1.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
Single (music)
–
45
rpm single record
2.
Taylor Swift
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Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter. One of the most popular contemporary female recording artists, she is known for songs about her personal life. Born and raised in Pennsylvania, Swift moved to Nashville, Tennessee at age 14 to pursue a career in country music and she signed with the independent label Big Machine Records and became the youngest artist ever signed by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house. Her eponymous debut album in 2006 peaked at five on Billboard 200. The albums third single, Our Song, made her the youngest person to single-handedly write, Swifts second album, Fearless, was released in 2008. Buoyed by the pop success of the singles Love Story and You Belong with Me. The album won four Grammy Awards, with Swift becoming the youngest Album of the Year winner, Swift was the sole writer of her 2010 album, Speak Now. It debuted at one in the United States and the single Mean won two Grammy Awards. Her fourth album, Red, yielded the successful singles We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together, with her fifth album, the pop-focused 1989, she became the first act to have three albums sell a million copies within one week in the United States. Its singles Shake It Off, Blank Space and Bad Blood reached number one in the US, Australia, the album received three Grammy Awards, and Swift became the first woman and fifth act overall to win Album of the Year twice. The 2015 eponymous concert tour for 1989 became one of highest-grossing of the decade, as a songwriter, Swift has received awards from the Nashville Songwriters Association and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Swift is one of the artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums—including 27.1 million in the US—and 130 million single downloads. She has appeared in Times 100 most influential people in the world, Forbes top-earning women in music, Forbes 100 most powerful women and she was the youngest woman to be included in the third of these and ranked first in Celebrity 100. Taylor Alison Swift was born on December 13,1989, in Reading and her father, Scott Kingsley Swift, was a financial advisor, and her mother, Andrea Gardner Swift, was a homemaker who worked previously as a mutual fund marketing executive. She has a brother named Austin. Swift spent the years of her life on a Christmas tree farm in Cumru Township. She attended preschool and kindergarten at the Alvernia Montessori School, run by Franciscan nuns, the family then moved to a rented house in the suburban town of Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, where she attended Wyomissing Area Junior/Senior High School. At the age of nine, Swift became interested in musical theater and she also traveled regularly to New York City for vocal and acting lessons
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing at
Ford Field in
Detroit during
The 1989 World Tour in May 2015
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing at
Yahoo! headquarters in
Sunnyvale, California in 2007
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing in the
Prudential Center in
New Jersey during the
Fearless Tour in 2010
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing in
Los Angeles during the Fearless Tour in 2010
3.
Red (Taylor Swift album)
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Red is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on October 22,2012, by Big Machine Records, as the follow-up to her studio album. Red touches on Swifts signature themes of love and heartbreak, however, from a mature perspective while exploring other themes such as fame. The album features collaborations with producers and guest artists such as Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol, Swift completed The Red Tour in support of the album on June 12,2014, which became the highest-grossing tour of all time by a country artist, grossing over $150 million. Red was well received by critics and earned Swift Grammy Award nominations for Best Country Album and Album of the Year and it debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, giving Swift her third consecutive chart topper in the US. Its first week sales of 1.21 million was the third biggest debut in history for a female artist and it made music history for claiming the biggest first week sales of all time by a country act, the record previously held by Garth Brooks. Red is just the 18th album in United States history to one million copies in a single week. Worldwide, Red has sold 6 million copies as of August 2014 and it was Swifts third consecutive top-seller and the second best-seller overall across all genres despite being out only for two months. This makes the fourth time Swift has an album ranked in the top three sellers. Red has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. All those emotions — spanning from intense love, intense frustration, jealousy, confusion, all of that — in my mind and you know, theres nothing in between. Theres nothing beige about any of those feelings, contrary to her previous self-written album Speak Now, Swift enlisted the help of several of her favorite songwriters. In an interview with MTV News, the revealed that the album is interesting because each song stands on its own. Its this patchwork quilt of different sounds and different emotions, and I dont think anything on the record sounds like We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together and she also previewed songs from the album on Good Morning America every Monday, beginning on September 24 until October 15. Swift performed on October 22 for the release, and the next day. According to the singer she had spent over two years with the process, writing and preparation for the album. Sarah Barlow shot the cover, which shows Swifts face. The standard and deluxe versions of the album were released on October 22,2012 in Italy, New Zealand, the United States, among others
Red (Taylor Swift album)
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Swift during Red 's release week on
Good Morning America in October 2012.
Red (Taylor Swift album)
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Red
Red (Taylor Swift album)
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Swift spent a total of 24 weeks atop the
Billboard 200 throughout her career, tying her with
Adele (with her album
21) as the woman with the most weeks at No. 1 since
Nielsen SoundScan began tabulating the Billboard 200 in May 1991. Swift later surpassed this record with the release of her album
1989
Red (Taylor Swift album)
–
With Red spending its sixth week atop Billboard 200, Swift became the first artist since
The Beatles 43 years earlier to log six weeks atop Billboard 200 with three consecutive studio albums.
4.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
CD single
–
Hansons "
Give a Little " as promo-CD-single.
5.
Electropop
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Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 2000s, the media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars and indeed, saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, lady Gaga had major commercial success since 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, the second album by British singer Lily Allen released in 2009 called Its Not Me, Its You is largely electropop as opposed to her first ska album. Other female electropop acts that emerged were Ladyhawke, Kesha, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Elly Jackson of La Roux and Perfume. The Korean pop music scene has become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, F. Male acts that have emerged included British writer and producer Taio Cruz, who charted well in the U. S. along with one-man act Owl City, who had a U. S. number-one single, DJ Kaskade, and LMFAO. Singer Michael Angelakos of the Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, so everything weve been put on to is electronic in nature. Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason, Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno
Electropop
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Kesha is considered one of the most successful American female electropop artists of the early 2010s
6.
Dubstep
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Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in South London, England. It emerged in the late 1990s as a development within a lineage of related styles such as 2-step garage, dub, techno, drum and bass, broken beat, jungle, and reggae. In the United Kingdom the origins of the genre can be traced back to the growth of the Jamaican sound system party scene in the early 1980s, the music generally features sparse, syncopated drum and percussion patterns with bass lines that contain prominent sub bass frequencies. The earliest dubstep releases date back to 1998, and were featured as B-sides of 2-step garage single releases. These tracks were darker, more experimental remixes with less emphasis on vocals, a very early supporter of the sound was BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, who started playing it from 2003 onwards. In 2004, the last year of his show, his listeners voted Distance, Digital Mystikz, simultaneously, the genre was receiving extensive coverage in music magazines such as The Wire and online publications such as Pitchfork, with a regular feature entitled The Month In, Grime/Dubstep. Interest in dubstep grew significantly after BBC Radio 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs started championing the genre, towards the end of the 2000s and into the early 2010s, the genre started to become more commercially successful in the UK, with more singles and remixes entering the music charts. Music journalists and critics noticed a dubstep influence in several pop artists work. The music website Allmusic has described Dubsteps overall sound as tightly coiled productions with overwhelming bass lines and reverberant drum patterns, clipped samples, and occasional vocals. According to Simon Reynolds, Dubsteps constituents originally came from different points in the 1989—99 UK lineage, bleep n bass, jungle, techstep, Photek-style neurofunk, speed garage,2 step. Reynolds comments that the traces of pre-existing styles worked through their intrinsic sonic effects but also as signifiers, Dubsteps early roots are in the more experimental releases of UK garage producers, seeking to incorporate elements of drum and bass into the South London-based 2-step garage sound. These experiments often ended up on the B-side of a label or commercial garage release. Similar to a vocal garage hybrid – grime – the genres feel is commonly dark, tracks frequently use a minor key, other distinguishing features often found are the use of samples, a propulsive, sparse rhythm, and an almost omnipresent sub-bass. Some dubstep artists have incorporated a variety of outside influences. Dubstep rhythms are usually syncopated, and often shuffled or incorporating tuplets, the tempo is nearly always in the range of 138–142 beats per minute, with a clap or snare usually inserted every third beat in a bar. In its early stages, dubstep was often more percussive, with influences from 2‑step drum patterns. A lot of producers were experimenting with tribal drum samples, such as Loefahs early release Truly Dread. One characteristic of certain strands of dubstep is the bass, often referred to as the wub
Dubstep
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Musical score of the above recording.
Dubstep
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Mala of
Digital Mystikz.
Dubstep
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The Big Apple Records shop, in
Croydon,
South London.
Dubstep
–
Dubstep producer
Skream, one of the most widely known names on the scene since the beginning of the Dubstep movement.
7.
