1.
New York State Department of Economic Development
–
The New York State Department of Economic Development is a department of the New York government that has been operationally merged into ESD. The commissioner of the DED is the chairman of the boards of UDC, JDA and STF, the UDC is allowed to operate through subsidiaries. Each subsidiary has its own board of directors, as with all New York state public-benefit corporations, it can issue bonds without a voter referendum, bypassing the NYs state constitution limits. As of May 2015 the UDC reported outstanding debts of $11 billion and it was replaced in 1944 by the state Department of Commerce. The New York State Urban Development Corporation was created in 1968 by the York State Urban Development Corporation Act, on August 31,1987, the Omnibus Economic Development Act created the state Department of Economic Development. In 1975, the UDC was reorganized and its mission expanded from developing housing to economic development, in 1995, the functions of the DED and the UDC were consolidated, along with the Job Development Authority and the Science and Technology Foundation. UDCs directors decided that the corporation would do business as the Empire State Development Corporation, some functions of JDA and STF were folded into ESDC and DED, respectively, and the collective entity was branded as Empire State Development. In November 1999 the STF was abolished, and in 2011 the New York State Foundation for Science, Technology, in its early years the UDC was responsible for the last significant program of publicly assisted housing in the United States. At the time it was aimed at urban renewal in New York City although its bonds were to be used statewide. Virtually all state subsidized housing built since 1968 was financed through the corporation, in the first years of the UDC, its aim was to facilitate large-scale low-income housing developments in urban neighborhoods that had traditionally been white and middle-class. In 1970, Business Week claimed that the UDC was emerging as the most powerful state agency in the country for coping with urban growth. By 1974 the investment climate had cooled and in 1975 Governor Hugh Carey asked the Legislature to appropriate $178 million for the UDC, in 1975, the Corporation was reorganized and its mission expanded from developing housing to economic development. The move away from a housing mission began in the late 1970s and early 1980s with such projects as the Jacob Javits Convention, among its projects was a doubling of the New York state prison system, improvements to Love Canal, construction of the Jacob K. The Corporation still maintains a portfolio that currently includes mortgages valued at $650 million covering 20,200 housing units. Mario Cuomo was the first to begin use of it to get around official scrutiny for public projects. In 1981 voters voted against a $500 million bond issue for expansion of the prison system to handle increased prison populations arising from the Rockefeller drug laws. At the time New York had 32 adult prisons, Cuomo was to use the bonds to build another 38 prisons — most upstate. George Pataki used the corporation to process $20 billion in aid following the September 11,2001 attacks to rebuild lower Manhattan
New York State Department of Economic Development
–
Empire State Development logo
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Trademark
–
The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
Trademark
–
Gym weights displaying a counterfeit trademark
Trademark
–
The "Registered Trade mark" logo
4.
Slogan
–
The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
Slogan
–
In 1995,
FDA's assertion of authority to regulate
tobacco drew heavy opposition from the tobacco community, which erupted into lawsuits and slogans urging "Keep FDA Off the Farm."
5.
Logo
–
A logo is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations, and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. There are purely graphic emblems, symbols, icons and logos, in the days of hot metal typesetting, a logotype was one word cast as a single piece of type. By extension, the term was used for a uniquely set. At the level of communication and in common usage, a companys logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand. The arts were expanding in purpose—from expression and decoration of an artistic, storytelling nature, to a differentiation of brands, consultancies and trades-groups in the commercial arts were growing and organizing, by 1890, the US had 700 lithographic printing firms employing more than 8,000 people. Artistic credit tended to be assigned to the company, as opposed to the individual artists who usually performed less important jobs. Playful children’s books, authoritative newspapers, and conversational periodicals developed their own visual and editorial styles for unique, as printing costs decreased, literacy rates increased, and visual styles changed, the Victorian decorative arts led to an expansion of typographic styles and methods of representing businesses. A renewal of interest in craftsmanship and quality also provided the artists and companies with a greater interest in credit, leading to the creation of unique logos and marks. By the 1950s, Modernism had shed its roots as an artistic movement in Europe to become an international, commercialized movement with adherents in the United States. Modernist-inspired logos proved successful in the era of mass visual communication ushered in by television, improvements in printing technology, the current era of logo design began in the 1870s with the first abstract logo, the Bass red triangle. As of 2014, many corporations, products, brands, services, agencies, as a result, only a few of the thousands of ideograms in circulation are recognizable without a name. Ideograms and symbols may be effective than written names, especially for logos translated into many alphabets in increasingly globalized markets. For instance, a written in Arabic script might have little resonance in most European markets. By contrast, ideograms keep the general nature of a product in both markets. In non-profit areas, the Red Cross exemplifies a well-known emblem that does not need an accompanying name, the red cross and red crescent are among the best-recognized symbols in the world. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their Federation as well as the International Committee of the Red Cross include these symbols in their logos, branding can aim to facilitate cross-language marketing. Consumers and potential consumers can identify the Coca-Cola name written in different alphabets because of the standard color, the text was written in Spencerian Script, which was a popular writing style when the Coca Cola Logo was being designed. Since a logo is the visual entity signifying an organization, logo design is an important area of graphic design, a logo is the central element of a complex identification system that must be functionally extended to all communications of an organization
Logo
–
A coin from early 6th century BC
Lydia bearing the head of a roaring lion with sun rays
Logo
–
Three logos:
LibreOffice,
IBM by
Paul Rand and the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
Logo
–
Red Cross and
Red Crescent emblems
Logo
–
The Coca-Cola logo is identifiable in other writing-systems, here written in
Cyrillic.
6.
Advertising
–
Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services, Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, the actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or ad. Commercial ads often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, on the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct response advertising. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations. Non-profit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a service announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful, in 2015, the world spent an estimate of US$592.43 billion on advertising. Its projected distribution for 2017 is 40. 4% on TV,33. 3% on digital, internationally, the largest advertising conglomerates are Interpublic, Omnicom, Publicis, and WPP. In Latin, ad vertere means to turn toward, egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii, lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, the tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. In ancient China, the earliest advertising known was oral, as recorded in the Classic of Poetry of bamboo flutes played to sell candy, advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons, the first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in Les Crieries de Paris, a thirteenth-century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve. In the 18th century advertisements started to appear in newspapers in England. However, false advertising and so-called quack advertisements became a problem, thomas J. Barratt from London has been called the father of modern advertising. Working for the Pears Soap company, Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. One of his slogans, Good morning, have you used Pears soap. was famous in its day and into the 20th century. Barratt introduced many of the ideas that lie behind successful advertising
Advertising
–
A
Coca-Cola advertisement from the 1890s
Advertising
–
Bronze plate for printing an advertisement for the Liu family needle shop at
Jinan,
Song dynasty China. It is considered the world's earliest identified printed advertising medium.
Advertising
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Edo period LEL flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan
Advertising
–
A 1900 advertisement for Pears soap
7.
Tourism
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
Tourism
–
A tourist taking photographs and video at archaeological site
Tourism
–
Backpacking tourists in Vienna
Tourism
–
1922 postcard of tourists in the
High Tatras,
Slovakia.
Tourism
–
Strandkorb chairs on
Usedom Island, Germany. Not only the service sector grows thanks to tourism, but also local
manufacturers (like those producing the strandkorb),
retailers, the
real estate sector and the general
image of a location can benefit a lot.
8.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
9.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
10.
Trademarked
–
The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
Trademarked
–
Gym weights displaying a counterfeit trademark
Trademarked
–
The "Registered Trade mark" logo
11.
Nick Walker (artist)
–
Nick Walker is an established graffiti artist originating from Bristol, England. He is credited with being part of the graffiti movement that Robert Del Naja had started in the 1980s. Walker was invited by film director Stanley Kubrick to recreate the streets of New York for his 1999 film. His paintings often feature a bowler-hatted gentleman vandal, which featured in a video by The Black Eyed Peas, walkers paintings now sell for large sums of money - in 2006 a spray painted work titled Moona Lisa sold for an unexpected £54,000 at Bonhams in London. At a solo exhibition at Londons Black Rat Gallery in 2008, £750,000 worth of art was sold, Walker created 15 original pieces on-site for the Quin’s permanent collection during his residency in 2013, shortly following the hotels opening. In February 2016, Nick Walker revisited the Quin to showcase both historic images, as well as a new vocabulary of abstraction and his design featured curvilinear numbers resembling musical notes. Moona Lisa - painting of the Mona Lisa showing her bottom, the Morning After New York - painted in 2008 in East Village, New York. The building was threatened with demoltion in 2011, pope - painted on a ticket hut in London for the pontiffs visit in 2010
Nick Walker (artist)
–
Walker's "Love Vandal" at 17th and 6th Avenue in
Manhattan, playing off of the
I Love New York branding
12.
