1.
Ingmar Bergman
–
Ernst Ingmar Bergman was a Swedish director, writer, and producer who worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television and he also directed over 170 plays. From 1953 he forged a creative partnership with his full-time cinematographer Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, most of his films were set in Sweden, and numerous films from Through a Glass Darkly onward were filmed on the island of Fårö. His work often dealt with death, illness, faith, betrayal, bleakness and insanity. Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin and he grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions, such as wetting the bed, there was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962. His interest in theatre and film began early, At the age of nine, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy and he fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager and his school years were unhappy, and he remembered them unfavorably in later years. Bergman wrote in a response that he had disliked the emphasis on homework. In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler, Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic. The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful, Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service. In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College to study art and literature and he spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict. At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father lasted for years
2.
Ingrid von Rosen
–
Ingrid von Rosen was married to Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman. Born Ingrid Karlebo in Stockholm in 1930, she was married to the Swedish count Jan-Carl von Rosen in 1953, in 1971 she married Ingmar Bergman. Ingrid von Rosen died of cancer in 1995, aged 65. Her diary is a part of the biographical work Tre dagböcker published in 2004 by Ingmar Bergman and their daughter, the biography consists of their respective diary entries written around the time Ingrid von Rosen died, after a 24-year marriage to Bergman. In the foreword to the book, Bergman writes that he met Ingrid von Rosen in 1957 and had an affair with her until 1969. During that period, Bergman went through two marriages, with Gun Grut and Käbi Laretei and he also had an affair with actress Liv Ullmann. Maria von Rosen was born in 1959, the same year Bergman divorced Grut, Ingmar Bergman did not tell Maria he was her father until she was 22, he writes in the biography. When he married Ingrid von Rosen in 1971, he had married four times. Before publishing the book in 2004, he never revealed that he was Marias father. On 20 August 2007, her four children requested to have her grave, applications to move graves are rare in Sweden, with fewer than ten applications granted each year. The request was granted on 24 October 2007 and the spousal couples graves were brought together by the end of May 2008, the top line of the tombstone inscription reads Ingrid Bergman, rather than Ingrid von Rosen Bergman. Maria von Rosen and Ingmar Bergman, Tre dagböcker, Stockholm, Norstedt,2004
3.
Stockholm
–
The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
4.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
5.
Roberto Rossellini
–
Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Rossellini was one of the directors of the Italian neorealist cinema and his mother was of part French descent, from immigrants who had arrived in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. He lived on the Via Ludovisi, where Benito Mussolini had his first Roman hotel in 1922 when Fascism obtained power in Italy. When his father died, he worked as a soundmaker for films and for a time he experienced all the accessory jobs related to the creation of a film. Rossellini had a brother, Renzo, who scored many of his films. On 26 September 1936, he married Marcella De Marchis, a designer with whom he collaborated even after their marriage was over. This was after a quick annulment from Assia Noris, a Russian actress who worked in Italian films, De Marchis and Rossellini had two sons, Marco Romano, and Renzo. Rossellini and De Marchis separated in 1950, in 1937, Rossellini made his first documentary, Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune. After this essay, he was called to assist Goffredo Alessandrini in making Luciano Serra pilota, in 1940 he was called to assist Francesco De Robertis on Uomini sul Fondo. His close friendship with Vittorio Mussolini, son of Il Duce, has interpreted as a possible reason for having been preferred to other apprentices. Some authors describe the first part of his career as a sequence of trilogies, to this period belongs his friendship and cooperation with Federico Fellini and Aldo Fabrizi. The Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 and just two months after the liberation of Rome, Rossellini was already preparing the anti-fascist Roma città aperta, Fellini assisted on the script and Fabrizi played the role of the priest, while Rossellini self-produced. Most of the came from credits and loans, and film had to be found on the black market. This dramatic film was an immediate success, since I do not have the desire to waste my energy in a battle like this, I only use professional actors occasionally. One of the reasons for success is supposed to be Rossellinis rewriting of the according to the non-professional actors feelings. Regional accent, dialect, and costumes were shown in the film as they were in real life, after his Neorealist Trilogy, Rossellini produced two films now classified as the Transitional films, LAmore and La macchina ammazzacattivi, on the capability of cinema to portray reality and truth. In 1948, Rossellini received a letter from a foreign actress proposing a collaboration, Dear Mr. Rossellini, I saw your films Open City and Paisan. Ingrid Bergman With this letter began one of the best known stories in film history, with Bergman
6.
Isabella Rossellini
–
Isabella Fiorella Elettra Giovanna Rossellini is an Italian actress, filmmaker, author, philanthropist, and model. Rossellini also received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in Crime of the Century and she has four other siblings from her fathers two other marriages, Romano, Renzo, Gil, and Raffaella. Rossellini was raised in Rome, as well as in Santa Marinella and she underwent an operation for appendicitis at the age of five. At 11, she was diagnosed with scoliosis, in order to correct it, she had to undergo an 18-month ordeal of painful stretchings, body casts, and surgery on her spine using pieces of one of her shin bones. Consequently, she has permanent incision scars on her back and shin, at 19, she went to New York City, where she attended Finch College, while working as a translator and a RAI television reporter. She also appeared intermittently on Laltra Domenica, a TV show featuring Roberto Benigni, however, she did not decide to stay full-time in New York until her marriage to Martin Scorsese. At the age of 28, her career began, when she was photographed by Bruce Weber for British Vogue. Her image has appeared on magazines as Marie Claire, Harpers Bazaar, Vanity Fair. In March 1988, a dedicated to photographs of her. At Lancôme, in 1990, she was involved in development for the fragrance Trésor. In 1996, when she was 44, she was removed as the face of Lancôme for being too old, in October 1992, Rossellini modelled for Madonnas controversial book Sex. Rossellini also appeared in Madonnas music video for her successful Top 5 hit song Erotica, in 1995, Rossellini worked with the Coty Group and developed her own brand of cosmetics, Isabella Rossellinis Manifesto. She is signed to Trump Model Management, Rossellini was the inaugural brand ambassador for the Italian Silversea Cruises company in 2004, and she appeared in print ads and on their website. Rossellini made her debut with a brief appearance as a nun opposite her mother in the 1976 film A Matter of Time. Her first role was the 1979 film Il Prato, and then in 1980 she appeared in Renzo Arbores film Il papocchio with Martin Scorsese, following her mothers death in 1982, Rossellini was cast in her first American film, White Nights. This was followed by her role as the tortured nightclub singer Dorothy Vallens in the David Lynch film Blue Velvet. Other significant film roles during this period include her work in Cousins, Death Becomes Her, Fearless, in 1996, she appeared as herself in an episode of the TV series Friends called The One With Frank Jr. In 2003, Rossellini was a character on the television series Alias
7.
Swedes
–
Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
8.
Academy Awards
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
9.
Emmy Award
–
An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
10.
Golden Globe Award
–
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
11.
British Academy Film Awards
–
The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
12.
Tony Award
–
The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
13.