Big Machine Records
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Big Machine Records, LLC is an independent American record label specializing in country and pop artists. Big Machine is based on Music Row in Nashville, Tennessee, the label was launched in September 2005 by former DreamWorks Records executive, Scott Borchetta, and initially became a joint venture between Borchetta and country singer Toby Keith. As of November 2014, the company consists of 88 employees—in the areas of music publishing, management. The business also oversees numerous imprints, including Valory Music, that are under Big Machine Label Group, among the artists signed to the label is Taylor Swift, whose most recent studio album,1989, was released in October 2014. Swifts father owns a stake in the record label, other artists include Tim McGraw, Reba McEntire, and Rascal Flatts. Borchetta is originally from Los Angeles, Californias San Fernando Valley area, borchettas father, Mike Borchetta, worked in Nashville as a country promoter who courted radio stations with music he transported in the trunk of his car. Mike Borchetta was married to a country singer at the time. Borchetta did not leave Nashville after a 1981 visit, Borchetta worked in the mailroom of his fathers music company and eventually became a promotions staff member in 1991 for Universal’s MCA Records label. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, Borchetta was a manager at MCA, choosing singles. After he was fired from MCA in 1997, Borchetta accepted a role at the Nashville division of DreamWorks Records, before he left DreamWorks, Borchetta approached Swift and her family after the musician performed at the Blue Bird Café in Nashville, TN. At the time, Borchetta had no infrastructure or financing, made an offer to Swift and her parents, Swift eventually recontacted Borchetta around two weeks later, telling him, I’m waiting for you. After he formed the label in 2005, Big Machine released Swifts first ever recording, Keith dropped his affiliation with the label in 2006, but he was reported as an equity holder in November 2014, alongside the Swift family and Borchetta. In October 2012, Borchetta told Rolling Stone magazine, Scott Swift owns three percent of Big Machine, by March 2009, Big Machine artist Danielle Peck had left the label. The departure occurred during a period for the overall U. S. music industry. Borchetta signed a deal with Clear Channel, which changed its name to iHeartMedia. Three years after the deal was signed, Borchetta said that the streams were very meaningful. On November 3,2014, Swift removed all but one of her songs from Spotify after indications of her disapproval of the streaming service emerged in July of the same year. Swift, statistically one of the worlds most popular artists at the time, had previously delayed the streaming of her 2012 album
Big Machine Records
–
Big Machine Records
8.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
Songwriter
–
Songwriter and singer
Chris de Burgh.
9.
Max Martin
–
Karl Martin Sandberg, better known as Max Martin, is a Swedish songwriter, record producer and singer. He rose to prominence in the half of the 1990s after making a string of major hits for artists such as the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears. Some of his hits include I Want It That Way. Baby One More Time. Martin is the songwriter with the third-most number one singles on the chart, behind only Paul McCartney, in 2016, Martin won the ASCAP Songwriter of the Year award for the sixth consecutive year and for the ninth time in his career. In early 2013 his single sales were tallied by The Hollywood Reporter to be at over 135 million, Sandberg was born in Stockholm, and grew up in Stenhamra, Ekerö Municipality, a suburb of Stockholm. As a child, Martin was a student of Swedens public music-education program, other alumni of the program include Andreas Carlsson, Rami Yacoub, and Anders Bagge, each of whom boasts a discography nearly as long and successful as Martins. As a teenager he sang in a variety of bands before joining a glam-style metal band called Its Alive in 1985 as their singer and its Alive were formed by ex-LAZY members Per Aldeheim and Kim Björkgren on guitars, and John Rosth who had been a member of Lineout. Martin eventually dropped out of school to pursue a career in music with his band under the nickname Martin White. In 1988 they participated in the national championships and played as the in-house band at a disco in Cyprus. The band got a breakthrough in 1991, as Dave Constable of Megarock Records offered them to make a demo-record, the later debut album was originally pressed in 1,000 copies and later on given away as a free cover tape in the UK by the Metal Forces magazine. The decision to focus on a music career paid off as they landed a deal on producer Denniz PoPs label Cheiron Records. After recording their second album Earthquake Visions, they released three singles in conjunction with the record and toured through Europe in 1994 supporting Kingdom Come, Earthquake Visions eventually sold a disappointing 30,000 copies, despite being released in as many as 30 countries. More importantly though, Martin also began collaborating on songs with PoP, recognizing a talent for writing pop songs in the young rocker, PoP renamed his new protégé Max Martin and eventually became Martins mentor. I didnt even know what a producer did, I spent two years–day and night–in that studio trying to learn what the hell was going on, – Max Martin,19 March 2001. In 1993, Martin was hired by Cheiron Studios and spent some time learning the basics and they both worked on Ace of Bases second album, The Bridge, shortly thereafter, as well as on albums by 3T, Army of Lovers and Leila K. To date, The Bridge has sold more than six million copies worldwide, when Martin eventually left his band Its Alive in late 1995, he was replaced by Anders Jansson. In 1995, the Cheiron Studios was hired by Zomba to work on Backstreet Boys self-titled debut album Backstreet Boys, Zomba became the main working partner since the success in 1995. The album was not released in the U. S. until 1997 and this led to the Backstreet Boys being relaunched in their home country later on, this time more successfully
Max Martin
–
Max Martin in March 2015.
10.
Shellback (record producer)
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Karl Johan Schuster, known professionally as Shellback, is a Swedish songwriter, record producer, and musician. Shellback has collaborated with fellow producer Benny Blanco for Payphone and Moves like Jagger by Maroon 5 and he has also produced songs by himself, including Want U Back by Cher Lloyd and Animals by Maroon 5. Karl Johan Schuster was born and raised in Karlshamn, Sweden and he started out as a drummer in local indie rock bands in Karlshamn, as well as recording all instruments on the 2003 Meriah demo. In 2005 he also performed as a guest musician on the Faith album Sorg, at the age of 16, Schuster met Max Martin through their mutual friend Julius. By that time, according to an interview in the Swedish music magazine Stim-magasinet, Schusters taste in music was too cool for school, Julius kept sending Schusters indie rock/death metal demos to Martin, who became curious about what it would sound like if Schuster would make pop music. So in 2006 Martin invited Schuster to his studio in Stockholm to record a demo with him, among the first songs Schuster co-wrote with Martin are Pinks 2008 single So What and Britney Spears 2008 single If U Seek Amy. In 2012 Schuster won the STIM Platinum guitar prize, in 2014, Schuster produced Problem alongside Max Martin and Ilya. In 2015, Shellback collaborated with Swedish hardcore punk band Refused, Sandstrom sent him the versions of the songs Elektra and 366 that Refused had recorded with producer Nick Launay, and Shellback replied with his own arrangements of the two songs. Refused frontman Dennis Lyxzen explained in June 2015 that Shellbacks versions were far more Refused than our versions and were better than the Launay-produced versions. The two songs appear on Refuseds comeback album Freedom—Elektra was released as a single on April 27, 2015—which was released on the label Epitaph Records on June 26,2015. With Meriah. Turn Him Your Other Cheek With Blinded Colony Promo Demo Bedtime Prayers As a guest musician Faith - Sorg The following singles peaked inside the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Number-one singles So What 3 Raise Your Glass Moves like Jagger We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together One More Night Shake It Off Blank Space Bad Blood Cant Stop the Feeling
Shellback (record producer)
11.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
12.
Begin Again (Taylor Swift song)
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Begin Again is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth studio album, Red. Swift co-produced the song with Nathan Chapman and Dann Huff, initially released as a promotional single on September 25,2012 by Big Machine Records, the song served as the second single from Red on October 1,2012. Begin Again is a song, with the lyrical content finds Swift falling in love again after a failed relationship. The song was acclaimed by music critics, many of whom praised Swifts songwriting. The songs accompanying video was directed by Philip Andelman, who also directed the music video Swifts Safe & Sound. The single has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, Begin Again was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Country Song at the 56th Grammy Awards. She previewed it on Good Morning America on September 24,2012, the song initially served as a promotional single, the first of four tracks to be released during the four weeks preceding the release of her fourth studio album Red. It was later announced that the song would be the single from Red. An individually numbered CD single was released on October 23,2012 exclusively to Amazon. com, Begin Again is a country song of three minutes and 58 seconds. The song was written by Taylor Swift and the producers were Dan Huff, musically, Begin Again is written in the key of G major, with a tempo of 76 beats per minute Moderately slow. Swifts vocals span from D3 to B4, lyrically, it finds Swift falling in love again after a failed relationship. According to The Boot website, Its a beautiful ballad that tells the story of a girl who is surprised by a new guy who does everything right that the last guy did wrong. Billy Dukes from Taste of Country commented, For those who believe the arc of songs on Red tell a story, Again, its her vulnerability and willingness to reveal her battle scars that make this lyric on the Best Taylor Swift Red Lyrics list so palpable and brilliant. Dukes placed it as the track on Reds best lyrics list, behind All Too Well. Billboard magazine affirmed that unlike most tracks from Red which find Swift lamenting on the end of relationships, according to the publication, the singers vocals are on a breathy, girlish vocal tone and is reminiscent of her contributions The Hunger Games soundtrack. Begin Again was widely acclaimed by critics, many of whom praised Swifts songwriting. Writing for Taste of Country, Billy Dukes gave the song a four star rating out of five, grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly wrote the song is a well-crafted love story and noted Swifts talent at taking a single moment in time and letting it unfold like a pop-up storybook. And for that, Taylor Swift, we salute you, matt Bjorke gave four out of five stars as well for Roughstock, complimenting that The song is a vast improvement for Taylor
Begin Again (Taylor Swift song)
–
Swift during her appearance on
Good Morning America, where she talked about "Begin Again", and also previewed the song
Begin Again (Taylor Swift song)
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"Begin Again"
13.
