1.
New York State Department of Transportation
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This transportation network includes, A state and local highway system, encompassing over 110,000 miles of highway and 17,000 bridges. A5,000 mile rail network, carrying over 42 million short tons of equipment, raw materials, manufactured goods, over 130 public transit operators, serving over 5.2 million passengers each day. Twelve major public and private ports, handling more than 110 million short tons of freight annually,456 public and private aviation facilities, through which more than 31 million people travel each year. It owns two airports, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, and Republic Airport on Long Island, Stewart is currently leased to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Its regulations are compiled in title 17 of the New York Codes, Rules, in 1878, the Superintendent of Public Works took over the duties of the canal commissioners. In 1908, the New York State Department of Highways was established by the Highway Act and it was headed by a three-member Highway Commission, appointed in 1909. In 1911, the Highway Commission was abolished, and was succeeded by a State Superintendent of Highways, the department comprises 11 regional offices and 68 county transportation maintenance residencies. Tioga County was moved to adjacent region in August 2007, Wayne County was moved from Region 3 to Region 4 in the late 1990s, averell Harriman State Office Building Campus in Albany, NY. The TMC moved in September,2012 along with SP COMSEC to the new NYSP Troop G Headquarters located in Latham, New York City Department of Transportation Raymond T. Schuler Official website Department of Transportation in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations 511ny. org
2.
MTA Bridges and Tunnels
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It was tasked with completing construction of the Triborough Bridge, which had been started by New York City in 1929 but had stalled due to the Great Depression. Generating millions of dollars in revenue annually, the TBTA easily became a powerful city agency as it was capable of funding large capital projects. The TBTA was merged into the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968, surplus revenue, formerly used for new automobile projects, would now be used to support public transportation. The MTA Bridges and Tunnels trading name was adopted in 1994, the name Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority is still the legal name of the Authority and was used publicly between 1946 and 1994. The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority employs less than 500 Bridge and Tunnel Officers, BTOs patrol the Authoritys 9 facilities on foot and in marked patrol cars, which are now painted to resemble New York State vehicles. Besides law enforcement, the BTOs collect tolls They also assist vehicles stuck in E-ZPass lanes, operate tow trucks to clear disabled vehicles, E-ZPass rates are for tags issued by the New York Customer Service Center only -- vehicles with E-ZPass accounts from other agencies pay the cash rate. Tolls are charged in both directions unless otherwise noted, all rates are effective on March 19,2017. Open-road cashless tolling will be implemented in all MTA Bridges and Tunnels facilities by the end of 2017, the Henry Hudson Bridge already has open-road tolling, and the two tunnels would be the next facilities to have cashless tolling facilities. The tollbooths will be dismantled, and drivers will no longer be able to pay cash at the bridge. Instead, there will be mounted onto new overhead gantries near where the booths are currently located. Drivers without E-ZPass will have a picture of their license plate taken, for E-ZPass users, sensors will detect their transponders wirelessly
3.
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
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This 1, 500-square-mile port district is generally encompassed within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. The Port Authority is headquartered at 4 World Trade Center and is a member of the Real Estate Board of New York, the agency has its own 1, 600-member Port Authority Police Department. The Port of New York and New Jersey comprised the main point of embarkation for U. S. troops and supplies sent to Europe during World War I, the solution was the 1921 creation of the Port Authority under the supervision of the governors of the two states. By issuing its own bonds, it was independent of either state. It became one of the agencies of the metropolitan area for large-scale projects. In the early years of the 20th century, there were disputes between the states of New Jersey and New York over rail freights and boundaries. At the time, rail lines terminated on the New Jersey side of the harbor, while shipping was centered on Manhattan. Freight had to be shipped across the Hudson River in barges, the Harbor Development Commission, a joint advisory board set-up in 1917, recommended that a bi-state authority be established to oversee efficient economic development of the port district. The Port of New York Authority was established on April 30,1921 and this was the first such agency in the United States, created under a provision in the Constitution of the United States permitting interstate compacts. The idea for the Port Authority was conceived during the Progressive Era, with the Port Authority at a distance from political pressures, it was able to carry longer-term infrastructure projects irrespective of the election cycles and in a more efficient manner. In 1972 it was renamed the Port Authority of New York, throughout its history, there have been concerns about democratic accountability, or lack thereof at the Port Authority. The Port District is irregularly shaped but comprises a 1, 500-square-mile area roughly within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty, at the beginning of the 20th century, there were no road bridge or tunnel crossings between the two states. The initial tunnel crossings were completed privately by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad in 1908 and 1909, under an independent agency, the Holland Tunnel was opened in 1927, with some planning and construction pre-dating the Port Authority. With the rise in traffic, there was demand for more Hudson River crossings. Using its ability to issue bonds and collect revenue, the Port Authority has built, early projects included bridges across the Arthur Kill, which separates Staten Island from New Jersey. The Goethals Bridge, named chief engineer of the Panama Canal Commission General George Washington Goethals, connected Elizabeth, New Jersey and Howland Hook. At the south end of Arthur Kill, the Outerbridge Crossing was built and named after the Port Authoritys first chairman, construction of both bridges was completed in 1928. The Bayonne Bridge, opened in 1931, was built across the Kill van Kull, connecting Staten Island with Bayonne, the bridge was completed in October 1931, ahead of schedule and well under the estimated costs
4.