Casablanca (film)
–
Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alisons unproduced stage play Everybody Comes to Ricks. The film stars Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid, it also features Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal B. Wallis to purchase the rights to the play in January 1942. Brothers Julius and Philip G. Epstein were initially assigned to write the script, however, despite studio resistance, they left to work on Frank Capras Why We Fight series early in 1942. Howard E. Koch was assigned to the screenplay until the Epsteins returned a month later, Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites, but his work would later go uncredited. Wallis chose Curtiz to direct the film after his first choice, William Wyler, principal photography began on May 25,1942, ending on August 3, the film was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, with the exception of one sequence at Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys, although Casablanca was an A-list film with established stars and first-rate writers, no one involved with its production expected it to be anything out of the ordinary. It was just one of hundreds of pictures produced by Hollywood every year, Casablanca was rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier. It had its premiere on November 26,1942, in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23,1943. The film was a solid if unspectacular success in its initial run, Casablanca went on to win three Academy Awards – Best Picture, Director and Adapted Screenplay – and gradually its reputation grew. Its lead characters, memorable lines, and pervasive theme song have all become iconic, in December 1941, American expatriate Rick Blaine is the proprietor of an upscale nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca. Ricks Café Américain attracts a clientele, Vichy French and German officials, refugees desperate to reach the still-neutral United States. Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters, it is revealed he ran guns to Ethiopia during its war with Italy. Petty crook Ugarte shows up and boasts to Rick of letters of transit obtained by murdering two German couriers, the papers allow the bearers to travel freely around German-controlled Europe and to neutral Portugal, and are thus almost priceless to the refugees stranded in Casablanca. Ugarte plans to them at the club that night. Before he can meet his contact, he is intercepted by the police under the command of Captain Louis Renault. Ugarte dies in custody without revealing that he entrusted the letters to Rick, at this point, the reason for Ricks bitterness—former lover Ilsa Lund—walks into his establishment. Upon spotting Ricks friend and house pianist, Sam, Ilsa asks him to play As Time Goes By, Rick storms over, furious that Sam has disobeyed his order never to perform that song, and is stunned to see Ilsa
14.
Notorious (1946 film)
–
It was shot in late 1945 and early 1946, and was released by RKO Radio Pictures in August 1946. Notorious is considered by critics and scholars to mark a watershed for Hitchcock artistically, the film is known for two scenes in particular. In one of his most famous shots, Hitchcock starts wide, slowly he tracks down and in on Ingrid Bergman, finally ending with a tight close-up of a key tucked in her hand. The two-and-a-half-minute kiss is perhaps his most intimate and erotic kiss, in 2006, Notorious was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Alicia Huberman, the American daughter of a convicted Nazi spy, is recruited by government agent T. R. Devlin to infiltrate an organization of Nazis who have moved to Brazil after World War II. When Alicia refuses to help the police, Devlin plays recordings of her fighting with her father, while awaiting the details of her assignment in Rio de Janeiro, Alicia and Devlin fall in love, though his feelings are complicated by his knowledge of her promiscuous past. Devlin is also informed that Sebastian once was in love with Alicia, Devlin puts up a stoic front when he informs Alicia about the mission. Alicia concludes that he was pretending to love her as part of his job. Devlin contrives to have Alicia meet Sebastian at a riding club. He recognizes her and invites her to dinner where he says that he knew they would be reunited. Sebastian quickly invites Alicia to dinner the night at his home. Devlin and Captain Paul Prescott of the US Secret Service tell Alicia to memorize the names and nationalities of everyone there, at dinner, Alicia notices that a guest becomes agitated at the sight of certain wine bottles, and is ushered quickly from the room. When the gentlemen are alone at the end of the dinner, this guest apologizes and tries to go home, soon Alicia reports to Devlin, You can add Sebastians name to my list of playmates. When Sebastian proposes, Alicia informs Devlin, he tells her to do whatever she wants. After she returns from her honeymoon, Alicia is able to tell Devlin that the key ring her husband gave her lacks the key to the wine cellar. That, and the episode at the dinner, lead Devlin to urge Alicia to hold a grand party so he can investigate. Alicia secretly steals the key from Sebastians ring, and Devlin, Devlin accidentally breaks a bottle, inside is black sand. Devlin takes a sample, cleans up, and locks the door as Sebastian comes down for more champagne, Alicia and Devlin kiss to cover their tracks
15.
Alfred Hitchcock
–
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as The Master of Suspense. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres and he had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as Englands best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955 and he also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style. Hitchcocks stylistic trademarks include the use of movement that mimics a persons gaze. In addition, he framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy and his work often features fugitives on the run alongside icy blonde female characters. Prior to 1980, there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film, Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours. Hitchcock directed more than fifty films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else, Hitchcocks first thriller, The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, helped shape the thriller genre in film. His 1929 film, Blackmail, is cited as the first British sound feature film, while Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone and he was the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock, a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock. He was named after his fathers brother, Hitchcock was raised as a Roman Catholic, and sent to Salesian College, Battersea, and the Jesuit grammar school St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry and he often described a lonely and sheltered childhood that was worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock recalled that to him for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifelong fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment, sources vary on Hitchcocks performance in school. Gene Adair reports that by most accounts, Alfred was only an average, or slightly above-average, however, McGilligan writes that Hitchcock certainly excelled academically. When Hitchcock was 15, his father died, in that same year, he left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London. After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a company called Henleys. Hitchcock joined a regiment of the Royal Engineers in 1917
16.
Cary Grant
–
Cary Grant was a British-American actor, known as one of classic Hollywoods definitive leading men. He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s, and became known for his accent, debonair demeanor. He became an American citizen in 1942, Born in Horfield, Bristol, Grant became attracted to theatre at a young age, and began performing with a troupe known as The Penders from the age of six. After attending Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol, he toured the country as a stage performer and he established a name for himself in vaudeville in the 1920s and toured the United States before moving to Hollywood in the early 1930s. Along with the later Arsenic and Old Lace and I Was a Male War Bride, having established himself as a major Hollywood star, he was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor, for Penny Serenade and None but the Lonely Heart. In the 1940s and 1950s, Grant forged a relationship with the director Alfred Hitchcock, appearing in films such as Suspicion, Notorious, To Catch a Thief. Hitchcock admired Grant and considered him to have been the actor that he had ever loved working with. His comic timing and delivery made Grant what Premiere magazine considers to have quite simply. Grant was married five times, three of his marriages were elopements with actresses—Virginia Cherrill, Betsy Drake and Dyan Cannon and he has one daughter with Cannon, Jennifer Grant. After his retirement from acting in 1966, Grant pursued numerous business interests, representing cosmetics firm Fabergé. He was presented with an Honorary Oscar by his friend Frank Sinatra at the 42nd Academy Awards in 1970, in 1999, the American Film Institute named Grant the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema, after Humphrey Bogart. Grant was born Archibald Alec Leach on January 18,1904 at 15 Hughenden Road in the northern Bristol suburb of Horfield and he was the second child of Elias James Leach and Elsie Maria Leach. Elias, the son of a potter, worked as a tailors presser at a factory, while Elsie. Grants elder brother, John William Elias Leach, died of tuberculous meningitis, Grant considered himself to have been partly Jewish. He had an upbringing, his father was an alcoholic. Wanting the best for her son, Elsie taught Grant song and dance when he was four and she would occasionally take him to the cinema where he enjoyed the performances of Charlie Chaplin, Chester Conklin, Fatty Arbuckle, Ford Sterling, Mack Swain and Broncho Billy Anderson. Grant entered education when he was four-and-a-half and was sent to the Bishop Road Primary School, Bristol, another biographer, Geoffrey Wansell, notes that Elsie blamed herself bitterly for the death of Grants older brother John, and never recovered from it. Grant later acknowledged that his experiences with his fiercely independent mother affected his relationships with women later in life
17.