22 (Taylor Swift song)
–
22 is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth album, Red. It was written by Swift along with Max Martin and Shellback, the song was released as the albums fourth single on March 12,2013. The lyrics describe the joys of being 22 years old, the song peaked at 20 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the sixth single from Red to hit the top 20. After writing her third studio album Speak Now entirely solo, Swift opted to collaborate with different songwriters and producers for Red, thus, she called Max Martin and Shellback, two songwriters and producers whose work she admired, to discuss a possible collaboration. She told Billboard magazine, For me, being 22 has been my favorite year of my life, I like all the possibilities of how youre still learning, but you know enough. You still know nothing, but you know that you know nothing, youre old enough to start planning your life, but youre young enough to know there are so many unanswered questions. That brings about a feeling that is sort of based on in-decision and fear. Being 22 has taught me so much. The song was supposed to impact contemporary hit radio in the U. S. on March 5,2013, before being pushed back by one week to March 12,2013. An exclusive limited edition individually numbered CD single was released exclusively to Swifts store on March 13,2013. The CD single was sold by itself or via a package with the Red Tour items. 22 is a pop song lasting three minutes and 52 seconds, mainly accompanied by an acoustic guitar, invoking a country pop influence from Taylor Swifts conventional repertoire. The song is written in the key of G major with a tempo of 104 beats per minute, Swifts vocals span one and a half octaves, between G3 and D5. The song was written by Swift, along with Max Martin and Shellback, the lyrics describe the joys and the happiness of being 22 years old. She may have achieved more during her youth than most do in their lifetime. Giving the song four out of five stars, Billboard said that it is Swifts most blatantly pop song of her career, adding that,22 is all about trying to forget about the deadlines and embraces only the most sugary hooks available. Even when shes having fun, Swift is succinctly communicating conflicting emotion, the music video for 22 was filmed in February 2013, and premiered and released on March 13,2013. It was directed by Anthony Mandler, who had directed the music video for Swifts I Knew You Were Trouble
22 (Taylor Swift song)
–
"22"
14.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
–
From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
–
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
–
YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
16.
Promotional recording
–
A promotional recording, or promo, is an audio or video recording distributed for free, usually in order to promote a recording that is or soon will be commercially available. Promos are often distributed in plain packaging, without the text or artwork that appears on the commercial version, typically a promo is marked with some variation of the following text, Licensed for promotional use only. It may also state that the promo is still the property of the distributor and is to be returned upon demand, however, it is not illegal to sell promotional recordings, and recalls of promos are extremely rare and unenforced. Because promos are produced in quantity than releases made available to the general public. They are never intended for sale in record stores, a song may be released as a promotional single even if no commercial version of the single is available to buy. This is usually for the purpose of promoting an entire album, while intended specifically for use by professional disc jockeys and not for resale, they are frequently sought out by music collectors nonetheless. The promo single is recognized by its limited liner notes. Quite often, vinyl records will be issued in a generic cardboard jacket or white paper sleeve while CDs will be issued in a jewel case or cardboard sleeve. There may also be promotion-specific terms stamped on the disc or its cover, unlike a finished promo single, these are commonly test pressings or white labels and thus are manufactured in limited runs. Traditionally, these copies were supplied to DJs through music pools. Despite the good intention, there has been some dispute within the industry whether a promotion is a good thing or not. Building interest is naturally a good thing, but it may have the effect when interested persons are unable to find a new song in the record stores for quite some time. In music, a single or advance single is a track or promotional song. The song are released in order to bring attention to an albums release, buzz singles are not typically issued to radio as promotional singles, but this will not prevent radio stations from playing the songs. Buzz singles are not always included on an album, on rare occasions a special type of demonstration record known as an acetate disc has been distributed to radio stations as a promo. Instead of being mass-produced these records are cut one at a time in the studio from a master tape source. They were generally made in low quantity with hand-written labels. The soft acetate surface of these discs can be played no more than about 10 times before they start to wear out, another type of rare item which has occasionally been used as a promo is a test pressing or white label
Promotional recording
–
Label of a promo single. Note the text saying "PROMOTIONAL NOT FOR SALE"
17.
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard logo
18.
Bruno Mars
–
Peter Gene Hernandez, known professionally as Bruno Mars, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, and choreographer. Born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, by a family of musicians, Mars began making music at a young age and he graduated from high school and moved to Los Angeles to pursue a musical career. After being dropped by Motown Records, Mars signed a contract with Atlantic Records in 2009. In 2009, he co-founded the production team The Smeezingtons, responsible for the singles Nothin on You by B. o. B and he featured on the hooks for both singles, becoming recognized as a solo artist. His debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans included the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart-topping singles Just the Way You Are and Grenade and his second album, Unorthodox Jukebox, peaked at number one in the United States. The album spawned the international singles Locked Out of Heaven, When I Was Your Man, in 2014, Mars lent his vocals to Mark Ronsons Uptown Funk. In 2016, he released his studio album 24K Magic with the lead single of the same title released on October 7,2016. To date, he has sold over 100 million singles and albums combined worldwide, Mars has landed six number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 since his career launched in 2010, attaining his first five faster than any male artist since Elvis Presley. Mars has received awards and nominations, including five Grammy Awards. In December 2013, he ranked number one on the Forbes 30 under 30 list, Mars is known for his stage performances and retro showmanship. He is accompanied by his band, The Hooligans, who play a variety of such as electric guitar, bass, piano, keyboards, drums and horns. Mars performs in a range of musical styles. Peter Gene Hernandez was born on October 8,1985, in Honolulu, Hawaii to Peter Hernandez and Bernadette San Pedro Bayot and his father is of half Puerto Rican and half Ashkenazi Jewish descent, and is originally from Brooklyn, New York. His mother emigrated from the Philippines to Hawaii as a child, and was of Filipino and his parents met while performing in a show in which his mother was a hula dancer and his father played percussion. At the age of two, he was nicknamed Bruno by his father, because of his resemblance to professional wrestler Bruno Sammartino. Mars is one of six children and came from a family which exposed him to a diverse mix of genres including, reggae, rock, hip hop. His mother was both a singer and a dancer, and his father performed Little Richard rock and roll music, Mars uncle was an Elvis impersonator, and also encouraged three-year-old Mars to perform on stage. Mars performed songs by such as Michael Jackson, The Isley Brothers
Bruno Mars
–
Mars performing in
Las Vegas in 2010
Bruno Mars
–
Mars performing live in
Houston, 2010
Bruno Mars
–
Music artists such as
Michael Jackson (left) and
Prince (right) have influenced Mars.
Bruno Mars
19.
Locked Out of Heaven
–
Locked Out of Heaven is a song by American singer Bruno Mars from his second studio album, Unorthodox Jukebox. It was released as the single from the album on October 1,2012. The song was written by Mars, Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons, Locked Out of Heaven is a reggae rock song influenced by new wave and funk. The songs lyrics are about the feelings brought about by a relationship infused with positive emotion as well as euphoria from sex. While some critics noted influences from bands, Mars stated that The Police were the ones who influenced him the most to write the song. Locked Out of Heaven was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Due to the certifications, Locked out of Heaven was able to join a group of the best-selling singles worldwide. The songs music video was shot by director Cameron Duddy and by Mars, the song won several awards and received three Grammy nominations. The song has been covered by recording artists, including Leona Lewis. After his 2010 debut album Doo-Wops & Hooligans, which produced the singles Just the Way You Are and Grenade and this is me going into the studio and recording and writing whatever I want, Mars said confidently. Jeff Bhasker, one of the producers of the song, explained how they came up with the song That song came in the middle of the process of putting together the album, he explains of the songs roots. We were just having a jam session, tracking some things and we wound up working a long time on that, trying to get it just right. Locked Out of Heaven began as a duet, à la Santanas Smooth. It was unveiled digitally and on radio on October 1,2012, regarding the song, Mars says Man, theres a good pocket on this song right now. Mars mentioned that it took a time to create the song, commenting People didnt see us going at each others throats in the studio. He added, Trying to get these drums right and figure out a bass line, Locked Out of Heaven was co-written by The Smeezingtons, with its production being handled by the latter along with Mark Ronson, Jeff Bhasker, and Emile Haynie. It was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin, Jeff Bhasker, Bruno Mars, Nick Movshon, and Homer Steinweiss played the instruments, with additional assistance by Emile Haynie. Levine was responsible for engineering the song, with Charlez Moniz assisting him, Locked Out of Heaven was released as the lead single from Unorthodox Jukebox
Locked Out of Heaven
–
"Locked Out of Heaven"
Locked Out of Heaven
–
The majority of music critics noted similarities between "Locked Out of Heaven" to a handful of tracks by the English rock band
The Police (pictured). Later, Mars admitted that the song was inspired by the band.
Locked Out of Heaven
–
Mars and his hooligans in a shot from the video.
20.
YouTube Music Awards
–
The YouTube Music Awards is an awards show presented by YouTube to honor the best in the music video medium. The 2013 edition of the YTMAs were held at New York Citys Pier 36 and were broadcast live at Youtube. com/YTMA, some notable artists, including Arcade Fire, Pentatonix and Lindsey Stirling, Tyler, The Creator, M. I. A. The award show started at 6pm EST and was scheduled for 90 minutes, fans could vote in each category by posting a specific links from Youtube. com/YTMA on either their Facebook, Google+ or Twitter. The video with the most posts in each category was the winner, Artist of the Year was won by Eminem and Video of the Year was won by Girls Generation for their video I Got a Boy. The 2013 edition was directed by Spike Jonze, the show was mostly unscripted because Jonze wanted the show to. feel like a YouTube video — the raw messiness of making stuff. The winners of the 2015 edition of the show were announced on March 2,2015. 50 winners were based on the growth in views, subscribers. Breakthrough of the Year Response of the Year Innovation of the Year YouTube Phenomenon Video of the Year Artist of the Year Official website
YouTube Music Awards
–
YouTube Music Awards
21.
