1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Indiana General Assembly
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The Indiana General Assembly is the state legislature, or legislative branch, of the state of Indiana. It is a legislature that consists of a lower house, the Indiana House of Representatives, and an upper house. The General Assembly meets annually at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, members of the General Assembly are elected from districts that are realigned every ten years. Representatives serve terms of two years and senators serve terms of four years, both houses can create bills, but bills must pass both houses before it can be submitted to the governor and enacted into law. Currently the Republican Party holds supermajorities in both chambers of the General Assembly, Republicans outnumber Democrats in the Senate by a 40-10 margin, and in the House of Representatives by a 71-29 margin. The Indiana General Assembly is made up of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, Indiana has a part-time legislature that does not meet year-round. The General Assembly convenes on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, during odd-numbered years the legislature meets for 61 days and must be adjourned by April 30. During even-numbered years the legislature meets for 30 days and must be adjourned by March 15, the General Assembly may not adjourn for more than three days without a resolution approving adjournment being passed in both houses. The governor has the authority to call on the General Assembly to convene a special session if legislators are unable to complete necessary work within time allotted by the regular sessions. Special sessions of the General Assembly were rarely called in the early history. The General Assembly delegates are elected from districts, every ten years the districts are realigned by the General Assembly using information from the U. S. Census Bureau to ensure that each district is roughly equal in population. The districting is maintained to comply with the United States Supreme Court ruling in Reynolds v. Sims, the Indiana Senate and House of Representatives each have several committees that are charged with overseeing certain areas of the state. Committees vary in size, from three to eleven members, the committees are chaired by senior members of the majority party. Senators and representatives can be members of multiple committees, most legislation begins within the committees who have responsibility for the area that the bill will affect. Once approved by a committee, a bill can be entered into the agenda for debate and vote in the full chamber, although not common, bills can be voted on by the full house without going through the committee process. Indiana legislators make an annual salary of $22,616, plus $155 for each day in session or at a committee hearing. Article 4, Section 7, of the Indiana Constitution states the qualifications to become a Senator or Representative. The candidate must have been a U. S. citizen for a minimum of two prior to his candidacy and must have been resident of the district that he seeks to represent for one year
3.
Lower house
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A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. Despite its official position below the house, in many legislatures worldwide. A legislature composed of one house is described as unicameral. In comparison with the house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics, Powers In a parliamentary system, Much more power. Able to override the upper house in some ways, can vote a motion of no confidence against the government. In a presidential system, Somewhat less power, as the house alone gives advice. Given the sole power to impeach the executive Status Always elected directly, while the house may be elected directly, indirectly. Its members may be elected with a different voting system to the upper house, most populated administrative divisions are better represented than in the upper house, representation is usually proportional to population. Elected all at once, not by staggered terms, in a parliamentary system, can be dissolved by the executive. Has total or original control over budget and monetary laws, lower age of candidacy than the upper house. Many lower houses are named in the manner, House/Chamber of Representatives/the People/Commons/Deputies
4.
Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives
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The Speaker of the Indiana State House of Representatives is the highest official in the Indiana House of Representatives, customarily elected from the ranks of the majority party. As in most Anglophone countries and provinces, the speaker presides over the house of the legislature. The current Speaker is Brian C, Indiana House of Representatives Indiana General Assembly 1. No party labels from 1816–1823, as there were no organized political groups in the state during this period. Reference sources list the 36th General Assembly having 2 Speakers 3, the 36th General Assembly had two separate sessions, the first from December 1,1851 until March 10,1852 and April 20,1852 until June 21,1852. This was the first time the legislature convened outside of the late fall, beginning in 1853, regular legislature sessions convened every 2 years. The Fusionists were the members of differing factions of former Whigs, Free-Soilers, anti-slavery Democrats. A special session of the 40th General Assembly was convened previously to the session from November 20 to December 25,1858. A special session of the 41st General Assembly was convened after the session from April 24 to June 2,1861. This session was considered the 42nd General Assembly, but was later considered a special session. Because of this error, the regular session became the 43rd General Assembly. A special session of the 44th General Assembly was convened after the session from November 13 to December 22,1865. Ambrose P. Stanton only served as Speaker during the session of the 46th General Assembly. George Buskirk served as Speaker during the special session, a special session of the 48th General Assembly was convened before the regular session from November 13 to December 22,1872. A brief special session of the 49th General Assembly was convened the day after the session ended. A brief special session of the 50th General Assembly was convened the day after the session ended. A special session of the 51st General Assembly was convened the day after the session ended. A special session of the 51st General Assembly was convened the day after the session ended
5.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
6.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
7.
