1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
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Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
3.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Normal, Illinois
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Normal is a town in McLean County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 52,497. Normal is the smaller of two municipalities of the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and Illinois seventh most populous community outside of the Chicago metropolitan area. There is also a campus of Lincoln College, which offers associate degrees as well as four-year programs. A large percentage of residents of Normal are employed by Illinois State University, State Farm Insurance, Country Financial, the town was laid out with the name North Bloomington on June 7,1854 by Joseph Parkinson. From its founding, it was recognized that Jesse W. Fell was the force behind the creation of the town. Most of the town lies south of these tracks, with Beaufort Street as its northern limit. Fell, his brothers, and associates quickly laid out additions to the original town. The town was renamed Normal in February 1865 and officially incorporated on February 25,1867, the name was taken from Illinois State Normal University, a normal school located there. The school has since been renamed Illinois State University after becoming a general four-year university, Normal is adjacent to Bloomington, Illinois, and when mentioned together they are known as the Twin Cities, Bloomington-Normal, BN, or BloNo. The district is home to the historic and non-profit Normal Theater. November 19,2014, Bronze Level Bicycle Friendly Community Award, League of American Bicyclists 2014, First in State for Most Minutes Read,2014 Scholastic Summer Reading Challenge, Scholastic Corp. According to the 2010 census, Normal has an area of 18.412 square miles. As of the 2000 census, there were 45,386 people,15,157 households, the population density was 3,332.6 people per square mile. There were 15,683 housing units at a density of 1,151. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 57% White,7. 71% African American,0. 15% Native American,2. 21% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 93% from other races, and 1. 40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 56% of the population,26. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 2.96
5.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
6.
Illinois State Redbirds
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The Illinois State Redbirds are the athletic teams that represent Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois. Teams play at the NCAA Division I level, the football team competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference while most other teams compete in the Missouri Valley Conference. The fight song is Go, You Redbirds, the school, which had already been an NCAA Division I competitor for a decade, left behind its independent status in 1980 and affiliated itself with the Missouri Valley Conference. From 1981 to 1992, Redbird womens teams competed under the Gateway Conference banner before womens sports were absorbed into the Missouri Valley Conference, in 1923, athletics director Clifford E. Pop Horton and the Daily Pantagraph sports editor Fred Young collaborated to change the nickname from Teachers. Horton wanted Cardinals because the colors were cardinal and white, Young changed the nickname to Red Birds to avoid confusion in the headlines with the St. Louis Cardinals. It took roughly 10 years for Red Birds to become one word, since that time, Illinois State Athletics fans have been enjoying the rich success that nearly all Redbird Athletics teams have enjoyed. From approximately 1910-1970, Illinois State was affiliated with the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Athletics at Illinois State consists of 17 intercollegiate sports, having won 125 league titles in 23 years. Today,15 of the 17 Redbird sports compete in the Missouri Valley Conference, with the team playing in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The group was returning from Indianapolis, where attended the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship Final. The plane crashed in a field outside of Central Illinois Regional Airport in McLean County. The University and Athletics Department memorialized the victims in several ways, in addition, a permanent memorial called Redbird Remembrance directly in the heart of the Redbird Athletics. 1989, Defeated Northwestern State before losing to Stanford,2005, Lost to eventual 2005 NCAA Champion Baylor. 2008, Lost to Oklahoma Womens National Invitation Tournament Appearances,2007,2009,2010,2011,2012,20132007,2009, Defeated Louisiana Tech, Marquette, and Indiana before losing to Kansas. 2010, Defeated Butler, Purdue, Kansas, and Illinois before losing to California,2011, Defeated Central Michigan, Wisconsin, Dusquesne, and Arkansas before losing to USC. 2012, Defeated Central Michigan before losing at Villanova,2013, Defeated IUPUI before losing at Kansas State. During the 2007-2008 season, former Head Coach Dr. Jill Hutchinson was recognized for her work in the advancement of women’s basketball. A banner was hung from the rafters at Redbird Arena in her honor,2009 Kristi Cirone becomes the all-time leading scorer
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NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
8.
Reggie Redbird
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Reggie Redbird is the mascot for Illinois State University located in Normal, Illinois. Reggie is present at all football games, womens volleyball matches, mens basketball games, womens basketball games. Reggie also does numerous of appearances at schools and events within the Twin Cities, the state of Illinois, reggie Redbird is a student bedecked in costume. Reggie was named in 1980 after a contest among Junior Redbird Club Members, the first suit was donated by Rick Percy, general manager of Clemens and Associates Insurance and a longtime member of The Redbird Club. The nickname Redbirds for the teams was adopted by the then Illinois State Normal University in 1923 by the athletic director Clifford E. Pop Horton, with an assist from The Daily Pantagraph sports editor Fred Young, Horton liked Cardinals because the school colors, established in 1895-96, were cardinal and white, and the University teams were known by that nickname for a short period of time. Young recommended the change to Redbirds to avoid confusion in the headlines with the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team
9.
Missouri Valley Conference
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The Missouri Valley Conference is the second-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States. Currently, its members are located in the midwestern United States, the conference participates in the NCAAs Division I. The MVC was founded in 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association,12 years after the Big Ten, however, some consider the MVC to have been formed from a split of the MVIAA in 1928. Most of the schools formed a conference that retained the MVIAA name. The smaller schools, plus Oklahoma A&M, formed the MVC, during the Big Eights existence, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date, as well as the same history through 1927. During the 2006–07 college basketball season, MVC teams held a 74–27 non-conference record, including a record of 44–1 at home. The Valley finished in the top six of the RPI and ahead of a BCS conference for the second year, while also garnering multiple NCAA bids for the ninth straight year. The MVC has not sponsored football since 1985, when it was a hybrid I-A/I-AA, however, five members have football programs in the Missouri Valley Football Conference of Division I FCS, and a sixth competes in another FCS conference, the Pioneer Football League. The Missouri Valley Conference shares its name with the Missouri Valley Football Conference, however, the two are separate administratively. It has been reported that Wichita State will likely be leaving the conference to join the American Athletic Conference as soon as 2017–18 season, Bradley returned to the MVC for non-football sports in the 1955–56 school year, with Drake doing the same a year later. However, Bradley never returned to MVC football, dropping the sport in 1970, note, In the case of spring sports, the year of joining is the calendar year before the start of competition. Notes Notes Full members Assoc. members Assoc. member C. E. McClung Arthur E. Eilers Norvell Neve DeWitt T. Weaver Mickey Holmes David Price Richard D. Martin James A. Haney Doug Elgin The Missouri Valley Conference sponsors championship competition in eight mens, Central Arkansas and SIU Edwardsville are Affiliate members for mens soccer, Dallas Baptist is an Affiliate member for baseball, and Little Rock is an Affiliate member for swimming and diving. * = Baseball associate Dallas Baptist ** = Soccer associates Central Arkansas and SIU Edwardsville *** = Tennis associates Stony Brook, mens varsity sports not sponsored by the Missouri Valley Conference which are played by Valley schools, * = Affiliate Little Rock. † = To be added in 2017–18, NB, Missouri State was known as Southwest Missouri State until August 2005. One member sold out every game for the 2006–07 season. In 2010–11, 2011–12, and 2012–13, the Valley maintained its position as the eighth ranked conference in average attendance. The Valley made history in March 2007 with record attendance for four days at St. Louis Scottrade Center as 85,074 fans turned out to watch the five sessions of the tournament, Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame Official website
10.