Heart (symbol)
–
The heart shape is an ideograph used to express the idea of the heart in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion, including affection and love, especially romantic love. The wounded heart indicating love sickness came to be depicted as a heart pierced with an arrow. The combination of the shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages. Before the 14th century, the shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor. The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s and it occurs in a miniature decorating a capital S in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire. In the miniature a kneeling lover offers his heart to a damsel, the heart here resembles a pine cone, in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions. However, in miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lovers finger superimposed on an object, the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden. Moreover, the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into Novel Of The Pear in English, thus the heart shaped object would be a pear, the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious. Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love, the convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century. A slightly later example with a pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the Cistercian monastery in Brussels. The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward. The modern indented red heart has been used on playing cards since the late 15th century, various hypotheses attempted to connect the heart shape as it evolved in the late medieval period with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity. Such theories are modern, proposed from the 1960s onward, and they remain speculative, hearts can be seen on the bible Jesus holds in the Empress Zoe mosaic in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Hearts can also be seen on various stucco reliefs and wall panels excavated from the ruins of Ctesiphon, the Persian capital. The Luther rose was the seal that was designed for Martin Luther at the behest of Prince John Frederick, in 1530, while Luther was staying at the Coburg Fortress during the Diet of Augsburg. Luther wrote an explanation of the symbol to Lazarus Spengler, a cross in a heart. For one who believes from the heart will be justified, since the 19th century, the symbol has often been used on St. Valentines Day cards, candy boxes, and similar popular culture artifacts as a symbol of romantic love. The use of the symbol as a logograph for the English verb to love derives from the use in I ♥ NY
Heart (symbol)
–
The earliest known visual depiction of a heart symbol, as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady, in a manuscript of the
Roman de la poire, mid-13th century.
Heart (symbol)
–
Conventional heart symbol
Heart (symbol)
–
Andrea Pisano 's
Charity (c. 1337), holding a heart in her right hand.
Heart (symbol)
–
Mosaic of the Empress Zoe in the Hagia Sophia, 1239
13.
N
–
N is the 14th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like the English ⟨J⟩, because the Egyptian word for snake was djet. However, the name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic alphabets is nun, the sound value of the letter was /n/—as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin and modern languages. ⟨n⟩ represents a dental or alveolar nasal in all languages that use the Latin alphabet. A common digraph with ⟨n⟩ is ⟨ng⟩, which represents a nasal in a variety of languages. Often, before a plosive, ⟨n⟩ alone represents a velar nasal. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ represents a palatal nasal /ɲ/, the Portuguese and Vietnamese spelling for this sound is ⟨nh⟩, while Spanish and a few other languages use the letter ⟨ñ⟩. In English, ⟨n⟩ is generally silent when it is preceded by an ⟨m⟩ at the end of words, as in hymn, however, it is pronounced in this combination when occurring word medially, as in hymnal. ⟨n⟩ is the sixth most common letter and the second-most commonly used consonant in the English language, in mathematics, the italic form n is a particularly common symbol for a variable quantity which represents an integer. The dictionary definition of n at Wiktionary
N
–
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
N
–
Writing cursive forms of N
14.
Slab serif
–
In typography, a slab serif typeface is a type of serif typeface characterized by thick, block-like serifs. Serif terminals may be blunt and angular, or rounded. Slab serifs were invented in and most popular during the nineteenth century, Slab serifs form a large and varied genre. Some such as Memphis and Rockwell have a design with minimal variation in stroke width. Others such as those of the Clarendon genre have a more like most other serif fonts, though with larger. These designs may have bracketed serifs which increase width along their length before merging with the strokes of the letters. Slab serif fonts were also used in typewriters, most famously Courier. Slab serif typefaces appeared rapidly in the nineteenth century, having little in common with previous typefaces. As the printing of advertising material began to expand in the nineteenth century, new. Poster-size types began to be developed that were not merely magnified forms of book type, some were developments of designs of the previous fifty years, such as bold and ultra-bold types such as fat faces, which were related to Didone types but much bolder. Others had completely new structures, reverse-contrast letterforms, sans-serif and slab-serif were new departures at this period, some of the designs appearing around this time may be based on signpainting traditions, or vice versa. Adobe Systems has released a collection of digitisations inspired by nineteenth-century wood type. At first in Britain Egyptian was used for sans-serifs and Antique for slab-serifs, following Napoleons Egyptian campaign and dissemination of images and descriptions via publications like Description de lÉgypte an intense cultural fascination with all things Egyptian followed. Suites of contemporary parlor furniture were produced resembling furniture found in tombs, multicolored woodblock printed wallpaper could make a dining room in Edinburgh or Chicago feel like Luxor. While there was no relationship between Egyptian writing systems and slab serif types, either shrewd marketing or honest confusion led to slab serifs often being called Egyptians, historian James Mosley has shown that the first typefaces and letters called Egyptian were apparently all sans-serifs. However, Egyptian came to refer to slab serifs by the mid, some twentieth-century slab serifs, have Egyptian names as a reminder of this, Cairo, Karnak, and Memphis are examples of this. The term Egyptian was adopted by French and German foundries, where it became Egyptienne, a lighter style of slab serif with a single width of strokes was called engravers face since it resembled the monoline structure of metal engravings. The term slab-serif itself is recent, possibly twentieth-century
Slab serif
–
Slab-serif type on the heading of a
Chartist poster, 1848. Some headings and the lower passage are in
Didone type, but much body text is slab serif.
15.
Typeface
–
In typography, a typeface is a set of one or more fonts each composed of glyphs that share common design features. Each font of a typeface has a weight, style, condensation, width, slant, italicization, ornamentation. For example, ITC Garamond Bold Condensed Italic means the bold, condensed-width and it is a different font from ITC Garamond Condensed Italic and ITC Garamond Bold Condensed, but all are fonts within the same typeface, ITC Garamond. ITC Garamond is a different typeface from Adobe Garamond or Monotype Garamond, there are thousands of different typefaces in existence, with new ones being developed constantly. The art and craft of designing typefaces is called type design, designers of typefaces are called type designers and are often employed by type foundries. In digital typography, type designers are also called font developers or font designers. Every typeface is a collection of glyphs, each of which represents a letter, number, punctuation mark. The same glyph may be used for characters from different scripts, e. g. Roman uppercase A looks the same as Cyrillic uppercase А, there are typefaces tailored for special applications, such as map-making or astrology and mathematics. The term typeface is frequently confused with the term font, before the advent of digital typography and desktop publishing, the two terms had more clearly understood meanings. For example, 8-point Caslon Italic was one font, and 10-point Caslon Italic was another, historically, fonts came in specific sizes determining the size of characters, and in quantities of sorts or number of each letter provided. The design of characters in a font took into account all these factors, a font family is typically a group of related fonts which vary only in weight, orientation, width, etc. but not design. For example, Times is a font family, whereas Times Roman, Times Italic, font families typically include several fonts, though some, such as Helvetica, may consist of dozens of fonts. For example, a given typeface such as Arial may include roman, bold, and italic fonts. In the metal era, a font also meant a specific point size. Later examples include Futura, Lucida, ITC Officina, typeface superfamilies began to emerge when foundries began to include typefaces with significant structural differences, but some design relationship, under the same general family name. Arguably the first superfamily was created when Morris Fuller Benton created Clearface Gothic for ATF in 1910, additional or supplemental glyphs intended to match a main typeface have been in use for centuries. In some formats they have been marketed as separate fonts, supplemental fonts have also included alternate letters such as swashes, dingbats, and alternate character sets, complementing the regular fonts under the same family. However, with introduction of font formats such as OpenType, those supplemental glyphs were merged into the main fonts, since Apples and Microsofts operating systems supported different character sets in the platform related fonts, some foundries used expert fonts in a different way
Typeface
–
A Specimen, a broadsheet with examples of typefaces and fonts available. Printed by
William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728
Cyclopaedia.
Typeface
–
"Font family" redirects here. For the CSS property, see
Font family (HTML).
Typeface
–
London Underground 's
Johnston typeface, printed on a large sign.
Typeface
–
Specimens of printed floral borders from an 1897 type foundry specimen book.
16.
American Typewriter
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American Typewriter is a slab serif typeface created in 1974 by Joel Kaden and Tony Stan for International Typeface Corporation. It is based on the slab serif style of typewriters, however, unlike most true typewriter fonts, it is a proportional design, American Typewriter is often used to suggest an old-fashioned or industrial image. It was originally released in cold type before being released digitally, like many ITC fonts, it has a range of four weights from light to bold and separate condensed styles. Some releases do not have italics, in the history of typewriters, early typewriters were initially thought to be replacements for printing and so featured proportional fonts. Monospaced typefaces, those designed so every letter takes up the amount of space, were a more practical alternative. American Typewriter was by no means the first typeface to imitate typewriting, in the original release, the A faces are identical to the regular ones, except for alternate versions of the following characters, &, $, R, e. From the 1983–84 season to the 1988–89 season, MotorWeek used the font for road tests and it is also used in the famous I Love New York logo. Tesco used the font for in-store signage between the late 1970s and mid-1990s, OS X and iOS include the font, and some applications use it. Media related to American Typewriter at Wikimedia Commons
American Typewriter
–
American Typewriter
17.