Indiana Republican Party
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The Indiana Republican Party is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in the state of Indiana. The chairman of the Indiana Republican State Committee is Jeff Cardwell, Republicans dominated Indiana from the 1860s to 1980s. Democrats gained some power at the level in the late 1980s-early 2000s. At the presidential level FDR won Indiana in both 1932 and 1936, however, FDR lost only 4 states in 1932 and 2 states in 1936. In 1964, when Barry Goldwater lost every state except for Arizona and 5 Deep South States, Lyndon B. Johnson won Indiana. In 2008, Barack Obama surprisingly won Indiana, however, Obama was from Chicago, Obama won most states by a wider margin than he won Indiana. These are the only times Indiana has voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since Grover Cleveland, in the election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won all of Indianas thirteen electoral votes with 51.09 of the popular vote. When the American Civil War broke out, Indiana had a strong, pro-South Democratic Party in the Indiana General Assembly that, for the most part, governor Oliver P. Morton, had a close relationship with President Lincoln, who called him the shrewdest person I know. At the 1862 Loyal War Governors Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, a backlash followed the passage of the emancipation, leading to a defeat of Republicans in the 1862 mid-term elections. With a Democratic majority Morton feared with was sympathetic to the Confederacy, he began to take steps to circumvent the General Assembly and mobilize Indiana in the war effort. When Morton stepped beyond the scope of his powers by establishing a state arsenal. Fearing that with control of the militia, the Democrats would attempt to secede from the Union, Madison helped Republican legislators flee to Kentucky and prevent a quorum. For the remainder of the Civil War, Morton made efforts to keep Indiana secure by suppressing elements he saw as anti-union or sympathetic to the South. Much of the searches, arrests, and even disrupting the Democratic State Convention earned Morton much criticism, calling him a dictator, the partys darkest stain was after the First World War, following a rush of immigrants of eastern and southern European descent into the United States. Staunchly anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, antisemitic, and of course prejudiced against African Americans, under Stephensons leadership, the Klan flourished in Indiana and took over both the Governors Office and much Republican Party in the General Assembly. With over two-hundred and fifty thousand white males paying their Klan dues in Indiana, in fact, the Republican party exists in Indiana today only in name. Its place has been usurped by the Klan purposes and leadership, most blacks in Indiana in 1924 cast their first ever ballot for the Democratic Party, which had passed a resolution denouncing the KKK in its platform without mentioning the Klan by name. Blacks in other areas of the United States, in contrast, despite the influx of blacks into the Democratic party, Klansmen won most of the Indiana legislature and most statewide offices in the November 1924 general elections
8.
Indiana Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party of Indiana is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of Indiana. The Indiana Democratic Party holds one of the two US Senate seats and two of Indianas nine Congressional seats, the party Chairman is John Zody. The Indiana Democratic Party has its roots in the work of Jonathan Jennings, Democratic-Republican, Jennings pushed hard for statehood, and is attributed as an intellectual father of the Indiana Democratic Party. He pushed for a school system and a stable state bank. Indiana political parties in the 19th century were extremely divided culturally, Indiana, more than any other Midwestern state, received an influx of southern farmers who didnt mix well with northern manufacturers and businessmen. Patronage was given out regularly as Democratic and Whig politicians fought for control of state government, whigs predominantly controlled the state legislature, while Democrats predominantly controlled the governorship. Turbulent elections and heated Democratic passion ended up persuading 50 Whig legislators to switch parties by 1852, the first Indiana Democratic Party meeting was held in 1848, and at the time was called the Indiana State Central Committee of the Democratic Party. Only seven men were in attendance, Thomas Hendricks, nephew of the third governor of Indiana, became the first post-war Democrat to be elected governor in a Northern state. His popular bipartisan leadership would eventually lead him to be President Grover Clevelands first vice president from 1885 to 1889, as the city of Indianapolis grew into a massive urban area, Democrats began to continuously represent the city in the state legislature. Thomas Taggart, the mayor of Indianapolis from 1895–1901, became the first Hoosier to become chairman of the Democratic National Committee, in 1913, Thomas Marshall, Governor of Indiana, became yet another Democratic Hoosier to be a vice president. Marshall is perhaps best known for his humorous quote as vice president, said on the Senate floor, What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar. Years later, World War II veteran Frank McKinney became a delegate in the 1948 Democratic Convention, in the 1980s, Evan Bayh became a popular figure within the Indiana Democratic Party as well as the state of Indiana. A young governor elected in 1988, Bayh was later elected to the U. S. Senate in 1998. Long considered a moderate, Bayh was rumored to be a top pick for Barack Obamas vice presidential nominee in 2008, Bayh did not run for reelection in 2010. With the Republicans in the majority, Democrats feared that what they consider to be a bill would be easily passed. The move largely took a cue from Indianas counterparts in Wisconsin, Daniels supported the bill, but not the political timing of it, as it would distract from other parts of his legislative agenda he wanted to focus on. In early March 2011, Democrats faced a choice of returning to the state. The Indiana Constitution allows such fines as a way of compelling missing lawmakers to return, such a tactic was employed as an alternative to sending state troopers after runaway legislators, which Governor Daniels declined to do
9.
