1.
Fishing
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Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild, techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, the term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate. According to United Nations FAO statistics, the number of commercial fishermen. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries, in 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational pastime, Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period about 40,000 years ago. Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan man, a 40. Archaeology features such as middens, discarded fish bones, and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. The British dogger was a type of sailing trawler from the 17th century. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, an Act of Parliament was first obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to make it deeper. It was only in the 1846, with the expansion in the fishing industry. The foundation stone for the Royal Dock was laid by Albert the Prince consort in 1849, the dock covered 25 acres and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet
2.
Fish hook
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A fish hook or fishhook is a device for catching fish either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, by snagging the body of the fish. Fish hooks have been employed for centuries by fishermen to catch fresh, in 2005, the fish hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are attached to some form of line or lure device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is a variety of fish hooks in the world of fishing. Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all depending on the intended purpose of the fish hook. Fish hooks are manufactured for a range of purposes from general fishing to extremely limited and specialized applications, the fish hook or similar device has been made by man for many thousands of years. Neolithic fish hooks have been recorded from Palestine about 7000 BC, an early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the Leviathan in the Book of Job 41,1, Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook. Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, in many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material. Norwegians as late as the 1950s still used juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks, quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists. In many cases, hooks are described by using various parts of the hook. Example, Wide gap, 2X Long Shank, Hollow Point, contemporary hooks are manufactured from either high-carbon steel, steel alloyed with Vanadium, or stainless steel, depending on application. Most quality fish hooks are covered with some form of corrosion-resistant surface coating, corrosion resistance is required not only when hooks are used, especially in saltwater, but while they are stored. Additionally, coatings are applied to color and/or provide aesthetic value to the hook, at a minimum, hooks designed for freshwater use are coated with a clear lacquer, but hooks are also coated with gold, nickel, Teflon, tin and different colors. There are a number of different types of fish hooks. At the macro level, there are hooks, fly hooks. Within these broad categories there are varieties of hook types designed for different applications. Hook types differ in shape, materials, points and barbs, when individual hook types are designed the specific characteristics of each of these hook components are optimized relative to the hooks intended purpose. For example, a dry fly hook is made of thin wire with a tapered eye because weight is the overriding factor
3.
Spear
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A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head. The most common design for hunting or combat spears since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a triangle, lozenge, the heads of fishing spears usually feature barbs or serrated edges. The word spear comes from the Old English spere, from the Proto-Germanic speri, from a Proto-Indo-European root *sper- spear, Spears can be divided into two broad categories, those designed for thrusting in melee combat and those designed for throwing. The spear has been used throughout history both as a hunting and fishing tool and as a weapon. Along with the axe, knife and club, it is one of the earliest and most important tools developed by early humans, as a weapon, it may be wielded with either one hand or two. It was used in every conflict up until the modern era, where even then it continues on in the form of the bayonet. Spear manufacture and use is not confined to human beings and it is also practiced by the western chimpanzee. Chimpanzees near Kédougou, Senegal have been observed to create spears by breaking straight limbs off trees, stripping them of their bark and side branches and they then used the weapons to hunt galagos sleeping in hollows. Orangutans also have used spears to fish, presumably after observing humans fishing in a similar manner, neanderthals were constructing stone spear heads from as early as 300,000 BP and by 250,000 years ago, wooden spears were made with fire-hardened points. From 200,000 BP onwards, Middle Paleolithic humans began to make stone blades with flaked edges which were used as spear heads. These stone heads could be fixed to the shaft by gum or resin or by bindings made of animal sinew. During this period, a clear difference remained between spears designed to be thrown and those designed to be used in hand-to-hand combat, by the Magdalenian period, spear-throwers similar to the later atlatl were in use. Spears were one of the most common weapons used in the Stone Age. They may be seen as the ancestor of such weapons as the lance, the pilum, the halberd, the naginata, the glaive, the bill. Spears may be used as both a projectile and melee weapons, Spears used primarily for thrusting may be used with either one or two hands and tend to have heavier and sturdier designs than those intended exclusively for throwing. From the atlatl dart, the arrow for use with bows eventually developed, short, one-handed spears featuring socketed metal heads were used in conjunction with a shield by the earliest Bronze Age cultures. They were wielded in either combat or in large troop formations. This tradition continued from the first Mesopotamian cultures, through the various ancient Egyptian dynasties, during this time the spear was also used by cavalry
4.
Ice
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Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of such as particles of soil or bubbles of air. In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far as away the Oort cloud objects, beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice. It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost, icicles or ice spikes, Ice molecules can exhibit up to sixteen different phases that depend on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly, up to three different types of ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature. When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below 20 K giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena, virtually all the ice on Earths surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih with minute traces of cubic ice denoted as ice Ic. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when water is cooled below 0°C at standard atmospheric pressure. It may also be deposited directly by water vapor, as happens in the formation of frost, the transition from ice to water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation. Ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports, as a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice is considered a mineral. It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the molecule of water, an unusual property of ice frozen at atmospheric pressure is that the solid is approximately 8. 3% less dense than liquid water. The density of ice is 0.9167 g/cm3 at 0 °C, liquid water is densest, essentially 1.00 g/cm³, at 4 °C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form the hexagonal crystals of ice as the freezing point is reached. This is due to hydrogen bonding dominating the intermolecular forces, which results in a packing of molecules less compact in the solid, density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature and has a value of 0.9340 g/cm³ at −180 °C. When water freezes, it increases in volume and it is also a common cause of the flooding of houses when water pipes burst due to the pressure of expanding water when it freezes. The result of this process is that ice floats on liquid water, sufficiently thin ice sheets allow light to pass through while protecting the underside from short-term weather extremes such as wind chill. This creates an environment for bacterial and algal colonies. When ice melts, it absorbs as much energy as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 °C, during the melting process, the temperature remains constant at 0 °C. While melting, any energy added breaks the bonds between ice molecules. Energy becomes available to increase the thermal energy only after enough hydrogen bonds are broken that the ice can be considered liquid water, the amount of energy consumed in breaking hydrogen bonds in the transition from ice to water is known as the heat of fusion
5.
Water
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Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earths streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen, Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance, that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often refers also to its solid state or its gaseous state. It also occurs in nature as snow, glaciers, ice packs and icebergs, clouds, fog, dew, aquifers, Water covers 71% of the Earths surface. It is vital for all forms of life. Only 2. 5% of this water is freshwater, and 98. 8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0. 3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, a greater quantity of water is found in the earths interior. Water on Earth moves continually through the cycle of evaporation and transpiration, condensation, precipitation. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land, large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals. Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. There is a correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in developing regions of the world. Water plays an important role in the world economy, approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a variety of chemical substances, as such it is widely used in industrial processes. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, Water is a liquid at the temperatures and pressures that are most adequate for life. Specifically, at atmospheric pressure of 1 bar, water is a liquid between the temperatures of 273.15 K and 373.15 K
6.
Fisherman
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A fisherman or fisher is someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of water, or gathers shellfish. Worldwide, there are about 38 million commercial and subsistence fishermen, the term can also be applied to recreational fishermen and may be used to describe both men and women. Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period, fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period. During the time of the Ancient Egyptians, fishermen provided the majority of food for Egyptians, fishing had become a major means of survival as well as a business venture. Fishing and the fisherman have also influenced Ancient Egyptian religion, mullets were worshiped as a sign of the flood season. Bastet was often manifested in the form of a catfish, in ancient Egyptian literature, the method that Amun used to create the world is associated with the tilapias method of mouth-brooding. According to the FAO, there were about 39 million fishers in countries producing more than 200,000 tonnes in 2012, the total fishery production of 66 million tonnes equated to an average productivity of 3.5 tonnes per person. Most of this took place in Asian countries, where four-fifths of world fishers. Most fishermen are men involved in offshore and deep-sea fisheries, women fish in some regions inshore from small boats or collect shellfish and seaweed. In many artisanal fishing communities, women are responsible for making and repairing nets, recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition. It can be contrasted with fishing, which is fishing for economic profit, or subsistence fishing. The most common form of fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks. Lures are frequently used in place of bait, some people make handmade lures, including plastic lures and artificial flies. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is called angling, when angling, it is sometimes expected or required that the fish be caught and released. Big-game fishing is fishing from boats to catch large species such as tuna, sharks. Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities, for some communities, fishing provides not only a source of food and work but also community and cultural identity. The fishing industry is hazardous for fishermen, between 1992 and 1999, US commercial fishing vessels averaged 78 deaths per year. The main contributors to fatalities are, inadequate preparation for emergencies poor vessel maintenance, many fishermen, while accepting that fishing is dangerous, staunchly defend their independence
7.