John F. Kennedy International Airport
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John F. Kennedy International Airport is a major international airport located near South Ozone Park in the borough of Queens in New York City, United States,12 miles southeast of Lower Manhattan. Over ninety airlines operate out of the airport, with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents, the airport features six passenger terminals and four runways. It serves as a hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines and is the operating base for JetBlue Airways. In the past, JFK served as a hub for Eastern, National, Pan Am, John F. Kennedy International Airport was originally Idlewild Airport after the Idlewild Beach Golf Course that it displaced. It was built to relieve LaGuardia Airport, which was overcrowded soon after opening in 1939. Construction began in 1943, and about $60 million was spent of governmental funding. In March 1948 the New York City Council changed the name to New York International Airport, Anderson Field, the Port Authority leased the JFK property from the City of New York in 1947 and maintains this lease today. The first airline flight from JFK was on July 1,1948, the Port Authority cancelled foreign airlines permits to use LaGuardia, forcing them to move to JFK during the next couple of years. JFK opened with six runways and a seventh under construction, runways 1L and 7L were held in reserve and never came into use as runways. Runway 31R is still in use, runway 31L opened soon after the rest of the airport and is still in use, runway 1R closed in 1957, runway 4 opened June 1949 and runway 4R was added ten years later. A smaller runway 14/32 was built after runway 7R closed and was used through 1990 by general aviation, STOL and smaller commuter flights. The Avro Jetliner was the first jetliner to land at JFK on April 18,1950, later in 1957 the USSR sought approval for two Tupolev Tu-104 flights carrying diplomats to JFK, the Port Authority did not allow them, saying noise tests had to be done first. The airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24,1963, then-mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. proposed the renaming. The Port of New York Authority originally planned a single 55-gate terminal, architect Wallace Harrison then designed a master plan under which each major airline at the airport would be given its own space to develop its own terminal design. This scheme made construction more practical, made terminals more navigable, the revised plan met airline approval in 1955, with seven terminals initially planned—five for individual airlines, one developed for 3 airlines and an international arrivals building. The International Arrivals Building, or IAB, was the first new terminal at the airport, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and opening in December 1957. Stretching nearly 700 meters parallel to runway 7R where Terminal 4 is now, it had finger piers at right-angles to the building allowing more aircraft to park. United Airlines opened Terminal 7, a Skidmore design similar to the IAB, Eastern Airlines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 a month later, it was demolished in 1995
5.