New York State Department of Commerce
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The New York State Department of Economic Development is a department of the New York government that has been operationally merged into ESD. The commissioner of the DED is the chairman of the boards of UDC, JDA and STF, the UDC is allowed to operate through subsidiaries. Each subsidiary has its own board of directors, as with all New York state public-benefit corporations, it can issue bonds without a voter referendum, bypassing the NYs state constitution limits. As of May 2015 the UDC reported outstanding debts of $11 billion and it was replaced in 1944 by the state Department of Commerce. The New York State Urban Development Corporation was created in 1968 by the York State Urban Development Corporation Act, on August 31,1987, the Omnibus Economic Development Act created the state Department of Economic Development. In 1975, the UDC was reorganized and its mission expanded from developing housing to economic development, in 1995, the functions of the DED and the UDC were consolidated, along with the Job Development Authority and the Science and Technology Foundation. UDCs directors decided that the corporation would do business as the Empire State Development Corporation, some functions of JDA and STF were folded into ESDC and DED, respectively, and the collective entity was branded as Empire State Development. In November 1999 the STF was abolished, and in 2011 the New York State Foundation for Science, Technology, in its early years the UDC was responsible for the last significant program of publicly assisted housing in the United States. At the time it was aimed at urban renewal in New York City although its bonds were to be used statewide. Virtually all state subsidized housing built since 1968 was financed through the corporation, in the first years of the UDC, its aim was to facilitate large-scale low-income housing developments in urban neighborhoods that had traditionally been white and middle-class. In 1970, Business Week claimed that the UDC was emerging as the most powerful state agency in the country for coping with urban growth. By 1974 the investment climate had cooled and in 1975 Governor Hugh Carey asked the Legislature to appropriate $178 million for the UDC, in 1975, the Corporation was reorganized and its mission expanded from developing housing to economic development. The move away from a housing mission began in the late 1970s and early 1980s with such projects as the Jacob Javits Convention, among its projects was a doubling of the New York state prison system, improvements to Love Canal, construction of the Jacob K. The Corporation still maintains a portfolio that currently includes mortgages valued at $650 million covering 20,200 housing units. Mario Cuomo was the first to begin use of it to get around official scrutiny for public projects. In 1981 voters voted against a $500 million bond issue for expansion of the prison system to handle increased prison populations arising from the Rockefeller drug laws. At the time New York had 32 adult prisons, Cuomo was to use the bonds to build another 38 prisons — most upstate. George Pataki used the corporation to process $20 billion in aid following the September 11,2001 attacks to rebuild lower Manhattan
New York State Department of Commerce
–
Empire State Development logo
18.
Mary Wells Lawrence
–
Mary Wells Lawrence is a retired American advertising executive. She was the president of Wells Rich Greene, an advertising agency known for its creative, innovative. Lawrence was the first female CEO of a listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In the late 1940s, Lawrence studied for two years at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she met industrial design student Bert Wells, while there she became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta. In 1949, they married and moved to Youngstown, Ohio, Mary began her advertising career there in 1951, as a copywriter for McKelvey’s department store. She quickly relocated to New York City, where she studied theatre, by 1952, she had become Macys fashion advertising manager. She divorced Bert Wells that year, only to him in 1954. Lawrence worked as a copywriter and copy group head at McCann Erickson in 1953, in 1957, she began a seven-year tenure at Doyle Dane Bernbach. In her 2002 book, A Big Life in Advertising, Lawrence cited DDB partners James Edwin Doyle, Maxwell Dane, Lawrence had two daughters with Bert Wells, Pamela and Kathy. She divorced Bert a second time in 1965, and married former Braniff International Airways president Harding Lawrence on November 25,1967. Mr. Lawrence had four children, sons Harding, Jr. who died in infancy, State R. James B. and one daughter and he died on February 16,2002 at age 81 of pancreatic cancer. Lawrence went to work for Jack Tinker and his new advertising group, Jack Tinker, the members of this revolutionary new think tank were dubbed Tinkers Thinkers. The Thinkers would create ad campaigns for other agencies at Interpublic, Lawrence had previously worked for Tinker at McCann-Erickson, and was excited to partner with him again. Her star rose in the world with the success of her advertising campaign for Braniff International Airways. She hired Alexander Girard as project designer, and designer Emilio Pucci to create new uniforms for the flight attendants. The campaign was lauded as critical to the airlines revolutionary turnaround, following the success of the Braniff campaign, Lawrence founded Wells Rich Greene on April 5,1966, and became the agencys president. Partner Richard Rich acted as the treasurer, and Stewart Greene its secretary. Braniff remained a Wells Rich Greene client through 1968, by 1969, Lawrence was reported to be the highest-paid executive in advertising
Mary Wells Lawrence
–
1969 Wells Rich Greene Agency file photo of Mary Wells Lawrence at her desk
19.
Marketing
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Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer, with the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that Marketing is one of the premier components of Business Management - the other being Innovation. Other services and management activities such as Operations, Human Resources, Accounting, Law, the term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably, a similar concept is the value-based marketing which states the role of marketing to contribute to increasing shareholder value. Marketing practice tended to be seen as an industry in the past. The overall process starts with marketing research and goes through market segmentation, business planning and execution, ending with pre and it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also adept at re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times, the term marketing concept pertains to the fundamental premise of modern marketing. This concept proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, Marketing and marketing concepts are directly related. An orientation, in the context, relates to a perception or attitude a firm holds towards its product or service. There exist several common orientations, A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product, a firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product. A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible. Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, a firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale, until the minimum efficient scale is reached, a production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes do not rapidly alter. The marketing orientation is perhaps the most common used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, the marketing orientation often has three prime facets, which are, A firm in the market economy can survive by producing goods that persons are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining consumer demand is vital for a firms future viability, in this sense, a firms marketing department is often seen as of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from a marketing department would be used to guide the actions of other departments within the firm. As an example, a department could ascertain that consumers desired a new type of product
Marketing
–
Constructive criticism helps marketers adapt offerings to meet changing customer needs.
20.
Milton Glaser
–
Milton Glaser is an American graphic designer. His designs include the I ❤ NY logo, the psychedelic Bob Dylan poster, in 1954, he also co-founded Push Pin Studios, founded New York Magazine with Clay Felker, and established Milton Glaser, Inc. in 1974. His artwork has featured in exhibits, and placed in permanent collections in many museums worldwide. Throughout his long career, he has designed many posters, publications and he has received many awards for his work, including the National Medal of the Arts award from President Barack Obama in 2009, and was the first graphic designer to receive this award. Glaser was born in New York City to Hungarian Jewish immigrants and he attended The High School of Music & Art, and graduated from Cooper Union in New York City. By a fulbright scholarship, he studied graphic design at the Academy of Fine Arts in Bologna. 1954 he co-founded Push Pin Studios, along with fellow Cooper grads Edward Sorel, Seymour Chwast, Glaser and Chwast directed Push Pin for twenty years, while it became a guiding reference in the world of graphic design. In 1983, Glaser teamed up with Walter Bernard and started a design firm called WBMG in New York City. WBMG has designed more than 50 magazines, newspapers and periodicals around the world, over his career, Glaser has personally designed and illustrated more than 300 posters. His work is displayed in the Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum, New York, the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and his work has also been featured in exhibits all over the world. He has also done one-man shows at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, Glaser is the subject of the 2009 documentary film To Inform and Delight, The World of Milton Glaser. After graduating at the Cooper Union in New York City, Reynold Ruffins, Seymour Chwast, Edward Sorel and Glaser, Glaser joined after his return in Italy. In 1957, the Push Pin Monthly Graphic, was sent out to friends and clients. They rejected tradition and favored “reinvigorated interpretations of historical styles. ”The studio “redefined and expanded the imprimatur of the designer, illustrator and it was one of Glaser’s first posters. The poster depicts the profile of Bob’s face with psychedelic, swirly hair, with “Dylan” written at the bottom in one of Glaser’s typefaces. His inspiration for the poster was Marcel Duchamp’s 1957 Self-Portrait, and Art Nouveau, “That was an influence for the colors and shapes in the picture. ”6 million posters have been printed and distributed, and sells for hundreds of dollars, and has become a huge collectable. One of Glasers most recognizable works is his I Heart New York logo, in the mid-1970s, New York Citys crime rate was up and the city was widely perceived to be dangerous and was on the verge of bankruptcy. In 1977, the city hired advertising agency Wells Rich Greene and Milton Glaser to design a logo to increase tourism and it was Glaser who came up with the design in the back of a taxi cab on the way to the meeting
Milton Glaser
–
Glaser in 2003
21.