Snail
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Snail is a common name that is applied most often to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name snail is also applied to most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word snail is used in this most general sense, it not just land snails but also thousands of species of sea snails. Occasionally a few other molluscs that are not actually gastropods, such as the Monoplacophora, snail-like animals that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called slugs, and land snails that have only a very small shell are often called semi-slugs. Even a few species have lungs. Snails can be found in a wide range of environments, including ditches, deserts. Although land snails may be familiar to laymen, marine snails constitute the majority of snail species, and have much greater diversity. Numerous kinds of snail can also be found in fresh water, most snails have thousands of microscopic tooth-like structures located on a banded ribbon-like tongue called a radula. The radula works like a file, ripping food into small pieces, many snails are herbivorous, eating plants or rasping algae from surfaces with their radulae, though a few land species and many marine species are omnivores or predatory carnivores. Several species of the genus Achatina and related genera are known as giant African land snails, some grow to 15 in from snout to tail, and weigh 1 kg. The largest living species of sea snail is Syrinx aruanus, its shell can measure up to 90 cm in length, and the whole animal with the shell can weigh up to 18 kg. The snail Lymnaea makes decisions by using two types of neuron, one deciding whether the snail is hungry, and the other deciding whether there is food in the vicinity. Named Gee Geronimo, this snail was owned by Christopher Hudson of Hove, East Sussex, UK, gastropods that lack a conspicuous shell are commonly called slugs rather than snails. Some species of slug have a red shell, some have only a vestige that serves mainly as a calcium repository. Other than that there is little difference between slugs and snails. There are however important differences in habitats and behavior, slugs squeeze themselves into confined spaces such as under loose bark on trees or under stone slabs, logs or wooden boards lying on the ground. In such retreats they are in danger from either predators or desiccation. Slugs as a group are far from monophyletic, biologically speaking slug is a term of convenience with little taxonomic significance, the reduction or loss of the shell has evolved many times independently within several very different lineages of gastropods
8.
Hypomesus nipponensis
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Hypomesus nipponensis is an important food fish native to the lakes and estuaries of Hokkaido, Japan. It has been introduced in other locations, including the San Francisco Delta of the United States and it is raised in fisheries, and is very similar in appearance to the delta smelt. Hypomesus chishimaensis was described as being a new species in the lakes of Kunashir, after later studies failed to find these morphological differences, it regarded as an ecotype of H. nipponensis. A2007 genetic analysis supported this classification, and recommended that H. chishimaensis not be given its own binomial designation, at the time, the California-native delta smelt and the Japanese smelt were thought to be separated members of the same species, H. olidus. In 1959 the CDFG imported 3.6 million fertilized eggs attached to palm fiber mats from a population in Suwa Lake, located east of Tokyo, the fiber mats were placed in streams feeding into six lakes and reservoirs that appeared to be ecologically suitable for the smelt. It was thought at the time that these reservoirs could be treated to eradicate the fish if they were found to be undesirable. In 1972 and 1973 about 77,000 fish from the Shastina Reservoir were moved to the Almanor Reservoir in Plumas County. In 1994 they were detected at the State Water Project pumping plant for the first time, because the two species are very similar in morphology and life history, the wakasagi presents several potential threats to the endangered delta smelt. In addition to its effects on the delta smelt, the wakasagi significantly reduced Kokanee fisheries
9.
Mount Akagi
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Mount Akagi is a mountain in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. The broad, low dominantly andesitic stratovolcano rises above the end of the Kanto Plain. It contains an elliptical,3 x 4 km summit caldera with post-caldera lava domes arranged along a NW-SE line, Lake Ono is located at the NE end of the caldera. An older stratovolcano was partially destroyed by edifice collapse, producing a debris-avalanche deposit along the south flank, a series of large plinian eruptions accompanied growth of a second stratovolcano during the Pleistocene. Construction of the cone in the late-Pleistocene summit caldera began following the last of the plinian eruptions about 31,000 years ago. During historical time unusual activity was recorded on several occasions during the 9th century, Mount Akagi, along with Mount Myōgi and Mount Haruna, is one of the Three Mountains of Jōmō, and the cold north winds down from it are called Akagi-oroshi or Karakkaze. The Amagi-class aircraft carrier Akagi was named after Mount Akagi and was the flagship for the force commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo in the attack on Pearl Harbor. The carrier was sunk in the Battle of Midway. Mount Akagi is an object of worship in this region, on Ōno Lake, there is Akagi Shrine. The upper portions of the prefectural road Route 4 approach the top of Mount Akagi, kanetsu Kotsu Bus comes to Akagi Visitor Center from Maebashi Station or Fujimi Onsen Bus Stop. To the top of Mount Kurobi, the highest point of this mountain, the sixth Zatoichi film, Zatoichi and the Chest of Gold, is the destination of Ichi as he searches for the brigand Chuji. Mount Akagi is mentioned in the street racing manga and anime series Initial D, the portions of Gunma Route 62 and Gunma Route 257 that pass by Mount Akagi are featured in numerous Initial D episodes. It is the course of the racing team called the Akagi Red Suns. Mount Akagi is also featured in the racing game Tokyo Xtreme Racer. Mt. Moon from the Pokémon franchise is based on Mount Akagi, Akagisan - Japan Meteorological Agency Akagisan, National catalogue of the active volcanoes in Japan. - Japan Meteorological Agency Akagi San - Geological Survey of Japan Akagisan, Global Volcanism Program - Smithsonian Institution
10.
Maebashi
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Maebashi is a city located in central Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. It is the capital of Gunma Prefecture, as of May 2015, the city had an estimated population of 339,701 and a population density of 1081 persons per km². Its total area was 311.59 km² and it was the most populous city within Gunma Prefecture until Takasaki merged with nearby towns between 2006 and 2009. Maebashi is known to be the City of Water, Greenery and Poets because of its waters, its rich nature and because it gave birth to several Japanese contemporary poets. Maebashi is located at the foot of Mt. Akagi in the northeast corner of the Kantō Plain and it is also surrounded by Mount Haruna and Mount Myogi. Two rivers run through the city, the Tone River, Japans second-longest, Maebashi is the farthest from the sea of all Japanese prefectural capitals. Gunma Prefecture Isesaki Kiryū Numata Shibukawa Takasaki Shintō Tamamura Yoshioka Maebashi has a subtropical climate. In the winter, the karakaze, or dry wind blows through Maebashi from the north and this is due to the snow clouds coming from the Sea of Japan being blocked by the Echigo Mountain Range between Gunma and Niigata Prefectures. Because of this, the city has a dry winter and is one of the sunniest places in Japan at over 2,210 hours of sunshine per year, in the summer, it is hot since the location is inland. On July 24,2001, Maebashi hit 40 °C, the fifth-hottest temperature ever in Japan, the modern town of Maebashi was established within Higashigunma District, Gunma Prefecture on April 1,1889 with the creation of the municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration. Maebashi was raised to city status on April 1,1892, in 1901, it annexed a portion of Kamikawabuchi village from Seta District. In 1951, a portion of Kaigaya Village from Seta District was merged into Maebashi, on April 1,1960 a portion of Tamamura Town and another portion of Jōnan village were merged into Maebashi, which finally anned the remainder of Jōnan village in 1967. Maebashi hosted the 1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships, on April 1,2001, Maebashi was designated a special city with increased local autonomy. On December 5,2004 the town of Ōgo, and the villages of Kasukawa, on May 5,2009, the village of Fujimi was merged into Maebashi. Seta District was dissolved as a result of this merger, Maebashi became a core city on April 1,2009. Maebashi area was called Umayabashi during the Nara Period, the spelling was officially changed into Maebashi in 1649 during the Edo Period when Maebashi became a castle town and the center of Maebashi Domain, a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. As of 2010, Greater Maebashi, Maebashi Metropolitan Employment Area, has a GDP of US$59.8 billion, the air conditioning system and compressor manufacturing company Sanden Corporation as well as the tofu and tofu products company Sagamiya Foods have manufacturing sites in the city. The Gunma Bank is headquartered in Maebashi, there are 16 high schools,23 middle schools, and 56 elementary schools in Maebashi
11.
Gunma Prefecture
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Gunma Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the northwest corner of the Kantō region on the main Honshu island. Japan was without horses until around the fifth century CE, the ancient province of Gunma was a center of the horsebreeding and trading activities for the newly immigrated continental peoples. The arrival of horses and the remains of horse-tackle coincides with the arrival of a migration from the mainland. From this point forward, the became a vital part of Japanese military maneuvers. When Mount Haruna erupted in the late 6th century, Japan was still in the pre-historical phase, the Gunma Prefectural archaeology unit in 1994 was able to date the eruption through zoological anthropology at the corral sites that were buried in ash. In the past, Gunma was joined with Tochigi Prefecture and called Kenu Province and this was later divided into Kami-tsu-ke and Shimo-tsu-ke. The area is referred to as Jomo. For most of Japanese history, Gunma was known as the province of Kozuke, the first modern silk factories were built with Italian and French assistance at Annaka in the 1870s. The modern Japanese army gunned down farmers with new repeating rifles built in Japan, the farmers in Gunma were said to be the first victims of the Murata rifle. In the twentieth century, the Japanese aviation pioneer Nakajima Chikushi of Oizumi, Gunma Prefecture, the factory now produces Subaru motorcars and other products under the name of Fuji Heavy Industries. In the 1930s, German architect Bruno Julius Florian Taut lived and conducted research for a while in Takasaki, the Girard Incident, which disturbed US-Japanese relations in the 1950s, occurred in Gunma in 1957, at Soumagahara Base near Shibukawa. Four modern prime ministers are from Gunma, namely, Takeo Fukuda, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Keizo Obuchi, and Yasuo Fukuda, one of only eight landlocked prefectures in Japan, Gunma is the northwestern-most prefecture of the Kantō plain. Except for the central and southeast areas, where most of the population is concentrated, to the north are Niigata and Fukushima prefectures, while to the east lies Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture, and Saitama Prefecture is to the south, some of the major mountains in Gunma are Mount Akagi, Mount Haruna, Mount Myōgi, Mount Nikkō-Shirane and Mount Asama, which is located on the Nagano border. Major rivers include the Tone River, the Agatsuma River, and this is because of the kara-kaze, a strong, dry wind which occurs in the winter when the snow falls on the coasts of Niigata. The wind carrying clouds with snow are obstructed by the Echigo Mountains, for this reason, the wind changes into the kara-kaze. More traditional industries include sericulture and agriculture, gunmas major agricultural products include cabbages and konjacs. Gunma produces 90% of Japans konjacs, and two-thirds of the farms in the village of Tsumagoi are cabbage farms, also, the city of Ōta is famous for car industry, notably the Subaru factory
12.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
13.