Claude Rains
–
William Claude Rains was an English film and stage actor whose career spanned 46 years. He was a Tony Award winning actor and was a nominee for the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award. Rains was considered to be one of the great character stars with an extraordinary voice who was, according to the All-Movie Guide. During his lengthy career he was admired by many of his contemporaries such as Bette Davis, Vincent Sherman, Ronald Neame. Rains also inspired many younger actors such as John Gielgud, Charles Laughton, William Claude Rains was born on 10 November 1889 in Camberwell, London. His parents were Emily Eliza and the stage actor Frederick William Rains and he lived in the slums of London and in his own words on the wrong side of the river Thames Rains was one of twelve children, all but three dying of malnutrition when still infants. His mother took in boarders in order to support the family, according to his daughter, he grew up with a very serious Cockney accent and a speech impediment which took the form of a stutter, which caused him to call himself Willie Wains. His native accent was so strong that his daughter couldnt understand a word he said when he used it to sing old Cockney songs to her or purposely use it to annoy her. Rains left school after the grade to sell papers so that he could bring the pennies and halfpennies home for his mother. He sang in the Palm Street Church choir which also him a few pence to take home. Due to his father being an actor the young Rains would spend time in theatres and surrounded by actors and it was here where he could watch actors up close as well as the day to day running of a theatre. Rains made his debut at the age of 10 in the play Sweet Nell of Old Drury at the Haymarket Theatre. At one time, he was involved in a gas attack which resulted in his losing 90 percent of the vision in his eye for the rest of his life. By the end of the war, he had risen from the rank of Private to that of Captain, after the war had ended Rains remained in England, where he continued to develop his acting talents. These talents were recognised by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the founder of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and his daughter, Jessica, when describing her fathers voice said The interesting thing to me was that he became a different person. He became an elegant man, with a really extraordinary Mid-Atlantic accent. It was his voice, nobody else spoke like that, half American, half English, soon after he became recognised as one of the leading stage actors in London. Aged 29, he played the role of Clarkis in his one silent film which was a British film titled, during his early years, Rains also taught at RADA, where John Gielgud and Charles Laughton were some of his students
18.
Intermezzo (1939 film)
–
Intermezzo is a romantic film made in the USA by Selznick International Pictures and nominated for two Academy Awards. It was directed by Gregory Ratoff and produced by David O. Selznick and it is a remake of the Swedish film Intermezzo and features multiple orchestrations of the Heinz Provosts piece of the same name, which won a contest associated with the original films production. The screenplay by George ONeil was based on the screenplay of the film by Gösta Stevens. The scoring by Lou Forbes was nominated for an Academy Award, and music credit was given to Robert Russell Bennett, Max Steiner, Heinz Provost, the cinematography by Gregg Toland who replaced Harry Stradling was also nominated for an Academy Award. It stars Leslie Howard as a virtuoso violinist who falls in love with his accompanist, Holger Brandt, a famous virtuoso violinist, meets Anita Hoffman, his daughters piano instructor, during a trip home. Impressed by Anitas talent, he invites her to him on his next tour. They begin touring together and a relationship ensues. Holgers wife Margit asks him for a divorce, knowing how much Holger misses his daughter Ann Marie and son Eric, and torn with guilt for breaking up his family, Anita decides to pursue her own career and leaves Holger. Holger returns home to see his children again and he first travels to Ann Maries school, but as she runs across the street to greet him she is hit by a car in front of his eyes. He takes the injured Ann Marie back home, and confronts his son in an attempt to explain his infidelity. To Holgers relief, the doctor informs him that Ann Marie will survive, Margit then forgives Holger and welcomes him back into his family. During filming, this same musician, Al Sack, rested on his knees, out of view of the camera, in the film, viewers see Sacks left hand and Mr. Howards bowing arm and profile. Sack also doubled for Howard during the shots in front of the orchestra. This is taken by many to be a reference to the 1938 de facto annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, however, Brandts comment also features in the original,1936, Swedish film, which predated the Anschluss. Others more accurately understand it to mean the period of one-party rule forced on Austria by the Patriotic Front, Austrias own fascist party, the remark may also refer to Viennas previous imperial glory prior to the First World War, which led to the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She was also in another adaptation on the show on June 4,1945 with Joseph Cotten. On October 5,1946, Marshall starred in an adaptation of Intermezzo on Hollywood Star Time, the film was remade as Honeysuckle Rose in 1980
19.
David O. Selznick
–
David O. Selznick was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive. He is best known for producing Gone with the Wind and Rebecca, David Selznick was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Florence Anna and silent movie producer and distributor Lewis J. Selznick. His parents were Ukrainian Jewish immigrants and he had four siblings and his dad was born in Kyiv in 1870. Selznick added the O to distinguish himself from an uncle with the same name and he studied at Columbia University in New York City and worked as an apprentice for his father until the elders bankruptcy in 1923. In 1926, Selznick moved to Hollywood, and with the help of his fathers connections and he left MGM for Paramount Pictures in 1928, where he worked until 1931, when he joined RKO as Head of Production. David Selznicks years at RKO were fruitful, and he worked on films, including A Bill of Divorcement. Rockabye, Bird of Paradise, Our Betters, and King Kong, while at RKO, he also gave George Cukor his directing break. In 1933 he returned to MGM where his father-in-law, Louis B, mayer established a second prestige production unit for David, parallel to that of powerful Irving Thalberg, who was in poor health. Selznicks unit output included the all star cast movie Dinner at Eight, David Copperfield, Anna Karenina, despite his output of successful movies at MGM, Paramount Pictures, and RKO Pictures, Selznick longed to be an independent producer with his own studio. In 1935 he realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, Gone with the Wind won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award that same year, in 1940 he produced his second Best Picture Oscar winner in a row, Rebecca, the first Hollywood production for British director Alfred Hitchcock. Selznick had brought Hitchcock over from England, launching the directors American career, Rebecca was Hitchcocks only film to win Best Picture. After Rebecca, Selznick closed Selznick International Pictures and took time off. His business activities included the loan of his artists to other studios, including Alfred Hitchcock, Ingrid Bergman, Vivien Leigh. In 1944, he formed The Selznick Studio and returned to producing pictures with the huge success Since You Went Away and he followed that with the Hitchcock films Spellbound and The Paradine Case, as well as Portrait of Jennie, a vehicle for Jennifer Jones. He also developed projects and sold the packages to other producers. Among the movies that he developed but then sold was Hitchcocks Notorious, in 1949 he co-produced the Carol Reed picture The Third Man with Alexander Korda. Gone with the Wind overshadowed the rest of Selznicks career, later, he was convinced that he had wasted his life trying to out do it
20.