Constitution of Indiana
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The Constitution of Indiana is the highest body of state law in the U. S. state of Indiana. It establishes the structure and function of the government and enumerates specific rights of Indiana citizens. Under the principles of federalism, Indianas constitution is subordinate only to the U. S, prior to the enactment of Indianas first state constitution and achievement of statehood in 1816, the Indiana Territory was governed by territorial law. The states first constitution was created in 1816, after the U. S. Congress had agreed to grant statehood to the former Indiana Territory, the present-day document, which was enacted in 1851, is the states second constitution. It supersedes Indianas 1816 constitution and has had numerous amendments since its adoption, Indianas constitution is composed of a preamble, articles, and amendments. Among other provisions, it specifies a democratic form of government consisting of three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. The Indiana General Assembly may amend the constitution, subject to ratification by vote of the people, some members of the territorys general assembly, as well as Thomas Posey, governor of the Indiana Territory, objected to statehood at that time. They believed that the limited size and scattered population would make a state government too costly to operate. On December 11,1815, the territorys House of Representatives voted seven to five in favor of the memorial to Congress stating its qualification to become a state. The request was presented in the U. S. House of Representatives on December 28,1815, the bill passed in the U. S. House on March 30,1816, and in the U. S. Senate on April 13. President James Madison signed the Enabling Act into law on April 19,1816, if a majority of the delegates to Indianas constitutional convention agreed, the delegates would proceed to create a state constitution. As outlined in the Enabling Act, election of delegates to Indianas first constitutional convention took place on May 13,1816, the convention at Corydon, the territorial capital in Harrison County, began on Monday, June 10,1816. The conventions elected delegation of men were apportioned among the thirteen counties that were in existence prior the 1815 General Assembly. In the early nineteenth century some of the Indiana Territorys citizens opposed statehood, the major concerns were the loss of financial support from the federal government if it became a state and the fear of a tax increase to pay for the new state government. The minority group preferred to wait until later, when the population was even larger, the majority of the territorys citizens viewed statehood as an opportunity for more self-government and wanted to proceed. At the time the delegates were gathering at Corydon in June 1816, slavery had become a major, the indenture law of 1805 had been repealed, but slavery continued to exist within Indiana. An anti-slavery/pro-democracy group was led by Jonathan Jennings and his supporters, former territorial governor and future U. S. president William Henry Harrisons allies led the pro-slavery/less democratic group. Supporters of Indiana statehood favored democracy, election of state officials, Harrisons allies supported slavery within the territory and maintaining Indianas territorial status with a federally-appointed governor
10.