Ice shanty
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An ice shanty is a portable shed placed on a frozen lake to provide shelter during ice fishing. They can be as small and cheap as a plastic tarp draped over a frame of two-by-fours, or as expensive as a cabin with heat, bunks, electricity. Lighter, cheaper versions can collapse into a package to be moved from lake to lake during the season. Many northern communities have developed bodies of laws about the operation of ice shanties - frequently including dates by which they must be removed, in northern climates, ice shanties are the center of a large, often humorous, folklore. Fishermen often decorate their ice shanties in humorous ways, while others work on ways to make their ice shanties more comfortable. Much of the folklore involves the inherent danger of erecting a structure atop a frozen pond, hook, Line and Shelter, Ice Fishing Tales and Photos Too. Cambridge MN, Adventure Publications, Inc.1990,2005 newspaper article about motorized bobhouse in New Hampshire Ice Shanty. org
14.
Snowmobile
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A snowmobile, also known as a snowmachine, is a vehicle designed for winter travel and recreation on snow. It is designed to be operated on snow and ice and does not require a road or trail, snowmobiling is a sport that many people have taken on as a serious hobby. Older snowmobiles could generally accommodate two people, however, most snowmobiles manufactured in the last twenty-five years have been designed for a single rider. Snowmobiles built with the ability to carry two riders are referred to as 2-up snowmobiles or touring models and make up a small share of the market. Snowmobiles do not have any enclosures, except for a windshield, skis at the front provide directional control. Early snowmobiles used rubber tracks, but modern snowmobiles tracks are made of a Kevlar composite. Originally, snowmobiles were powered by two-stroke gasoline internal combustion engines, the second half of the 20th century saw the rise of recreational snowmobiling, whose riders are called snowmobilers or sledders. Recreational riding is known as snowcross/racing, trail riding, freestyle, mountain climbing, boondocking, carving, ditchbanging, in the summertime snowmobilers can drag race on grass, asphalt strips, or even across water. Many individuals later modified Ford Model Ts with the undercarriage replaced by tracks and they were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversion of cars and small trucks was Snowflyers, where early designs had 10 horsepower two-stroke engines, there has been a move toward newer style 2-stroke and 4-stroke gasoline engines, some with over 200 hp. It parallels the development of the automobile and later aviation, often using the same components for a different use. In the first races held near Three Lakes in 1926,104 of these snowbuggies started, eliason made 40 snowmobiles, patented in 1927. Upon receiving an order for 200 from Finland, he sold his patent to the FWD Company of Clintonville and they made 300 for military use, then transferred the patent to a Canadian subsidiary. The American Motor Sleigh was a short-lived novelty vehicle produced in Boston in 1905, designed for travel on snow, it consisted of a sleigh body mounted on a framework that held an engine, a drive-shaft system, and runners. Although considered a novelty, sales were low and production ceased in 1906. The Aerosani, propeller-driven and running on skis, was built in 1909–1910 by Russian inventor Igor Sikorsky of helicopter fame, Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and World War II. There is some dispute over whether Aerosanis count as snowmobiles because they were not propelled by tracks, adolphe Kégresse designed an original caterpillar tracks system, called the Kégresse track, while working for Tsar Nicholas II of Russia between 1906 and 1916. These used a belt rather than interlocking metal segments and could be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a half-track, suitable for use over soft ground
15.
All-terrain vehicle
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As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than most other vehicles. Although it is a vehicle in some countries, it is not street-legal within most states and provinces of Australia. By the current ANSI definition, ATVs are intended for use by an operator, although some companies have developed ATVs intended for use by the operator. These ATVs are referred to as tandem ATVs, the rider sits on and operates these vehicles like a motorcycle, but the extra wheels give more stability at slower speeds. Although equipped with three or four wheels, six-wheel models exist for specialized applications, engine sizes of ATVs currently for sale in the United States, range from 49 to 1,000 cc. Royal Enfield built and sold the first powered quadracycle in 1893. It had many components, including handle bars. The Royal Enfield resembles a modern ATV-style quad bike but was designed as a form of carriage for road use. With the introduction of straddle ridden ATVs, the term AATV was introduced to define the original amphibious ATV category, the first three-wheeled ATV was the Sperry-Rand Tricart. It was designed in 1967 as a project of John Plessinger at the Cranbrook Academy of Arts near Detroit. The Tricart was straddle-ridden with a rather than sit-on style. In 1968 Plessinger sold the Tricart patents and design rights to Sperry-Rand New Holland who manufactured them commercially, numerous small American manufacturers of 3-wheelers followed. I. and Hart to Hart. Dubbed the US90 and later—when Honda acquired the trademark on the term—the ATC90, clearly influenced by earlier ATVs, it featured large balloon tires instead of a mechanical suspension. By the early 1980s, suspension and lower-profile tires were introduced, the 1982 Honda ATC200E Big Red was a landmark model. It featured both suspension and racks, making it the first utility three-wheeled ATV, the ability to go anywhere on terrain that most other vehicles could not cross soon made them popular with US and Canadian hunters, and those just looking for a good trail ride. Soon other manufacturers introduced their own models, sport models were also developed by Honda, which had a virtual monopoly in the market due to effective patents on design and engine placement. The 1981 ATC250R was the first high-performance three-wheeler, featuring full suspension, a 248 cc air cooled engine, a five-speed transmission with manual clutch. For the sporting trail rider, the 1983 ATC200X was another landmark machine and it used an easy-to-handle 192 cc four-stroke that was ideal for new participants in the sport. Today, ATC200Xs can be found on the market in all conditions and prices, in 1985, Honda also introduced the new ATC350X
16.
Pickup truck
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A pickup truck is a light duty truck having an enclosed cab and an open cargo area with low sides and tailgate. Today in North America, the pickup is used like a passenger car. The term pickup is of unknown origin and it was used by Studebaker in 1913 and by the 1930s pick-up had become the standard term. In Australia and New Zealand ute, short for utility, is used for both pickups and coupé utilities, in South Africa people of all language groups use the term bakkie, a diminutive of bak, Afrikaans for bowl. In the early days of automobile manufacturing, vehicles were sold as a chassis only, and third parties added bodies on top. In 1913 the Galion Allsteel Body Company, a developer of the pickup and dump truck, built and installed hauling boxes on slightly modified Ford Model T chassis. Seeking part of market share, Dodge introduced a 3/4-ton pickup with cab. In 1925 Ford followed up with a Model T-based steel-bodied, half-ton with an adjustable tailgate, billed as the Ford Model T Runabout with Pickup Body, it sold for US$281. In 1928 it was replaced by the Model A which had a closed-cab, safety glass windshield, roll-up side windows, in 1931 Chevrolet produced its first factory-assembled pickup. Ford Australia produced the first Australian ute in 1932, during the Second World War, the United States government halted the production of privately owned pickup trucks. In the 1950s consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle rather than utilitarian reasons, car-like smooth-sided fenderless trucks were introduced, such as the Chevrolet Fleetside, the Chevrolet El Camino, the Dodge Sweptline and in 1957, Fords purpose-built Styleside. Pickups began to feature comfort items like power options and air conditioning, trucks became more passenger oriented with the introduction of crew cabs in the Toyota Stout and the Hino Briska, was introduced in 1962. Dodge followed with a cab in 1963, Ford in 1965. Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff, thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less, the US governments 1973 Corporate Average Fuel Economy policy sets higher fuel economy requirements for cars than pickups. CAFE led to the replacement of the wagon by the minivan. Eventually, this idea led to the promotion of the SUV. Pickups, unhindered by the emissions regulations on cars, began to replace muscle cars as the performance vehicle of choice. The Dodge Warlock appeared in Dodges adult toys line, along with the Macho Power Wagon, the gas guzzler tax, which taxed fuel-inefficient cars while exempting pickup trucks, further distorted the market in favour of pickups
17.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
18.