RIAA certification
–
In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Certification is not automatic, for an award to be made, the audit is conducted against net shipments after returns, which includes albums sold directly to retailers and one-stops, direct-to-consumer sales and other outlets. Presently, an American RIAA-certified Gold record is a single or album that has sold 500,000 units, the award was launched in 1958, originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales. In 1975, the requirement of 500,000 units sold was added for Gold albums. Reflecting growth in sales, the Platinum award was added in 1976 for albums selling one million units. The Multi-Platinum award was introduced in 1984, signifying multiple Platinum levels of albums, in 1989, the sales thresholds for singles were reduced to 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum, reflecting a decrease in sales of singles. In 1992, RIAA began counting each disc in a set as one unit toward certification. Reflecting additional growth in sales, the Diamond award was instituted in 1999 for albums or singles selling ten million units. Because of these changes in criteria, the sales level associated with a particular award depends on when the award was made, Nielsen SoundScan figures are not used in RIAA certification, the RIAA system predates Nielsen SoundScan and includes sales outlets Nielsen misses. Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, RIAA certification was the only audited and this system has allowed, at times, for record labels to promote an album as Gold or Platinum simply based on large shipments. For instance, in 1978 the Sgt, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack shipped platinum but was a sales bust, with two million returns. Similarly, all four albums by the members of Kiss simultaneously shipped Platinum that same year. A similar discrepancy between shipments and sales was reported with The Lion King soundtrack, multi-disc albums are counted once for each disc within the album if it is over 100 minutes in length or is from the vinyl era. Pink Floyds The Wall and The Beatles White Album, both vinyl-era, are also counted double even though their running times are under the minimum requirement. Since 2000, the RIAA also awards Los Premios de Oro y De Platino to Latin albums which are defined by the RIAA as a type of product that features at least 51% of content in Spanish, the thresholds were 100,000 units and 200,000 units. All Spanish-language albums certified prior to 2008 were updated to match the current certification at the time, la Bomba by Bolivian group Azul Azul is the only single to receive a Latin certification based on shipments before the creation of the Latin digital singles awards in 2013. The Disco de Diamante award was introduced after the RIAA updated the thresholds for Latin certifications in December 20,2013, the Disco de Diamante is awarded to Latin albums that have been certified 10× Platinum. The thresholds were previously 1,000,000 units and 2,000,000 units, when the RIAA changed the certification standards to match retail distribution in August 2006, all Platinum and Multi-Platinum awards for a digital release were withdrawn
RIAA certification
–
A platinum award for the album
GHV2 of
Madonna.
22.
Recording Industry Association of America
–
The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
Recording Industry Association of America
–
Recording Industry Association of America
23.
Good Morning America
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Good Morning America is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC. It debuted on November 3,1975, and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3,1993, the Sunday edition was canceled in 1999, weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4,2004. The weekday program airs from 7,00 to 9,00 a. m. in all U. S. time zones, the Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABCs stations live at 7,00 a. m. Eastern Time, although stations in some markets air them at different times, viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports. A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008, the program features news, interviews, weather forecasts, special-interest stories, and feature segments such as Pop News, the GMA Heat Index and Play of the Day. It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York Citys Times Square district, the primary anchors are Robin Roberts, George Stephanopoulos, Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee. Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers, GMA generally placed second in the ratings, behind NBCs Today from 1995 to 2012. Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Morning Program, sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today, on January 6,1975, ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBCs Today. The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards, with Peter Jennings, because the show could not find an audience against Today, ABC sought a new approach. The network found that one of its affiliates, WEWS in Cleveland, the Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields, including health, entertainment, consumer affairs and travel. Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows, The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set, in the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source, ABC also began looking at another local show, Good Morning. Which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB-TV, Good Morning. was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange, but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather. No legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter, however, the launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name—to Good Day. ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode, after very positive reviews for the pilot, the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America. The first host of the new program was David Hartman, featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host, Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill. Dave Murray provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABCs early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986, on August 30,1976, Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host. Within a year, Today managed to back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley, featuring art. For the first time, Good Morning America became the morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place
Good Morning America
–
Good Morning America
Good Morning America
–
The title card for Good Afternoon America, which aired for a nine-week period.
Good Morning America
–
Robin Roberts co-host 2002–present
Good Morning America
–
George Stephanopoulos co-host 2009–present
24.
Las Vegas
–
The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
Las Vegas
–
In order from top left, clockwise: 1.
World Market Center Las Vegas; 2.
Fremont East; 3.
Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health; 4.
Smith Center for the Performing Arts; 5.
Downtown Las Vegas with the
Las Vegas Valley in the background; 6.
Grand Central Parkway Interchange; 7.
Symphony Park; 8.
Downtown Arts District; 9.
Las Vegas industrial district looking North away from the
Las Vegas Strip during
First Friday
Las Vegas
–
Southern
Paiutes at
Moapa wearing traditional Paiute basket hats with Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe
Las Vegas
–
Golden Nugget and
Pioneer Club along
Fremont Street in 1952.
Las Vegas
–
Astronaut photograph of Las Vegas at night
25.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
Rolling Stone
–
Cee Lo Green,
Adam Levine,
Christina Aguilera, and
Blake Shelton, on the cover of the February 1, 2012, issue of Rolling Stone
26.
John Mayer
–
John Clayton Mayer is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer. He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and raised in nearby Fairfield and he attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, but disenrolled and moved to Atlanta in 1997 with Clay Cook. Together, they formed a short-lived two-man band called Lo-Fi Masters, after their split, Mayer continued to play local clubs—refining his skills and gaining a following. After his appearance at the 2001 South by Southwest Festival, he was signed to Aware Records, and then Columbia Records and his following two full-length albums—Room for Squares and Heavier Things —did well commercially, achieving multi-platinum status. In 2003, he won the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for the single Your Body Is a Wonderland, though Mayer started his career mainly performing acoustic rock, he began moving towards the blues genre that had originally influenced him as a musician. By 2005, he was collaborating with artists such as B. B. King, Buddy Guy, and Eric Clapton, forming the John Mayer Trio, he released a live album in 2005 called Try. and his third studio album Continuum in 2006. Both albums received critical acclaim, and Continuum earned Mayer a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. He also won Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for Waiting on the World to Change and that album was followed by Battle Studies in 2009, a return to pop, with a number-one grossing tour. However, the discovery of a granuloma on his vocal cords delayed the release of the album until May 2012, even so, the album enjoyed a generally favorable reception, though was less commercially successful than his previous work. After extensive treatments for his vocal problems—and a two-year hiatus—Mayer began performing as a singer again in January 2013, the album is named for where he lives in Montana and features country music influences. By 2014, he had sold a total of over 20 million albums worldwide, after developing an interest in the Grateful Dead and connecting with Bob Weir, Mayer formed Dead & Company with three former Grateful Dead musicians. After two well-received tours in the fall of 2015 and summer of 2016, the band has committed to another tour for the summer of 2017. Mayers secondary career pursuits extend to television hosting, comedy, and writing and he supports various causes and has performed at charity benefits. He is an aficionado, and has been on the jury at the Grand Prix d’Horlogerie de Genève. His latest song is Love on the Weekend, John Clayton Mayer was born on October 16,1977 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to Richard and Margaret Mayer. He grew up in nearby Fairfield, the middle child between older brother Carl and younger brother Ben and his father is Jewish, and Mayer has said that he relates to Judaism. As a middle school student, Mayer became close friends with tennis star James Blake
John Mayer
–
John Mayer performing on the
The Early Show in 2006
John Mayer
–
Mayer, June 2007
John Mayer
–
Mayer performing at the
Barclays Center in
Brooklyn, New York, on December 17, 2013
John Mayer
–
January 2005, left to right:
David Ryan Harris, John Mayer and
Steve Jobs at
Macworld 11, SF
Moscone Center.
27.
Speak Now
–
Speak Now is the third studio album by American country singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on October 25,2010, by Big Machine Records, production for the album took place during 2009 to 2010 at several recording studios, and was handled by Swift and Nathan Chapman. Written entirely by Swift as the follow-up to Fearless, Speak Now expands on the pop style of her previous work. Speak Now received generally positive reviews music critics, who praised Swifts songwriting. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Album, making it her second nomination in the category. Several music critics and publications included Speak Now in their year-end lists, six singles were released from the album, all of which have either received a platinum or multi-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America. Swift promoted the album with the Speak Now World Tour, grossing over $123 million, Speak Now debuted at number one on the U. S. Billboard 200 chart, giving Swift her second consecutive chart-topper in the U. S. The album also made history for claiming the biggest one-week sales tally for an album by a female country artist. As of 2014, Speak Now is ranked 17th in United States history to one million copies in a single week. It was also a success, charting within the top 10 in several countries, including Australia, Canada. The album has been certified platinum by the RIAA and. It is also the tenth best-selling digital album of all time, Speak Now was included in Rolling Stones list of 50 Best Female Albums of All Time in 2012, ranking at number forty-five. This gave Swift, age 22 at the time of publication, Swift released her second album, Fearless, in 2008. The album peaked at one on the Billboard 200 for eleven non-consecutive weeks, became the best-selling album of 2009 in the United States. Thirteen songs from Fearless charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100, Fearless, the fifth single from Fearless, became the first single released after being certified gold by the RIAA as a result of digital downloads. Swift won the Billboard Music Award for Artist of the Year in 2009 due to the success she enjoyed on Billboard charts during the year. She obtained her second-biggest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number two in 2010 with Today Was a Fairytale from the Valentines Day soundtrack, Swift worked on the album for two years prior to its release. Swift wrote all of the songs on the album without co-writers, speaking on a live webcast on July 20,2010, she said, I actually wrote all the songs myself for this record
Speak Now
–
Swift performing on the album's supporting tour
Speak Now
–
Speak Now
28.
