frances Amelia and Ronald William Apted, who worked for an insurance company. Michael Apted secured a scholarship to attend City of London School and then to study law, Michael Apted married Paige Simpson, his third wife, in January 2014. Apted is divorced from his wife, the screenwriter Dana Stevens, with whom he has a 12-year-old son. From his first marriage to Jo Apted he had two sons, Paul and Jim, Paul Apted was a sound editor who worked on movies such as The Wolverine, and died on 4 July 2014 from colon cancer. In 2007 Apted become a father for the time to a girl, Lily Mellis. He began his career in television as a trainee at Granada Television in Manchester. One of his first projects at Granada would become his best known, the Up Series, as a researcher and assistant to Canadian director Paul Almond, Apted was involved in selecting the children. Though it began as a documentary, the series has become an institution, revisiting the subjects every seven years. It follows Apteds thesis that the British class system remains largely in place, the series looks at the lives of this sample of British people over the years, the latest instalment,56 Up, was produced in 2012. It won a Peabody Award in 2012 for its creator’s patience, during his seven-year stay at Granada, Apted also directed a number of episodes of Coronation Street, then written by Jack Rosenthal. Apted and Rosenthal went on to collaborate on a number of television and film projects including the pilot episodes for The Dustbinmen. They worked together again in 1982 for the TV movie Ptang, Yang, Kipperbang, in 1976 he directed a play in the Granada TV Series Laurence Olivier Presents. The episode was The Collection by Harold Pinter, the play starred Laurence Olivier, Malcolm McDowell, Alan Bates and Helen Mirren. Michael Apted used his idea from the Up Series a second time in Married in America, the idea is to explore a subject and then return to the subject in a subsequent film to tell a more complete story. For his work in television, Apted has won several British Academy Awards, Coronation Street Haunted Theres a hole in your dustbin, Delilah – written by Jack Rosenthal The Dustbinmen Big Breadwinner Hog The Lovers Another Sunday and Sweet F. A
37.
Mike Newell (director)
–
Michael Cormac Mike Newell is an English director and producer of motion pictures for film and television. Newell won the 1994 BAFTA Award for Best Direction for Four Weddings, Newell was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, the son of amateur actors. Newell was educated at St Albans School and Magdalene College, Cambridge and he then attended a three-year training course at Granada Television, with the intention of entering the theatre. Newell directed various British TV shows from the 1960s onwards, and his first feature-length project was The Man in the Iron Mask, a made-for-television film. His first critically acclaimed movie was Bad Blood, concerning the 1941 manhunt for the New Zealand mass-killer, Stan Graham and this was followed by Dance with a Stranger, a biographical drama starring Miranda Richardson as Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in Great Britain. For his directorial efforts, Newell won the Award of the Youth at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival, Newell continued his successes in the film industry with Enchanted April, an adaptation of the 1922 novel by Elizabeth von Arnim. Miranda Richardson received a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical, during this period, George Lucas recruited Newell as one of the numerous feature film directors to direct episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. The comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral was also critically acclaimed – it won awards, including a César Award, a Golden Globe. Since these award-winning productions, Newell has directed a number of films in Hollywood, such as Donnie Brasco, Pushing Tin and Mona Lisa Smile. In 2005, Newell was presented with a degree of Doctor of Arts by the University of Hertfordshire which has a campus in St Albans. He was also awarded the BAFTA Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his career prior to 2005, Newell is heard briefly as the radio announcer at the beginning of the film. Newell directed Love in the Time of Cholera in 2007 and Prince of Persia, in February 2011, Newell attended the British Academy Film Awards along with Harry Potter author J. K. Continuing to work on adaptations, Newell directed Great Expectations from the novel by Charles Dickens, with Ralph Fiennes, Helena Bonham Carter, the film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival
38.