Resort
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A resort is a self-contained commercial establishment that endeavors to provide most of a vacationers wants, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping, on the premises. The term resort may be used for a property that provides an array of amenities, typically including entertainment. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort, such as the Grand Hotel at Mackinac Island, some resorts are also timeshare or fractionally owned, or wholly owned condominium complexes. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a single company, commonly these facilities are of higher quality than would be expected if one were to stay at a hotel or eat in a towns restaurants. Closely related to these resorts are convention and large meeting sites, generally these occur in cities where special meeting halls, together with ample accommodations as well as varied dining and entertainment, are provided. An all-inclusive resort charges a price that includes most or all items. At a minimum, most inclusive resorts include lodging, unlimited food, drink, sports activities, all-inclusive resorts are found in the Caribbean, particularly in Dominican Republic, Egypt, and elsewhere. Many also offer sports and other included in the price as well. They are often located in warmer regions, the all-inclusive model originated in the Club Med resorts, which were founded by the Belgian Gérard Blitz. Some all-inclusive resorts are designed for specific vacation interests, for example, certain resorts cater to adults, while even more specialized properties accept couples only. Other all-inclusive resorts are geared toward families, with facilities like craft centers, game rooms, all-inclusive resorts are also very popular locations for destination weddings. A spa resort is a short term residential/lodging facility with the purpose of providing individual services for spa-goers to develop healthy habits. Historically many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or sources of mineral waters, golf resorts are resorts that cater specifically to the sport of golf, and include access to one or more golf course and or clubhouse. Golf resorts typically provide golf packages that provide visitors with all greens and cart fees, range balls, accommodations, in North America a ski resort is generally a destination resort in a ski area. Ski resort is less likely to refer to a town or village, a megaresort is a type of destination resort which is of an exceptionally large size, such as those along the Las Vegas Strip. In Singapore integrated resort is a euphemism for a destination resort. A holiday village is a type of self-contained resort in Europe, a holiday camp in the United Kingdom refers to a resort where the accommodation is in chalets. The term holiday park is used for a resort where the accommodation includes static caravans, there are 1500+ timeshare resorts in the U. S. that are operated by major hospitality, timeshare-specific, or independent companies
19.
Dry suit
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A dry suit normally protects the whole body except the head, hands, and possibly the feet. In hazmat configurations, however, all of these are covered as well, the main difference between dry suits and wetsuits is that dry suits are designed to prevent water entering. This generally allows better insulation making them suitable for use in cold water. Dry suits can be hot in warm or hot air. Dry suits provide passive thermal protection, They insulate against heat transfer to the environment, an inflation valve with gas supply and dump valve are generally provided, but were not standard on early models. The main part of the dry suit is a shell made from a membrane type material. Membrane dry suits are made from materials which have little thermal insulation. They are commonly made of stockinette fabric coated with vulcanized rubber, laminated layers of nylon, to stay warm in a membrane suit, the wearer must wear an insulating undersuit, today typically made with polyester or other synthetic fiber batting. Polyester and other synthetics are preferred over natural materials, since synthetic materials have better insulating properties when damp or wet from sweat, seepage, or a leak. Reasonable care must be not to puncture or tear membrane dry suits, because buoyancy. The dry suit material offers essentially no buoyancy or insulation itself, so if the dry suit leaks or is torn, water can soak the undersuit, with a loss of buoyancy. Membrane dry suits may also be made of a waterproof but breathable material like Gore-Tex to enable comfortable wear without excessive humidity and this function does not work underwater. Sailors and boaters who intend to stay out of the water may prefer this type of suit, wetsuits are made from this material as it is a good insulator, waterproof, and is flexible enough for comfortable wear. The neoprene alone is very flexible, but not very resistant to tearing, so it is skinned with a layer of knit fabric bonded to each side for strength and abrasion resistance. Foamed neoprene may be used for the shell of a drysuit, providing some insulation due to the gas within the material, as with wet suits, their buoyancy and thermal protection decreases with depth as the air bubbles in the neoprene are compressed. Foam-neoprene tends to shrink over the years as it loses gas from the foam, an alternative is crushed or compressed foam neoprene, which is less susceptible to volume changes when under pressure. Some suits marketed as hybrid suits combine the features of types, with a membrane top attached to a neoprene bottom near the waist. The neoprene part is usually configured as a sleeveless farmer-john that covers the torso as well and this style is often used for surface water sports, especially in very cold water
20.
Saw
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A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut material, very often wood. The cut is made by placing the edge against the material and moving it forcefully forth. This force may be applied by hand, or powered by steam, water, an abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut through metal. Abrasive saw, A saw that cuts with a disc or band. Back, the edge opposite the toothed edge, fleam, The angle of the faces of the teeth relative to a line perpendicular to the face of the saw. Gullet, The valley between the points of the teeth, heel, The end closest to the handle. For example, a blade can cause excessive wobble, creating a wider-than-expected kerf. The kerf created by a blade can be changed by adjusting the set of its teeth with a tool called a saw tooth setter. Points per inch, The most common measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade. It is taken by setting the tip of one tooth at the point on a ruler. There is always one point per inch than there are teeth per inch. Some saws do not have the number of teeth per inch throughout their entire length. Those with more teeth per inch at the toe are described as having incremental teeth, rake, The angle of the front face of the tooth relative to a line perpendicular to the length of the saw. In most modern serrated saws, the teeth are set, so that the kerf will be wider than the blade itself and this allows the blade to move through the cut easily without binding. The set may be different depending on the kind of cut the saw is intended to make, for example, a rip saw has a tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel, so that it rips or tears the material apart. A flush-cutting saw has no set on one side, so that the saw can be flat on a surface. The set of the teeth can be adjusted with a tool called a saw set
21.
Auger (drill)
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An auger is a drilling device, or drill bit, that usually includes a rotating helical screw blade called a flighting to act as a screw conveyor to remove the drilled out material. The rotation of the causes the material to move out of the hole being drilled. An auger used for digging post holes is called an auger, handheld power earth drill, soil auger. This kind of auger can be a manually turned, handheld device, or powered by a motor or internal-combustion engine. Handheld augers can also be used for making holes for garden planting, wood augers have a screw to pull them into the wood, as a gimlet has, and a cutting lip that slices out the bottom of the hole. The auger bit, meant to be used in a brace, in construction, augers are used for special drilling rigs to dig holes for deep foundation piles. Another use is for forming a piling retaining wall, which can be constructed in the same way as foundation piles. Augers – either gas- or hand-powered – are used by ice fishermen to drill holes to fish through, drilling into maple trees to extract maple syrup is also carried out with the use of augers. Brief history of the auger Wonkeedonkeetools
22.
Spearfishing
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Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that has been used throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers, today modern spearfishing makes use of elastic powered spearguns and slings, or compressed gas pneumatic powered spearguns, to strike the hunted fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments, Spearfishing may be done using free-diving, snorkelling, or scuba diving techniques. Spearfishing while using scuba equipment is illegal in some countries, the use of mechanically powered spearguns is also outlawed in some countries and jurisdictions. Spearfishing is highly selective, normally uses no bait and has no by-catch, Spearfishing with barbed poles was widespread in palaeolithic times. Cosquer cave in Southern France contains cave art over 16,000 years old, there are references to fishing with spears in ancient literature, though, in most cases, the descriptions do not go into detail. An early example from the Bible is in Job 41,7, the Greek historian Polybius, in his Histories, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon with a barbed and detachable head. Greek author Oppian of Corycus wrote a treatise on sea fishing. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact, Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of spears and tridents. In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius carried a trident and he fought the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front. Copper harpoons were known to the seafaring Harappans well into antiquity, early hunters in India include the Mincopie people, aboriginal inhabitants of Indias Andaman and Nicobar islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing since early times. Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with a spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear or the trident. A small trident type spear with a handle is used in the American South and Midwest for gigging bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp. Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun allows fishing in deeper waters. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes and sometimes longer, of course, in the 1920s, sport spearfishing using only watertight swimming goggles became popular on the Mediterranean coast of France and Italy. This led to development of the diving mask, fins. Modern scuba diving had its genesis in the use of rebreathers by Italian sport spearfishers during the 1930s. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit, by 1940 small groups of people in California, USA had been spearfishing for less than 10 years
23.
Decoy
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A decoy is usually a person, device, or event meant as a distraction, to conceal what an individual or a group might be looking for. Decoys have been used for centuries most notably in game hunting, the term duck decoy may refer to two distinct devices, both used for hunting wildfowl. One is a long cone-shaped wickerwork tunnel installed on a pond to catch wild ducks. After the ducks settled on the pond, a small, trained dog would herd the birds into the tunnel, the catch was formerly sent to market for food, but now these are only used to catch ducks to be ringed and released, see ornithology. As decoy came more commonly to signify a person or a device than a pond with a cage-trap, the other form of duck decoy, otherwise known as a hunting decoy or wildfowl decoy, is a life-size model of the creature. The hunter places a number about the area as they will encourage wild birds to land nearby. Originally carved from wood, they are now made from plastic, wildfowl decoys are considered a form of folk art. Collecting decoys has become a significant hobby both for art collectors and hunters. The world record was set in September 2007 when a pintail drake and Canada goose, the decoy in war is a low-cost device intended to represent a real item of military equipment. They may be deployed in amongst their real counterparts, to enemy forces into attacking them. Alternatively, large numbers of military decoys, or dummys, may be deployed as an aspect of Military deception and their purpose is to fool the enemy into believing forces in a particular area are much stronger than they really are. One notable example are Quaker Guns, in irregular warfare, improvised explosive devices are commonly used as roadside bombs to target military patrols. Some guerillas also use imitation IEDs to intimidate civilians, to bomb disposal resources. Some terrorist groups use fake bombs during a siege, in order to limit hostage rescue efforts. In biochemistry, there are receptors, decoy substrates and decoy RNA. In addition, digital decoys are used in protein folding simulations, Decoy receptors, or sink receptors, are receptors that bind a ligand, inhibiting it from binding to its normal receptor. These proteins are therefore enzyme inhibitors, examples include K3L produced by vaccinia virus, which prevents the immune system from phosphorylating the substrate eIF-2 by having a similar structure to eIF-2. Thus, the vaccinia virus avoids the immune system, in protein folding simulations, a decoy is a computer-generated protein structure which is designed so to compete with the real structure of the protein
24.