Missouri Valley Football Conference
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The Missouri Valley Football Conference is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern United States. It participates in the NCAAs Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a football-only conference, in its last years as a football conference, it was a hybrid league that included teams in NCAA Divisions I-A and I-AA. Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference, A womens sports conference founded in 1982 by MVC member schools, Association of Mid-Continent Universities, An all-sports conference, also founded in 1982, that sponsored football at the I-AA level through the 1984 season. The AMCU had absorbed the Mid-Continent Athletic Association, a league founded in 1978. In 1985, the MVC stopped sponsoring football, indiana State, which had left MVC football after the 1981 season to become a Division I-AA independent while remaining a full MVC member, would join the next year. In 1992, when the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference merged with the MVC, after Eastern Illinois joined the Ohio Valley Conference for football in 1995, Youngstown State joined in 1997 and was followed by Western Kentucky University in 2001. Southwest Missouri State changed its name to Missouri State in 2005, Western Kentucky moved to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision after the 2006 season. Left with seven members for the 2007 season, Great West Football Conference members North Dakota State, subsequently, the Gateway Football Conference changed its name to the Missouri Valley Football Conference in June 2008. This change aligned the conference with the Missouri Valley Conference, a conference in which five of the nine Missouri Valley Football schools were all-sports members. The conferences continue to share the Missouri Valley name, and space in the building in Saint Louis, Missouri. The University of South Dakota joined as the 10th member in 2012, the University of North Dakota will join as the 11th member in 2020. North Dakota State,18 Official website
11.
Northern cardinal
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The northern cardinal is a North American bird in the genus Cardinalis, it is also known colloquially as the redbird or common cardinal. It can be found in southern Canada, through the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and it is found in woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and swamps. The northern cardinal is a songbird with a body length of 21–23 cm. It has a distinctive crest on the head and a mask on the face which is black in the male, the male is a vibrant red, while the female is a dull reddish olive. The northern cardinal is mainly granivorous, but also feeds on insects, the male behaves territorially, marking out his territory with song. During courtship, the male feeds seed to the female beak-to-beak, a clutch of three to four eggs is laid, and two to four clutches are produced each year. It was once prized as a pet, but its sale as a bird was banned in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. The northern cardinal is one of three birds in the genus Cardinalis and is included in the family Cardinalidae, which is made up of birds found in North and South America. The northern cardinal was one of the species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work Systema Naturae. It was initially included in the genus Loxia, which now contains only crossbills, in 1838, it was placed in the genus Cardinalis and given the scientific name Cardinalis virginianus, which means Virginia cardinal. In 1918, the name was changed to Richmondena cardinalis to honor Charles Wallace Richmond. In 1983, the name was changed again to Cardinalis cardinalis. The common name, as well as the name, of the northern cardinal refers to the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. The term northern in the name refers to its range. The adult weighs from 33. 6–65 g, with an average 44.8 g, the male averages slightly larger than the female. The adult male is a brilliant crimson red color with a face mask over the eyes. The color becomes duller and darker on the back and wings, the female is fawn, with mostly grayish-brown tones and a slight reddish tint on the wings, the crest, and the tail feathers. The face mask of the female is gray to black and is less defined than that of the male, both sexes possess prominent raised crests and bright coral-colored beaks
12.
David Davis (Supreme Court justice)
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David Davis was a United States Senator from Illinois and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. Davis and Lamon, along with another Lincoln associate, Leonard Swett, educated at Kenyon College and Yale University, Davis settled in Bloomington, Illinois in the 1830s, where he practiced law. He served in the Illinois legislature and as a delegate to the constitutional convention before becoming a state Judge in 1848. Lincoln practiced law in his court, after Lincoln won the presidency, Davis was appointed to the United States Supreme Court, where he served until being elected to the Senate in 1877. He was born to a family in Cecil County, Maryland. After graduating from Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, in 1832, he went on to law in Massachusetts. Upon his graduation from Yale in 1835, Davis moved to Bloomington, Illinois and he married Sarah Woodruff Walker of Lenox, Massachusetts, in 1838. Two of their children, George and Sallie, survived to adulthood, Davis also served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1845 and a delegate to the Illinois constitutional convention in McLean County,1847. From 1848 to 1862, Davis presided over the court of the Illinois Eighth Circuit, Davis was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, serving as Lincolns campaign manager during the 1860 presidential election. After President Lincolns assassination, Judge Davis was an administrator of his estate, formally nominated on December 1,1862, Davis was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 8,1862, and received his commission the same day. On the Court, Davis became famous for writing one of the most profound decisions in the Supreme Court history, in that decision, the court set aside the death sentence imposed during the Civil War by a military commission upon a civilian, Lambdin P. Milligan. Milligan had been guilty of inciting insurrection. The Supreme Court held that since the courts were operative. The opinion denounced arbitrary military power, effectively becoming one of the bulwarks of held notions of American civil liberty, in 1870 he held, with the minority of the Supreme Court, that the acts of Congress making government notes a legal tender in payment of debts were constitutional. He is the judge of the Supreme Court with no recorded affiliation to any religious sect. In answer to the letter informing him of the nomination, Judge Davis said, the chief magistracy of the republic should neither be sought nor declined by any American citizen. He withdrew from the presidential contest when he failed to receive the Liberal Republican Party nomination, Greeley died after the popular election and before the return of the electoral vote. One of Greeleys electoral votes went to Davis, in 1877, Davis narrowly avoided the opportunity to be the only person to ever single-handedly select the President of the United States
13.