Victor Fleming
–
Victor Lonzo Fleming was an American film director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular films were The Wizard of Oz, and Gone with the Wind, Fleming has two films listed in the top 10 of the American Film Institutes 2007 AFIs 100 Years.100 Movies list. His mother was of part German descent and he served in the photographic section during World War I, and acted as chief photographer for President Woodrow Wilson in Versailles, France. He showed a mechanical aptitude early in life, while working as a car mechanic, he met the director Allan Dwan and he soon rose to the rank of cinematographer, working with both Dwan and D. W. Griffith, and directed his first film in 1919. Many of his silent films were action movies, often starring Douglas Fairbanks, because of his robust attitude and love of outdoor sports, he became known as a mans director, however, he also proved an effective director of women. Under his direction, Vivien Leigh won the Best Actress Oscar, Hattie McDaniel won for Best Supporting Actress, in 1932, Fleming joined MGM and directed some of the studios most prestigious films. Red Dust, Bombshell, and Reckless showcasing Jean Harlow, while Treasure Island and his two most famous films came in 1939, when The Wizard of Oz was closely followed by Gone with the Wind. Flemings version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, with Spencer Tracy, was generally rated below Rouben Mamoulians 1931 pre-code version, Flemings 1942 film version of John Steinbecks Tortilla Flat starred Tracy, John Garfield, Hedy Lamarr, and Frank Morgan. Other films that Fleming made with Tracy include Captains Courageous, A Guy Named Joe and he directed Clark Gable in a total of five films – Red Dust, The White Sister, Test Pilot, Gone with the Wind, and Adventure. He owned the Moraga Estate in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, frequent guests to his estate were Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Ingrid Bergman, and Spencer Tracy. He died suddenly, while en route to a hospital in Cottonwood and his death occurred shortly after completing Joan of Arc with Ingrid Bergman, one of the few films that he did not make for MGM. Despite mixed reviews, Flemings film version of the life of Joan received seven Academy Award nominations and it was reported in James Curtis book Spencer Tracy, A Biography that Anne Revere once said Fleming was violently pro-Nazi and strongly opposed to the United States entering World War II. Furthermore, Revere had made her comment because she felt she had been cast in the film The Yearling over Flora Robson because Robson was British. However, at the time of the casting, Fleming was working on the film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, which featured a British producer, furthermore, Revere did not know Fleming beyond their professional relationship. According to the biography, no other supporting evidence has been found for Reveres claim. Joan of Arc Adventure A Guy Named Joe Tortilla Flat Dr. Jekyll and Mr
21.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)
–
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1941 horror film starring Spencer Tracy, Ingrid Bergman and Lana Turner. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquired the rights to the 1931 film, originally released by Paramount Pictures, every print of the 1931 film that could be located was destroyed, making it essentially a lost film for decades except for clips until a full version was found and restored. The MGM version was produced by Victor Saville and adapted by John Lee Mahin from the screenplay of the film by Percy Heath. The music score was composed by Franz Waxman with uncredited contributions by Daniele Amfitheatrof, the cinematographer was Joseph Ruttenberg, the art director was Cedric Gibbons, and the costume designers were Adrian and Gile Steele. Jack Dawn created the make-up for the dissolute Mr. Hydes appearance, the film also features Donald Crisp, Ian Hunter, Barton MacLane, C. Dr. Jekyll believes good and evil exist in everyone, experiments reveal his evil side, named Mr. Hyde. Experience teaches him how evil Hyde can be, he rapes Ivy Pearson, meanwhile, Jekyll is preparing to marry Beatrix Emery. Over the course of the film, Hyde abuses Ivy, feeling remorse over the treatment inflicted on Ivy, Jekyll vows to never take the serum again, destroys the key to his lab, and sends money to Ivy anonymously. Ivy believes the money was sent by Hyde in order to trick her into believing she is now free, on the advice of a friend over her rattled nerves, she goes to Jekyll for comfort. Jekyll promises that Hyde will never hurt her again, on the way to Emerys house for the announcement of his marriage to Beatrix, Jekyll transforms into Hyde without taking the serum. He goes over to Ivys house, accuses her of meeting with Jekyll and he escapes back to his lab, but discovers that he no longer has the key to the lab. He fails to break into the front door of his place and goes to Dr. Lanyon, Lanyon is shocked to find out that both Jekyll and Hyde are the same person as Hyde drinks the antidote in his friends presence. Jekyll decides to break off the engagement to Bea in order to keep his secret and she refuses to accept, her reaction triggering Jekyll to become Hyde and frighten Bea. Her father responds to her scream, only to be beaten to death by Hyde, Lanyon finds a piece of Jekylls cane, and realizes hes responsible. He leads police to search Hydes laboratory, only to find Jekyll, during questioning he starts to transform into Hyde. In the ensuing struggle Lanyon mortally shoots Hyde, who reverts to Jekyll as he dies, initial casting had Bergman playing the virtuous fiancée of Jekyll and Turner as bad girl Ivy. However, Bergman, tired of playing saintly characters and fearing typecasting, pleaded with Victor Fleming that she, after a screen test, Fleming allowed Bergman to play a grittier role for the first time. According to MGM records the film earned $2,351,000 resulting in a profit of $350,000, Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 65%, based on 20 reviews, with a rating average of 6. 7/10
22.
For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)
–
For Whom the Bell Tolls is a 1943 American war film produced and directed by Sam Wood and starring Gary Cooper, Ingrid Bergman, Akim Tamiroff, and Joseph Calleia. The screenwriter Dudley Nichols based his script on the 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls by American novelist Ernest Hemingway, the film is about an American International Brigades volunteer, Robert Jordan, who is fighting in the Spanish Civil War against the fascists. During his desperate mission to blow up an important bridge to protect Republican forces. For Whom the Bell Tolls was Ingrid Bergmans first Technicolor film, Hemingway handpicked Cooper and Bergman for their roles. The film became the top hit of 1943, earning $7.1 million. It was also nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning one, victor Youngs film soundtrack for the film was the first complete score from an American film to be issued on record. During the Spanish Civil War, an American language teacher, Robert Jordan, an experienced dynamiter, Jordan is ordered to travel behind enemy lines and destroy a critical bridge with the aid of a band of local anti-fascist guerrillas. The bridge must be blown up to prevent enemy troops from traveling across it to respond to an offensive against the fascists. Jordan meets an old man, Anselmo, who is a fighter who will serve as Jordans liaison with the local guerrilla fighters. Anselmo leads Jordan to a group of Republican guerrillas who are led by a man named Pablo. Jordan falls in one of the guerrillas, a young woman named María. Marías life was shattered by her parents execution and her gang-rape at the hands of the Falangists at the outbreak of the war, at the same time, Jordan develops a new-found lust for life which arises from his love for María. Pablos common-law wife, Pilar, usurps Pablos leadership and pledges the allegiance of the guerrillas to Jordans mission, later, Pablo regrets abandoning his comrades and returns to assist in the operation. However, the enemy, apprised of the offensive, has prepared to ambush the Republicans in force. Regardless, Jordan understands that he must still demolish the bridge in an attempt to prevent fascist reinforcements from overwhelming his allies, lacking the equipment destroyed by Pablo, Jordan and Anselmo improvise an alternative method to explode the dynamite by using hand grenades. Jordan attaches wires to the grenades so that their pins can be pulled from a distance and this improvised plan is considerably more dangerous than using conventional detonators, because the men must increase their proximity to the explosion. While the guerrillas are escaping on horseback, Jordan is maimed when a fascist tank shoots his horse out from under him, Jordan cannot feel his legs and he knows that if his comrades stop to rescue him, they too will be captured or killed. He bids goodbye to María and ensures that she escapes to safety with the surviving guerrillas, armed with a Lewis machine gun, he waits until the horse-mounted fascist soldiers appear in his gun sights
23.
Gaslight (1944 film)
–
Gaslight is an American 1944 mystery-thriller film, adapted from Patrick Hamiltons 1938 play Gas Light, about a woman whose husband slowly manipulates her into believing that she is going insane. The film was nominated for 7 Oscars including Best Picture, Best Actor, & Best Screenplay, it won the Academy Awards for Best Actress and Best Production Design. The 1944 version was the version to be filmed, following the British film Gaslight, directed by Thorold Dickinson. This 1944 version was directed by George Cukor and starred Ingrid Bergman, Charles Boyer, Joseph Cotten, Gaslight had a larger scale and budget than the earlier film, and lends a different feel to the material. To avoid confusion with the first film, this version was given the title The Murder in Thornton Square in the UK. World-famous opera singer Alice Alquist has just been murdered, the perpetrator bolted, without the jewels he sought, after being interrupted by a child—Paula —Alices niece, who was raised by her aunt following Paulas own mothers death years earlier. Paula is sent to Italy so that she can train to be a star with the same teacher who once trained Alice. Paula studies with him for years, all the while trying to forget that night at Number 9 Thornton Square in London. Now an adult, Paula meets Gregory Anton, and, in the course of a whirlwind romance, falls in love with him. Before they do, Paula discovers a letter addressed to her aunt by a man named Sergius Bauer, Gregorys reaction is swift and violent, however, he quickly composes himself, explaining his outburst as one of frustration at the bad memories his bride is experiencing. After Alices belongings are packed away in the attic and the door blocked, at the Tower of London, Paula loses an heirloom brooch that Gregory had given her, despite its having been stored safely in her handbag. A picture disappears from the walls of the house, and Gregory says that Paula took it, one of many instances of her removing and hiding it, but Paula has no recollection of having done so. Paula also hears footsteps coming from above her in the sealed attic, Gregory suggests that these are all figments of Paulas imagination. Gregory does everything in his power to isolate his wife from other people and he is also jealous and accusatory whenever others express an interest in her. On the one occasion when Gregory does take her out to a gathering at a friends house, he shows Paula his watch chain. When Gregory finds it in her handbag, Paula becomes hysterical, Paula begins to believe she should not go out in public. The young maid, Nancy, does little to improve the situation, whenever she shows up, her face betrays a feeling of disdain, Paula becomes convinced that Nancy loathes her. Gregory secretly flirts with the maid, and tells Paula she is paranoid and is imagining the maids disdain, unknown to Paula, her husband is in fact Sergius Bauer, her aunts murderer
24.