Graphic designer
–
A graphic designer is a professional within the graphic design and graphic arts industry who assembles together images, typography, or motion graphics to create a piece of design. A graphic designer creates the graphics primarily for published, printed or electronic media, such as brochures and they are also sometimes responsible for typesetting, illustration, user interfaces, and web design. A core responsibility of the job is to present information in a way that is both accessible and memorable. A degree or certificate from a trade school is usually considered essential for a graphic design position. After a career history has been established, though, the designers experience. A portfolio, which is the method for demonstrating these qualifications, is usually required to be shown at job interviews. One can obtain an AAS, BA, BFA, BCA, degree programs available vary depending upon the institution, although typical U. S. graphic design jobs require at least some form of degree. Current graphic designer jobs demand proficiency in one or more graphic design software programs, a common software package used in the graphic design industry is Adobe Creative Cloud. This software package contains the three main programs used by designers, which are Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. Photoshop, InDesign, and Illustrator are the standard applications for many graphic design positions. Another example of a software package is CorelDraw Graphics Suite. Outside the graphic design industry, many people use Microsoft Word or Microsoft Publisher to create a layout or design, however, depending on the job at hand, most designers create the layout in either InDesign, CorelDRAW or QuarkXPress. Specifically, the designer will type or import the text in the program, also importing the graphics. There are a couple of reasons a designer builds a layout in this fashion, as a result, the file size can become very large, depending upon the photos and graphics used in it. By using a program and linking these graphics and images. When the designer is ready to go to press, s/he will either create a press-ready PDF, or use the Package function in InDesign, InDesign, CorelDRAW, or QuarkXPress make it possible to work with large multiple page layouts, such as catalogs and booklets. A web designer should understand how to work with XML, HTML, a print designer should understand the processes involved in printing to be able to produce press-ready artwork. Designers should be able to solve visual communication problems or challenges, in doing so, the designer must identify the communications issue, gather and analyze information related to the issue, and generate potential approaches aimed at solving the problem
Graphic designer
–
Graphic designers
Gabriel and Maxim Shamir
22.
Love (sculpture)
–
LOVE is an iconic pop art image by American artist Robert Indiana. It consists of the letters LO over the letters VE, the O is canted sideways so that its oblong negative space creates a line leading to the V. The original image, with green and blue spaces backing red lettering, in much this same form the design soon graced a popular US postage stamp. LOVEs original rendering in sculpture was made in 1970 and is displayed in Indiana at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianas LOVE design has since been reproduced in a variety of formats for rendering in displays around the world. MoMA historian Deborah Wye describes Indianas image as full of erotic, religious, autobiographical, the colors were an homage to his father, who worked at a Phillips 66 gas station during the Depression. She quotes Robert Indiana as describing the colors as the red. Versions of the sculpture now exist in Hebrew, Chinese, Italian and Spanish, the image has been rendered and parodied in many forms. The original book cover for Erich Segals novel Love Story alluded to the design, the first opening sequence of the Skip Beat. anime includes the image in the initial frames. The United States Post Office issued an eight-cent stamp in 1973 featuring the image, parodies of the image appeared on covers of records by Rage Against the Machine, Oasis and Acen. London artist D*Face parodied the image by rendering the word hate with the A tilted, the sculpture is remade to read THPS in the Xbox expansion of Tony Hawks Pro Skater 2, which has a stage set in Philadelphias Love Park. The set reappears in Tony Hawks Underground 2, according to conceptual artist, Erik Seidenglanz, the letters are proportional to the tennis court, identical to Robert Indianas LOVE typography are painted in white and a mirror image of it. This LOVE court can be found in the History Imagery timeline of Google Earth On February 14,2011, Robert Indiana List of Love sculptures LOVE Pop Art
Love (sculpture)
–
JFK Plaza with the
Philadelphia Museum of Art in the distant background
Love (sculpture)
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US postage stamp
Love (sculpture)
–
Sculpture in
New York City,
USA
Love (sculpture)
–
Google Doodle for
Valentine's day 2011
23.
Pop Art
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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising. In pop art, material is sometimes removed from its known context, isolated. Pop art employs aspects of culture, such as advertising, comic books. One of its aims is to use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture and it is also associated with the artists use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. Pop art is interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism. Due to its utilization of found objects and images, it is similar to Dada, Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves. Pop art often takes imagery that is currently in use in advertising, product labeling and logos figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, seen in the labels of Campbells Soup Cans, by Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the outside of a box containing food items for retail has been used as subject matter in pop art. The origins of pop art in North America developed differently from Great Britain, in the United States, pop art was a response by artists, it marked a return to hard-edged composition and representational art. They used impersonal, mundane reality, irony, and parody to defuse the personal symbolism, in the U. S. some artwork by Larry Rivers, Alex Katz and Man Ray anticipated pop art. By contrast, the origins of pop art in post-War Britain, while employing irony, early pop art in Britain was a matter of ideas fueled by American popular culture when viewed from afar. Similarly, pop art was both an extension and a repudiation of Dadaism, among those artists in Europe seen as producing work leading up to pop art are, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and Kurt Schwitters. During the 1920s, American artists Gerald Murphy, Charles Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings that contained pop culture imagery, the Independent Group, founded in London in 1952, is regarded as the precursor to the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and their group discussions centered on pop culture implications from elements such as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology. This material of found objects such as advertising, comic characters, magazine covers. One of the collages in that presentation was Paolozzis I was a Rich Mans Plaything, following Paolozzis seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused primarily on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising. Nevertheless, Alloway was one of the critics to defend the inclusion of the imagery of mass culture in the fine arts
Pop Art
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Richard Hamilton 's collage
Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered "pop art".
Pop Art
–
Andy Warhol, Campbell's Tomato Juice Box, 1964. Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on wood, 10 inches × 19 inches × 9½ inches (25.4 × 48.3 × 24.1 cm),
Museum of Modern Art,
New York City
Pop Art
–
Charles Demuth,
I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold 1928, collection of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York City
24.
Museum of Modern Art
–
The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
Museum of Modern Art
–
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
–
The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
–
Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art
25.
September 11 attacks
–
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
September 11 attacks
–
Top row: The Twin Towers of the
World Trade Center burning
September 11 attacks
–
1997 picture of Osama bin Laden
September 11 attacks
–
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003
September 11 attacks
–
Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11
26.
World Trade Center site
–
The World Trade Center site, formerly known as Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks, is a 14. 6-acre area in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The previous World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, the site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. The Port Authority owns the sites land, developer Larry Silverstein holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the sites buildings. While the PANYNJ is often identified as the owner of the WTC site and it is unclear who owns 2.5 acres of the site, being land where streets had been before the World Trade Center was built. The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River and they built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, the remains of a ship from the eighteenth century were found in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, the area that was cleared for construction of the original World Trade Center complex was previously occupied by various electronics stores in what was called Radio Row. These streets and stores were demolished in the 1960s to make way for the World Trade Center, the original World Trade Center was thought of as a North American cultural icon. At the time of their completion the Twin Towers, the original 1 World Trade Center, at 417 metres, the other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center,4 WTC,5 WTC,6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All of these buildings were built between 1975 and 1985, with a construction cost of $400 million, the complex was located in New York Citys Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet of office space. The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13,1975, a bombing on February 26,1993 and a robbery on January 14,1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a company to manage. The towers collapsed within two hours of the collisions, after the collapse of the World Trade Center, hospital workers and law enforcement officers began referring to the World Trade Center site as Ground Zero. The collapse of the towers spread dust across New York City, to organize the cleanup and search for survivors and for human remains, the New York City Fire Department divided the disaster site into four sectors, each headed by its own chief. Early estimates suggested that debris removal would take a year, but cleanup ended in May 2002, under budget, three years later, in February 2005, the New York City Medical Examiners office ended its process of identifying human remains at the site. According to NIST, when WTC1 collapsed, falling debris struck 7 World Trade Center, the uncontrolled fires ultimately led to the progressive collapse of the structure. Portions of the South Tower also damaged the nearby Deutsche Bank Building, by 2002, Deutsche Bank determined that its building was unsalvageable and it was scheduled for demolition. Cleanup workers trucked most of the materials and debris from Ground Zero to Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island
World Trade Center site
–
Aerial photo of the World Trade Center site, as it appeared on September 23, 2001
World Trade Center site
–
Satellite image of the World Trade center site after the attacks with the location of the Twin Towers and other buildings in the complex superimposed over the debris field
World Trade Center site
–
The World Trade Center site 17 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Buildings surrounding the site of the collapsed towers are fitted with mesh to prevent further damage and large construction vehicles are being used to clear debris.
World Trade Center site
–
A view of Ground Zero, taken in September 2006, from the 45th floor of the completed
7 World Trade Center with the future
Greenwich Street running vertically through the center.
27.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
28.
New York Daily News
–
The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
New York Daily News
–
The August 21, 2014 front page
New York Daily News
–
February 5, 1921 front page
New York Daily News
–
Daily News Building,
John Mead Howells and
Raymond Hood, architects, rendering by
Hugh Ferriss. The landmark building housed the paper until the mid-1990s.
New York Daily News
–
Former headquarters at 450 West 33rd Street
29.