Andy Harries
–
Andy Harries is Chief Executive and co-founder of Left Bank Pictures, an award-winning UK based production company formed in 2007. 2011 saw the Royal Television Society confer a Fellowship on Harries for outstanding contributions to the broadcasting industry and he has been described by Broadcast Magazine as one of the UKs most outstanding drama producers. Since 2007, Left Bank has produced the television series Wallander, Strike Back and he is married to novelist and director Rebecca Frayn. He grew up aspiring to be a war correspondent in Vietnam, or an investigative journalist, his idols were Harold Evans, Jon Swain and he left college at the age of 17 with poor A Level results and became a trainee reporter on the Peterborough Evening Telegraph newspaper. His time on the newspaper raised his awareness of politics, and he applied to various northern universities to break away from his southern middle-class lifestyle, and was accepted at Hull University. Harries stayed at Hull until he was 21, though continued to work at the Evening Telegraph during holidays, at university he developed an interest in music journalism and found an outlet for this by writing reviews for Melody Maker. After leaving Hull, Harries moved to London to work for the Southern News Service news agency, writing pieces for the Daily Mail. On the advice of a friend, he applied for a position as a researcher for Granada Television in Manchester and he did not understand the appeal of television production, and as a result he was turned away at two interviews before being hired in 1976. Shortly after being hired he was taken aside by the news producer and he read the news for three months until one night when he condensed a six-minute bulletin into three minutes. He attributed this to stage fright, which caused him to speak too fast, the rest of the production crew were not ready to move on to the next news items, leaving Harries standing in silence for several minutes. Morrisons remarks angered Harries to such a point that he assaulted the man, aware that he was going to lose his job, he contacted a Granada colleague who got him a new job at Granadas London centre, which he took up at the age of 23. Pursuing his interest in journalism, Harries worked as a researcher on the current affairs programme World in Action. While Greengrass achieved success in exposing alleged corruption involving Manchester United F. C. chairman Louis Edwards, greengrasss investigation was a success, though Harries admits his own programme didnt make a blind bit of difference. In 1981, Harries left Granada and moved into producing and directing. While directing a video for BT he met Jonathan Ross. Ross invited Harries to direct a pilot for a show he. The pilot was a success and Ross found an audience with The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross. The latter was directed by Harries and was edited together from a number of performances by Henry at the Hackney Empire in 1989, the Guardians film critic called the direction unobtrusive
39.
Russell T Davies
–
He left the BBC in the early 1990s to work for Granada Television and later became a freelance writer. Davies moved into writing adult television dramas in 1994 and he revived and ran Doctor Who after a sixteen-year hiatus, with Christopher Eccleston, and later David Tennant, in the title role. Davies moved to Los Angeles, California in 2009, where he oversaw production of Torchwood, Miracle Day, after his partner developed cancer in late 2011, Davies returned to the UK, and co-created a new drama for CBBC, Wizards vs Aliens. Stephen Russell Davies was born on 27 April 1963 at Mount Pleasant Hospital in Swansea and his father, Vivian Davies, and his mother, Barbara, were teachers. Davies was the youngest of three children and their only son, because he was born by C-section, his mother was placed on a morphine drip and was institutionalised after an overdose resulted in a psychotic episode. He described his mothers experience as literally, like science fiction and an early inspiration for his writing career. As a child, Davies was almost always referred to by his middle name and he grew up in a household that never switched the TV off until after closedown, and he subsequently became immersed in dramas such as I, Claudius and Doctor Who. One of his first memories, at the age of three, was the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet and he was also an avid cartoonist and comics enthusiast, and purchased series such as Asterix and Peanuts. Davies attended the local Tycoch Primary School in Sketty and enrolled at Olchfa Comprehensive School aged 11, in his first year, the main school buildings were closed off for renovation after inspectors discovered that the cement used in construction had caused other public buildings to collapse. Lessons were instead held in buildings, which influenced Davies imagination to create mystery, science-fiction. He also immersed himself in such as Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and The Crystal Mouse by Babs H Deal. At age 14, he auditioned for and joined the newly formed West Glamorgan Youth Theatre Company, the groups founder and director, Godfrey Evans, considered him to be a total all-rounder who was talented and popular with the other students. Working with the group allowed him to define his sexual identity and he later came out as homosexual in his teenage years. In 1981, he was accepted by Worcester College, Oxford to study English literature, at Oxford, he realised that he was enamoured with the narrative aspect of fiction, especially 19th-century literature such as Charles Dickens. In 1984, he made his performance for the WGYT. He worked sporadically for the Sherman Theatres publicity department and claimed unemployment benefit in the interim, Davies was taken on as a member of the BBC Wales childrens department in 1985 and given one-day contracts and commissions, such as illustrating for Why Dont You. As he was given three days of work per month by the BBC, he continued to freelance and volunteer for the Sherman Theatre. In 1986, he was approached by the Sunday Sport before its launch to provide a daily strip
40.