Lake sturgeon
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The lake sturgeon, also called rock sturgeon, is a North American temperate freshwater fish, one of about 25 species of sturgeon. The fish uses its elongated, spadelike snout to stir up the substrate and sediments on the beds of rivers, the lake sturgeon has four purely sensory organs that dangle near its mouth. These organs, called barbels, help the sturgeon to locate bottom-dwelling prey, Lake sturgeons can grow to a relatively large size, topping 7.25 ft long and weighing over 240 lb. The lake sturgeon has taste buds on and around its barbels near its rubbery and it extends its lips to vacuum up soft live food, which it swallows whole due to its lack of teeth. Its diet consists of insect larvae, worms, and other organisms it finds in the mud. Fish are rarely found in its diet and are likely incidental items only, given that it is a large species surviving by feeding on very small species, its feeding ecology has been compared to that of large marine animals, like some whales, which survive by filter-feeding. This species occurs in the Mississippi River drainage basin south to Alabama and it occurs in the Great Lakes and the Detroit River, east down the St. Lawrence River to the limits of fresh water. In the west, it reaches Lake Winnipeg and the North Saskatchewan, in the north, it is found in the Hudson Bay Lowland. This distribution makes sense in all these areas were linked by the large lakes that formed as the glaciers retreated from North America at the end of the last ice age. Several populations of Lake sturgeon have experienced levels of recovery with help of USFWS, there are fisheries located in North Carolina to the Great Lakes that not only restore Lake sturgeon populations they also monitor striped bass and blue catfish. The USFWS is going through measures to restore the species of Lake sturgeon by recording, abundance, distribution, age, Lake sturgeon are tagged and released by the USFWS to capture a better understanding of their life cycle. While strict regulations have put in place to monitor harvests. Lake sturgeon are also extremely long-lived fish, and may live some 55 years, the lake sturgeon does not reach sexual maturity until its first decade of life. These fish were killed as a nuisance bycatch because they damaged fishing gear. When their meat and eggs became prized, commercial fishermen targeted them, between 1879 and 1900, the Great Lakes commercial sturgeon fishery brought in an average of 4 million lb per year. Such unsustainable catch rates were coupled with environmental challenges such as pollution, Sturgeon, which return each spring to spawn in the streams and rivers in which they were born, found tributaries blocked and spawning shoals destroyed by silt from agriculture and lumbering. In the 20th century, drastic drops in sturgeon catches, increased regulations, currently,19 of the 20 states within the fishs original U. S. range list it as either threatened or endangered. This sturgeon is a gourmet food fish, as well as a source of specialty products including caviar
25.
Rough fish
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Rough fish is a term used by U. S. state agencies and U. S. anglers to describe fish that are less desirable to sport anglers within a limited region. The term usually refers to fish species that are not commonly eaten, are too rare to be commonly encountered. Many of these species are important in the commercial fishing industry. There is no standard list of rough fishes, a fish that is considered a rough fish in one region may be considered a desirable game and food fish in another, often due to cultural differences or simply tradition. For example, the carp is considered an undesirable rough fish in the United States and Australia, but is the premier game fish of Europe. Likewise, the longnose gar is considered a fish and undesirable nuisance in Ohio. In Louisiana, though, it is considered tasty by certain groups and, due to the many small bones, is rarely filleted. Some rough fishes are exotic species that have been transplanted into North American waters from other continents either intentionally or unintentionally, other rough fishes are native species that can be confused with carp because they look similar. Many of these fishes are difficult to process as food because of their many bones, still other rough fishes are native fishes completely unlike carp, but are categorized as such because they are underused or unpopular. The first reference to the term rough as applied to fish is in the historical work A History of Fish and they would then travel many miles up or down river to deliver these fish to market. In hot summer weather, the slow, heavily loaded boats often had to be lightened quickly to ensure that the entire catch did not become spoiled before reaching market. The common practice of the time was to save the fully processed fish, rough-dressed fish were discarded to lighten the boat, by dumping the carcasses into the river. Thus, originally a fish was a fish of any species that had been only partly processed. The term subsequently evolved into a term for any fish that was undesirable or unpopular. The term coarse fish is used in Europe to describe all fishes besides trout and salmon, many rough fish species are federally endangered, threatened, candidate, or species of concern. These native American fishes have limited and declining populations and are at risk of extinction, because of this, they are listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act. Html version Rob Buffler and Tom Dickson Fishing for Buffalo, A Guide to the Pursuit, Lore & Cuisine of Buffalo, Carp, Mooneye, Gar, and other Rough Fish Culpepper Press, Minneapolis
26.
Fishfinder
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A fishfinder or sounder is an instrument used to locate fish underwater by detecting reflected pulses of sound energy, as in sonar. Fishfinder instruments are used both by sport and commercial fishermen, modern electronics allows a high degree of integration between the fishfinder system, marine radar, compass and GPS navigation systems. Fish finders were derived from fathometers, active sonar used for navigation. The fathom is a unit of depth, from which the instrument gets its name. The fathometer is an echo sounding system for measurement of water depth, a fathometer will display water depth and can make an automatic permanent record of measurements. Since both fathometers and fishfinders work the way, and use similar frequencies and can detect both the bottom and fish, the instruments have merged. In operation, an impulse from a transmitter is converted into a sound wave by an underwater transducer, called a hydrophone. When the wave strikes something such as a fish, it is reflected back and displays size, composition, the exact extent of what can be discerned depends on the frequency and power of the pulse transmitted. Knowing the speed of the wave in the water, the distance to the object that reflected the wave can be determined, the speed of sound through the water column depends on the temperature, salinity and pressure. This is approximately c =1404.85 +4. 618T -0. 0523T2 +1. 25S +0. 017D, typical values used by commercial fish finders are 4921 ft/s in seawater and 4800 ft/s in freshwater. Functionality present in many modern fish finders also have track back capabilities in order to check the changes in movement in order to position and location whilst fishing. The image above, at right, clearly shows the bottom structure—plants, sediments and hard bottom are discernible on sonar plots of sufficiently high power, the resulting distortion depends on both the speed of the vessel and how often the image is updated by the echo sounder. With the Fish Symbol feature disabled, an angler can learn to distinguish between fish, vegetation, schools of baitfish or forage fish, debris, etc. Fish will usually appear on the screen as an arch. This is because the distance between the fish and the changes as the boat passes over the fish. When the fish enters the edge of the sonar beam. As the fish swims toward the centre of the beam, the distance to the fish decreases, when the fish swims directly under the transducer, it is closer to the boat so the stronger signal shows a thicker line. As the fish away from the transducer, the distance increases. The image to the shows a school of white bass aggressively feeding on a school of threadfin shad
27.
Sonar
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Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name sonar, passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels, active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds, Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of targets in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar, Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is used for the equipment used to generate. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from low to extremely high. The study of sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. In the 19th century a bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to locate underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. S. Revenue Cutter Miami on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Canada, in that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications and echo ranging. The so-called Fessenden oscillator, at ca.500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the due to the 3 metre wavelength. The ten Montreal-built British H class submarines launched in 1915 were equipped with a Fessenden oscillator, during World War I the need to detect submarines prompted more research into the use of sound. Although piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the electrostatic transducers they used, lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones, while Terfenol-D and PMN have been developed for projectors. By 1918, both France and Britain had built prototype active systems, the British tested their ASDIC on HMS Antrim in 1920, and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923, an anti-submarine school, HMS Osprey, and a training flotilla of four vessels were established on Portland in 1924. The US Sonar QB set arrived in 1931, by the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine attack system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hamstrung by the use of the charge as an anti-submarine weapon. This required a vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a commander could take evasive action
28.