Hugh Carey
–
Hugh Leo Carey was an American politician and attorney. He served as a seven-term United States Representative, as well as 51st Governor of New York from 1975 to 1982, Carey was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Margaret and Dennis Joseph Carey. He enlisted in the U. S. Army during World War II, serving in Europe and he received his bachelors degree in 1942 and law degree in 1951 from St. Johns University and was admitted to the bar that same year. Running as a Democrat, Carey was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1960 and he served seven terms, and was the first congressman to oppose the Vietnam War. In 1966 he was appointed Chairman of the Adhoc Subcommittee on the Handicapped by Adam Clayton Powell, then Chairman of the House Education, the sub-committee held hearings in Washington and New York City and Carey introduced HR14. The Carey Bill provided, for the first time, a program of grants to the states for initiating, expanding or improving education for children with disabilities. Three parts of the Bill were picked up by the Senate, the grants to states, a new Bureau of Education for the Handicapped in the U. S. Office of Education, the bill became Title VI of the ESEA, as Public Law 89-750, in 1966. Carey also sponsored and saw passed that year The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Bill, in 1965, he and Fogerty had sponsored The National Technical Institute for the Deaf, which was awarded to the Rochester Institute of Technology. The Carey Bill and its grant program to the states began with a $2.5 million appropriation, the second year, the appropriation was $12.25 million, distributed to the states in proportion to their population. In 1975 Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Bill and he served on the House Ways and Means Committee and led the effort to pass the first Federal Aid to Education program. He was elected Governor of New York in 1974 and resigned his Congressional seat on December 31,1974, Carey was reelected in 1978, serving two full terms as governor. On January 1,1983, he was succeeded by his lieutenant governor, Carey then returned to private law practice with the firm of Harris Beach in New York City, where he resided until his death in August 2011. Carey became the states first Democratic governor in 16 years in 1974, unseating incumbent Republican Malcolm Wilson, nationally, the 1974 election was dominated by the Watergate scandal which had destroyed President Richard Nixons presidency and hurt Republicans nationwide. In 1974, Democrats also recaptured the New York State Assembly, Carey is best remembered for his successful handling of New York Citys economic crisis in the mid-1970s. As governor he was responsible for building the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, Battery Park City, the South Street Seaport and he also helped provide state funding for the construction of the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University. He is also remembered for preventing conservative legislators from reinstating the death penalty, upon taking office, Carey cut taxes significantly, reducing corporate taxes from 14% to 10%, and capping personal income tax at 9%, and reducing capital gains taxes as well. His administration also offered tax credits to new investment. Carey came into office with New York City close to bankruptcy and he brought business and labor together to help save New York City from the fiscal crisis that befell it in the 1970s
Hugh Carey
–
Hugh Carey
30.
Actor
–
Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
Actor
–
The Hero Initiative
Actor
31.
Robin Williams
–
Robin McLaurin Williams was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Starting as a comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. After rising to fame as Mork in Mork & Mindy, Williams established a career in both comedy and feature film acting. He was known for his improvisational skills, Doubtfire, Jumanji, The Birdcage, Night at the Museum, and Worlds Greatest Dad. Williams won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as teacher Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting and he also received two Emmy Awards, seven Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Grammy Awards throughout his career. On August 11,2014, Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay and his wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body dementia. Robin McLaurin Williams was born at St. Lukes Hospital in Chicago and his father Robert Fitzgerald Williams was a senior executive in Ford Motor Companys Lincoln-Mercury Division. His mother Laurie McLaurin was a model from Jackson, Mississippi. Her paternal great-grandfather was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin, Williams had two elder half-brothers named Robert and McLaurin. He had English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, while his mother was a practitioner of Christian Science, Williams was raised in the Episcopal Church, where his father belonged. Williams wrote a list, Top Ten Reasons to be an Episcopalian, during a TV interview on Inside the Actors Studio in 2001, Williams credited his mother as being an important early influence for his sense of humor. He also said that he tried to make her laugh to gain attention, Williams attended public elementary school in Lake Forest at Gorton Elementary School and middle school at Deer Path Junior High School. He described himself as a quiet and shy child who did not overcome his shyness until he became involved with his school drama department. His friends recall him as being very funny, in late 1963, when Williams was twelve, his father was transferred to Detroit. The family lived in a 40-room farmhouse on 20 acres in suburban Bloomfield Hills, Michigan and he excelled in school, where he was on the schools soccer team and wrestling team, and was elected as class president. As his father traveled frequently for work and his also worked, Williams was attended to by the familys maid. When Williams was 16, his father took early retirement and the moved to Tiburon. Following their move, Williams attended Redwood High School in nearby Larkspur, at the time of his graduation in 1969, he was voted Most Likely Not to Succeed and Funniest by his classmates
Robin Williams
–
Williams in 2011
Robin Williams
–
Williams performing stand-up comedy at a
USO show on December 20, 2007
Robin Williams
–
Williams performing at a
United Service Organizations holiday show held for the
Aviano Air Base community on December 22, 2007
Robin Williams
–
Robin Williams in 1979. The photo was taken by Michael Dressler and used for the March 12, 1979 cover of
Time magazine. It was installed in the
National Portrait Gallery to commemorate Williams after his death.
32.
T-shirt
–
A T-shirt is a style of unisex fabric shirt, named after the T shape of the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line known as a crew neck, T-shirts are generally made of a light, inexpensive fabric, and are easy to clean. Typically made of textile in a stockinette, or jersey. The majority of versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom. The manufacture of T-shirts has become automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, a V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, first, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. As slip-on garments without buttons, the earliest T-shirt dates back to sometime between the 1898 Spanish–American War and 1913, when the U. S. Navy began issuing them as undergarments and these were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines and they soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, boys shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, following World War II, it became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone. Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing, Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well for advertisements, protests, current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today, T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely. T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any combination of words, art
T-shirt
–
A blue T-shirt
T-shirt
–
T-shirt day in
Leipzig
T-shirt
–
US Merchant Marine sailor in 1944
T-shirt
–
US Engineers and medics wearing T-shirts in 1951, during the
Korean War
33.
Arabic alphabet
–
The Arabic alphabet or Arabic abjadiyah is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written right to left, in a cursive style. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants, as with other abjads, such as the Hebrew alphabet, scribes later devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel points. The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters, there are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots above or below their central part and these dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters transliterated as b and t have the basic shape, but b has one dot below, ب. Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word connected to the adjacent letters. There are two main collating sequences for the Arabic alphabet, abjad and hija, in this order, letters are also used as numbers, Abjad numerals, and possess the same alphanumeric code/cipher as Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy. The hijā’ī or alifbā’ī order, used where lists of names and words are sorted, as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries, groups letters by similarity of shape. Loss of sameḵ was compensated for by the split of shin ש into two independent Arabic letters, ش and ﺱ which moved up to take the place of sameḵ, the six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at the end. This is commonly vocalized as follows, abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman sa‘faṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh, the hijā’ī order is never used as numerals. Another kind of order was used widely in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order. The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word, letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial, final, or isolated position. While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions, generally, letters in the same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters can only be linked to their preceding letter. For example, أرارات has only isolated forms because each letter cannot be connected to its following one, in addition, some letter combinations are written as ligatures, notably lām-alif. Notes See the article Romanization of Arabic for details on various schemes, however. Also names are transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in Literary Arabic. Regarding pronunciation, the values given are those of Modern Standard Arabic
Arabic alphabet
–
Calligraphy
Arabic alphabet
–
as the sole official script
34.
Spades (suit)
–
In playing cards, a suit is one of several categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each bears one of several pips showing to which suit it belongs. The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it, ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better, higher or more valuable than others, whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game. Unless playing with multiple decks, there is one card of any given rank in any given suit. A deck may include cards that belong to no suit. Various languages have different terminology for such as colors, signs. Modern Western playing cards are divided into two or three general suit-systems. The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit-systems, the younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit-systems. The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are considered a separate system on its own. The Latin suits consist of coins, clubs, cups, and they are the earliest suit-system in Europe, having been adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s. These Turko-Arabic cards, called Kanjifa, employed the same suits, europeans changed that suit as polo was an obscure sport to them. Ultimately the suits can trace their roots back to China where playing cards were first invented, the earliest card games were trick-taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games. A card of one suit cannot beat a card from another regardless of its rank, the concept of suits predate playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow. Chinese money-suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit-system, the money-suit system is based on denominations of currency, Coins, Strings of Coins, Myriads of Strings, and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together, a string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them. The Mamluks called their suit of cups Myriads and this may have due to inverting the Chinese character for myriad. The Mamluk suit of swords may also have inspired by the Chinese numeral for Ten. Another clue linking these Chinese, Muslim, and European cards are the ranking of certain suits, in many early Chinese games like Madiao, the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones
Spades (suit)
–
A set of 52 playing cards (
French deck)
Spades (suit)
–
The four
French playing cards suits used primarily in the English-speaking world: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦) and clubs (♣)
Spades (suit)
–
Italian playing cards from Bergamo.
Spades (suit)
–
The aces of a
four-color deck
35.