The Bells of St. Mary's
–
The Bells of St. Marys is a 1945 American drama film produced and directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman. Written by Dudley Nichols based on a story by Leo McCarey, the film is about a priest, the character of Father OMalley had been previously portrayed by Crosby in the 1944 film Going My Way, for which Crosby had won the Academy Award for Best Actor. The film was produced by Leo McCareys production company, Rainbow Productions, the unconventional Father Charles Chuck OMalley is assigned to St. Marys parish, which includes a run-down inner-city school building on the verge of being condemned. OMalley is to recommend whether or not the school should be closed and the children sent to school with modern facilities. They put their hopes in Horace P. Bogardus, a businessman who has built a building next door to the school which they hope he will donate to them. Father OMalley and the dedicated but stubborn Sister Superior, Mary Benedict, one disagreement involves a student who is being bullied by another. A more serious one regards the promotion of a student, Patsy. She assumes the transfer is because of her disagreements with OMalley, right before Sister Benedict departs, Father OMalley reveals the true reason for her temporary transfer. Harrisons Reports wrote, As in Going My Way, which he wrote, produced. The acting of the entire cast is excellent, Crosby delights one with his ease and natural charm, and Miss Bergman will undoubtedly rise to new heights of popularity because of the effective way in which she portrays her role. John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote derisively that Mr. Everything, of course, turns out quite happily, except, perhaps, the Bells of St. Marys placed fourth on Film Dailys year-end nationwide poll of 559 critics naming the best films of 1946. The film was popular, earning receipts of $8 million in North America during its initial run. It made a profit of $3,715,000, making it the most profitable film in the history of RKO, adjusted for inflation, it is considered the 50th highest-grossing film of all time. “Arent You Glad Youre You” was in the Billboard charts for nine weeks with a position of #8. In the Land of Beginning Again and The Bells of St. Marys both charted briefly also, crosbys songs were also included in the Bings Hollywood series. There were two radio adaptations of The Bells of St. Marys on The Screen Guild Theater radio program, both starred Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman. They were broadcast on August 26,1946 and October 6,1947. The Bells of St. Marys at the Internet Movie Database The Bells of St. Marys at AllMovie The Bells of St. Marys at the TCM Movie Database The Bells of St. Marys at the American Film Institute Catalog
25.
Spellbound (1945 film)
–
Spellbound is a 1945 American film noir psychological mystery thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It tells the story of the new head of a mental asylum who turns out not to be what he claims, the film stars Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck, Michael Chekhov and Leo G. Carroll. It is an adaptation by Angus MacPhail and Ben Hecht of the novel The House of Dr. Edwardes by Hilary Saint George Saunders, Dr. Constance Petersen is a psychoanalyst at Green Manors, a mental hospital in Vermont. She is perceived by the doctors as detached and emotionless. The director of the hospital, Dr. Murchison, is being forced into retirement and his replacement is Dr. Anthony Edwardes, who turns out to be surprisingly young. Dr. Petersen notices that Dr. Edwardes has a phobia about sets of parallel lines against a white background. She also soon realizes, by comparing handwriting, that man is an impostor. He confides to her that he killed Dr. Edwardes and took his place and he suffers from massive amnesia and does not know who he is. Dr. Petersen believes he is innocent and suffering from a guilt complex and he disappears overnight, leaving a note for her. At the same time, it becomes public knowledge that Dr. Edwardes is an impostor, Dr. Petersen manages to track him down, and starts to use her psychoanalytic training to break his amnesia and find out what really happened. Pursued by the police, Dr. Petersen and the travel by train to Rochester, New York where they stay with Dr. Brulov. The two doctors analyze a dream that John Brown had and they deduce that Brown and Edwardes had been on a ski trip together, and that Edwardes had somehow died there. Dr. Petersen and Brown go to the Gabriel Valley ski resort, near the bottom of the hill, Browns memory suddenly returns. He recalls that there is a precipice in front of them and he stops them just in time. He also remembers a traumatic event from his childhood – he slid down a rail with his brother at the bottom, accidentally knocking him onto sharp-pointed railings. This incident had caused him to develop a guilt complex and he also remembers that his real name is John Ballantyne. All is understood now, and Ballantyne is about to be exonerated, Ballantyne is convicted of murder and sent to prison. A heartbroken Dr. Petersen returns to her position at the hospital, Murchison lets slip that he had known Edwardes slightly, and didnt like him, contradicting his earlier claims
26.
Under Capricorn
–
The film was based on the novel Under Capricorn by Helen Simpson, with a screenplay by James Bridie. It was adapted to the screen by Hume Cronyn and this was Hitchcocks second film in Technicolor, and like the preceding color film Rope, it also featured 10-minute takes. The film is set in colonial Sydney, New South Wales, under Capricorn is one of several Hitchcock films that are not typical thrillers, instead it is a mystery involving a love triangle. Hitchcock considered it to be one of his worst films and a disaster, the title Under Capricorn references the Tropic of Capricorn, which bisects Australia. Capricornus is a constellation, Capricorn is an astrological sign dominated by the goat, in 1831, Sydney is a frontier town, full of rough ex-convicts from the British Isles. The new Governor, Sir Richard, arrives with his charming and cheery but indolent nephew, Charles, who is hoping to make his fortune, is befriended by gruff Samson Flusky, a prosperous businessman who was previously a transported convict, apparently a murderer. Sam says that because he has bought the legal limit of land, he wants Charles to buy land, though the Governor orders him not to go, Charles is invited to dinner at Sams house. Charles discovers that he already knows Sams wife, Lady Henrietta, Lady Henrietta is now an alcoholic who is socially shunned. Sam invites Charles to stay at his house, hoping it will cheer up his wife, the housekeeper, Milly, has completely taken over the running the household, and is the one who secretly feeds Lady Henrietta alcohol, hoping to destroy her and win Sams affections. They become closer and closer, and eventually share a passionate kiss. But Henrietta explains that she and Sam are bound together most profoundly, overcome with desire, they ran away and married at Gretna Green. Henriettas brother, furious that aristocratic Henrietta had paired up with a lowly servant and her brother shot at them and missed, she then shot her brother fatally. Sam made a confession to save her, and was sent to the penal colony in Australia. She followed him and waited seven years in poverty for his release. After listening to Millys greatly exaggerated stories of what Charles did in Lady Henriettas bedroom, Sam becomes furious, taking Sams favorite mare in the dark, Charles has a fall and the horse breaks a leg. Sam has to shoot her dead and, in a subsequent struggle over the gun, Sam will now be prosecuted again for attempted murder. At the hospital, Henrietta confesses to the Governor that Sam was wrongly accused of the first crime of murder, she was the one who shot, by law she should be deported back to Ireland to stand trial. Milly, still plying Henrietta with drink, is using a shrunken head to fake hallucinations
27.