Burbot
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The burbot is the only gadiform freshwater fish. It is also known as bubbot, mariah, freshwater ling, the lawyer, coney-fish, lingcod, freshwater cusk, the species is closely related to the marine common ling and the cusk. It is the member of the genus Lota. For some time of the year, the lives under ice. The name burbot comes from the Latin word barba, meaning beard, referring to its single chin whisker, the generic and specific name lota comes from the old French lotte fish named also barbot in Old French. The Inuktitut–Iñupiaq word for burbot was used to name the recently discovered extinct presumed transitional species Tiktaalik. With an appearance like a cross between a catfish and an eel, the burbot has a body, but is easily distinguished by a single barbel on the chin. The body is elongated and laterally compressed, with a flattened head, the mouth is wide, with both upper and lower jaws consisting of many small teeth. Burbot have two dorsal fins, the first being low and short, and the second being much longer. The anal fin is low and almost as long as the dorsal fin, the caudal fin is rounded, the pectoral fins are fan-shaped, and pelvic fins are narrow with an elongated second fin ray. Having such small fins relative to body size indicates a benthic lifestyle with low swimming endurance, Burbot have circumpolar distribution above 40°N. Populations are continuous from the British Isles across Europe and Asia to the Bering Strait, in North America, burbot range from the Seward Peninsula in Alaska to New Brunswick along the Atlantic coast. Burbot are most common in streams and lakes of North America and they are fairly common in Lake Erie, but are also found in the other Great Lakes. Recent genetic analysis suggests the geographic pattern of burbot may indicate multiple species or subspecies, in the United Kingdom, the burbot is possibly an extinct fish. The last recorded capture was a specimen weighing 1 lb, on 14 September 1969, taken at night by John Dean, at the Old West River, near Aldreth, the burbot may still survive in the UK. The counties of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Yorkshire seem to be the strongest candidates for areas in which the species might yet survive, plans to reintroduce this freshwater member of the cod family back into British waters are under investigation. Burbot live in large, cold rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, primarily preferring freshwater habitats, during the summer, they are typically found in the colder water below the thermocline. In Lake Superior, burbot can live at depths below 300 m, as benthic fish, they tolerate an array of substrate types, including mud, sand, rubble, boulder, silt, and gravel, for feeding
29.
Illustration
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The origin of the word “illustration” is late Middle English, via Old French from Latin illustratio, from the verb illustrate. Contemporary illustration uses a range of styles and techniques, including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, montage, digital design, multimedia. Most illustrators work on a freelance basis, depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic or highly technical. This may include exploded views, cutaways, fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, in contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design, original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwells painting Breaking Home Ties sold in a 2006 Sothebys auction for USD15.4 million, many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas, for example, also attracting high prices. Historically, the art of illustration is closely linked to the processes of printing and publishing. The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations, and were hand drawn. With the invention of the press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and every day life, hokusai’s The Great Wave of Kanazawa is a famous image of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching, in 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake, who used relief etching. By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality, in Europe, notable figures of the early 19th Century were John Leech, George Cruikshank, Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne, and, in France, Honoré Daumier. All contributed to both satirical and “serious” publications, at this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. Although all fine art trained, their reputations were gained primarily as illustrators, in common with similar magazines such as the Parisian Le Voleur, Punch realised good illustration sold as well as good text. With publication continuing into the 21st Century, Punch chronicles a gradual shift in popular illustration, from the early 1800s newspapers, mass market magazines, and illustrated books had become the dominant consumer media in Europe and the New World. By the 19th Century, improvements in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color, in America, this led to a golden age of illustration from before the 1880s until the early 20th Century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time
30.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
31.
Lake Erie
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Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes, at its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep. Lake Eries northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U. S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and these jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore and that Iroquoian tribe called it Erige because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of whether the lake was named after the tribe. Situated below Lake Huron, Eries primary inlet is the Detroit River, Lake Erie has a mean elevation of 571 feet above sea level. It has an area of 9,990 square miles with a length of 241 statute miles. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F limit necessary to keep the plants cool, also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The waves build very quickly, according to other accounts, after being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. This area is known as the thunderstorm capital of Canada with breathtaking lightning displays. Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River and drains via the Niagara River, navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, the drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the end of the lake, these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number. The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear red hats and are prone to break off cartwheels in the park. Pelee Island is the largest of Eries islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall. Lake Erie has a retention time of 2.6 years
32.
Gulf of Riga
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The Gulf of Riga, Bay of Riga, or Gulf of Livonia is a bay of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia. The island of Saaremaa partially separates it from the rest of the Baltic Sea, the main connection between the gulf and the Baltic Sea is the Irbe Strait. The Gulf of Riga, as a sub-basin of the Baltic, major islands in the gulf include Saaremaa, Kihnu and Ruhnu, which are all controlled by Estonia. Kihnu covers an area of 16.4 square kilometres, Saaremaa island is responsible for the brackish water of the Gulf of Riga, as it is partially shielded from the Baltic Sea. Notable cities around the gulf include Riga, Pärnu, Jūrmala, the main rivers flowing into the gulf are Daugava, Pärnu, Lielupe, Gauja, and Salaca. The freshwater runoff entering the Baltic sea accounts for two percent of its volume, a narrow connection to the North Sea means that water stays in the Baltic for an average of 30 years. These two characteristics work to make the Baltic Sea one of the largest brackish bodies of water in the world, the Gulf of Riga has an average salt concentration for the Baltic Sea, which is around six to ten parts per thousand. Freshwater has a concentration of 0.5 parts per thousand, a saline stratification layer is found at a depth of approximately 70 metres. In winter, most or all of the Bay usually freezes and this is due to low salinity and the calming effect of the partial closure of the entrance of the gulf. During the winter, many people walk over the bay, the thickest recorded ice was 90 centimetres thick in the winter of 1941–42. Ice hole fishing has been a source of winter food. The ice usually melts between March and April, in late March 2013, when the ice started to melt,200 people had to be rescued from ice floes. Battle of the Gulf of Riga Pärnu Bay The Gulf of Riga
33.
Latvia
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Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2. The country has a seasonal climate. Latvia is a parliamentary republic established in 1918. The capital city is Riga, the European Capital of Culture 2014, Latvia is a unitary state, divided into 119 administrative divisions, of which 110 are municipalities and 9 are cities. Latvians and Livs are the people of Latvia. Latvian and Lithuanian are the two surviving Baltic languages. Despite foreign rule from the 13th to 20th centuries, the Latvian nation maintained its identity throughout the generations via the language, Latvia and Estonia share a long common history. Until World War II, Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans, Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant Lutheran, except for the Latgale region in the southeast, which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic. The Russian population has brought a significant portion of Eastern Orthodox Christians. The Republic of Latvia was founded on 18 November 1918, however, its de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II. The peaceful Singing Revolution, starting in 1987, called for Baltic emancipation of Soviet rule and it ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990, and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991. Latvia is a democratic and developed country and member of the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, CBSS, the IMF, NB8, NIB, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. For 2014, Latvia was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and it used the Latvian lats as its currency until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2014. The name Latvija is derived from the name of the ancient Latgalians, one of four Indo-European Baltic tribes, henry of Latvia coined the Latinisations of the countrys name, Lettigallia and Lethia, both derived from the Latgalians. The terms inspired the variations on the name in Romance languages from Letonia. Around 3000 BC, the ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Balts established trade routes to Rome and Byzantium, trading local amber for precious metals, by 900 AD, four distinct Baltic tribes inhabited Latvia, Curonians, Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians, as well as the Livonians speaking a Finnic language
34.
Hovercraft
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A hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV, is a craft capable of travelling over land, water, mud, ice, and other surfaces. Hovercraft are hybrid vessels operated by a pilot as a rather than a captain as a marine vessel. Hovercraft use blowers to produce a volume of air below the hull that is slightly above atmospheric pressure. The pressure difference between the higher pressure air below the hull and lower pressure ambient air above it produces lift, for stability reasons, the air is typically blown through slots or holes around the outside of a disk- or oval-shaped platform, giving most hovercraft a characteristic rounded-rectangle shape. Typically this cushion is contained within a flexible skirt, which allows the vehicle to travel over small obstructions without damage, the first practical design for hovercraft was derived from a British invention in the 1950s to 1960s. They are now used throughout the world as specialised transports in disaster relief, coastguard, military, although now a generic term for the type of craft, the name Hovercraft itself was a trademark owned by Saunders-Roe, hence other manufacturers use of alternative names to describe the vehicles. There have been attempts to understand the principles of high air pressure below hulls. To a great extent, the majority of these can be termed ground effect or water effect vehicles rather than hovercraft, the principal difference is that a hovercraft can lift itself while still, whereas the majority of other designs require forward motion to create lift. These active-motion surface effect vehicles are known in specific cases as ekranoplan, the first mention in the historical record of the concepts behind surface-effect vehicles that used the term hovering was by Swedish scientist Emanuel Swedenborg in 1716. The shipbuilder Sir John Isaac Thornycroft patented a design for an air cushion ship / hovercraft in the 1870s. In 1915, the Austrian Dagobert Müller built the worlds first air cushion boat, only when in motion could the craft trap air under the front, increasing lift. The vessel also required a depth of water to operate and could not transition to land or other surfaces, designed as a fast torpedo boat, the Versuchsgleitboot had a top speed over 32 knots. It was thoroughly tested and even armed with torpedoes and machine guns for operation in the Adriatic. It never saw combat, however, and as the war progressed it was eventually scrapped due to the lack of interest and perceived need. The theoretical grounds for motion over an air layer were constructed by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii in 1926 and 1927, in 1929, Andrew Kucher of Ford began experimenting with the Levapad concept, metal disks with pressurized air blown through a hole in the center. Levapads do not offer stability on their own, several must be used together to support a load above them. Lacking a skirt, the pads had to very close to the running surface. He initially imagined these being used in place of casters and wheels in factories and warehouses, in 1931, Finnish aero engineer Toivo J. Kaario began designing a developed version of a vessel using an air cushion and built a prototype Pintaliitäjä, in 1937
35.