Movie theater
–
A movie theater or movie theatre is a venue, usually a building, that contains an auditorium for viewing films, for entertainment. Most, but not all, movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies which charge members a membership fee to view films. The film is projected with a projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds. Since the 1970s, subwoofers have used for low-pitched sounds. In the 2010s, most movie theaters are equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create, a great variety of films are shown at cinemas, ranging from animated films for children, blockbusters for general audiences and documentaries for patrons who are interested in non-fiction topics. The smallest movie theaters have a viewing room with a single screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters have multiple screens, the largest theater complexes, which are called multiplexes—a design developed in the U. S. in the 1960s—have up to 25 screens. The audience members sit on padded seats which in most theaters are set up on a sloped floor. Movie theaters typically sell soft drinks, popcorn and candy and some theaters also sell hot fast food, in some jurisdictions, movie theaters are licensed to sell alcoholic drinks. A movie theater may also be referred to as a theatre, movie house, film house. In the US, theater has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Canada, the latter terms, as well as their derivative adjectives cinematic and kinematic, ultimately derive from Greek κινῆμα, κινήματος —movement, motion. In the countries where those terms are used, the theatre is usually reserved for live performance venues. Colloquial expressions, mostly applied to motion pictures and motion picture theaters collectively, include the silver screen, specific to North American term is the movies, while specific terms in the UK are the pictures, the flicks and for the facility itself the flea pit. A screening room is a theater, often a private one. Open air place in ancient times for viewing spectacles and plays, the term theater comes from the Old French word theatre, from the 12th century and. The use of the theatre to mean a building where plays are shown dates from the 1570s in the English language. The earliest precursors to movies were magic lantern shows, magic lanterns used a glass lens, a shutter and a powerful lamp to project images from glass slides onto a white wall or screen. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s, limelight in the 1820s, the magic lantern could project rudimentary moving images, which was achieved by the use of various types of mechanical slides
41.
Dover
–
Dover is a town and major ferry port in the home county of Kent, in South East England. The town is the centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover and its strategic position has been evident throughout its history, archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name of the town derives from the name of the river flows through it. There was a barracks in Dover, which was closed in 2007. Although many of the ferry services have declined, services related to the Port of Dover provide a great deal of the town’s employment. Local residents had clubbed together to propose buying it for the community, first recorded in its Latinised form of Portus Dubris, the name derives from the Brythonic word for waters. The same element is present in the towns French and Modern Welsh forms, subsequent name forms included Doverre, The current name was in use at least by the time of Shakespeares King Lear, in which the town and its cliffs play a prominent role. The sight of the cliffs when approaching Dover may have given the island of Britain its ancient name of Albion. Dover’s history, because of its proximity to France, has always been of strategic importance to Britain. Archaeological finds have shown there were Stone Age people in the area. Some Iron Age finds exist also, but the coming of the Romans made Dover part of their communications network, like Lemanis and Rutupiae Dover was connected by road to Canterbury and Watling Street, and it became Portus Dubris, a fortified port. Forts were built above the port, lighthouses were constructed to guide passing ships, Dover figured largely in the Domesday Book as an important borough. It also served as a bastion against various attackers, notably the French during the Napoleonic Wars and it was one of the Cinque Ports during medieval times. Dover is near the extreme south-east corner of Britain between Deal and Folkestone and this led to the silting up of the river mouth by the action of longshore drift, the town was then forced into making artificial breakwaters to keep the port in being. These breakwaters have been extended and adapted so that the port lies almost entirely on reclaimed land. The higher land on either side of the valley – the Western Heights, the town has gradually extended up the river valley, encompassing several villages in doing so. Little growth is possible along the coast, since the cliffs are on the sea’s edge, the railway, being tunnelled and embanked, skirts the foot of the cliffs
42.