Jesse W. Fell
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Jesse W. Fell was a Bloomington, Illinois businessman and land owner instrumental in the establishment of communities throughout Central Illinois and for the founding of Illinois State University. A close friend of Abraham Lincoln it was Fell who urged him to challenge his opponent, Stephen A. Douglas, Fell was born in rural southeastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, to Quaker parents of modest means, Rebecca and Jesse Fell. He attended local Friends schools as well as a boys academy. In 1831 Fell moved to Illinois, opening Bloomingtons first law offices and he established Livingston County, which he named, and backed the founders of Pontiac, Illinois, which he also named. Fell invested in lands in Bloomington, Chicago, Milwaukee, Danville and he helped found the town of Towanda and with his brother founded the town of Dwight. and later defeated an effort to have the railroad bypass his extensive land holdings in Pontiac. He sold lots in Decatur, Lexington, Clinton, El Paso, Joliet, in 1854 Fell arranged for the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad to cross the Illinois Central Railroad north of Bloomington where he had founded the town of North Bloomington. In 1860, Illinois State Normal University relocated there from a site in downtown Bloomington, Fell was an enthusiastic arborist who developed an extensive park around his home, and was known for planting trees in his real estate holdings. Fell died at his home in Normal, Illinois on February 25,1887, Larchwood, in Lyon County, Iowa, was founded about 1872 by a group of McLean County, Illinois land developers Jesse W. Fell and Charles W. Holder. Many place names in Normal reflect Jesse W. Fell, Fell Park in Normal is located on land he set aside for public use in the 1850s. There is also a Fell Avenue extending from Bloomington to Normal, Hester Street in Normal is named for his wife Hester Brown Fell. Fort Jesse Road in Normal takes its name from the nickname given by the Fell family to their rural home during the early years in Illinois. Co-founded, along with James Allen, the city of Clinton, with Charles W. Holder he co-founded the town of Towanda, Illinois. He was one of five men who founded Dwight, Illinois and he was deeply involved with the founding of Pontiac, Illinois and in the creation of Livingston County, Illinois. Fell Park in Pontiac is named in his honor, Illinois State University has an aboreteum covering its main quadrangle known as the Fell Arboretum. The University also has a Fell Hall housing the Department of Communication named for Fell, Fells granddaughter married Lewis Stevenson, making him an ancestor of the Illinois political family, including Democratic presidential candidate Adlai E. Stevenson II his great-grandson. Larchwood, in Lyon County, Iowa, was founded about 1872 by a group of McLean County, Illinois land developers Jesse W. Fell and he was nationally known for his love of trees. Holder was a partner in many of Fells projects. In the summer of 1869 Fell traveled to northwestern Iowa and selected a tract of about forty sections, Fell wrote, I have never beheld such a large body of surpassingly beautiful prairie as is here to be found. There is absolutely no waste of land, and scarce a quarter of a section not affording an admirable building site, Larchwood was established at the center of their holdings
14.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
15.
Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
16.
Bloomington, Illinois
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Bloomington is a city in Illinois, United States and the county seat of McLean County. It is adjacent to Normal, and is the populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area. The 2010 census showed the city had a population of 76,610, making it the 12th most populated city in Illinois, combined with Normal, the twin cities have a population of roughly 130,000. Bloomington is located at 40°29′03″N 88°59′37″W, the city is at an elevation of 797 feet above sea level. According to the 2010 census, Bloomington has an area of 27.229 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.71 inches in February to 4.52 inches in May, the Bloomington area was at the edge of a large grove occupied by the Kickapoo people before the first Euro-American settlers arrived in the early 1820s. Springing from the settlement of Keg Grove, later called Blooming Grove, Bloomington was named as county seat on December 25,1830, when the County of McLean was incorporated, a county seat was established. However, the legislation stated the site of Bloomington would be located later, james Allin, one of the new countys promoters, offered to donate 60 acres of his land for the new town. His offer was accepted, and Bloomington was laid out and its lots were sold at a well-attended and noisy auction on the 4th of July 1831. At this time there were few roads, but rich soils brought new farmers who began commerce by conducting their business in the newly formed county. People came from all over to trade and do business at the center, known today as Downtown Bloomington, including Abraham Lincoln who was working as a lawyer in nearby Springfield. In 1900 an officer on patrol discovered a fire in a laundry across the street from the old City Hall and he sounded the alarm but the fire destroyed the majority of the downtown, especially the areas north and east of the courthouse. However, the burnt area was rebuilt from the designs of local architects George Miller. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Bloomington continued to grow, agriculture, the construction of highways and railroads, and the growth of the insurance business all influenced the growth of Bloomington and its downtown area. The downtown area became a shopping center attracting trade from adjoining counties. This trend has continued to the present day, where expansion has included many restaurants, as of the census of 2010, there were 76,610 people and 30,454 households within the city. The population density was 2,814.8 people per square mile, there were 34,339 housing units at an average density of 1,261.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 77. 5% White,10. 1% African American,0. 3% Native American,7. 0% Asian,1. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 6% of the population
17.