Helicopter
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A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and these attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL aircraft cannot perform. English language nicknames for helicopter include chopper, copter, helo, heli, Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in use due to their greater payload capacity. Coaxial helicopters, tiltrotor aircraft, and compound helicopters are all flying today, quadcopter helicopters pioneered as early as 1907 in France, and other types of multicopter have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones. The earliest references for vertical flight came from China, since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor, the spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD Daoist book Baopuzi by Ge Hong reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft, designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy. It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an aerial screw, that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a spring device. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and his writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers
36.
Fishing Derby (event)
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A fishing tournament, or derby, is an organised competition among anglers. Fishing tournaments typically take place as a series of events around or on a clearly defined body of water with specific rules applying to each event. They can take place on or along the edge of oceans, lakes, rivers, fishermen compete for prizes based on the total weight of a given species of fish caught within a predetermined time. This sport evolved from local fishing contests into large competitive circuits, competitors may be professional fishermen supported by commercial endorsements. Other competitions are based purely on length with mandatory catch and release, either longest fish or total length is documented with a camera and a mandatory sticker or unique item, a practice used since it is hard to weigh a living fish accurately in a boat. Tournaments usually involve individuals if the fishing is from the land, a score is awarded for each fish caught. The points awarded depend on the weight and species. Occasionally a score is divided by the strength of the line used. In tag and release competitions, a score is awarded per fish species caught. Usually sport fishing competitions award a prize to the boat or team with the most points earned. Thomas Wayne Jones Sr. won the American Bass Anglers competition in 2007, the tournament was held in November at the Harris Chain of Lakes. He was the first African American to win the ABA National Championship Tournament, Thomas Jones was awarded a 2008 Triton Bass Boat and a Championship Ring. Traditional fishing tournaments take place on a body of water where a group of participants pursue a common goal. The Internet has started a new trend giving fishing tournaments a worldwide presence, the internet lets fishing tournaments take place in multiple bodies of water spanning multiple areas within a country, and even multiple countries. Now anglers who live hundreds of miles apart can participate in the fishing tournament. Existing fishing tournament participants can post their results online in real-time and these changes have lowered the fish mortality in many tournaments as participants no longer have to kill their fish for weigh-in if they already know it won’t be a top contender. The official guide to world salt and freshwater fish records is the World Record Game Fishes, the IGFA maintains records for nearly 400 species around the world. The records are categorised, with records for juniors, for the type of tackle and line used, for fly fishing. The IGFA also organise the world championship tournaments, the saltwater fishermans equivalent of the Olympics
37.
Gull Lake (Cass County, Minnesota)
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Gull Lake is a lake in the U. S. state of Minnesota, located in Cass County and Crow Wing County. It is one of the largest lakes in the Brainerd, Minnesota-Baxter, Minnesota area, of the seven Gull Lakes in Minnesota, this Gull Lake is the largest in area and shoreline. The shoreline is developed with residential and commercial interests. For each shoreline mile there are 27.8 homes or cabins, there are 19 resorts on Gull Lake, including notably Craguns, Maddens, and Grand View Lodge. Gull Lake was raised five feet by the construction of Gull Lake Dam about a half mile down Gull River from the lakes outlet. The dam began service in 1912, prior to this, logging interests would build temporary dams at the site. The dam was the final Mississippi Headwaters reservoir dam, colonel Francis R. Shunk and George Freeman designed Gull Lake dam. Both are more known for designing the Lock and Dam Number 1 on the Mississippi River in 1917 in Minneapolis. The site of the Gull Lake Dam has particular prehistoric archaeological significance, under the site there have been found at least 12 burial mounds as well as several partial mounds. All are thought to originate from the Woodland American Indian tribes, the National Register of Historic Places recognizes these burial mounds. The site of St. Columba Mission on the side of the lake is also listed on the National Register. At 9,947.03 acres surface area, Gull Lake is the largest lake within the city limits of East Gull Lake, the lakes maximum depth is 80 feet with nearly 30% of the lake only 15 feet or less. These shallow waters consist primarily of sand and gravel, there are also areas of rubble and boulder. Gull lake is 15 miles long and 2 miles wide, with a depth of 30 feet. Gull lake is part of the Crow Wing watershed, the shoreland is zoned for general development. Stony Brook streams mouth is at Gull Lake, the brown trout of Stony Brook were recently noticed as threatened by the recreational activity on Gull Lake. The streams natural habitat for trout has been a point of restoration work by local anglers. There are over 35 species of life in the water of Gull Lake
38.
Brainerd, Minnesota
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Brainerd is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 13,592 as of the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Crow Wing County, and is one of the largest cities in Central Minnesota. Brainerd straddles the Mississippi River several miles upstream from its confluence with the Crow Wing River, Brainerd is the principal city of the Brainerd Micropolitan Area, a micropolitan area covering Cass and Crow Wing counties and with a combined population of 91,067 as of the 2010 census. The Brainerd area serves as a major tourist destination for Minnesota, Brainerd is the home to one of five medevac helicopter flight stations in the state for AirCare, operated by North Memorial Medical Center in Robbinsdale, a Level 1 Trauma Center. This station covers the part of Minnesota. The city is known for the Brainerd International Raceway, which hosts races frequently throughout the year and has a national drag racing meet annually in August. The area that is now Brainerd was originally inhabited by the Ojibwe. Brainerd was first seen by European settlers on Christmas Day in 1805, Crow Wing Village, a fur and logging community near Fort Ripley, brought settlers to the area in the mid-19th century. In those early years the relationship between the settlers and the native Americans was complicated, the most famous example of this tenuous relationship was the so-called Blueberry War of 1872. Two Ojibwe were hanged for murdering a missing girl. When a group of native Americans approached the town, troops from nearby Fort Ripley were called to prevent a potential reprisal, as it turned out, however, the Ojibwe only wanted to sell blueberries and the settlers avoided a bloody misunderstanding. Guilt of the two native Americans was never proven, Brainerd was the idea of Northern Pacific railroad president John Gregory Smith, who in 1870 named the township after his wife, Anne Eliza Brainerd Smith, and father-in-law, Lawrence Brainerd. The company built a bridge over the Mississippi seven miles north of Crow Wing Village and used the Brainerd station as a machine and car shop, prompting many to move north, Brainerd was organized as a city on March 6,1873. On January 11,1876, the state legislature revoked Brainerds charter for six years, Brainerd functioned as a township in the interim. In 1881, the railroad, and with it the town, participation in the nationwide railroad strike on July 1,1922, left the majority of Brainerd residents unemployed and embittered many of those involved. On October 27,1933, the First National Bank of Brainerd became briefly famous when it was held up by Baby Face Nelson and his gang. The BNSF Railway continues to employ approximately 70 people in Brainerd at a maintenance-of-way equipment shop responsible for performing repairs and preventive maintenance to track, the towns coating mill was sold by Potlatch to Missota Paper in 2003 and then by Missota Paper to Wausau Paper in 2004. Brainerd itself is now developed into commercial and residential areas
39.
Lake Simcoe
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Lake Simcoe is a lake in Southern Ontario, Canada, the fourth-largest lake wholly in the province, after Lake Nipigon, Lac Seul, and Lake Nipissing. At the time of the first European contact in the 17th century the lake was called Ouentironk by the Wyandot people. It was also known as Lake Toronto until it was renamed by John Graves Simcoe, the lake is bordered by Simcoe County, Durham Region, and York Region. The city of Barrie is located on Kempenfelt Bay, and Orillia is located at the entrance to Lake Couchiching, the watershed draining into the lake contains a population of roughly half a million people, including the northern portion of the Greater Toronto Area. The town of Innisfil occupies the western south of Barrie. Lake Simcoe is a remnant of a bigger, prehistoric lake known as Lake Algonquin. This lakes basin also included Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Nipigon, the melting of an ice dam at the close of the last ice age greatly reduced water levels in the region, leaving the lakes of today. At the time of the first European contact in the 17th century, the Severn River, its outlet stream, was once called Rivière de Toronto which flows into Georgian Bays Severn Sound, then called the Baie de Toronto. The later French traders referred to it as Lac aux Claies and it was renamed by John Graves Simcoe in 1793, not in honour of himself, but in memory of his father, Captain John Simcoe. The lake is about 30 kilometres long,25 kilometres wide and 722 square kilometres in area and it is shaped somewhat like a fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The thumb forms Kempenfelt Bay on the west, the wrist Lake Couchiching to the north, fresh-cut saplings placed in the water and sediments would have sprouted branches and leaves, persisting for some time, leading to a place where trees stand in the water. A number of southern Ontario rivers flow, generally north, into the lake, from the east, the Talbot River, part of the Trent-Severn Waterway is the most important river draining into Lake Simcoe, connecting the lake with the Kawartha lakes system and Lake Ontario. From its connection to Lake Couchiching, the Severn River is the drainage from the lake to Georgian Bay. The canal locks of the Trent-Severn Waterway make this connection navigable, the lake is dotted with several smaller islands, including Thorah Island, Strawberry Island, Snake Island, and Fox Island. Pope John Paul II stayed on Strawberry Island for four days just before World Youth Day 2002 in Toronto. Before the completion of the Trent Severn Waterway, the level on Lake Simcoe was quite low enabling residents to cross in wagons or walk in ankle deep water to the mainland. However, when it was completed, the water increased by several feet. The lake has little activity, but sees many recreational uses
40.