London Stock Exchange
–
The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2014, the Exchange had a capitalisation of US$6.06 trillion. The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London, the Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group. London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges, London Stock Exchange Group was created in October 2007 when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana. The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse and it was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571. During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners and they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, notably Jonathans Coffee-House. At that coffee house, a broker named John Casting started listing the prices of a few commodities, exchange rates and certain key provisions such as salt, coal, originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week. This list and activity was moved to Garraway’s coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for the duration that a length of tallow candle could burn, as stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in securities in London. After Greshams Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and this was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange. The Royal Exchange not only housed brokers but also merchants and merchandise and this was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament brought out an act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties and it also set a fixed number of brokers, which was later increased as the size of the trade grew. The street in which they were now dealing was known as Exchange Alley, Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets. Traders became weary of bubbles when companies rose quickly and fell, after the Seven Years War, trade at Jonathans coffee house boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed a club and opened a new and this now had a set entrance fee, through which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not a location for trading. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to such dealings
43.
Granada
–
Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the Beiro, the Darro, the Genil and the Monachil. It sits at an elevation of 738 m above sea level, yet is only one hour by car from the Mediterranean coast. Nearby is the Sierra Nevada Ski Station, where the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996 were held, about 3. 3% of the population did not hold Spanish citizenship, the largest number of these people coming from South America. Its nearest airport is Federico García Lorca Granada-Jaén Airport, the Alhambra, a Moorish citadel and palace, is in Granada. It is the most renowned building of the Andalusian Islamic historical legacy with its cultural attractions that make Granada a popular destination among the touristic cities of Spain. The Almohad influence on architecture is preserved in the Granada neighborhood called the Albaicín with its fine examples of Moorish. Granada is also well-known within Spain for the University of Granada which has about 80,000 students spread over five different campuses in the city, the pomegranate is the heraldic device of Granada. The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500 BC and experienced Roman, the most ancient ruins found in the city belongs to an Iberian oppidum called Ilturir, in the region known as Bastetania. This oppidum eventually changed its name to Iliberri, and after the Roman conquest of Iberia, the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in AD711, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established Al-Andalus. In the early 11th century, after a war that ended the Caliphate, the Berber, Zawi ben Ziri, established an independent kingdom for himself. Jewish people were established in another close to Illiberis, called Gárnata or Gárnata al-Yahūd. Granadas historical name in the Arabic language was غرناطة, the word Gárnata possibly means hill of strangers. Because the city was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, in a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities of Al-Andalus. By the end of the 11th century, the city had spread across the Darro to reach the hill of the future Alhambra, the Almoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and the Almohad dynasty from 1166. With the Reconquista in full swing after the conquest of Córdoba in 1236, according to some historians, Granada was a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile since that year. It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for gold from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb, the Nasrids also supplied troops from the Emirate and mercenaries from North Africa for service to Castile. Ibn Battuta, a traveler and an authentic historian, visited the Kingdom of Granada in 1350
44.