ITunes Store
–
ITunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28,2003, and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008, and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010. It offers over 35 -40 million songs,2.2 million apps,25,000 TV shows, iTunes Stores revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totaled nearly US$1.4 billion, by May 28,2014, the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide. On January 6,2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of its catalog in the US. As of June 2013, iTunes Store possesses 575 million active user accounts, before iTunes Store, most of the online music was download through websites like Napster. Steve Jobs expressed concern that people were illegally obtaining music because it was the option they had. In 2002, Steve Jobs made an agreement with the five major record labels to offer their content through iTunes, iTunes Store was introduced by Steve Jobs at a Worldwide Developers Conference to give music listeners a legal alternative to peer-to-peer file sharing networks. When it opened, it was the only legal digital catalog of music to songs from all five major record labels. At first, it was available on Mac OS X. Following the introduction of iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price, Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3. Originally, songs were available with DRM and were encoded at 128 kbit/s. At the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that all music would be made available without DRM. Previously, this model, known as iTunes Plus, had available only for music from EMI. Users can sample songs by listening to previews, ninety seconds in length, some Apps cost money and some are free. Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps, from a pre-set list of pricing tiers, when someone downloads an App,70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer, and 30 percent goes to Apple. At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs, who was Apples CEO at the time, movies are available for rent in iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD, though iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters. Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours or 48 hours after users begin viewing them, iTunes Store also offers one low-priced movie rental a week, in the United States, this rental costs 99 cents. Movie rentals are not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States, Mexico, there is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged-in users
ITunes Store
–
Sales of iTunes songs, 2003—2010.
ITunes Store
–
The iTunes Store, as seen in iTunes 12.2
ITunes Store
–
iTunes Store availability. Green: full functionality (music, apps, videos, etc.) Red: available, but with limitations (only apps, iTunes U, etc.)
ITunes Store
–
A fifth-generation
iPod with
earphones. The only portable devices licensed to play protected music from the iTunes Store are
iPods, the
iPhone, the
iPod Touch, the
iPad and selected
Motorola mobile phones, such as the
ROKR.
29.
Red (Taylor Swift song)
–
Red is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth studio album of the same name. It was released on October 2,2012, in the US by Big Machine Records as the promotional single from Red in 2012. It was part of the released during the four weeks preceding the release of the album. Musically, Red is a song, and its lyrics uses colors and metaphors to describe an intense. The track received polarizing reviews from critics, who praised its lyrics. The song debuted at six on the US Billboard 100. It also debuted at two on the Hot Country Songs chart, behind Swifts previous single We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Swift previewed the track on the October 1,2012 episode of ABCs Good Morning America, the song finds Swift playing with the idea of colors in relation to her emotions about a relationship. Swift explained that she decided to name this song as her album title, all those emotions – spanning from intense love, intense frustration, jealousy, confusion – in my mind, all those emotions are red. Theres nothing in between, there is nothing beige about any of those feelings, I think the reason I said that was because I made the record exactly the same way I made the last three. I knew I hadnt jumped out of my comfort zone, which at the time was writing alone, the song was a real turning point for Red the album. When I wrote that song my mind started wandering to all the places we could go. If I were to think outside the box enough, go in different people. It is written in the key of C# minor and lasts three minutes and forty-one seconds and it is in common time with an approximate tempo of 125 beats per minute. Swifts vocals range from F♯3 to C♯5, a music video for the song was released on July 3,2013, the video features footage from Swifts Red Tour. Crowd cheers in the concert can be heard in the background as well. As of August 2016, the video has over 100 million views on YouTube. ”Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly, joked, saying, Those are the colors the song — which Swift says is all about intense emotion — brings up. I’m being serious — I kept waiting for some other hue to pop up, and then, said, Lyrically, lines lack the crisp, powerful punch that Swift usually delivers
Red (Taylor Swift song)
–
"Red"
30.
We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
–
We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth studio album, Red. Swift co-wrote the song with its producers, Max Martin and Shellback, the song was released as the lead single from Red on August 13,2012, by Big Machine Records. Its lyrics depict Swifts frustrations at an ex-lover who wants to re-kindle their relationship, Rolling Stone magazine named the song the second best song of 2012 while it took the fourth spot in Times end-of-year poll. It has received a Grammy Award nomination for Record of the Year and it also received a Peoples Choice Awards nomination for Favorite Song of the Year. A music video for the song was released in August 2012 and it was the first music video to be presented in 4K resolution and received positive reviews from critics. A CD single was released in September 2012 by Swifts official store, Amazon. com, the single has been certified Quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The song is one of the singles worldwide, with worldwide sales reaching 7 million copies to date. After writing Speak Now entirely solo, Swift opted to collaborate with different songwriters and producers for Red, thus, she called Max Martin and Shellback, two songwriters and producers whose work she admired, to discuss a possible collaboration. When Martin suggested that they write about the incident, Swift began playing the guitar and singing, We are never ever. And the song flowed rapidly afterwards and she described the process as one of the most humorous experiences she had while recording, and said the musical partners matched her expectations. An audio clip of her sarcastically speaking about breakups can be heard before the final chorus, the song is reportedly about Swifts ex, Jake Gyllenhaal, as the two had broken up in January 2011 but had been seen on a date a few days later. A lyric video premiered on Swifts official Vevo that same day. The song was released to Adult Contemporary radio stations on August 13,2012 with it being released to radio stations the next day. The song was released to country radio on August 21,2012. The music video for the song premiered on August 30,2012, a limited edition individually numbered CD single was released to Swifts official store and Amazon. com on September 4,2012. The limited edition CD single was packaged with a We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together T-shirt, the CD single was also able to be bought individually. The CD single was released exclusively to US Walmart stores the same day. The three-minute-and-twelve-second song features heavy production and a pop music vocal styling
We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
–
Swift during her appearance on
Good Morning America, where she talked about "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", and also previewed the song
We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
–
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"
We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
–
Swift performing on her
Red Tour in 2013
We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
–
It was covered by English band
The Vaccines at
BBC Radio 1 's
Live Lounge
31.
T-shirt
–
A T-shirt is a style of unisex fabric shirt, named after the T shape of the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line known as a crew neck, T-shirts are generally made of a light, inexpensive fabric, and are easy to clean. Typically made of textile in a stockinette, or jersey. The majority of versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom. The manufacture of T-shirts has become automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, a V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, first, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. As slip-on garments without buttons, the earliest T-shirt dates back to sometime between the 1898 Spanish–American War and 1913, when the U. S. Navy began issuing them as undergarments and these were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines and they soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, boys shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, following World War II, it became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone. Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing, Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well for advertisements, protests, current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today, T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely. T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any combination of words, art
T-shirt
–
A blue T-shirt
T-shirt
–
T-shirt day in
Leipzig
T-shirt
–
US Merchant Marine sailor in 1944
T-shirt
–
US Engineers and medics wearing T-shirts in 1951, during the
Korean War
32.
Drawstring
–
A drawstring is a string, cord, lace, or rope used to draw fabric or other material. The ends of the drawstring may be tied to hold it in place, alternately, the drawstring may be kept drawn using a cordlock. Typically, the drawstring is loose when not being used, a drawstring may be threaded through a hem or casing or laced through holes, which may be lined with eyelets. It may also be laced through loops attached to the material, a very wide, flat drawstring becomes a belt. Drawstrings on children’s clothing are a hazard that can lead to deaths and injuries when they catch on such items as playground equipment, bus doors. From 1985-1999, the CPSC received reports of 22 deaths and 48 non-fatal incidents involving the entanglement of children’s clothing drawstrings, several product recalls due to possible strangulation hazards have occurred in recent years. In biology, a type of protein in the Rho family of GTPases heals wounds by contraction, ojime, a marking on a kohaku, is named after the Japanese word for the drawstring of a pouch or purse
Drawstring
–
A modern reproduction of a medieval
turn-shoe with a drawstring
Drawstring
–
Chalk bags with drawstrings
Drawstring
–
Hoodie with drawstring
33.