Lake trout
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Lake trout is a freshwater char living mainly in lakes in northern North America. Other names for it include mackinaw, lake char, touladi, togue, in Lake Superior, it can also be variously known as siscowet, paperbelly and lean. The lake trout is prized both as a fish and as a food fish. From a zoogeographical perspective, lake trout have a narrow distribution. They are native only to the parts of North America, principally Canada, but also Alaska and, to some extent. Lake trout have been introduced into non-native waters in North America and into many other parts of the world, mainly Europe. Lake trout are the largest of the chars, the record weighed almost 46.3 kilograms with a length of 50 inches, the average length is 24–36 inches. The largest caught on a rod and reel according to the IGFA was 72 pounds, when hooked, especially the big ones will make a short run and just thump and twist and turn. Lake trout inhabit cold, oxygen-rich waters and they are pelagic during the period of summer stratification in dimictic lakes, often living at depths of 20–60 m. The lake trout is a fish, typical of oligotrophic waters. It is also late to mature. Populations are extremely susceptible to overfishing, many native lake trout populations have been severely damaged through the combined effects of hatchery stocking and over harvest. Three subspecies of trout are accepted. There is the lake trout, the siscowet lake trout. Some lakes do not have pelagic forage fish during the period of summer stratification, in these lakes, lake trout take on a life history known as planktivory. Lake trout in planktivorous populations are abundant, grow very slowly. In those lakes that do contain deep-water forage, lake trout become piscivorous, piscivorous lake trout grow much more quickly, mature at a larger size and are less abundant. In Lake Superior, common lake trout and siscowet lake trout live together, Common lake trout tend to stay in shallower waters, while siscowet lake trout stay in deeper water
41.
Herring
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Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae. Herring often move in schools around fishing banks and near the coast. Three species of Clupea are recognised, and provide about 90% of all captured in fisheries. Most abundant of all is the Atlantic herring, providing half of all herring capture. Fishes called herring are found in India, in the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean. Herring played a role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe. These oily fish also have a history as an important food fish. A number of different species, most belonging to the family Clupeidae, are referred to as herrings. The origins of the herring is somewhat unclear, though it may derive from the Old High German heri meaning a host, multitude. The type genus of the herring family Clupeidae is Clupea, Clupea contains three species, the Atlantic herring found in the north Atlantic, the Pacific herring found in the north Pacific, and the Araucanian herring found off the coast of Chile. Subspecific divisions have been suggested for both the Atlantic and Pacific herrings, but their biological basis remain unclear, in addition, a number of related species, all in the family Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the Clupeidae family referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. There are also a number of other species called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings. Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, some examples, The species of Clupea belong to the larger family Clupeidae, which comprises some 200 species that share similar features. These silvery-coloured fish have a dorsal fin, which is soft. They have no lateral line and have a lower jaw. At least one stock of Atlantic herring spawns in every month of the year, each spawns at a different time and place. Greenland populations spawn in 0–5 metres of water while North Sea herrings spawn at up to 200 metres in autumn
42.
Freshwater whitefish
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The freshwater whitefish are fishes of the subfamily Coregoninae, which contains whitefishes and ciscoes, and is one of three subfamilies in the salmon family Salmonidae. Apart from the subfamily Coregoninae, the family Salmonidae includes the salmon, trout, and char species of the subfamily Salmoninae, freshwater whitefish are distributed mainly in relatively cool waters throughout the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The Coregoninae subfamily consists of three genera, Coregonus Linnaeus,1758 – whitefishes and ciscoes, which according to some authors number more than 60 species. There are differing opinions on the classification of species within the genus. Some species in Arctic regions of Asia and North America forage in marine waters, prosopium Jordan,1878 – round whitefishes, which includes six species, three of which occur only in a single lake. Stenodus Richardson,1836 – inconnus, which two species, sometimes considered a single species with two subspecies. Phylogenetically, Stenodus is not distinct from Coregonus, smoked freshwater whitefish is sold in delicatessens and eaten as part of Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, either filleted or made into whitefish salad
43.
Hwacheon County
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Hwacheon County is a county in Gangwon Province, South Korea. The northern border parallels the Korean Demilitarized Zone, as close as nine kilometers in some places, neighboring counties are Cheorwon to the northwest and north, Yanggu to the east, Chuncheon to the south, and the Gyeonggi-do province to the southwest. The county consists largely of mountains and rivers, between which are small farming communities, military bases and military training grounds, the area is renowned for its rivers, lake trout, indigenous otters, and natural scenery. As of 2005, the population of Hwacheon stood at 23,822,12,471 of these people were male,11,351 were female. Only 90 of these people were foreign residents -20 male and 70 female, the average household was home to 2.4 people, and 3,577 of the population was aged 65 or older. These numbers do not reflect soldiers stationed in the area, which are estimated at approximately 35,000 personnel, before 1900, Hwacheon was extremely sparsely populated, with only a few small villages alongside major rivers, due to its rugged terrain and harsh winters. Hwacheon Dam was completed in 1944 and the electricity it generated proved to be a boon, however, it was also source of conflict during the Korean War due to its strategic value as both a power plant and potential weapon. It ended up well inside allied territory with the establishment of the DMZ to the north in 1953, as Gangwon Province is South Koreas coldest region, Hwacheon is home to an ice fishing festival in which thousands of competitors try to catch as many sancheoneo as possible. This takes place in the Hwacheoncheon during nearly the entire month of January, the festival organizers claim there are roughly 1,000,000 visitors annually. Other annual events in Hwacheon include the jjokbae Festival in late July, the Tomato Festival in mid-August, and it will be hosting the 16th World Winter Cities Conference for Mayors in 2014. Hwacheon is famous for its samgyeopsal, a pork dish offered at every restaurant in town. Pork is cooked on a grill over hot coals, cut into bite-sized pieces, and wrapped in a lettuce leaf along with garlic, hot peppers, rice, variants of the meal include using marinated beef. Paroho and Hwacheondam Paroho May 1944 Hwacheondam is a lake created as constructed. In 1944 years of Japanese colonial rule, Japanese had built a Hwacheondam in order to support the industry for invasion to the continent. Paroho as a lake made at this time, and the area is 38.9 km². Peace Dam Peace Dam is correspondence dam completed on October 19,2005, total storage capacity, one hundred million tons 26.3, length 601 m, height 125 m is a large dam. There are the Bimokpark and Mulmunhall On the left the entrance, Mulmunhall promote the importance of water resources and has been operating a restaurant and other facilities. Seocho-gu, South Korea Chatham-Kent, Canada Hwacheon County government home page
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South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
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Han River (Korea)
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The Han River or Hangang is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok, Tuman, and Nakdong rivers. The river begins as two rivers in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula, which then converge near Seoul. The Han River and its area have played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to control of this land. However, the river is no longer used for navigation. The river serves as a source for over 12 million Koreans. In July 2000, the US military admitted to having dumped toxic chemicals in the river, currently, the lower stretches of the Han river are lined with pedestrian walkways, bicycle paths, public parks and restaurants, particularly in Seoul. The Han is formed by the confluence of the Namhan River, which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River, the River flows through Seoul and then merges with the Rimjin River shortly before it flows into the Yellow Sea. The two major branches of the river, the Namhan River and the Bukhan River, come together at Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi province and it then passes through Seoul and continues on to the Yellow Sea. Broad tidal flats can be found at the mouth of the Han River, the total length of the Han River is approximately 494 kilometres. Although it is not a river, the lower Han is remarkably broad for such a relatively short river. Within Seoul city limits, the river is more than 1 kilometre wide, prior to the construction of a number of major dams, the river was known for its huge coefficient of river regime of 1,390. The Namhangang is sometimes, but not always, referred to as the Han in South Korea, the term South Han is understood irrespective of which side of the border one stands. Even though Namhan and Bukhan are homophones with the acronyms Namhan and Bukhan, used commonly in South Korea, the hanja for the Han River is not 韓 but 漢. It is also easily mistaken with the use of 漢 in Seouls older name, 漢城 where 漢 does not refer to Chinese people, Han River has been called by different names through the course of Korean history. During the period of the Han Commanderies on the peninsula and the part of the three kingdoms period the river was often referred to as the Daesu. The state of Goguryeo called it the Arisu, Baekje called it the Ungniha, while the kingdom of Silla termed it the Iha. The Han River has played a role in Korean history from the earliest times
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Ice jigger
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The ice jigger also known as prairie ice jigger, or prairie jigger, is a device for setting a fishing net under the ice between two ice holes, invented by fishermen of Canada in early 1900s. After each pull a spring resets the arm, and the action is repeated, in this way a person by an ice hole propels the jigger away. If the ice is transparent enough, one just makes another hole over the jigger when it moves far away. After that the jigger is pulled out of the hole, together with the rope. The simple and effective design remained unchanged since its invention. Imler described the use a transmitter to locate the jigger under heavy ice cover by Colorado fishery biologists