Indiana State House
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The Indiana State House is the state capitol building of the U. S. state of Indiana. Built in 1888, it is the building to house the state government. The first statehouse, located in Corydon, Indiana, is standing and is maintained as a state historic site. The second building was the old Marion County courthouse which was demolished and replaced in the early 20th century. The third building was a structure modeled on the Parthenon, but was condemned in 1877 because of structural defects, when Indiana became a state in 1816, the capital was located in Corydon. The first capitol building was a humble, two-story limestone building constructed in 1813 to house the legislature of the Indiana Territory, the building was constructed by a company owned by Dennis Pennington, a member of the early territorial legislature. Construction cost $1,500, paid for by the citizens of Harrison County and it measured forty-feet square with walls two-feet-thick and ten-foot ceilings. The building was made of limestone cut from a quarry and. The capitol contained three rooms and quickly became too small for the government, which had to erect additional office buildings across the street for the states administration. The lower floor of the statehouse was used by the Indiana House of Representatives, the upper floor was split into two rooms, one for the Indiana State Senate and another for the Indiana Supreme Court, with a narrow hall between them. The building was abandoned as the capitol in 1824 and was given to Harrison County to use as a courthouse, the old capitol building is still preserved and is now a state historic site. When the state government relocated to Indianapolis in December 1824, the government was housed in the Marion County Courthouse, the courthouse had been constructed with state funds in 1822 after Indianapolis was chosen as the site for the new capitol. The courthouse served as the capitol building for twelve years. At the time Indianapolis was a site, nearly 60 miles from the nearest settlement of significance. The relocation to Indianapolis was an arduous task, at the time it was an eleven-day journey by horseback from Corydon to the new capital. To complicate matters, no road existed and a path for the wagons had to be cut through the forests during the winter transit as the long caravan moved north. Colonel Samuel Merrill, the treasurer, was authorized by the General Assembly to oversee the move. Ultimately, it more than a month to relocate the government to Indianapolis
11.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
12.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
13.
State legislature (United States)
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A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U. S. states. The formal name varies from state to state, in 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota, every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative chambers or houses. In each case the smaller chamber is called the Senate and is referred to as the upper house. This chamber typically, but not always, has the power to confirm appointments made by the governor. Members of the chamber represent more citizens and usually serve for longer terms than members of the larger chamber. In 41 states, the chamber is called the House of Representatives. Five states designate the larger chamber the Assembly and three states call it the House of Delegates, members of the larger chamber usually serve for terms of two years. The larger chamber customarily has the power to initiate taxing legislation. In 1964, the United States Supreme Court announced the one man, one vote standard, Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members continue to be called senators, as a legislative branch of government, a legislature generally performs state duties for a state in the same way that the United States Congress performs national duties at the national level. During a legislative session, the legislature considers matters introduced by its members or submitted by the governor, businesses and other special interest organizations often lobby the legislature to obtain beneficial legislation, defeat unfavorably perceived measures, or influence other legislative action. A legislature also approves the operating and capital budgets, which may begin as a legislative proposal or a submission by the governor. Under the terms of Article V of the U. S, under Article II, state legislatures choose the manner of appointing the states presidential electors. Formerly, state legislatures appointed the U. S, Senators from their respective states until the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 required the direct election of Senators by the states voters. Generally, the bodies and their committees use either Masons Manual of Legislative Procedure or an amended form thereof. During official meetings, a parliamentarian is available to ensure that legislation. The lawmaking process begins with the introduction of a bill in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, bills may be introduced in either house, sometimes with the exception of bills increasing or decreasing revenue, which must originate in the House of Representatives
14.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
15.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
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Macy, Indiana
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Macy is a town in Allen Township, Miami County, Indiana, United States. The population was 209 at the 2010 census, Macy is located at 40°57′35″N 86°7′45″W. According to the 2010 census, Macy has an area of 0.13 square miles. Macy was laid out in 1860 at the time the railroad arrived in the neighborhood. The community was known as Lincoln, but when it was discovered that there was already another Lincoln in Cass County. The namesake of Macy is David Macy, president of the Indianapolis, Peru, as of the census of 2010, there were 209 people,76 households, and 57 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,607.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 88 housing units at an average density of 676.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 1% White,0. 5% African American,0. 5% Native American,17. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the family size was 3.05. The median age in the town was 39.6 years. 25. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 5% were from 25 to 44,29. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 248 people,82 households, and 62 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,755.5 people per square mile, there were 94 housing units at an average density of 665.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 18% White,0. 40% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 40% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 61% of the population. 18. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.51. In the town, the population was out with 33. 9% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,34. 3% from 25 to 44,14. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 115.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.3 males, the median income for an average household in the town was $37,188, and the median income for a family was $41,667