Winter Hill transmitting station
–
The Winter Hill transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications site on Winter Hill, at the southern boundary of the Borough of Chorley, and above Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. It is owned and operated by Arqiva, the original mast at Winter Hill was a 140-metre tower that came into service on 3 May 1956, and carried the programmes of Granada ITV and ABC TV. In 1966 services were transferred to a new higher mast erected adjacent to the original tower, the main mast structure is 309.48 metres tall and has a diameter of 2.75 metres. Unlike most masts, which are of a design, Winter Hill mast is of a tubular construction. Five other masts in England share this design, support wires, to hold the mast vertical, are pitched at 120° when viewed from above. These are connected at 5 heights, giving 15 supports in total, during 2007 -2009, the mast was strengthened to allow the installation of the new heavier digital transmission aerials. An advantage of the design is that engineers can ascend the inside the mast and avoid adverse weather. Maintaining the outside of the mast is typically performed using a bosuns chair, the mast has always had a series of red aircraft warning lights but in October 2006 these lights were substantially brightened making the mast far more visible to passing aircraft. These lights can be maintained from the inside, as the swing inwards for maintenance. Eight external platforms encircle the mast along its height and these can be accessed from the inside of the mast, and are used to maintain the supporting wires, and the ILR antennas. The stations coverage includes approximately 6.3 million people, ABC Television lost its franchise in 1968, when Granada Television commenced broadcasting seven days a week. Since the digital switchover, the Welsh transmitters are broadcasting DTT at a higher power and Channel 4. However, because of terrain and rough landscapes of North Wales, in July 2007 it was confirmed by Ofcom that Winter Hill would be remaining a C/D group transmitter after DSO. One of the Winter Hill Multiplexes, broadcasting channels including Film4 and this compares with the other Winter Hill digital multiplexes which have broadcast with 100 kW since 2 December 2009. This significantly affected the Arqiva B multiplex coverage area until the Sutton Coldfield final switchover, apart from North Wales, the coverage area is what is expected, covering a large area of the northwest. More Relay Transmitters appear towards the east in Greater Manchester, Winter Hill is the principal transmitter for the Granada region and in 2009 it became the first in the UK to broadcast digital television in high definition. It now transmits at 100 kW, the power as the other five multiplexes. Only four of the 70 Winter Hill relays broadcast six digital multiplexes, all the others broadcast just the three public service multiplexes BBC A, BBC B and D3&4
45.
Emley Moor transmitting station
–
Emley Moor transmitting station is a telecommunications and broadcasting facility on Emley Moor,1 mile west of Emley, in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. The most visible feature of the structure is its 1,084 feet tall concrete tower, the towers current official name, Arqiva Tower, is shown on a sign beside the offices at the base of the tower, but it is commonly known as Emley Moor mast. The present concrete tower is the antenna support structure to have occupied the site. The original 135-metre lattice tower was erected in 1956, to provide Independent Television broadcasts to the Yorkshire area and it entered service on 3 November 1956, transmitting Granada TV programmes on weekdays, and ABC TV programmes at weekends. In 1964, it was replaced by a taller 385.5 metres guyed mast, identical to the structure at Belmont transmitting station in Lincolnshire, at 53. 612700°N1. 666078°W /53.612700, the dismantled lattice tower was rebuilt at Craigkelly transmitting station. Emley Moor has been a site since the earliest days of television. The first permanent transmitter built there was for ITV, covering much of the north of England and it had a 135 metres lattice tower, which provided limited coverage. Its performance was improved in anticipation of colour PAL transmissions in 1966, at the time of its construction, it was one of the tallest man-made structures in the world. It was designed by British Insulated Callenders Cables, and manufactured by EMI, the cylindrical steel mast was regularly coated in ice during the winter months, and large icicles formed on the guy wires, placing them under great strain. During winter, ice falling from the guy-wires was common, for this reason, red warning lights on the tower operated when ice was a hazard, and notices were posted on the fence adjacent to Jagger Lane, below the guy wire crossings. On 19 March 1969, a combination of winds and the weight of ice that had formed around the top of the mast. Roads close to station temporarily closed by Councils, please notify councils when roads are safe Pye monitor - no frame lock - V10 replaced. Monitor overheating due to fan choked up with dust- cleaned out, motor lubricated, evening, - Glendenning, Bottom, Redgrove 1,265 ft Mast, - Fell down across Jagger Lane at 17,01,45. Mast Power Isolator, - Fuses removed & isolator locked in the OFF position, all isolators in basement feeding mast stump also switched off. The collapse left sections of twisted mast strewn over the site, and across the junction of Common Lane and Jagger Lane. Although a falling stay cable cut through a church and across the transmitter site buildings. It completely disabled the BBC2 UHF transmitter and the ITV VHF transmitter, bBC1 VHF television transmissions continued from Holme Moss. The Independent Television Authority owned a collapsible emergency mast,61 metres tall, ITV signals were restored to 2.5 million viewers within four days
