Several independent sectors of South African society opposed apartheid through various means, including nonviolent resistance, guerrilla warfare and terrorism. Mass action against the ruling National
Nelson Mandela burns his passbook in 1960 as part of a civil disobedience campaign.
Painting depicting the Sharpeville Massacre
List of attacks attributed to MK in South Africa between 1980 and 1983.
Desmond Tutu makes a speech in Los Angeles, 1986
Vaal uprising
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The Vaal uprising was a period of popular revolt in black townships in apartheid-era South Africa, beginning in the Vaal Triangle on 3 September 1984. Sometimes known as the township revolt and driven
Anti-apartheid protestors in a South African township
In the mid-1980s, Casspirs became a symbol of state repression
Funeral for the victims of the Queenstown Massacre, December 1985
The funeral of the Cradock Four in Cradock, 20 July 1985