Spotify
–
Spotify is a music, podcast, and video streaming service, officially launched on 7 October 2008. It is developed by startup Spotify AB in Stockholm, Sweden and it provides digital rights management-protected content from record labels and media companies. Spotify is available in most of Europe, most of the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and it is available for most modern devices, including Windows, macOS, and Linux computers, as well as iOS and Android smartphones and tablets. Music can be browsed or searched for via various parameters, such as artist, album, genre, playlist, users can create, edit and share playlists, share tracks on social media, and make playlists with other users. Spotify provides access to over 30 million songs, as of June 2016, it has 100 million monthly active users, and as of March 2017, it has 50 million paying subscribers. They distribute approximately 70% of total revenue to rights holders, who then pay based on their individual agreements. Spotify operates under a freemium model, Spotify makes its revenues by selling premium streaming subscriptions to users and advertising placements to third parties. In December 2013, the company launched a new website, Spotify for Artists, Spotify gets its content from major record labels as well as independent artists, and pays copyright holders royalties for streamed music. The company pays 70% of its revenue to rights holders. Spotify for Artists states that the company does not have a fixed rate, instead considers factors such as the users home country. Rights holders received an average per-play payout between $.006 and $.0084, Spotify offers an unlimited subscription package, close to the Open Music Model —estimated economic equilibrium—for the recording industry. However, the incorporation of digital rights management protection diverges from the OMM and competitors such as iTunes Store, Spotify encourages people to pay for music, with subscriptions as its main revenue source. The subscription removes advertisements and limits, and increases song bitrates to 320 kbit/s, the website also claims that a Spotify customer is 1. 6x more financially valuable than the average adult non-Spotify U. S. music consumer. Additionally, the website includes a section entitled Spotifys impact on piracy as a response to the criticisms against the company regarding the exploitation of musicians. For example, in Norway, the figure of 1.2 billion unauthorized song downloads in 2008 is compared to a figure of 210 million from 2012, BBC Music Week editor Tim Ingham wrote, Unlike buying a CD or download, streaming is not a one-off payment. Hundreds of millions of streams of tracks are happening each and every day, which quickly multiplies the potential revenues on offer – and is a constant long-term source of income for artists. As of June 2016, the three Spotify subscription types, all offering unlimited listening time, are, In 2008, just after launch, in October 2010, Wired reported that Spotify was making more money for labels in Sweden than any other retailer online or off. Years after growth and expansion, a November 2012 report suggested strong momentum for the company
Spotify
–
Daniel Ek addressing Spotify staff
Spotify
–
Former Spotify headquarters in Stockholm
Spotify
–
Radiohead singer
Thom Yorke (front) and producer
Nigel Godrich (rear) have accused Spotify of not supporting new artists fairly.
34.
Lostprophets
–
Lostprophets /lɒstˈprɒfɪts/ was a band from Pontypridd, Wales formed in 1997. Founded by lead vocalist and lyricist Ian Watkins, bassist Mike Lewis, drummer Mike Chiplin and guitarist Lee Gaze and they were also part of the Cardiff music scene. Lostprophets released five albums, with their final release Weapons released on 2 April 2012. The band achieved two Top 10 hits on the UK Singles Chart, one single on the US Alternative Songs chart. Awards and nominations, and sold 3.5 million albums worldwide, in December 2012, Watkins was charged with multiple sexual offences against children. The band cancelled all tour dates, and the members announced the disbanding of Lostprophets in October 2013 before the end of Watkins trial. Watkins pleaded guilty to charges in November 2013, and in December 2013 was sentenced to 29 years imprisonment plus six years on licence. In June 2014, the members formed No Devotion with American singer Geoff Rickly as their lead vocalist. The band formed in 1997 in Pontypridd, Wales, Lostprophets formed with two members of Public Disturbance, which featured singer Ian Watkins on drums and guitarist Mike Lewis. Neither member initially left Public Disturbance, although Watkins left as soon as 1998, with Watkins on vocal duties and Lewis playing bass, the band also included guitarist Lee Gaze and Mike Chiplin on drums. Lostprophets started out as part of the fledgling South Wales scene playing gigs at venues across Wales including T. J. s in Newport, from there, they went on to tours on the UKs circuit. The band recorded three demos during this time, Here Comes the Party, Para Todas las Putas Celosas, which translates as For all the jealous whores and these were produced by Stuart Richardson, who joined the band as bassist for the latter recording. Mike Lewis at this point switched to rhythm guitar, the Fake Sound of Progress also included the addition of DJ Stepzak, who would remain with the band for around a year. All of the EPs are out of print, and are very rare, the band caught the attention of the two music publishers Kerrang. and Metal Hammer magazines both giving them glancing reviews. In 1999 they signed in with Independent label Visible Noise, the bands debut album The Fake Sound of Progress was released through Visible Noise in November. Recorded in less than two weeks for £4,000 the record drew on a range of influences, it would be re-released the following year through Columbia Records. The Fake Sound of Progress featured many references to 1980s pop-culture, another reference is the use of the VF-1 Valkyrie in Battroid mode from the 1982 anime The Super Dimension Fortress Macross as part of the album illustration. The band worked with renowned producer Michael Barbiero to remaster the album, during this period, Lostprophets built up a strong live following with support slots to popular acts such as Pitchshifter, Linkin Park and Deftones, as well as several headlining stints of their own
Lostprophets
–
Lostprophets performing at the 2012
Warped Tour
Lostprophets
–
Stuart Richardson performing with Lostprophets at Leeds Festival 2007
Lostprophets
–
Mike Lewis (left), Jamie Oliver (right), performing in Pontypridd, 2007.
Lostprophets
–
Ilan Rubin with Lostprophets at the Leeds Festival 2007. Rubin left the group in early 2009
35.
Ian Watkins (Lostprophets)
–
Ian David Karslake Watkins is a Welsh singer, musician, and convicted sex offender. He achieved prominence as a member, lead vocalist. Lostprophets disbanded in 2013 after Watkins was charged with offences in late 2012. He is currently in HM Prison Long Lartin serving 29 years in jail, Watkins was born in Merthyr Tydfil, and later moved to Pontypridd, where he attended Hawthorn High School with future bandmate Mike Lewis. He completed a degree in design from the University of Wales, Newport. Whilst spending time in the local Ynysangharad Park, where Lostprophets would headline the Full Ponty festival, the band played several shows, including one supporting Feeder in London, but the group was short-lived. Watkins reunited with Mike Lewis as a drummer in a band called Public Disturbance. By this time, Watkins and Gaze had left Fleshbind to create their own band, Lost Prophets, in 1998, Watkins left Public Disturbance to concentrate on the newly named lostprophets. The concert featured Welsh bands the Blackout, Kids in Glass Houses, Watkins was also featured in The Blackouts song Its High Tide Baby, and also accompanied them on tour. In 2009, Watkins started a side project called LAmour La Morgue. He has released 17 remixes by such as the Killers, Beyoncé, Young Guns, Magic Wands, Tears for Fears. He has also released a mixtape, which is available online. Lostprophets recorded five albums, The Fake Sound of Progress, Start Something, Liberation Transmission, The Betrayed and they toured extensively in Europe and America, playing shows such as the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2004,2007,2009, and 2010. He was remanded in custody as were his two female co-accused and his barrister said Watkins would deny the accusations. On 31 December, he appeared at Cardiff Crown Court via video link from HM Prison Parc in Bridgend, the case was adjourned until May, with the trial date set for 15 July. At a hearing on 3 June, he denied the charges via a video link, on 6 June, it was announced that the trial would start on 25 November and was expected to last a month. A previous application for the venue to be moved outside Wales was denied. On 26 November, Watkins pleaded guilty to attempted rape and sexual assault of a child under 13 and this was accepted by the prosecution
Ian Watkins (Lostprophets)
–
Watkins performing with
Lostprophets in 2007
36.
Melody
–
A melody, also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most literal sense, a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm, while more figuratively and it may be considered the foreground to the background accompaniment. A line or part need not be a foreground melody, melodies often consist of one or more musical phrases or motifs, and are usually repeated throughout a composition in various forms. Melodies may also be described by their melodic motion or the pitches or the intervals between pitches, pitch range, tension and release, continuity and coherence, cadence, the true goal of music—its proper enterprise—is melody. All the parts of harmony have as their purpose only beautiful melody. Therefore, the question of which is the significant, melody or harmony, is futile. Beyond doubt, the means is subordinate to the end, given the many and varied elements and styles of melody many extant explanations confine us to specific stylistic models, and they are too exclusive. Paul Narveson claimed in 1984 that more than three-quarters of melodic topics had not been explored thoroughly, melodies in the 20th century utilized a greater variety of pitch resources than ha been the custom in any other historical period of Western music. While the diatonic scale was used, the chromatic scale became widely employed. Composers also allotted a structural role to the dimensions that previously had been almost exclusively reserved for pitch. Kliewer states, The essential elements of any melody are duration, pitch, and quality, texture, for example, Jazz musicians use the term lead or head to refer to the main melody, which is used as a starting point for improvisation. Rock music, melodic music, and other forms of popular music, indian classical music relies heavily on melody and rhythm, and not so much on harmony, as the music contains no chord changes. Balinese gamelan music often uses complicated variations and alterations of a melody played simultaneously. In western classical music, composers often introduce an initial melody, or theme, classical music often has several melodic layers, called polyphony, such as those in a fugue, a type of counterpoint. Often, melodies are constructed from motifs or short melodic fragments, richard Wagner popularized the concept of a leitmotif, a motif or melody associated with a certain idea, person or place. Appropriation Hocket Parsons code, a notation used to identify a piece of music through melodic motion—the motion of the pitch up. Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. p. 517–19, the Art of Melody, p. xix–xxx. A Textbook of Melody, A course in functional melodic analysis, a History Of Melody, Barrie and Rockliff, London
Melody
–
"
Pop Goes the Weasel " melody Play (
help ·
info)
Melody
37.
Piano
–
The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
Piano
–
A grand piano (left) and an upright piano (right)
Piano
Piano
–
Grand piano by Louis Bas of
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
Piano
–
Early piano replica by the modern builder Paul McNulty, after Walter & Sohn, 1805
38.