Neutering
–
Neutering, from the Latin neuter, is the removal of an animals reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. Neutering is often used incorrectly to refer only to male animals, the male-specific term is castration, while spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Colloquially, both terms are referred to as fixing. In male horses, castrating is referred to as gelding, modern veterinary practice tends to use the term de-sexing. Neutering is the most common method for the sterilization of animals, many states require that all adopted cats and dogs be sterilized before going to their new homes. After Barkers retirement, Drew Carey continued to sign off with his own message regarding spaying and neutering, in female animals, spaying involves abdominal surgery to remove the ovaries and uterus. Traditional spaying is performed commonly on household pets, as a method of birth control and it is performed less commonly on livestock, as a method of birth control or for other reasons. In mares, these reasons include behavior modification. The surgery can be performed using an open approach or by laparoscopic keyhole surgery. Open surgery is widely available as laparoscopic surgical equipment costs are expensive. Traditional open surgery is performed through a ventral midline incision below the umbilicus. The incision size varies depending upon the surgeon and the size of the animal, the uterine horns are identified and the ovaries are found by following the horns to their ends. There is a ligament that attaches the ovaries to the body wall, the ovarian arteries are then ligated with resorbable suture material and then the arteries transected. The uterine body and related arteries are also tied off just in front of the cervix, the entire uterus and ovaries are then removed. The abdomen is checked for bleeding and then closed with a three-layer closure, the linea alba and then the subcutaneous layer are closed with resorbable suture material. The skin is then stapled, sutured, or glued closed, laparoscopic surgery is performed using a camera and instruments placed through small incisions in the body wall. The patient is under anaesthesia and lying on the back, the incisions are between 5 and 10 millimetres and the number varies according to the equipment and technique used. The surgeon watches on a screen during the operation, the first port is made just behind the umbilicus and the camera is inserted
Neutering
–
Feline uterus
Neutering
–
Surgical incision site of a female cat
36.
Clubs (suit)
–
In playing cards, a suit is one of several categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each bears one of several pips showing to which suit it belongs. The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it, ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better, higher or more valuable than others, whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game. Unless playing with multiple decks, there is one card of any given rank in any given suit. A deck may include cards that belong to no suit. Various languages have different terminology for such as colors, signs. Modern Western playing cards are divided into two or three general suit-systems. The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit-systems, the younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit-systems. The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are considered a separate system on its own. The Latin suits consist of coins, clubs, cups, and they are the earliest suit-system in Europe, having been adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s. These Turko-Arabic cards, called Kanjifa, employed the same suits, europeans changed that suit as polo was an obscure sport to them. Ultimately the suits can trace their roots back to China where playing cards were first invented, the earliest card games were trick-taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games. A card of one suit cannot beat a card from another regardless of its rank, the concept of suits predate playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow. Chinese money-suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit-system, the money-suit system is based on denominations of currency, Coins, Strings of Coins, Myriads of Strings, and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together, a string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them. The Mamluks called their suit of cups Myriads and this may have due to inverting the Chinese character for myriad. The Mamluk suit of swords may also have inspired by the Chinese numeral for Ten. Another clue linking these Chinese, Muslim, and European cards are the ranking of certain suits, in many early Chinese games like Madiao, the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones
Clubs (suit)
–
A set of 52 playing cards (
French deck)
Clubs (suit)
–
The four
French playing cards suits used primarily in the English-speaking world: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦) and clubs (♣)
Clubs (suit)
–
Italian playing cards from Bergamo.
Clubs (suit)
–
The aces of a
four-color deck
37.
Seal hunting
–
Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of seals. Seal hunting is practiced in nine countries, Canada, the United States, Namibia, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Finland. Most of the seal hunting takes place in Canada and Greenland. Canadas largest market for seals is Norway, the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans regulates the seal hunt in Canada. The DFO set harvest quotas of over 90,000 seals in 2007,275,000 in 2008,280,000 in 2009, and 330,000 in 2010. The actual kills in recent years have less than the quotas,82,800 in 2007,217,800 in 2008,72,400 in 2009. In 2007, Norway claimed that 29,000 harp seals were killed in its seal hunt, and Russia and Greenland claimed that 5,476 and 90,000 seals were killed in 2007, respectively. Harp seal populations in the northwest Atlantic declined to approximately 2 million in the late 1960s as a result of Canadas annual kill rates, conservationists demanded reduced rates of killing and stronger regulations to avert the extinction of the harp seal. An endangered seal is the Mediterranean monk seal, in 1971, the Canadian government responded by instituting a quota system. Because it was thought that the competitive element might cause sealers to cut corners, new regulations were introduced that limited the catch to 400 seals per day, a 2007 population survey conducted by the DFO estimated the population at 5.5 million. It is illegal in Canada to hunt newborn harp seals and young hooded seals, when the seal pups begin to molt their downy white fur at the age of 12–14 days, they are called ragged-jacket and can be commercially hunted. After molting, the seals are called beaters, named for the way they beat the water with their flippers, the hunt remains highly controversial, attracting significant media coverage and protests each year. Images from past hunts have become symbols for conservation, animal welfare. In 2009, Russia banned the hunting of harp seals less than one year old, the term seal is used to refer to a diverse group of animals. In science, they are grouped together in the Pinnipeds, which includes the walrus, not popularly thought of as a seal. The fur seal yields a valuable fur, the seal has no fur. Archeological evidence indicates the Native Americans and First Nations People in Canada have been hunting seals for at least 4,000 years, traditionally, when an Inuit boy killed his first seal or caribou, a feast was held. The meat was an important source of fat, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and iron, the Inuit diet is rich in fish, whale, and seal
Seal hunting
–
Inuit seal hunting
Seal hunting
–
Seal hunting in
Reimerswaal
Seal hunting
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A View of Whale Fishery, 1790, from
Captain Cook 's voyages
Seal hunting
–
Seal hunting in
Newfoundland in the 1880s.
38.
I Heart Huckabees
–
I ♡ Huckabees is a 2004 American philosophical comedy-drama film directed and produced by David O. Russell, who co-wrote the screenplay with Jeff Baena. A self-named existential comedy, I ♡ Huckabees follows a couple of detectives, as the different investigations cross paths, their rival and nemesis tries to drag their clients into her own views on the meaning of their lives. It also features the debuts of Jonah Hill and Ger Duany. Albert Markovski is a man who heads the local chapter of an environmental group. One of their current projects is an attempt to stop the building of a new Huckabees store, Albert is a rival of Brad Stand, a shallow power executive at Huckabees. Brad infiltrates Open Spaces and charismatically displaces Albert as the leader, Dawn Campbell is Brads live-in girlfriend and the face and voice of Huckabees, she appears in all of the stores commercials. After seeing the same conspicuous stranger three times, Albert contacts two existential detectives, Bernard and Vivian Jaffe, the detectives offer Albert their optimistic brand of existentialism—they name it universal interconnectivity —and spy on him, ostensibly to help him solve the coincidence. Bernard and Vivian introduce Albert to Tommy Corn, an obsessively anti-petroleum firefighter, Tommy is assigned to Albert as his other. Tommy grows dissatisfied with the Jaffes, feeling that they are not helping him and she teaches them to disconnect their inner beings from their daily lives and their problems, to synthesize a non-thinking state of pure being. In order to prove her point, Caterine takes Albert to go and have sex in the woods, Tommy finds out about the two of them being together and feels hurt. Caterine tells him that they found each other all of the human suffering. Tommy rejects this idea and leaves them furious and lost, meanwhile, in Brads further attempts to undercut Albert, he and Dawn meet with and are influenced by Bernard and Vivian. All the storylines collide when Brads house catches fire, while the fire trucks get stuck in a traffic jam, Tommy comes on his bicycle to put out the fire, which incidentally trapped Dawn inside. As he saves her life, the two fall in love, meanwhile, Brad despairs at the destruction of his house, the symbol of his material success. Albert attains a sort of enlightenment when he synthesizes the two opposing outlooks of the Jaffes and Vauban to realize the truth of everything. Brad, meanwhile, is fired from Huckabees, leaving him rudderless, Albert reveals to Brad that he burned Brads jet skis, and the fire spread to the house. Having realized this, he refers Brad to Caterine, hoping she will help him as she did Albert, Albert and Tommy talk later about everything that has happened. As the two talk, Caterine and the Jaffes watch them, concluding that they can close both of their cases, in an interview with the SuicideGirls website, director Russell said in response to the question How do you describe I Heart Huckabees
I Heart Huckabees
–
Theatrical release poster
39.