Lincoln's Lost Speech
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The speech known as Abraham Lincolns Lost Speech was given at the Bloomington Convention on May 29,1856, in Bloomington, Illinois. Traditionally regarded as lost because it was so engaging that reporters neglected to take notes and it is possible the text was deliberately lost owing to its controversial content. Lincolns Lost Speech was given at the demolished building at the corner of East and Front Streets in downtown Bloomington, Illinois. Lincoln gave the speech at the Anti-Nebraska Bloomington Convention that culminated with the founding of the state Republican Party, there are no known transcripts or written accounts of the Lost Speech, other than a brief summary in the local press. Eyewitnesses have offered snippets of some of Lincolns content that day, william Herndon asserted that some of Lincolns House Divided Speech was not based on new concepts at the time of its delivery. He wrote that Lincolns house divided against itself cannot stand originated with the famous Bloomington speech of 1856, editor of the Chicago Tribune Joseph Medill claimed that Chicago lawyer Henry Clay Whitneys transcript of the speech was accurate, Whitneys version was later debunked. It is thought that the speech was a strongly worded derision of slavery and it is known that Lincolns condemnation of the expansion of slavery was strong. The traditional reason given for the lack of any written recollection of the Lost Speech is that Lincolns skilled, reporters were said to have laid down their pencils and neglected note taking, as if hypnotized by Lincolns words. When the speech ended no notes existed, so reports of the day simply recorded the fact that the speech had been delivered. There is evidence in Herndons recollections that the fact that the speech was lost may not have been an accident, in 1896, Chicago attorney Henry Clay Whitney published his account of the speech in an issue of McClures Magazine. Whitney claimed he had taken notes during the speech and based his version of the speech upon those notes, initially, Whitneys version was given some credibility. Ida Tarbell sought out Joseph Medill, who was present at the Lost Speech, Tarbell was unwittingly carried away by the story, but others were skeptical. Former Lincoln private secretary John George Nicolay declared Whitneys version devoid of Lincolns style, robert Lincoln, Abrahams son, agreed with Nicolays assessment. In 1900, the McLean County Historical Society declared their skepticism, in modern times, Lincoln researcher and Director of the Chicago Historical Society Paul M. Angle exposed Whitneys version of the speech and his claims of its validity as a fabrication. Lincolns Lost Speech was famous, with a status considered legendary by the time Tarbell became enamored with Whitneys version of it, Lincoln was said to have spoken like a giant inspired and the tale of how the speech came to be lost was well known. Many who attended the speech considered it the greatest of Lincolns life, given at the first state convention, which essentially founded the Illinois Republican Party, the speech thrust Lincoln into the national political limelight. Though it was known as the Lost Speech, its content influenced people nonetheless, Abraham Lincoln on slavery Crissey, Elwell. Lincolns Lost Speech, The Pivot Of His Career, New York,1967, Hawthorn Books, the Case of Abraham Lincoln, A Story of Adultery, Murder, and the Making of a Great President, Palgrave Macmillan,2007
18.
Geoffrey Chaucer
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Geoffrey Chaucer, known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first poet to be buried in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey, among his many works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. He is best known today for The Canterbury Tales, Chaucers work was crucial in legitimizing the literary use of the Middle English vernacular at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London sometime around 1343, though the precise date and his father and grandfather were both London vintners, several previous generations had been merchants in Ipswich. In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffreys father, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the boy to her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and the fine levied suggests that the family was financially secure. In the City Hustings Roll 110,5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer refers to himself as me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie. He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king from 1389 to 1391 as Clerk of the Kings Works. In 1359, in the stages of the Hundred Years War, Edward III invaded France and Chaucer travelled with Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, Elizabeths husband. In 1360, he was captured during the siege of Rheims, Edward paid £16 for his ransom, a considerable sum, and Chaucer was released. After this, Chaucers life is uncertain, but he seems to have travelled in France, Spain, around 1366, Chaucer married Philippa Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward IIIs queen, Philippa of Hainault, and a sister of Katherine Swynford and it is uncertain how many children Chaucer and Philippa had, but three or four are most commonly cited. His son, Thomas Chaucer, had a career, as chief butler to four kings, envoy to France. Thomass daughter, Alice, married the Duke of Suffolk, thomass great-grandson, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, was the heir to the throne designated by Richard III before he was deposed. Geoffreys other children probably included Elizabeth Chaucy, a nun at Barking Abbey, Agnes, an attendant at Henry IVs coronation, Chaucers Treatise on the Astrolabe was written for Lewis. According to tradition, Chaucer studied law in the Inner Temple at this time and he became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a valet de chambre, yeoman, or esquire on 20 June 1367, a position which could entail a wide variety of tasks. His wife also received a pension for court employment and he travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. In 1368, he may have attended the wedding of Lionel of Antwerp to Violante Visconti, daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, two other literary stars of the era were in attendance, Jean Froissart and Petrarch
19.
Illinois State University College of Business
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The Illinois State University College of Business is the business school at Illinois State University. The $28 million facility opened in 2005, the undergraduate program was listed among The Best Undergraduate Business Schools in Bloomsberg Businessweek. The College was recognized as one of the Best Business Schools in the 2011 ranking for U. S. News, the graduate program was ranked ninth in Princeton Reviews 2013 ranking of best-administered MBA programs. The ranking was a part of The Best 296 Business Schools,2013 Edition, Illinois State is the only public university in Illinois listed in the top 10 in any of the categories. Illinois State is one of 181 schools to receive both business and accounting accreditation from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International and this accreditation is given to high quality and excellence programs that continue to improve undergraduate and graduate business programs. Illinois State is one of only 16 universities in the United States that is a member of the University Sales Center Alliance
20.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
21.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
22.
Washington Monthly
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Washington Monthly is a bimonthly nonprofit magazine of United States politics and government that is based in Washington, D. C. The magazine is known for its ranking of American colleges and universities. The magazines founder is Charles Peters, who started the magazine in 1969, paul Glastris, former speechwriter for Bill Clinton, has been Washington Monthlys editor-in-chief since 2001. In 2008, the magazine switched from a monthly to a publication schedule. Diane Straus Tucker is the current publisher. In 2008, the watchdog and advocacy group Common Cause considered acquiring Washington Monthly. The politics of Washington Monthly are often considered center-left, founder Charles Peters refers to himself as a New Deal Democrat and advocates the use of government to address social problems. His columns also frequently emphasized the importance of a vigilant fourth estate in keeping government honest, in 2008, Steve Benen took over as lead blogger, in 2012, he was succeeded by Ed Kilgore. Kilgore left the magazine in 2015 and it was introduced as an official set of rankings in the September 2006 issue. Its National Universities Rankings, most recently published in 2016, began as a report in 2005. It ranks colleges on numerous metrics revolving around academic quality, faculty, the following are elements in the Washington Monthly rankings. Washington Monthly website Washington Monthly National College Rankings Last Call for the Washington Monthly, New York Review of Magazines, May 2008
23.