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Berne, Indiana
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Berne is a city in Monroe and Wabash townships, Adams County, Indiana, United States,35 mi south of Fort Wayne. The population was 3,999 at the 2010 census, Berne and the surrounding area have become known for their large Amish population, who speaks Bernese German which is a Swiss German dialect. Berne was settled in 1852 by Mennonite immigrants who came directly from Switzerland and they began the chore of preparing for farming by clearing the land. However, farm markets were severely limited because of mud roads. The advent of the railroad was soon to be the answer to the immigrants prayers, the railroad companies agreed, and the farmers quickly plotted 10 building lots in anticipation of what was to come - more settlers. On Christmas Day,1871, the first train arrived and this historical event marked the beginning of Berne, which was officially recorded as a community soon after. A post office was established in Berne in 1872, a steady stream of Swiss and German people came into the area from that train, as did English-speaking migrants, some of whom became successful businessmen in the new community. They contributed immensely in the growth of Berne, Berne is located in northeastern Indiana at 40°39′29″N 84°57′15″W. According to the 2010 census, Berne has an area of 2.08 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,999 people,1,620 households, the population density was 1,922.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,797 housing units at a density of 863.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 5% White,0. 5% African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 6% Asian,1. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 0% of the population. 31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age in the city was 42 years. 24. 1% of residents were under the age of 18, 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 4% were from 25 to 44,22. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 24% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 1% male and 53. 9% female, as of the 2000 census, there were 4,150 people,1,639 households, and 1,104 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,307.3 people per square mile, there were 1,690 housing units at an average density of 939.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 64% White,0. 07% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,1. 04% from other races, and 0. 92% from two or more races
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Noblesville, Indiana
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Noblesville is a city in, and the county seat of, Hamilton County, Indiana, United States, located just north of Indianapolis. The population was 51,969 at the 2010 census making it the 14th largest city/town in the state, the city is part of Delaware, Fall Creek, Noblesville, and Wayne townships. Noblesville is also home to the Klipsch Music Center, a music venue. Noblesvilles history dates back to 1818 when the land, which is now Hamilton County, was purchased by the government from the Native Americans in this area. William Conner and Josiah Polk laid out what is now downtown Noblesville in 1823, conners 1823 home is now one of a village of historic buildings making up Conner Prairie Pioneer Settlement, a living history museum south of Noblesville in Fishers. Noblesville was named either for James Noble, one of the first two US senators from Indiana, or, according to legend, for Lavina Noble of Indianapolis, to whom Josiah Polk was engaged. The Peru and Indianapolis Railroad was completed through town in 1851, strengthening the town economically, in 1875 work was begun on the towns second railroad, the Anderson, Lebanon and St. Louis, later known as the Midland. The citys first large growth came during the Indiana gas boom with the discovery, in 1888, of Noblesvilles first natural gas well near 11th. Many Victorian homes, as well as the vast majority of the commercial district, were built during this time of prosperity. The city has undergone another increase recently as its population grew from 28,590 in 2000 to 51,969 in 2010 and this growth echos the increase in population of much of southern Hamilton County as a due to its proximity to Indianapolis. Noblesville was once noted for its mills, the mostly widely known of which was the Noblesville Milling Company, producer of Diadem. In 1925, the manager of the company offered to buy uniforms for the high school athletic team in exchange for school adopting the nickname “Millers. ”The nickname persists to this day. Other prominent businesses of the past include the Union Sanitary Manufacturing Company, among the notable disasters to have struck the town are the Great Flood of 1913, an interurban wreck on the courthouse square in 1919, and the Goeke fire of 1967. The fire, which began at the Paul Goeke auto dealership just off the square, Stephenson, former Grand Dragon of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan. The Stephenson trial, which place in the adjoining Hamilton County courthouse in 1925, broke the power of the Klan in Indiana. Stephenson was convicted of murder in the death of Madge Oberholtzer. During the early 1920s, Noblesville was one of several Indiana towns in which the Ku Klux Klan was active, in 1973 Klansmen staging a march in Noblesville were met by counter-demonstrators carrying anti-Klan placards. In 1995, a local contractor stumbled across a trunk containing Klan paraphernalia, the discovery sparked a debate over how to handle the sensitive issue and again put Noblesville in the national spotlight