IHeartMedia
–
IHeartMedia, Inc. is an American mass media corporation headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. As a result of this buyout, Clear Channel Communications, Inc. began to operate as an owned subsidiary of CC Media Holdings. Additionally, the company leases two channels on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and has expanded its presence through the iHeartRadio platform. IHeartMedia, Inc. also specializes in advertising through subsidiary Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings. The name Clear Channel came from AM broadcasting, referring to a channel on which only one station transmits, in the U. S. clear-channel stations have exclusive rights to their frequencies throughout most of the continent at night, when AM signals travel far due to skywave. The companys new name is intended to reflect its growing digital business, Bob Pittman, Chairman and CEO of iHeartMedia, Inc. explained, We have a company thats doing progressive stuff, and yet were named after AM radio stations. Since 2008, iHeartMedia, Inc. has struggled to pay more than $20 billion in debt the company acquired from its leveraged buyout. The suspicions proved unfounded when quarterly earnings were announced in 2017, Clear Channel Communications purchased its first FM station in San Antonio in 1972. The company purchased the second clear channel AM station WOAI in 1975, in 1976, the company purchased its first stations outside of San Antonio. KXXO AM and KMOD FM in Tulsa were acquired under the name San Antonio Broadcasting, Stations were also added in Port Arthur, Texas and El Paso, Texas. In 1992, the U. S. Congress relaxed radio ownership rules slightly, by 1995, Clear Channel owned 43 radio stations and 16 television stations. When the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law, the act deregulated media ownership, Clear Channel went on a subsequent buying spree, purchasing more than 70 other media companies and individual stations. In a few cases, following purchase of a competitor, Clear Channel was forced to divest some of its stations, in 1997 Clear Channel moved out of pure broadcasting when it purchased billboard firm Eller Media, which was led by Karl Eller. These included a 51% stake in Clear Media Ltd. in China, in 1999, the company acquired Jacor Communications, a radio corporation based in Cincinnati. R. Steven Hicks and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst began Capstar Broadcasting in 1996 and a year later had become the largest owner of radio stations in the country, with 243 stations in all. Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst owned 59 percent of Capstar, with 355 stations in 83 markets, Chancellor Media later became AMFM Inc. which was acquired by Clear Channel in a deal announced October 3,1999, and valued at $17.4 billion. The resulting company would own 830 radio stations,19 television stations, in 2005 Clear Channel Communications split into three separate companies. Clear Channel Communications was a broadcaster, Clear Channel Outdoor was out-of-home advertising
IHeartMedia
–
Clear Channel Communications' offices and studios in Denver, Colorado
IHeartMedia
–
Billboards at
Dundas Square in Toronto, owned by Clear Channel.
IHeartMedia
–
Bicing, community bicycle program in
Barcelona, Spain
40.
Saturday Night Live
–
Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
Saturday Night Live
–
The original 1975 cast, from left to right:
Laraine Newman,
John Belushi,
Jane Curtin,
Gilda Radner,
Dan Aykroyd,
Garrett Morris, and
Chevy Chase
Saturday Night Live
–
Creator
Lorne Michaels.
Saturday Night Live
–
Comcast Building (30 Rockefeller Plaza, or "30 Rock") from where the show is broadcast.
Saturday Night Live
–
SNL 's main stage, during rehearsal, 2008
41.
Sodom and Gomorrah
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Sodom and Gomorrah were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and in the deuterocanonical books, as well as in the Quran and the hadith. According to the Torah, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah, Zeboim and these five cities, also known as the cities of the plain, were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan. The plain, which corresponds to the area just north of the modern-day Dead Sea, was compared to the garden of Eden as being well-watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock. Divine judgment by God was then passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah, neighboring Zoar was the only city to be spared. In Abrahamic religions, Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin, Sodom and Gomorrah have been used as metaphors for vice and homosexuality viewed as a deviation. The story has given rise to words in several languages. These include the English word sodomy, used in laws to describe sexual crimes against nature, namely anal or oral sex. Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into sharia, the etymology of both names is uncertain. The exact original meanings of the names are also uncertain, of the five cities of the plain, only Bela, modern Zoara, is securely identified, and remained a settlement long after the biblical period. The ancient Greek historiographer Strabo states that locals living near Moasada say that there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis. Strabo identifies a limestone and salt hill at the western tip of the Dead Sea. However, Sayce later mentions that the more closely resembles the doom of Sennacheribs host. The names si-da-mu and ì-ma-ar were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah, today, the scholarly consensus is that Ebla has no bearing on. If the cities existed, they might have been destroyed as the result of a natural disaster. One theory says that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE, which could have unleashed showers of steaming tar. It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake in the region, especially if the towns lay along a major fault, However, there is a lack of contemporary accounts of seismic activity within the necessary timeframe to corroborate this theory. Other possibilities also include Numeira, al-Safi, Feifa, and Khanazir, all sites were near the Dead Sea, with evidence of burning and traces of sulfur. However, according to Schaub, who dug at Bab edh-Dhra, Numeira was destroyed at a different time period from Bab edh-Dhra, Archaeological remains excavated from Bab edh-Dhra are currently displayed in Karak Archaeological Museum, Amman Citadel Museum, and the British Museum
Sodom and Gomorrah
–
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah,
John Martin, 1852
Sodom and Gomorrah
–
Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of
Lucas van Leyden 's 1520 painting Lot and his Daughters
Sodom and Gomorrah
–
Painting from
William Francis Lynch book The Narrative of the United States Expedition of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Published in 1849
42.
Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan
–
Friday the 13th Part VIII, Jason Takes Manhattan is a 1989 American slasher film written and directed by Rob Hedden and starring Jensen Daggett, Scott Reeves, Peter Mark Richman, and Kane Hodder. It is the installment in the Friday the 13th film series, and follows Jason Voorhees stalking a group of high school graduates on a ship en route to. It was the last film in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures in the United States until 2009. According to New York Has a New Problem, The Making of Friday the 13th VIII, Jason Takes Manhattan, this was another sequel intended to be the final film in the series. Released on July 28,1989, the film grossed $14.3 million at the U. S. box office, along with this, it was panned by critics, making it the worst reviewed installment in the franchise. Following the events of The New Blood, two graduating high school students are aboard a houseboat on Crystal Lake, Jim tells his girlfriend Suzy the legend of Jason Voorhees, before playing a prank on her with a hockey mask and a prop knife. The boats anchor damages some underwater cables, which shock Jasons corpse and he sneaks on board and kills Jim with a harpoon gun before impaling Suzy, who tries to hide from him, with a barb. Van Deusen brings McCullochs niece Rennie along for the trip despite her aquaphobia much to his chagrin, Jason sneaks on board and kills rock star-wannabe J. J. with her guitar before hiding in the bowels of the ship. McCulloch nearly catches them moments later and Tamara pushes Rennie overboard and she then uses video student Wayne to record McCulloch in a compromising situation with her, but rejects Waynes advances afterward. Tamara is killed by Jason with a shard of broken mirror when she goes to take a shower, Rennie begins seeing visions of a young Jason throughout the ship, but the others ignore the deckhands warnings that Jason is aboard. Jason kills Captain Robertson and his first mate, Rennies boyfriend, Sean, discovers them and tells the others before calling for an emergency stop. Eva is strangled as she tries to flee from Jason, the students agree to search for Jason while McCulloch decides that the deckhand is responsible, however, the deckhand is found with an fire axe slammed into his back. One of the students, Miles, is tossed to his death by Jason and Julius is knocked overboard. Elsewhere in the hold of the ship, Wayne comes upon J. J. s body and is thrown into a box by Jason, his corpse catches fire. With the other students dead, McCulloch, Van Deusen, Rennie and Sean escape aboard a life raft and they row to New York where Jason stalks them through the streets. Rennie is kidnapped by a pair of junkies and the splits up to find help. Julius tries to fight Jason with his skills, but becomes exhausted after Jason does not go down. Rennie escapes from Jason when he kills the punks that kidnapped her and she runs into Sean and they reunite with the teachers and the police before Jason kills the officer who is helping them
Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan
–
Original Theatrical poster
43.
Tourism in New York City
–
New York City receives over 50 million foreign and American tourists each year including day-trippers. Many New York City ethnic enclaves, such as Jackson Heights, Flushing, New York City has over 28,000 acres of parkland and 14 linear miles of public beaches. Manhattans Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, is the most visited city park in the United States, prospect Park in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90-acre meadow. Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in Queens, the third largest, was the setting for the 1939 Worlds Fair and 1964 Worlds Fair. With the exception of slight peaks around Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year, New York has one of the highest hotel-occupancy rates in the country. Arrivals have remained high even since the global economic crisis, due to heavy discounting. Many visitors investigate their genealogy at historic sites such as Ellis Island. New York City has encouraged tourist shopping by eliminating its sales tax on clothing, in the past, the World Trade Center was an important tourist destination before the September 11 attacks, which devastated the city and its tourist industry. Tourists were scarce for months, and it took two years for the numbers to fully rebound with fewer international, but more domestic visitors, due in part to an emphasis on patriotic tourism. The World Trade Center site itself became an important place to visit, street fairs and street events such as the Labor Day Carnival in Brooklyn, Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, and New York Marathon also attract tourists. New York City law requires all guides to be licensed by the Department of Consumer Affairs, the professional trade organization of licensed tour guides in the city is GANYC. In 1992, the Greeter initiative was founded by Lynn Brooks with the association Big Apple Greeter in New York City, the voluntary and personal hosting of tourists should improve the bad image of the megacity. More Greeter projects followed in other US-American cities and worldwide, today, more than 300 volunteers greet over 7000 visitors per year in New York City As of 2010. NYC & Company, the official convention and visitor bureau, is currently headed by Fred Dixon. It has offices in 14 countries, including Brazil, Britain, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Japan, Korea, NYC & Company is the official source of tourism statistics for the city. The research department develops and distributes information on NYC domestic and international visitor statistics. New York City has a musical culture and history. Accordingly, numerous jazz, gospel music, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, popular locations for music tours include Harlem and the East Village
Tourism in New York City
–
Times Square is the hub of the
Broadway theater district and a major cultural venue in
Midtown Manhattan. It also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world, estimated at 50 million.