John W. Cook Hall
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John W. Cook Hall, or Cook Hall, is a building which resembles a castle on the Quad of Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois. Cook Hall, named for the fourth president, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since the winter of 1986. Cook Hall is one of Altgelds castles, it was designed toward the end of the administration of Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld, Altgeld was a German native who favored Gothic Revival architecture. The buildings original purpose was Gymnasium and it was eventually converted for other uses as larger gyms were constructed on campus. It currently houses the School of Music
24.
John Cotton Dana
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John Cotton Dana was an American library and museum director who sought to make these cultural institutions relevant to the daily lives of citizens. As a public librarian for forty years Dana promoted the benefits of reading, pioneered direct access to shelved materials, Dana studied law at Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1878. Moving to Denver in 1880, Dana passed the Colorado bar, Dana moved to New York and was admitted to the bar in 1883. Taking a position as the editor of the Ashby Avalanche in 1885, Dana moved to Minnesota, Dana married in 1888 to Adine Rowena Wagener. Because of the reputation he cultivated as a man and his connections in the Denver Public Schools. Dana wanted to update libraries and envisioned them as vibrant community centers rather than collections of relics that appealed to only a segment of people. Under Danas leadership the Denver Public Library also pioneered the first-ever collection devoted to childrens literature and he was personally opposed to the concept of storytime, preferring for his childrens library to focus on the continuing education of school teachers. Dana served as president of the American Library Association in 1895/96, the city began discussing lowering Danas salary over mounting public controversy concerning a city tax levied for the school district and, by extension, the library. Dana also drew criticism for circulating gold bug literature at the library, Colorado was economically dependent on mining silver, Dana felt that library patrons should have information on both sides of the issue. Back east again, he served as a librarian at the Springfield, Massachusetts public library from 1898 to 1902, one of the changes Dana implemented at the Springfield library was to the physical building itself. He had workers tear down many of the railings and generally open the floor plan. Dana was adamant that patron be permitted to browse the stacks, Let the shelves be open, and the admitted to them. The whole library should be permeated with a cheerful and accommodating atmosphere, although these terms were not invented until nearly a century later, Dana concerned himself heavily with the ergonomics and usability of the library collections and facilities. He left Springfield after refusing to become involved in a struggle with the librarys patrons. Dana provided leadership at the Newark Public Library in Newark, New Jersey and he established foreign language collections for immigrants and also developed a special collection for the business community. This Business Branch was the first of its kind in the nation, Dana founded the Special Libraries Association, serving as its first president from 1909 to 1911. Dana founded the Newark Museum in 1909, directing it until his death, the Museum was exceptional because it included contemporary American commercial products as folk art as well as factory-made products. John C. Dana personally believed that purchasing European oil painting was a waste of money and he did not like modern art, but he believed in the principle of a universal museum and thus ordered purchases of art associated with the Ashcan School
25.
Preservation (library and archival science)
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Preservation refers to the set of activities that aims to prolong the life of a record and relevant metadata, or enhance its value, or improve access to it through non-interventive means. This includes actions taken to influence records creators prior to selection and acquisition and it should be distinguished from conservation-restoration of cultural heritage, which refers to the treatment and repair of individual items to slow decay or restore them to a usable state. Conservation is occasionally used interchangeably with preservation, particularly outside the professional literature, Preservation as a formal profession in libraries and archives dates from the twentieth century, but its philosophy and practice has roots in many earlier traditions. In many ancient societies, appeals to heavenly protectors were used to preserve books, scrolls and manuscripts from insects, fire, to the ancient Egyptians, the scarab or dung beetle was a protector of written products. The scarab was used as a holder or medium for personal name seals. A figurine of a scarab would be carved out of stone, and then on the stomach of the scarab. Later, this image was used for the representation of the cartouche. In ancient Babylon, Nabu is the patron of books. Nabu is the Babylonian god of wisdom and writing, and is the patron of the scribes, librarians, nabus symbols are the clay writing tablet with the cuneiform writing stylus. He usually wears a cap, and often stands with his hands clasped together. Nabu engraves the destiny of each person, as the Gods have decided, thus, Nabu has the power to increase or diminish, at will, the length of human life. The image of Nabu is also one of the images on the brass doors designed by Lee Lawrie, entitled, A History of the Written Word, in Hindu beliefs, Ganesh is the elephant-headed god of learning and new enterprises. As the god of wisdom, he knows all, since he has the head of an elephant, he also has the reputed memory of the elephant, and thus does not forget anything. His statue is placed over the doors of and entrances of buildings in India and Sri Lanka. Ganesh is the scribe who wrote the Mahabharata from Vyasas dictation, Ganesh is credited with inventing the Sanskrit alphabet, and he broke off his right tusk to make the first pen. As the inventor of the alphabet, as a scribe, and as a keeper of wisdom and knowledge, Ganesh is credited as a patron of libraries, librarians and book sellers and buyers. In Arabic and other societies, sometimes a traditional method to protect books and scrolls was a metaphysical appeal to Kabi, Kaj. By appealing to the king to protect a manuscript, cockroaches of less nobility would refrain from intruding on documents which could be eaten by the king only
26.
Watterson Towers
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Watterson Towers is a student residence hall at Illinois State University, and is the second tallest dormitory in the world at 298.5 feet. Located in Normal, Illinois, at the corner of Fell and Beaufort Streets, the 28-story complex holds over 2,200 students and stands at 91m. Watterson Towers was named after Arthur W. Watterson, a professor and chair of the ISU Geography Department. The building was designed by Fridstein and Fitch Architects in Chicago, iber and Sons Company of Peoria, Illinois. Externally, the most noticeable feature of the building is that it consists of two separate towers, from the outside an observer sees that the two towers are connected at several points by breezeways. However, to the residents, this division into towers goes almost unnoticed, Watterson is composed of ten of these houses, and each is considered—in terms of campus governance—to be its own residence hall. The houses are named after the first ten Secretaries of State of the United States, each house consists of five consecutive floors of a tower. Houses at the level are paired both physically and in terms of student governance. For example, the five residential floors of the South Tower comprise Smith House. Collectively, these are referred to as Smith-Jefferson, and some governance functions, within a house, most floors are divided into four suites consisting of six rooms each. The suites include four double rooms, a triple room. However, on the floor of each house, there are only two suites, as the area for the other two suites is taken up by other things, including the connecting breezeways and some study lounges. Watterson Towers is the tallest structure in Bloomington-Normal, and can be seen entering the twin cities from either direction. The food court renovations were completed in 2010, mary Zilly, a freshman at the time, told her mother Alice that she had been waving to a friend in the parking lot while leaning against the screen window in her 18th-floor room. On Halloween weekend 2011 a 45-year-old woman attempted to climb the 28 story building by using the scaffolding on the east side of the building, reports say she leaned back on the scaffolding and plummeted 200 feet to her death in front of hundreds of spectators. She was pronounced dead at the scene, the woman was not a student
27.