Stromboli (film)
–
Stromboli, also known as Stromboli, Land of God, is a 1950 Italian-American film directed by Roberto Rossellini and featuring Ingrid Bergman. The drama is considered an example of Italian neorealism. Bergman plays Karin, a displaced Lithuanian in Italy, who escapes the internment camp by marrying an Italian POW fisherman and he promises her a great life in his home island of Stromboli, a volcanic island located between the mainland of Italy and Sicily. Adding to her difficulties, Karin speaks little Italian and she becomes increasingly despondent and eventually wants to escape the volcano island. The film also features segments about fishing and an actual evacuation of the town after an eruption of the volcano. Most villagers are played by people from the island, as is typical of neorealism. Originally, she had approached Samuel Goldwyn, but he bowed out after having seen Rossellinis film Germany, Year Zero. The terms of Rossellinis contract with RKO stated that all footage had to be turned over to RKO, however, the US version was eventually made without the directors input. Rossellini protested, and claimed that RKOs 81 minute version was different from his original 105 minute version. Rossellini got support from Father Félix Morlión, who had involved in the screenwriting. The conflict eventually led to Rossellini and RKO taking legal action against each other over the distribution rights to the film. This indicates that the differences were resolved rather quickly, the exact date of the Italian release is unclear, modern sources list the release year as either 1949 or 1950. Stromboli is perhaps best remembered for the affair between Rossellini and Bergman that began during the production of the film, as well as the resultant child born out of wedlock. In fact, the affair caused such a scandal in the United States that Bergman was denounced as ”a powerful influence for evil” on the floor of the US Senate by Colorado Senator Edwin C. Johnson. Furthermore, her Hollywood career was halted for a number of years, in Italy, Ingrid Bergman won a Nastro dArgento as Best foreign actress. Initial reception for Stromboli in America, however, was quite negative, the staff at Variety magazine gave the film a mixed review. They wrote, Director Roberto Rossellini purportedly denied responsibility for the film, cut or not cut, the film reflects no credit on him. Given elementary-school dialog to recite and impossible scenes to act, Ingrid Bergmans never able to make the lines real nor the emotion sufficiently motivated to seem more than an exercise
28.
Anastasia (1956 film)
–
Anastasia is a 1956 American historical drama film directed by Anatole Litvak. An animated version of Anastasia was released by Fox Animation Studios in 1997, ten years of turmoil have passed since the teenage Anastasia and her family were presumed to have been killed by Bolshevik revolutionaries. Does the refugee Anna who has turned up in Paris have the bearing, speech and intimate knowledge of the imperial family that the real grand duchess would have. Or is she merely a recovering amnesiac with a striking resemblance who has been groomed by the émigré General Bounine to stake a claim to £10,000,000 left by the Tsar in an English bank. In a climactic meeting with the Empress in Copenhagen, Anna and the Empress take the measure of each other, alternately projecting imperial self-possession, meanwhile, Bounine has become increasingly jealous of the attentions the fortune-hunting Prince Paul pays to Anna. At a grand ball at which her engagement to Paul is to be announced, the Empress has a word with Anna/Anastasia. The structure of the play can still be detected in the settings and theatrical scenes of the cinematic version. While the film does not reveal whether Anna really is the Romanov princess, Hayes summons all her stage experience to deliver the celebrated last line, summing up the films poignant exploration of identity and role-playing. Asked how she will explain the vanishing of her granddaughter to a ballroom full of expectant guests, she declares, I will tell them that the play is over. The film closes with the figure of the Dowager Empress on the arm of Prince Paul. The film marked Bergmans return to Hollywood after several years working in Italy with her then-husband, Anastasia won her an Academy Award for Best Actress, the second of three Oscars she would receive. The musical score from the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score and was popular after the films release. The film was also a comeback for Helen Hayes, as she had suspended her career for years due to the death of her daughter Mary. The film was shot in Copenhagen, London and Paris, the Alexander Nevsky Russian Orthodox Cathedral is featured in one of the first scenes. List of American films of 1956 Anastasia Romanov impostors Anastasia at the Internet Movie Database Anastasia at the TCM Movie Database Anastasia at AllMovie Anastasia at Rotten Tomatoes
29.
American Film Institute
–
The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
30.
AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars
–
Part of the AFI100 Years. Series, AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars is a list of the top 50 greatest screen legends in American film history, which included 25 male and 25 female stars. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 15,1999, in a CBS special hosted by Shirley Temple, the top stars of their respective sexes are Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. They starred together in the adventure film The African Queen. All actors and actresses are from the Golden era of Hollywood film production, as of 2017, only Kirk Douglas, Sidney Poitier, and Sophia Loren are still living. AFI Recognizes the 50 Greatest American Screen Legends, archived from the original on January 13,2013. List of the 500 nominated star legends List of the 50 winning legends
31.
Kiel
–
Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 240,832. Kiel lies approximately 90 kilometres north of Hamburg, for instance, the city is known for a variety of international sailing events, including the annual Kiel Week, which is the biggest sailing event in the world. The Olympic sailing competitions of the 1936 and the 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Kiel, Kiel has also been one of the traditional homes of the German Navys Baltic fleet, and continues to be a major high-tech shipbuilding centre. Located in Kiel is the GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel at the University of Kiel, Kiel is an important sea transport hub, thanks to its location on the Kiel Fjord and the busiest artificial waterway in the world, Kiel Canal. A number of ferries to Sweden, Norway, Russia. Moreover, today Kiel harbour is an important port of call for cruise ships touring the Baltic Sea, Kiel was one of the founding cities of original European Green Capital Award in 2006. In 2005 Kiels GDP per capita was €35,618, which is well above Germanys national average, within Germany and parts of Europe, the city is known for its leading handball team, THW Kiel. The city is home to the University of Kiel, Kiel Fjord was probably first settled by Normans or Vikings who wanted to colonize the land which they had raided, and for many years they settled in German villages. This is evidenced by the geography and architecture of the fjord, the city of Kiel was founded in 1233 as Holstenstadt tom Kyle by Count Adolf IV of Holstein, and granted Lübeck city rights in 1242 by Adolfs eldest son, John I of Schauenburg. Being a part of Holstein, Kiel belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and was situated only a few south of the Danish border. Kiel, the capital of the county of Holstein, was a member of the Hanseatic League from 1284 until it was expelled in 1518 for harbouring pirates, the University of Kiel was founded on 29 September 1665, by Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. A number of important scholars, including Theodor Mommsen, Felix Jacoby, Hans Geiger and Max Planck, from 1773 to 1864, the town belonged to the King of Denmark. However, because the king ruled Holstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire only through a personal union, thus Kiel belonged to Germany, but it was ruled by the Danish king. Even though the Empire was abolished in 1806, the Danish king continued to rule Kiel only through his position as Duke of Holstein, when Schleswig and Holstein rebelled against Denmark in 1848, Kiel became the capital of Schleswig-Holstein until the Danish victory in 1850. On 24 March 1865 King William I based Prussias Baltic Sea fleet in Kiel instead of Danzig, the Imperial shipyard Kiel was established in 1867 in the town. When William I of Prussia became Emperor William I of the German Empire in 1871, he designated Kiel, the prestigious Kiel Yacht Club was established in 1887 with Prince Henry of Prussia as its patron. Emperor Wilhelm II became its commodore in 1891, because of its new role as Germanys main naval base, Kiel very quickly increased in size in the following years, from 18,770 in 1864 to about 200,000 in 1910. Much of the old centre and other surroundings were levelled and redeveloped to provide for the growing city
32.