Bassline
–
It is also used sometimes in classical music. In solo music for piano and pipe organ, these instruments have an excellent lower register that can be used to play a deep bassline, on organs, the bass line is typically played using the pedal keyboard and massive 16 and 32 bass pipes. Basslines in popular music often use riffs or grooves, which are simple, appealing musical motifs or phrases that are repeated, with variation. The bass differs from other voices because of the role it plays in supporting and defining harmonic motion. It does so at levels ranging from immediate, chord-by-chord events to the harmonic organization of a entire work. Bassline riffs usually emphasize the chord tones of each chord, which helps to define a songs key, at the same time, basslines work along with the drum part and the other rhythm instruments to create a clear rhythmic pulse. The type of rhythmic pulse used in basslines varies widely in different types of music, in swing jazz and jump blues, basslines are often created from a continuous sequence of quarter notes in a mostly scalar, stepwise part called a walking bass line. In Latin, salsa music, jazz fusion, reggae, electronica, in bluegrass and traditional country music, basslines often emphasize the root and fifth of each chord. In classical music such as string quartets and symphonies, basslines play the same harmonic and rhythmic role, however, most popular musical ensembles include an instrument capable of playing bass notes. In the 1890s, a tuba was often used, from the 1920s to the 1940s, most popular music groups used the double bass as the bass instrument. Starting in the 1950s, the bass guitar began to replace the bass in most types of popular music, such as rock and roll, blues. By the 1970s and 1980s, the bass was used in most rock bands. The double bass was used in some types of popular music that recreated styles from the 1940s and 1950s such as jazz, traditional 1950s blues, jump blues, country. In some popular bands, keyboard instruments are used to play the bass line. In organ trios, for example, a Hammond organ player performs the basslines using the pedal keyboard. In some types of music, such as hip-hop or house music. Basslines are especially important in many forms of dance and electronic music, such as electro, drum and bass, dubstep, and most forms of house and trance. In these genres, basslines are almost always performed on synthesizers, either physical, such as the Minimoog, chinese orchestras use the zhōng ruǎn and dà ruǎn for creating basslines
Bassline
–
Victor Wooten performing on the electric bass.
Bassline
–
A German double bass section in 1952. The player to the left is using a German bow.
Bassline
–
TB-303 front panel
39.
Ed Sheeran
–
Edward Christopher Ed Sheeran is an English singer-songwriter and record producer. He was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and raised in Framlingham and he attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford, Surrey, as an undergraduate from the age of 18 in autumn 2009. In early 2011, Sheeran independently released the play, No.5 Collaborations Project. After signing with Asylum Records, his album, +, was released on 9 September 2011 and has since been certified seven-times platinum in the UK. The album contains the single The A Team, which earned him the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, in 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act. Sheerans popularity abroad began in 2012, in the US, he made a guest appearance on Taylor Swifts fourth studio album, Red. The A Team was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards and he spent much of 2013 opening for Swifts The Red Tour in North America dates. In late 2013, he performed three shows at New Yorks Madison Square Garden as a headline act. His second studio album, x, was released on 23 June 2014 and it peaked at number one in the UK and the US. In 2015, x won the Brit Award for Album of the Year and his single from x, Thinking Out Loud, earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony, Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. As part of his tour, Sheeran played three sold-out concerts at Londons Wembley Stadium in July 2015, his biggest solo shows to date. Sheerans third album, ÷, was released in March 2017, the album debuted at number one in the UK, the US and other major markets. He also became the first artist to have two songs debut in the US top 10 in the same week, Sheeran appeared on Debretts 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK. Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and moved with his family to Framlingham in Suffolk when he was a child and he has an older brother named Matthew, who works as a composer. Their parents, John and Imogen, are London-born and his paternal grandparents were Irish, and Sheeran has stated his father hailed from a very large Catholic family. John is an art curator and lecturer, and Imogen is a culture publicist turned jewellery designer and his parents ran Sheeran Lock, an independent art consultancy, from 1990 to 2010. Their work usually took them to London, and they spent their weekends travelling with their children, Sheerans early childhood memories include listening to the records of Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton. According to Sheeran, the album that first introduced him to music was Van Morrisons Irish Heartbeat, during his childhood, John took him to a number of live concerts that would later inspire his musical creations
Ed Sheeran
–
Sheeran performing in
Sydney, Australia, February 2013
Ed Sheeran
–
Sheeran at Academy 1, Manchester Dot to Dot Festival, June 2011
Ed Sheeran
–
Sheeran at the Frequency Festival in Austria, August 2012
40.
Billboard (magazine)
–
Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard (magazine)
–
An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
–
Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).
41.
Pop music
–
Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
Pop music
–
The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as
the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)
Pop music
–
According to several sources,
MTV helped give rise to
pop stars such as
Michael Jackson and
Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.
Pop music
42.
Sock hop
–
A sock hop or sox hop, often also called a record hop or just a hop, was an informal sponsored dance event for teenagers in mid-20th-century North America, featuring popular music. Sock hops were held early as 1944 by the American Junior Red Cross to raise funds during World War II and they then became a fad among American teenagers in 1948. Sock hops were held at high schools and other educational institutions. The term came about because dancers were required to remove their shoes to protect the varnished floor of the gymnasium. The music at a hop was usually played from vinyl records. Occasionally there were also live bands, the popularity of sock hops coined the phrase Bobby soxer, which described the fans of Traditional pop music. In later years, hops became strongly associated with the 1950s and early rock, danny and the Juniors sang At the Hop in 1957, which named many popular dances and otherwise documented what happened at a hop. In subsequent decades, with the popularity of sneakers and other types of indoors-only shoes. The term then came to be applied generally to any informal dance for teenagers. The term caught on in England in the late 1980s during a British rockabilly revival, life Begins at the Hop, a song celebrating sock hops, became the first charting single for XTC. The Mindset List of the Obscure,74 Famously Forgotten Icons from A to Z. ISBN9781402293474
Sock hop
–
Sock hop at
Shimer College in 1948.
Sock hop
–
Students removing their shoes for a sock hop.
43.
Instrumentation (music)
–
In music, instrumentation is the particular combination of musical instruments employed in a composition, and the properties of those instruments individually. Instrumentation is sometimes used as a synonym for orchestration, the haunting second movement of Schubert’s Trio in E flat exemplifies the variety and interest that is possible with just three instruments. Kern Holoman, G. W. Hopkins, Paul Griffiths, the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, pp.397, 575-577, in The Cambridge Companion to Schubert, edited by Christopher H. Gibbs, 72–98. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, a Treatise on Instrumentation, A Practical Guide to Orchestration
Instrumentation (music)
–
This notation indicates differing pitches, dynamics, articulations, instrumentation, timbre, and rhythm (durations and onsets). Created by Hyacinth (talk) 12:57, 22 May 2014 (UTC) using Sibelius.
44.
Refrain
–
A refrain is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse, the chorus of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, the use of refrains is particularly associated with where the verse-chorus-verse song structure typically places a refrain in almost every song. The refrain or chorus often contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one section or block played repeatedly. In music, a refrain has two parts, the lyrics of the song, and the melody, a similar refrain is found in the Battle Hymn of the Republic, which affirms in successive verses that Our God, or His Truth, is marching on. Refrains usually, but not always, come at the end of the verse, some songs, especially ballads, incorporate refrains into each verse. Fa la la la la la la la la, as one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Here, the refrain is syntactically independent of the poem in the song, and has no obvious relationship to its subject. The device can also convey material which relates to the subject of the poem, such a refrain is found in Dante Gabriel Rossettis Troy Town, Heavenborn Helen, Spartas queen, O Troy Town. Had two breasts of heavenly sheen, The sun and moon of the desire, All Loves lordship lay between, A sheen on the breasts I Love. O Troys down, Tall Troys on fire, phrases of apparent nonsense in refrains, and solfege syllables such as fa la la, familiar from the Christmas carol Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly, have given rise to much speculation. Some believe that the traditional refrain Hob a derry down O encountered in some English folksongs is in fact an ancient Celtic phrase meaning dance around the oak tree, there are two distinct uses of the word chorus. In the thirty-two bar song form that was most common in the earlier twentieth-century popular music, beginning in the rock music of the 1950s, another form became more common in commercial pop music, which was based in an open-ended cycle of verses instead of a fixed 32-bar form. In this form, choruses with fixed lyrics are alternated with verses in which the lyrics are different with each repetition, in this use of the word, chorus contrasts with the verse, which usually has a sense of leading up to the chorus. Many popular songs, particularly early in this century, are in a verse. Most popular songs from the middle of the century consist only of a chorus, according to the musicologists Ralf von Appen and Markus Frei-Hauenschild, In German, the term, Refrain, is used synonymously with chorus when referring to a chorus within the verse/chorus form. At least one English-language author, Richard Middleton, uses the term in the same way, in this usage, the refrain does not constitute a discrete, independent section within the form. A large number of Tin-Pan Alley songs using thirty-two bar form are central to the jazz repertoire
Refrain
–
Musical notation for the chorus of "Jingle Bells" Play (
help ·
info)
45.