The Vidette
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The Vidette is the student newspaper of Illinois State University. It is an affiliate of UWIRE, which distributes and promotes the papers content to its network, the Vidette was first published in 1888 and operated as a subscription publication until 1915 when it began receiving support through student fees. Publication frequency increased from weekly to semiweekly in 1934 before reverting to weekly publication in 1943, over the 1960s and 1970s publication frequency eventually increased to five days per week. In 2013 and 2014 the newspaper reduced publication frequency to four, the Vidette covers international, national, state and local news as well as in-depth features and reviews. In addition, the paper provides ISU students with work experience as journalists, graphic designers, web developers. It employs between 80 and 100 students each year and runs on a budget of nearly $1 million, the Vidette has a circulation of 6,000 issues a day Monday through Thursday and 5,000 issues on Friday during the school year. It prints 5,000 issues on Wednesdays during the summer semester, in addition to the daily issue, the newspaper staff also produce between six and seven special magazine sections throughout the year on a range of topics. The Vidette has 55 drop spots around the Bloomington-Normal area, the Vidette consistently produces award winning editorial and advertising content
28.
WGLT
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WGLT is a public radio station owned by Illinois State University and broadcasting on 89.1 MHz at Normal, Illinois. It broadcasts primarily news and jazz, plus an amount of blues. The station also has an FM translator, W278AE on 103.5 MHz in Peoria, the stations studio is in the Old Union building on the campus of Illinois State University. Its callsign comes from the motto of Illinois State University, Gladly we Learn and Teach, originally and gladly wold he lerne and gladly teche, WGLT signed on the air on February 6,1966, with only 10 watts of power and a studio in Cook Hall. It was originally student-run and heard only in the dorms, on August 5,2013, WGLT dropped Jazz programming from its daytime schedule to concentrate on News/Talk full-time due to declining ratings, but continues to air Jazz on its internet stream. In addition, its HD subchannels ceased operations due to a lack of listenership and interest in the specialty formats
29.
Peoria, Illinois
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Peoria is a city in and the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois, United States, and the largest city on the Illinois River. Established in 1691 by the French explorer Henri de Tonti, Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois, as of the 2010 census, the city was the seventh-most populated in Illinois, with a population of 115,007. The Peoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 373,590 in 2011, Peoria had a population of 118,943 in 2010, when far northern Peoria was also included. Around 12,000 jobs will still remain in the Peoria area, Peoria is one of the oldest settlements in Illinois, as explorers first ventured up the Illinois River from the Mississippi. The lands that eventually would become Peoria were first settled in 1680 and this fort would later burn to the ground, and in 1813 Fort Clark, Illinois was built. When the County of Peoria was organized in 1825, Fort Clark was officially named Peoria, Peoria was named after the Peoria tribe, a member of the Illinois Confederation. The original meaning of the word is uncertain, a 21st-century proposal suggests a derivation from a Proto-Algonquian word meaning to dream with the help of a manitou. Peoria was incorporated as a village on March 11,1835, the city did not have a mayor, though they had a village president, Rudolphus Rouse, who served from 1835 to 1836. The first Chief of Police, John B Lishk, was appointed in 1837, the city was incorporated on April 21,1845. This was the end of a president and the start of the mayoral system. Peoria, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix, was named after Peoria, greenhut and Deloss S. Brown − wished to name it after their hometown. Peoria is located at 40°43′15″N 89°36′34″W, according to the 2010 census, Peoria has a total area of 50.23 square miles, of which 48.01 square miles is land and 2.22 square miles is water. Peoria is bounded on the east by the Illinois River except for the enclave of Peoria Heights, four bridges run directly between the city and neighboring East Peoria. On the south end of Peorias western border are Bartonville and the established city of West Peoria. Local municipal plans indicate that the city intends to continue its expansion northwest, into an area considered part of Dunlap. Peoria has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from 22.5 °F to 75.2 °F, snowfall is common in the winter, averaging 26.3 inches, but this figure varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation, averaging 36 inches, peaks in the spring and summer, extremes have ranged from −27 °F in January 1884 to 113 °F in July 1936
30.
Circus
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The term circus also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the father of the circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature, as styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating, from the late 18th to late 19th century custom-made circus buildings were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents, commonly known as Big Tops were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues and these tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled a horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times. In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, the Roman circus buildings were, however, not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank, There were also various state boxes for the giver of the games, the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood, after being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people, it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, a fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius, its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. For some time after the fall of Rome, large buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs, Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the arena as a Circle and the building as an amphitheatre. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth, or, the Royal Circus opened in London on 4 November 1782 by Charles Dibdin and his partner Charles Hughes
31.