Hamburg
–
Hamburg, officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area and its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe, the official long name reflects Hamburgs history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a sovereign state. Prior to the changes in 1919, the civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Though repeatedly destroyed by the Great Fire of Hamburg, the floods and military conflicts including WW2 bombing raids, the city managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. On the river Elbe, Hamburg is a port and a global service, media, logistics and industrial hub, with headquarters and facilities of Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf. The radio and television broadcaster NDR, Europes largest printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of Germanys oldest stock exchange and the worlds second oldest bank, Berenberg Bank. The city is a fast expanding tourist destination for domestic and international visitors. It ranked 16th in the world for livability in 2015, the ensemble Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research and education hub with several universities and institutes and its creative industries and major cultural venues include the renowned Elbphilharmonie and Laeisz concert halls, various art venues, music producers and artists. It is regarded as a haven for artists, gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule. Hamburg is also known for theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Paulis Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts, Hamburg is on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the north-east. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster, the city centre is around the Binnenalster and Außenalster, both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region, neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburgs highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres AMSL. Hamburg has a climate, influenced by its proximity to the coast
33.
Ingrid of Sweden
–
Ingrid of Sweden was Queen consort of Denmark from 1947 until 1972 as the wife of King Frederick IX. Born into the House of Bernadotte, she was the daughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, in 1947, her husband became king on his fathers death. As queen, Ingrid reformed the traditions of Danish court life, abolished many old-fashioned customs at court, King Frederick IX died in 1972, and Ingrid was widowed at the age of 61. Her eldest daughter, Margrethe aged 31, became the new Queen and she was also an aunt of the present King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf. Her father was the eldest son of King Gustaf V of Sweden by his wife and her mother was a daughter of Queen Victorias third son Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn by his wife Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia. She was baptised Ingrid Victoria Sofia Louise Margareta in Slottskyrkan in Stockholm, the family lived in apartments in the Royal Palace in Stockholm, in a mansion at Ulriksdal, near the capital, and in a summer residence, Sofiero Castle in Scania in southern Sweden. In 1920, when Ingrid was just ten years old, her mother died from meningitis while in the month of her sixth pregnancy. Her father remarried Lady Louise Mountbatten three years later, Louise was a second cousin of Ingrids. Only a stillborn daughter resulted from her fathers second marriage, Ingrid was raised to a sense of duty and seriousness. She was well educated and interested in sports, especially horse-riding, skiing and she also got her drivers licence early. The question of Ingrids marriage was a hot topic of conversation in the 1920s and she was matched with various foreign royalties and was seen by some as a possible wife for the heir-apparent to the British throne, the Prince of Wales, who was her second cousin. Her mother, Margaret of Connaught, and the then-Prince of Wales father, King George V, were first cousins, in 1928, Ingrid met the Prince of Wales in London. On 15 March 1935, shortly before her 25th birthday, she was engaged to Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark and they were related in several ways. As descendants of Oscar I of Sweden, they were third cousins, through Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were third cousins. And finally through Paul I of Russia, Frederick was a cousin of Ingrids mother. They married in Stockholm Cathedral on 24 May 1935, among the wedding guests were the King and Queen of Denmark, the King and Queen of Belgium and the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Norway. Her wedding was one of the greatest media events of the day in Sweden in 1935, Ingrid also appeared on the radio in 1935 and read a poem, something which was also given much attention. While she was Crown Princess, she was the patron of the Girl Guides, after having taken, and passed
34.
UFA GmbH
–
UFA GmbH is German film and television production company that unites all production activities of Bertelsmann in Germany. Its history comes from Universum Film AG that was a major German film company headquartered in Babelsberg, the name UFA was revived for an otherwise new film and television outfit. UFA was established as Universum-Film on December 18,1917, as a response to foreign competition in film. UFA was founded by a consortium headed by Emil Georg von Stauß, in 1925, financial pressures compelled UFA to enter into distribution agreements with American studios Paramount and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to form Parufamet. UFAs weekly newsreels continued to reference to the Paramount deal until 1940. Köhnlechner bought UFA, which was strongly in debt, on behalf of Reinhard Mohn for roughly five million Deutschmarks, only a few months later, Köhnlechner also acquired the Ufa-Filmtheaterkette, a movie theater chain, for almost eleven million Deutschmarks. Today, UFA GmbH is the parent company uniting all production activities of Bertelsmann/FremantleMedia in Germany, in August 2013, UFA underwent an organizational restructuring that simplified the company down to three production divisions. Today, UFA Fiction, UFA Serial Drama and UFA Show & Factual are the three units responsible for production, an early step towards the founding of UFA was taken on January 13,1917 with the creation of the Bild- und Filmamt by Germanys Supreme Army Command. Formed as a reaction to the advantage of Germanys enemies in the realm of film propaganda. However, the plans envisaged by the German General Staff – especially those of Erich Ludendorff – went far beyond the creation of Bufa, Ludendorff foresaw a large-scale, state-controlled film corporation that would serve national interests. In this spirit, Universum-Film AG was founded as a consolidation of private companies on December 18,1917 in Berlin. The companys starting capital amounted to 25 million Reichsmark, among the contributors were the German government, the Board Chairman of the new company was Deutsche Bank director Emil Georg von Stauß. Prior to establishing the company, the General Staff had initially considered taking over the Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft e. V. which had founded in 1916. This agency, however, was far too much under the influence of industry and, in particular, of Alfred Hugenberg. Hugenberg would later take over UFA in 1927, the studios were previously owned by Continental-Kunstfilm, whose production had slowed since 1915 and didnt join UFA. Greenbaum-Film joined in 1919, but the deal was disastrous for Jules Greenbaum who died in an institution in 1924. Deutsche Bioscope, merged in March 1920 with Erich Pommers German branch of Éclair to form Decla-Bioscop, instead of propaganda films, UFA now produced elaborate entertainment films such as Sumurun. In 1921, UFA was already producing the lions share of German feature films, starting in 1922, large ateliers in Neubabelsberg and on Oberlandstraße in Berlin-Tempelhof were made available for film production
35.
Royal Dramatic Theatre
–
The Royal Dramatic Theatre is Swedens national stage for spoken drama, founded in 1788. Around one thousand shows are put on annually on the theatres eight running stages, the theatre has been at its present location in the Art Nouveau building at Nybroplan, Stockholm, since 1908. The theatre was built by the architect Fredrik Lilljekvist, famous artists like Carl Milles and Carl Larsson were involved in making the decorations, and some of the interior decorations were made by Prince Eugen. The school was split off as an institution in 1967. The first Swedish theatre opened in Bollhuset and Lejonkulan in 1667, while the plays were sometimes open to the public, it remained more or less a court theatre. The first Swedish play, Den Svenska Sprätthöken, was performed in 1737 by the first Swedish theatre company, the Swedish theatre was turned out of their playhouse by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia after the 1753-54 season, and the playhouse was given to a French company. In 1773, king Gustav III fired the French company and encouraged Swedish talents, and thus, a theatre of spoken drama was founded in the same building in 1787, but was not to last long. In 1788 the director fled the country to escape his creditors, so the actors formed a company and asked for the kings protection, Swedens national stage for dramatic art was established by King Gustav III in 1788. It was then that the Royal Theatre in Sweden was officially split in two, and the Royal Theatre became thereafter solely an opera stage, for spoken drama a new theatre was built specifically, called Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern—the Royal Dramatic Theatre, to distinguish it from the Royal Theatre. In 1798, the theatres and operas of Stockholm were united by a monopoly. In 1825, the old Palace building of the theatre caught fire, the theatre was now located in the same building as the Opera, an arrangement that was to continue for almost forty years. The middle of the 19th century was to mean changes both within and without the theatre and this time, however, the strike was broken by the government, which gave some of them raised salaries and fired the others with pensions. There was much criticism about the sharing of localities between the opera and the theatre, as the localities of the Opera were built for singing and considered unsuitable for spoken drama. In 1863, the Royal Dramatic Theatre purchased the playhouse of an old theatre, Mindre teatern. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the playhouse was rundown and in desperate need of renovation, there was lively debate in the press on the subject of refurbishing the national stage at Kungsträdgården. Many different kinds of restoration were proposed, but King Oscar II was not satisfied any of the suggestions. Instead, the decision was made to completely tear down the old theatre building and to build a new, bigger, fresher. From the 1850s onwards, Stockholm as a city and as Swedens definitive capital had changed considerably as had its centre, Fredrik Lilljekvist was appointed head architect, and on February 18,1908 the national stages new theatre building at Nybroplan opened with Strindbergs new play Mäster Olof
36.