Middle eight
–
Examples of 32-bar AABA form songs include Over the Rainbow, Whatll I Do, Make You Feel My Love, Blue Skies, and Willie Nelsons Crazy. At its core, the basic AABA 32-bar song form consists of four sections, each section being 8 bars in length, each of these 8-bar sections is assigned a letter name, based on its melodic and harmonic content. The A sections all share the same melody, and the title lyric typically falls on either the first or last line of each A section. The B section musically and lyrically contrasts the A sections, the B section may use a different harmony that contrasts with the harmony of the A sections. For example in the song Ive Got Rhythm, the A sections are in the key of B♭, Song form terminology is not standardized, and the B section is also referred to as the middle eight, bridge, or primary bridge. This introductory section is usually sixteen bars long and establishes the background and mood of the number, the sectional verse is often omitted from modern performances. It is not assigned a letter in the AABA naming scheme, in music theory, the middle 8 or bridge is the B section of a 32-bar form. This section has a different melody from the rest of the song. It is called a middle 8 because it happens in the middle of the song, in early 20th century terminology, the main 32-bar AABA section, in its entirety, was called the refrain or chorus. This is in contrast to the usage of the term chorus. Additionally, verse, chorus and refrain all have different meanings in modern musical terminology, see the below chart for clarification, Though the 32-bar form resembles the ternary form of the operatic da capo aria, it did not become common until the late 1910s. It became the form of American popular song around 1925–1926. The 32-bar form was used in rock in the 1950s and 60s. Songwriters such as the Brill Building and Lennon–McCartney also used modified or extended 32-bar forms, the Beatles, like many others, would extend the form with an instrumental section, second bridge, break or reprise of the introduction, etc. and another return to the main theme. Introductions and codas also extended the form, in Down Mexico Way the A sections … are doubled in length, to sixteen bars—but this affects the overall scheme only marginally. Appen, Ralf von / Frei-Hauenschild, Markus AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms, online Publikationen der Gesellschaft für Popularmusikforschung/German Society for Popular Music Studies e. V. Ed. by Ralf von Appen, André Doehring and Thomas Phleps
Middle eight
–
"
Over the Rainbow " (Arlen/Harburg) exemplifies the 20th-century popular thirty-two-bar song.
46.
Common time
–
The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar
Common time
47.
Tempo
–
In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece or subsection thereof, how fast or slow. Tempo may be separated from articulation, or articulation may be indicated along with tempo, while the ability to hold a steady tempo is a desirable skill, tempo is changeable, and often indicated by a conductor or drummer. While practicing, an electronic or mechanical device, a metronome, may indicate the tempo, in other words, it is the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played. A piece of musics tempo is written at the start of the score. This means that a note value is specified as the beat. The greater the number of beats per minute, the smaller the amount of time between successive beats, and thus faster a piece must be played. For example, a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying one beat every 0.5 seconds. Beethoven was one of the first composers to use the metronome, with the advent of modern electronics, bpm became an extremely precise measure. Music sequencers use the bpm system to denote tempo, instead of beats per minute, some 20th-century composers specify the total playing time for a piece, from which the performer can derive tempo. Tempo is as crucial in contemporary music as it is in classical, in electronic dance music, accurate knowledge of a tunes bpm is important to DJs for the purposes of beatmatching. Some musical pieces do not have a mathematical time indication, in classical music it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words. Before the metronome, it was difficult to specify the tempo of a composition, yet, after the metronomes invention, musicians continued to use these words, often additionally indicating the mood of the piece. This blurred the distinction between tempo and mood indicators. For example, presto and allegro both indicate a speedy execution, but allegro also connotes joy, presto, on the other hand, simply indicates speed. Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood, for example, the agitato in the Allegro agitato of the last movement of George Gershwins piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication and a mood indication. In some cases, the conventions that governed musical composition were so strong that composers didnt need to indicate tempo, for example, the first movement of Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever. To provide movement names, publishers of recordings resort to ad hoc measures, for marking the Brandenburg movement Allegro. In Renaissance music, performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus, the mensural time signature indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus
Tempo
–
Electronic metronome, Wittner model
Tempo
–
The first two measures of
Mozart 's
Sonata K. 331, which indicates the tempo as "Andante grazioso" (Italian for "at walking pace, graceful") and a modern editormarking: " ♪ = 120". Play (
help ·
info)
48.
Beats per minute
–
In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece or subsection thereof, how fast or slow. Tempo may be separated from articulation, or articulation may be indicated along with tempo, while the ability to hold a steady tempo is a desirable skill, tempo is changeable, and often indicated by a conductor or drummer. While practicing, an electronic or mechanical device, a metronome, may indicate the tempo, in other words, it is the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played. A piece of musics tempo is written at the start of the score. This means that a note value is specified as the beat. The greater the number of beats per minute, the smaller the amount of time between successive beats, and thus faster a piece must be played. For example, a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying one beat every 0.5 seconds. Beethoven was one of the first composers to use the metronome, with the advent of modern electronics, bpm became an extremely precise measure. Music sequencers use the bpm system to denote tempo, instead of beats per minute, some 20th-century composers specify the total playing time for a piece, from which the performer can derive tempo. Tempo is as crucial in contemporary music as it is in classical, in electronic dance music, accurate knowledge of a tunes bpm is important to DJs for the purposes of beatmatching. Some musical pieces do not have a mathematical time indication, in classical music it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words. Before the metronome, it was difficult to specify the tempo of a composition, yet, after the metronomes invention, musicians continued to use these words, often additionally indicating the mood of the piece. This blurred the distinction between tempo and mood indicators. For example, presto and allegro both indicate a speedy execution, but allegro also connotes joy, presto, on the other hand, simply indicates speed. Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood, for example, the agitato in the Allegro agitato of the last movement of George Gershwins piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication and a mood indication. In some cases, the conventions that governed musical composition were so strong that composers didnt need to indicate tempo, for example, the first movement of Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever. To provide movement names, publishers of recordings resort to ad hoc measures, for marking the Brandenburg movement Allegro. In Renaissance music, performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus, the mensural time signature indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus
Beats per minute
–
Electronic metronome, Wittner model
Beats per minute
–
The first two measures of
Mozart 's
Sonata K. 331, which indicates the tempo as "Andante grazioso" (Italian for "at walking pace, graceful") and a modern editormarking: " ♪ = 120". Play (
help ·
info)
49.
Half time (music)
–
In popular music, half-time is a type of meter and tempo that alters the rhythmic feel by essentially doubling the tempo resolution or metric division/level in comparison to common-time. It is not to be confused with alla breve or odd time, though notes usually get the same value relative to the tempo, the way the beats are divided is altered. The length of each note is doubled while its frequency is halved), time signatures are defined by how they divide the measure. In common-time, often considered 4/4, each level is divided in two. In a common-time rock drum pattern each measure is divided in two by the drum, each half is divided in two by the snare drum, and each quarter note is divided in two by a ride pattern. Half-time refers to halving this division, while double-time refers to doubling this division, a classic example is the half-time shuffle, a variation of a shuffle rhythm, which is used extensively in hip-hop and some blues music. Some of the variations of the groove are notoriously difficult to play on drum set. It is also a favorite in some pop and rock tunes, some classic examples are the Purdie Shuffle by Bernard Purdie which appears in Home At Last and Babylon Sisters, both of which are Steely Dan songs. It is important to realize that while in time, the feel of notes are chopped in half. For example, at the tempo, 8th notes would sound like 16ths. In the case of the half time shuffle, triplets sound like 16th note triplets, by preserving the tempo, the beat is stretched by a factor of 2. In music and dance, double-time is a type of meter and it is also associated with specific time signatures such as 22. In jazz the term means using note values twice as fast as previously and it is often used during improvised solos. Double time doubling a rhythm pattern within its original bar structure
Half time (music)
–
Rhythm pattern characteristic of much popular music including rock (Play (
help ·
info)), quarter note (crotchet) or "regular" time: "bass drum on beats 1 and 3 and snare drum on beats 2 and 4 of the measure [bar]...add eighth notes [quavers] on the hi-hat".
Half time (music)
–
Basic
time signatures: 4/4, also known as common time (C); 2/2, also known as cut time or cut-common time (¢); etc.
50.
Key (music)
–
In music theory, the key of a piece is a group of pitches, or scale upon which a music composition is created in classical, Western art, and Western pop music. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, the key may be in the major or minor mode, although major is assumed in a phrase like this piece is in C. Popular songs are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the common practice period, longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys. Methods that establish the key for a piece can be complicated to explain. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece, occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece. Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some type of harmony, resolving e. g. to A. An instrument may be said to be in a key, an unrelated usage referring to the pitches considered natural for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B♭, a key relationship is the relationship between keys, measured by common tones and nearness on the circle of fifths. The key usually identifies the tonic note and/or chord, the note and/or major or minor triad that represents the point of rest for a piece. For example, the key of G includes the following pitches, G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯, and its corresponding tonic chord is G—B—D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during the common practice period, a key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the Dorian mode, or Phrygian, languages other than English may use other key naming systems. Although many musicians confuse key with scale, a scale is a set of notes typically used in a key, while the key is the center of gravity. All of these notes and chords, however, are used in patterns that serve to establish the primacy of the tonic note. Cadences are particularly important in the establishment of key, even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as half cadences and deceptive cadences, serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique diatonic context. Short pieces may stay in a single key throughout, more elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat a phrase of music, called a ritornello
Key (music)
–
Perfect authentic cadence (V-I [here in
V7 -I form] with roots in the bass and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord):
ii-V7-I progression in C Play (
help ·
info).