Florida State University
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Florida State University is an American public space-grant and sea-grant research university. Its primary campus is located on a 1,391. 54-acre campus in Tallahassee, Florida and it is a senior member of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1851, it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida, the university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, the university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $10 billion. Florida State is home to Floridas only National Laboratory – the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol. Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines, FSU officially launched the Raise the Torch, The Campaign for Florida State on October 17,2014. The campaign has a goal of more than $1 billion which will improve academics, research. As of September 30,2016, Florida State Universitys Raise the Torch campaign has raised $938,972,249, for 2017, U. S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 38th best public university in the United States. FSUs intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, in their 113-year history, Florida States varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships. In 1819 the Florida Territory was ceded to the United States by Spain as an element of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Territory was conventionally split by the Appalachicola or later the Suwannee rivers into East and West areas. Florida State University is traceable to a set by the 1823 U. S. Congress to create a system of higher education. The 1838 Florida Constitution codified the system by providing for land allocated for the schools. In 1845 Florida became the 27th State of the United States, in 1851 the Florida Legislature voted to establish two seminaries of higher education on opposite sides of the Suwannee River. Francis W. Eppes and other city leaders established an academy called the Florida Institute in Tallahassee as a legislative inducement to locate the West Florida Seminary in Tallahassee. The East Florida Seminary opened in Ocala in 1853, closed in 1861, the East Florida Seminary is the institution to which the modern University of Florida traces its foundation. Two years later the institution absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy founded in 1843 as the Misses Bates School, the West Florida Seminary stood near the front of the Westcott Building on the existing FSU campus, making this site the oldest continually used location of higher learning in Florida. In 1860–61 the legislature started formal training at the school with a law amending the original 1851 statute
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Acacia (fraternity)
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Acacia Fraternity is a social fraternity founded in 1904 at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The fraternity has 28 active chapters and 4 colonies throughout Canada, in 1988, at the 45th Conclave, the fraternity elected to use International rather than National when referring to the fraternity. Acacia Fraternity was founded on 12 May 1904, by a group of 14 Freemasons attending the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, from the time of its founding, members of other fraternities were eligible for membership in Acacia. However, the rapid growth allowed it to stand on its own as a separate and co-equal fraternity. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Acacia was evolving from its roots as a successful Masonic club into the standardized model of the other collegiate fraternities of the day. The fraternity officially became International in 1988 at the 45th Conclave after the addition of the University of Western Ontario Chapter, sink Harry B. Washburn Walter S. Wheeler Acacia is the only general fraternity to be founded at Michigan. The Sprig of Acacia is one of many Acacia symbols with roots in the Masonic Brotherhood, the Sprig of Acacia, symbolically, is a symbol of immortality among Masons, giving assurance that death is not the end. It is used by that organization during or after a funeral service, according to tradition, the symbol also reminds participants of the obligation that Masons must provide for the widow and children of their fallen brother. The Acacia fraternity has adopted this and other Masonic symbols, retaining them in linkage to its heritage, the Acacia flag was adopted in 1950. It consists of a triband of gold-black-gold with the fraternity coat of arms on the center. The main symbol and representation of Acacia occurs within a 3-4-5 right triangle of the first quadrant, unless specified otherwise, whenever a triangle is mentioned in this article, a 3-4-5 right triangle of the first quadrant is what is meant. The present Acacia badge is a triangle of the first quadrant whose sides are of the proportions 3,4,5. The sides are set with twelve pearls—three on the base, four on the altitude, the corners are set with garnets. Within the triangle are three small right triangles of the proportion, outlined in gold on a black enamel background. The badge of Acacia as it today was adopted at the second Grand Council of Acacia. The crest of Acacia depicts a three taper candelabrum surrounded by a wreath of Acacia, below a shield of old gold, on fess cottised sable three 3-4-5 right triangles. Below the shield is a blue ribbon holding the motto of the fraternity in Greek, Acacia Fraternitys International Council serves as the organizations supreme executive and judicial body. It is composed of eight officers, six alumni and two undergraduates, alumni officers terms run four years, while undergraduate counselors terms are two years
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Alpha Sigma Phi
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For the fraternity in the Philippines, see Alpha Sigma Phi Philippines, Inc. Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity and Foundation is a fraternity with 115 active chapters,26 provisional chapters, founded at Yale in 1845, it is the 10th oldest fraternity in the United States. Its Latin motto is Causa Latet Vis Est Notissima, the fraternitys official symbol is the phoenix, as the phoenix rises from the ashes of its old body, signifying the re-founding of the fraternity in the early 1900s. Due to active expansion efforts, Alpha Sigma Phi continues to offer services and opportunities to over 6,000 undergraduate students and 70,000 living alumni. Alpha Sigma Phi was founded by three men at Yale College in 1845 as a secret society composed of many of the schools poets, athletes. The founders of Alpha Sigma Phi were, Louis Manigault was the son of Charles I, Manigault, a wealthy rice planter from South Carolina who traced his ancestry to a Huguenot refugee who fled from Louis XIVs persecution and came to America in 1691. He served in the American Civil War as assistant to the Confederate Surgeon General, Manigault and Rhea met at St. Pauls Preparatory School near Flushing, New York, where both were members of the same literary society and were preparing themselves for admission to Yale. Weiser attended a school in New Haven, and he met Rhea early in his freshman year. Once at Yale, Manigault and Rhea became members of Yales Calliopean Literary Society, Manigault was very much interested in the class society system at Yale and noted the class fraternities provided experience for their members and prepared them for competition in literary contests. The sophomore class there had only one society, Kappa Sigma Theta, Manigault revealed to his friends Rhea and Weiser a plan for founding another sophomore society. Rhea agreed and enlisted Weiser to become the three founders of Alpha Sigma Phi and their first official meeting was held in Manigaults room on Chapel Street on December 6,1845. The constitution and ritual were then written and the fraternity pin was designed, the first pledge class, of 14 members, was initiated on June 24,1846. After the birth of Alpha Sigma Phi, a rivalry began with Kappa Sigma Theta. This was expressed in their publications, Kappa Sigma Thetas The Yale Banger, in 1852, the editors of the Tomahawk were expelled after violating faculty orders to cease publication. However, the rivalry between the organizations continued until 1858, when Kappa Sigma Theta was suppressed by the faculty, the first expansion effort was to Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts. In 1847, but it lasted about six months, at which time due to faculty opposition at Amherst. However, a document in the Yale library suggests that Beta was chartered in 1850 at Harvard. The chapter at Harvard was revived in 1911 as Beta Chapter but only survived about 20 years, when the Amherst College chapter s restored in 1854, it was designated as either Gamma or Delta Chapter
