An independent scientist is a financially independent scientist who pursues scientific study without direct affiliation to a public institution such as a university or government-run research and development body.
Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet, discovered fundamental principles of aeronautics.
A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences.
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie demonstrating an apparatus that detects radioactivity. They received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their scientific research; Marie also received the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
"No one in the history of civilization has shaped our understanding of science and natural philosophy more than the great Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384-322 BC), who exerted a profound and pervasive influence for more than two thousand years" —Gary B. Ferngren
Alessandro Volta, the inventor of the electrical battery and discoverer of methane, is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists in history.
Francesco Redi, referred to as the "father of modern parasitology", is the founder of experimental biology.