Tourism in New York City
–
The
Circle Line XVII touring the
Harlem River
Tourism in New York City
–
European visitors at
Rockaways shore
Tourism in New York City
44.
The Believer (magazine)
–
The Believer is a bi-monthly magazine of interviews, essays, and reviews. Vollmann to emerging talents for whom the magazine has been a ground, including Eula Biss, Gideon Lewis-Kraus, Leslie Jamison, Rachel Kaadzi Ghansah, Kent Russell. Since its founding, The Believer has been published by McSweeney’s, Eggers designed The Believer’s original design template. Park left The Believer in 2011, and Julavits and Vida continued to edit it. First published in April 2003, the magazine was published in San Francisco by friends who planned to focus on writers and books we like. The print edition was published monthly. From late 2007 until September 2014, the print magazine came out 9 times per year, including annual Art, Music, in 2005, it was printing about 15,000 copies of its regular issues. The Believer is a magazine, as its co-editor Heidi Julavits writes, the critic Peter Carlson praised the magazine’s essays as highbrow but delightfully bizarre. Its book reviews may assess writers of other eras and interviews with writers, artists, musicians, writing in The New York Times, A. O. Ploughshares editor Don Lee called it a literary magazine. This is the sort of thing everyone dreams of – having this quality of staff on board, the magazine includes several feature essays in each issue but also draws on a stable of recurring features. All issues include a two-page, multi-color design feature called Schema, illustrations and cartoons are featured throughout the magazine. Until late 2014, the illustrations for all regular issues were done by Charles Burns, while most of the other portraits. The Believer debuted a comics section in the 2009 Art Issue, edited by Alvin Buenaventura and these comics are exclusive to the print edition of the magazine. McSweeneys has published a number of books under The Believer Books imprint, such as Nick Hornbys The Polysyllabic Spree, the Dirt, Shakespeare Wrote for Money, and More Baths Less Talking, collections of his Stuff Ive Been Reading column. Since 2005, the Believer Book Award is presented annually to novels, a shortlist and longlist are announced, along with readers favorites, then a final winner is selected by the magazines editors. In 2011, the Believer Poetry Award was inaugurated using the same model, since 2015, the editors favorites book selections have been compiled and annotated on The Believer Logger. The Believer, official website The Believer Logger The Organist DeBord, review, The Believer, Salon. com Heidi Julavits writes about The Believer as it approaches 10 years in existence
The Believer (magazine)
–
October 2009 issue, Vol. 7, No. 8. Cover illustration by
Charles Burns. The cover depicts, clockwise from the upper left,
Vlad Țepeş,
Fidel Castro,
Agnès Varda, and
Jonathan Ames.
45.
WGRZ
–
WGRZ, virtual channel 2, is an NBC-affiliated television station located in Buffalo, New York, United States. The station is owned by Tegna, WGRZ maintains studios located at 259 Delaware Avenue in downtown Buffalo, and its transmitter is located at 11530 Warner Hill Road in South Wales, New York. The DT2 channel then switched to Universal Sports, which it carried through the end of 2011, retro Television Network was previously seen on WGRZ-DT3. WGRZ-DT2 then became an affiliate of Antenna TV, competing with WBBZ-TV, the DT2 subchannel returned to weather on January 1,2014, affiliating with WeatherNation TV with the local branding StormTeam 2 WeatherNation, Antenna TV then moved to a reactivated DT3. Justice Network was added as a subchannel in January 2015. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 33, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2. WGRZ dropped the -TV suffix, like most Gannett stations just a week after the transition, the station first signed on the air on August 14,1954, as WGR-TV, owned by the WGR Corporation, along with WGR. It was an NBC affiliate sharing the 184 Barton Street studios of UHF outlet WBUF-TV, in 1955, WBUF-TV, which was silent at the time, was sold to NBC. In January 1956, WGR-TV became an ABC affiliate after NBC moved its programming to WBUF-TV, all television reception at the time was via set-top or rooftop aerial antennas. The abject failure of WBUF-TV in Buffalo actually gave UHF a bad name to the industry and the viewing public. Viewers still wanted more choices, could receive the VHF channel 2 signal. The station also carried programming from the now-defunct DuMont Television Network, in 1959, WGR-TV launched an FM radio station, WGR-FM. Originally a simulcast of its AM radio sister, it began airing its own programming under the WGRQ callsign in 1973, transcontinent merged with Taft Broadcasting in 1964. In 1972, the moved into its current Downtown Buffalo facility at 259 Delaware Avenue. On May 1,1983, WGR-TV added a Z to its callsign, in the years following the 1983 exchange deal, WGRZ-TV changed hands several times. Native Buffalonian and former Newport Television CEO Sandy DiPasquale also held a stake in WGRZ-TV at this time. Two years later, Tak Communications purchased WGRZ-TV from the SJL-led group for $100 million in 1988, less than four years later in 1991, Tak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and a group of creditors seized the companys assets in 1994. Argyle II closed on WGRZ-TV in April of that year, followed by KITV two months later, WGRZ-TV nearly lost its NBC affiliation in 1994 when NBCs parent company, General Electric, announced plans to purchase King World Productions, the then-owner of CBS affiliate WIVB-TV
WGRZ
–
WGRZ satellite truck.
WGRZ
–
WGRZ
46.
The Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
–
In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new
Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the
Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph building in 1974
47.
People (magazine)
–
People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine, People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine. In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and it was named Magazine of the Year by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Ages annual A-list and #3 on Adweeks Brand Blazers list in October 2006, the magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles. Peoples website, People. com, focuses on celebrity news, in February 2015, the website broke a new record,72 million unique visitors. People is perhaps best known for its special issues naming the Worlds Most Beautiful, Best & Worst Dressed. The magazines headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles, for economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin, Miami, and Chicago in 2006. In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online. The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc. s chief executive officer at the time, the founding managing editor of People was Richard B. Stolley, an assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. Peoples first publisher was Richard J. Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran, Stolley characterized the magazine as getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues, stolleys almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4,1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the movie The Great Gatsby and that issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U. S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action, the magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents, the core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo, Sam Angeloff and Robert Emmett Ginna, writers James Watters and Ronald B
People (magazine)
–
The December 1, 2014, edition of People
People (magazine)
–
Teen People cover, April 2006
48.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
49.
Ballantine Books
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Ballantine Books is a major book publisher located in the United States, founded in 1952 by Ian Ballantine with his wife, Betty Ballantine. It was acquired by Random House in 1973, which in turn was acquired by Bertelsmann in 1998, ballantines logo is a pair of mirrored letter Bs back to back. The firms early editors were Stanley Kauffman and Bernard Shir-Cliff, following Fawcett Publications controversial 1950 introduction of Gold Medal paperback originals rather than reprints, Lion Books, Avon and Ace also decided to publish originals. When the first Ballantine Book, Cameron Hawleys Executive Suite was published in 1952, houghton Mifflin published the $3.00 hardcover at the same time Ballantine distributed its 35¢ paperback. By February 1953, Ballantine had sold 375,000 copies and was preparing to print 100,000 more, houghton Mifflin sold 22,000 hardback copies in its first printing. Ballantines sales soon totaled 470,000 copies, instead of hurting hardback sales as some predicted, the paperback edition instead gave the book more publicity. After the film rights were sold to MGM, Robert Wise directed the 1954 film, on the heels of that kind of sales and publicity, other Ballantine titles were seen in spinner racks across the country. During the early 1950s, Ballantine attracted attention as one of the publishers of paperback science fiction and fantasy. The Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth novel had first appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction under the title Gravy Planet, Kauffman scored when he acquired and edited Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451. Ballantines science fiction also included the unusual Star Science Fiction Stories. With cover paintings by Richard Powers, this anthology series offered new fiction rather than reprints. Edited by Frederik Pohl, it attracted readers by successfully combining the formats of both magazines and paperbacks. In the early 1960s, the company engaged in a rivalry with Ace Books for the rights to reprint the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. A separate Canadian edition of the books was published with different front cover art work, Tolkien asked for permission to add the back cover message. There was literally no publication that did not carry some kind of outraged article, and of course, the whole science fiction fraternity got behind the book, this was their meat and drink. In 1969, Lin Carter edited the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series, during the mid-1970s, Ballantine published the Star Trek Logs, a ten-volume series of Alan Dean Foster adaptations of the animated Star Trek. In 1968, Ballantine published a book related to Star Trek, The Making of Star Trek by Stephen E. Whitfield. After publishing The World of Lil Abner, Ballantine introduced Shel Silverstein in 1956 with his Grab Your Socks, collection of cartoons from Pacific Stars and Stripes
Ballantine Books
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Grab Your Socks!
Ballantine Books
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Ballantine Books
50.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