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Delta Chi
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Delta Chi or D-Chi is an international Greek letter college social fraternity formed on October 13,1890, at Cornell University, initially as a professional fraternity for law students. On April 30,1922, Delta Chi became a general social fraternity, eliminating the requirement for men to be studying law. Delta Chi became one of the first international fraternities to abolish hell week, Delta Chi is a charter member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference. The Fraternity is headquartered at 314 Church Street in Iowa City, as of Spring 2011, Delta Chi has initiated over 107,000 members. According to Frederick Moore Whitney, there were two or three groups working on the idea of a new law fraternity during the spring of 1889, after the class election, there were meetings held in Myron Mckee Crandalls apartment as well as in Monroe Marsh Sweetlands law office. It is not clear how these two groups together, though there seem to have been some individuals who had attended both groups. Over the summer of 1890, many of the details of the organization were worked out by Myron Mckee Crandall, stephens, A. D. Stillman and the writer, together with Myron Crandall and O. L. Potter, graduate students, and Monroe Sweetland, a former Student in the Law School, met in a room and adopted the constitution and by-laws. The minutes from that state, “Charter granted to Cornell Chapter. The emblem of the Fraternity is a symbol for the fraternity. In 1909 in Ithaca, New York, the 15th Convention of Delta Chi adopted an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting dual-membership, as a professional law fraternity, Delta Chi had originally allowed members from other general fraternities to join. The change in policy led to the loss of chapters in New York Law, West Virginia, Northwestern, during World War I, a majority of the members of the active chapters dropping their college courses and enlisting in the armed forces. Chapter houses became almost deserted, and a convention in August 1917 was skipped, at the end of the war, members returned to the universities to complete their courses. The chapter finances were generally in bad condition as were the houses, attempting to rebuild, many chapters stretched the recruiting restrictions by initiating men who had no intention of studying law. Starting in 1919 in Minneapolis at the 20th Convention, the issue of becoming a general fraternity was debated, in 1921 in Columbus, Ohio at the 21st Convention, two amendments were proposed, for and against general membership respectively. For three days votes were held, until, the Wadsworth amendment was adopted, ratified in 1922, the amendment made Delta Chi a general fraternity, no longer requiring its members to be law students at their respective universities and colleges. As of July 2016, Delta Chi has raised $950,000 for the foundation and has donated four grants, Delta Chi chapters and colonies have six permanent officer positions. While each position has strict definitions of responsibility, their duties may vary slightly from group to group, a – The A is the president of the chapter or colony
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Alpha Tau Omega
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Alpha Tau Omega is an American social fraternity founded at the Virginia Military Institute in 1865. The fraternity has around 250 active and inactive chapters and colonies in the United States and has initiated more than 250,000 members, Alpha Tau Omega represents one-third of the Lexington Triad, along with Kappa Alpha Order and Sigma Nu. The Fraternity does not have chapters or affiliations outside the United States, the fraternitys non-profit organization is The ATO Foundation, which provides scholarships to its members. Alpha Tau Omega was founded at the Virginia Military Institute on September 11,1865 by Otis Allan Glazebrook, Erskine Mayo Ross, and Alfred Marshall. Glazebrooks plan was to use Christian brotherly love as a way to facilitate reconciliation between the North and South in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Anderson who was president during a membership crisis, the fraternity holds several retreats and training conferences. Altitude is a leadership retreat in the Rocky Mountains. Participants must be in good standing with their chapter in order to participate, leaderShape was started in 1986 by the fraternity, and was exclusive to members until 1988. LeaderShape was spun off into its own organization which holds week-long leadership, the presidents retreat is held every January as training for incoming chapter presidents and vice presidents. The Emerging Leaders Conferences, formerly known as the Regional Leadership Conferences, is a training conference. In 1935, Erskine Mayo Ross started the Alpha Tau Omega Foundation with a donation of $5000, the foundation is a 501 not-for-profit organization that provides educational opportunities and scholarships for the members of Alpha Tau Omega. In 2013, the chapter at Cornell University was shut down for repeated alcohol, in 2012, the fraternity at the University of Central Florida was suspended for hazing pledges, including forcing one pledge to stand in a bucket of ice water while fraternity members beat him. In 2008, the chapter at University of Nevada, Reno was put on following controversy over hazing practices. As many as eleven pledges were forced to seek medical attention following their consumption of raw chicken. List of social fraternities and sororities Official website
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Phi Kappa Psi
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There are over 100 chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 119,000 men have initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding. Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Gamma Delta, both founded at the college, form the Jefferson Duo. In the winter of 1850, a fever epidemic hit Jefferson College in Canonsburg. Among those who remained were William Henry Letterman and Charles Page Thomas Moore and they chose to care for their classmates who were stricken with the contagious disease, and a strong bond was formed. In the following year, Letterman and Moore decided to found a fraternity based on the great joy of serving others that they experienced during the epidemic. On February 19,1852, Phi Kappa Psi was founded, the Executive Council of Phi Kappa Psi is composed of the President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and 6 Archons. Since its founding, Phi Kappa Psi has been controlled by undergraduates and this unique system of governance is achieved by a governing body, the Executive Council, which is made up of a majority of elected undergraduates. These undergraduates, known as Archons, represent the six Districts of Phi Kappa Psi, Archons are elected during meetings of each District during Woodrow Wilson Leadership Schools, held during odd-numbered years. Four alumni also serve on the Executive Council and are elected at Grand Arch Councils, Phi Kappa Psis first form of government centered on a Grand Chapter. One chapter at a time was designated the Grand Chapter, and this lasted until 1886 when a new constitution changed to the current form of government. In 1992, Phi Kappa Psi began to award one exceptional chapter with the Grand Chapter Award and its name is derived from the fraternitys first form of government. This award was initially granted biennially at Grand Arch Councils,2001 marked the first time that this award was granted in an odd-numbered year, and it has been an annual award ever since. William Henry Letterman was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and he was twenty years old when Phi Kappa Psi was founded by him and his colleague Charles Page Thomas Moore. William graduated from Jefferson College and then went on to receive his M. D. from Jefferson Medical College in 1856 and his father was the physician to the town of Canonsburg and died early in Williams life. He died on May 23,1881, and was buried in the cemetery at Duffau, Charles Page Thomas Moore was a co-founder of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity in 1852 at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was born in Virginia in a portion of the state along the Ohio River now located in West Virginia, Moore was a justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, and died in West Virginia. Officers may vary from each chapter with some chapters not using certain positions, the duties of each officer may vary from each chapter as well
"Illinois State Normal Institute". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.