Greta Garbo
–
Greta Garbo, was a Swedish-born American film actress during the 1920s and 1930s. Garbo was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an Academy Honorary Award in 1954 for her luminous, Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gosta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B, Mayer, chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who brought her to Hollywood in 1925. She immediately stirred interest with her first silent film, Torrent, released in 1926, a later, her performance in Flesh. Garbos first talking film was Anna Christie, MGM marketers enticed the public with the catch-phrase Garbo talks. That same year she starred in Romance, for her performances in these films she received the first of three Academy Award nominations for Best Actress. In 1932, her popularity allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract and her success continued in films such as Mata Hari and Grand Hotel. Many critics and film historians consider her performance as the doomed courtesan Marguerite Gautier in Camille to be her finest, the role gained her a second Academy Award nomination. Garbos career soon declined, however, and she was one of the many stars labeled Box Office Poison in 1938, from then on, Garbo declined all opportunities to return to the screen. Shunning publicity, she began a life, and neither married nor had children. Greta Lovisa Gustafsson was born in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden and she was the third and youngest child of Anna Lovisa —a housewife who later worked at a jam factory—and Karl Alfred Gustafsson, a laborer. Garbo had a brother, Sven Alfred, and an older sister. Her parents met in Stockholm where her father visited from Frinnaryd and he moved to Stockholm to become independent and worked in various odd jobs—street cleaner, grocer, factory worker and butchers assistant. He married Anna, who had moved from Högsby. The Gustafssons were impoverished and lived in a three-bedroom cold-water flat at Blekingegatan No.32 and they brought up their three children in a working class district regarded as the citys slum. Garbo would later recall, It was eternally grey—those long winters nights and my father would be sitting in a corner, scribbling figures on a newspaper. On the other side of the room my mother is repairing ragged old clothes and we children would be talking in very low voices, or just sitting silently. We were filled with anxiety, as if there were danger in the air, such evenings are unforgettable for a sensitive girl
37.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
38.
A Woman's Face
–
A Womans Face is a 1941 American film noir drama directed by George Cukor, starring Joan Crawford, Melvyn Douglas and Conrad Veidt. It tells the story of Anna Holm, a facially disfigured blackmailer, when a plastic surgeon corrects this disfigurement, Anna becomes torn between the hope of starting a new life and a return to her dark past. 1938 swedish film of the same name, most of the film is told in flashbacks as witnesses in a courtroom give their testimonies. The screenplay was written by Donald Ogden Stewart, based on the play Il Etait Une Fois by Francis de Croisset, another version of the story, a Swedish production, was filmed in 1938 as En Kvinnas Ansikte, starring Ingrid Bergman. Set in Sweden, the film is shown in flashbacks in the course of a trial in which a woman with a half-hidden face. The events, as described by the witnesses, begin years before when aristocrat Torsten Barring hosts a party at a tavern, the guests include Vera, the faithless wife of noted plastic surgeon Gustaf Segert. When the tavern refuses to extend his credit, Torsten meets the proprietress Anna — whose face is scarred from a fire 22 years ago caused by her father. Torsten treats Anna as if she is beautiful and charming rather than scarred, Anna is suspicious, and Torsten implies that he may need her help in the future. Anna is leader of a gang of blackmailers and she obtains letters proving Vera is having an affair and demands money. Gustaf comes home unexpectedly and, thinking Anna a thief, wants to call the police, Gustaf becomes intrigued by Annas scars and offers to perform plastic surgery on her. Anna is subjected to twelve operations, within two years, she turns into a beautiful woman no longer ridiculed by strangers. After leaving Gustavs Swiss clinic, she returns to Torsten, who is amazed by her new physical beauty and she assures him that she has not yet joined the side of the angels. Torsten obliquely tells her that his uncle, Consul Magnus Barring, but, if something were to happen to the grandson, Torsten would inherit instead. Anna is horrified by what he is driving at, but is compelled through love for Torsten to agree, using the name Ingrid Paulson, Anna is hired as a governess on Torstens recommendation and goes to live at the Barring chateau. She becomes fond of the kindly Consul and his sweet-natured grandson, Torsten soon joins them, but party guests include Gustaf, who recognizes Ingrid as Anna. Thinking that she has softened and changed her name to start a new life, the next day, Anna accidentally leaves Lars-Erik too long under a sun lamp. Her genuine distress makes Torsten suspicious of her resolve to kill the boy and he gives her an ultimatum that Lars-Erik must die before the next night and she reluctantly agrees. The incident, however, causes Gustaf to become suspicious, especially after seeing Anna with Torsten at the nearby waterfall, Anna takes Lars-Erik for an open aerial cable car ride across the falls
39.
Joan Crawford
–
Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
40.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
41.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
42.
Leslie Howard (actor)
–
Leslie Howard was an English stage and film actor, director and producer. Howard also wrote stories and articles for The New York Times, The New Yorker. Howard was one of the biggest box-office draws and movie idols of the 1930s but is probably best remembered for playing Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind, Howards Second World War activities included acting and filmmaking. Howard was born Leslie Howard Steiner to a British mother, Lilian, Howard was educated at Alleyns School, London. He worked as a clerk before enlisting at the outbreak of the Great War. He served in the British Army as a subaltern in the Northamptonshire Yeomanry but suffered shell shock, Outward Bound and The Green Hat. He became an undisputed Broadway star in Her Cardboard Lover, Howard would return, however, many times—later repeating the Standish role in the 1933 film version of Berkeley Square. The stage, however, continued to be an important part of his career, Howard frequently juggled acting, producing and directing duties in the Broadway productions in which he starred. Howard was also a dramatist and starred in the Broadway production of his play, Murray Hill and he played Matt Denant in John Galsworthys 1927 Broadway production Escape in which he first made his mark as a dramatic actor. His stage triumphs continued with The Animal Kingdom and The Petrified Forest and he later repeated both roles in the film versions. Howards production, his stage role, lasted for only 39 performances before closing. Howard was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981, in 1920 Howard suggested forming a film production company, British Comedy Films Ltd. to his friend Adrian Brunel. The two eventually settled on the name Minerva Flims Ltd, the Companys Board of Directors consisted of Howard, Brunel, C. Aubrey Smith, Nigel Playfair and A. A. Milne, one of the Companys investors was H. G. Wells. Early films include four written by A. A. Milne, including The Bump, aubrey Smith, Twice Two, Five Pounds Reward, and Bookworms, the latter two starring Howard. Some of these survive in the archives of the British Film Institute. Following his move to Hollywood, Howard often played stiff upper lipped Englishmen and he appeared in the film version of Outward Bound, though in a different role than the one he portrayed on Broadway. He had second billing under Norma Shearer in A Free Soul and he starred in the film version of Berkeley Square, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor
listen); 29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films.[1] She won three Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and the Tony Award for Best Actress. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca (1942), and as Alicia Huberman in Notorious (1946), an Alfred Hitchcock thriller also starring Cary Grant and Claude Rains.[2]