New York State Route 878
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New York State Route 878 is a state highway in the U. S. state of New York, forming the Nassau Expressway. The route exists in two connected by Rockaway Boulevard and Rockaway Turnpike, maintained in part by New York City, the New York State Department of Transportation. The termini of the route are the Belt Parkway and Conduit Avenue in Ozone Park, southern Queens. The 0.70 miles of NY878 from I-678 east to the JFK Expressway is officially designated as Interstate 878, but this designation is not posted on any signage. The 3. 73-mile northwest section in Queens is mostly built to standards and lies along the north edge of John F. Kennedy Airport, just south of the Belt Parkway. Officially it stretches from the interchange between the Belt Parkway, Conduit Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard east to the intersection of Rockaway Boulevard, the separate NY878 begins at that split, and carries eastbound one-way traffic only until the junction with I-678. There it becomes two-way, continuing east past the JFK Expressway, NY878 ends soon after at Rockaway Boulevard and Farmers Boulevard, the second traffic signal after North Hangar Road. This designation is not signed or used internally by the New York State Department of Transportation, in fact, between the two halves of NY878, traffic uses Rockaway Boulevard in Queens and Rockaway Turnpike in Nassau County. From the end of NY878 to near Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, from there to just short of the city line is NY 909G, the last 0.07 miles are again city-maintained. The part of Rockaway Turnpike that helps connect NY878 is maintained by Nassau County, as signed, NY878 runs from the split with Rockaway Turnpike south to the toll plaza of the Atlantic Beach Bridge. The southern section of NY878 is one of several NYS touring routes with no connections to other state routes, the portion of Rockaway Boulevard and Rockaway Turnpike between NY27 and the Atlantic Beach Bridge was originally designated as NY104 in the early 1930s. This designation was removed by 1932, the expressway was first proposed in late-1945, to connect Brooklyn with southeastern Queens and the South Shore of Long Island, as well as to provide a link to Idlewild Airport. It was among several highways planned jointly between Robert Moses Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, and the Port Authority of New York, by 1949, the Nassau Expressway was planned along with a replacement for the original Atlantic Beach Bridge. It was envisioned by Moses and Nassau County executive J. Russell Sprague as a link between Atlantic Beach and both the Belt Parkway system and the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge. A contract for engineering work was let that year. The original route of the highway would have extended from the Van Wyck Expressway/Belt Parkway interchange to the Atlantic Beach Bridge. This route was favored as a replacement to Rockaway Boulevard/Turnpike, which was viewed as inadequate, the Long Beach Expressway would have been a six-lane expressway, running along Reynolds Channel on the north shore of the Long Beach Barrier Island to New York Avenue, then along Park Avenue. The routing along Park Avenue was opposed by Long Beach residents, in particular, many homes in Inwood, Nassau County were either condemned and demolished or relocated in order to facilitate the expressway
6.
Belt Parkway
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The Belt System is a series of connected limited-access highways that form a belt-like circle around the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The system comprises four officially separate parkways, however, three of the four are signed as the Belt Parkway, the three parkways that make up the signed Belt Parkway—the Shore Parkway, the Southern Parkway, and the Laurelton Parkway—are a combined 25.29 miles in length. The Cross Island Parkway makes up the fourth parkway in the system, the Shore Parkway, Southern Parkway, Laurelton Parkway, and Cross Island Parkway are collectively known as the Belt System. The four components of the Belt System are designated as New York State Route 907C, NY 907D, NY 907B, all four numbers are reference route designations and are not signed. Excluding the Cross Island Parkway, the three segments are now known collectively as the official Belt Parkway. It is designated an east–west route, and its numbering system begins, in standard fashion, at the western terminus of the Shore Parkway. The numbering increases as the parkway proceeds eastward, and continues onto the Cross Island at the terminus of the Belt Parkway. The north–south parkway retains the numbering scheme to its northern terminus, the Belt Parkway begins at an interchange with the Gowanus Expressway in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn. Paralleling Third Avenue, the parkway turns west and crosses over the New York and Atlantic Railway, bypassing Bay Ridge, the Belt enters exit 1, which services 65th–67th Streets in Bay Ridge. Crossing south past Owls Head Park, the parkway turns southward and enters Shore Road Park, the eastbound lanes, the Belt Parkway passes several small parking areas that services as a viewing spot for the bay. Connections across the parkway to Bay Ridge are also present at these parking areas, beginning the bend to the southeast, the parkway passes Andrew Lehman Field. Just east of the field, the Belt Parkway comes within the shadows of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and enters exit 2, after crossing under the bridge, the westbound lanes enter exit 3 which connects to the Verrazano. Eastbound, the lanes from the connecting to the Belt merge in. During a short gap away from the shore, the Belt passes an area for Dyker Beach Park, entering exit 4. Continuing along the park, the Belt begins to parallel Cropsey Avenue and passes another parking area before reaching exit 5 and this marks the eastern end of Dyker Beach Park, and the route begins to parallel shoreline strip malls before reaching Calvert Vaux Park. Now in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn, the Belt enters exit 6, westbound, this junction is split into exit 6N and exit 6S, also serving Stillwell Avenue. The parkway bends eastward and crosses over the Coney Island Complex, just before entering exit 7, the eastbound lanes cross just north of the Neptune Avenue subway station. Exit 7 eastbound services Ocean Parkway, which is met by exit 7B proceeding westbound, westbound, exit 7A services Shell Road in Gravesend
7.
Ozone Park, Queens
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Ozone Park is a urban neighborhood located in the southwestern section of the borough of Queens, in New York City, New York, United States. It borders Woodhaven, Richmond Hill, Howard Beach, and City Line, different parts of the neighborhood are covered by Queens Community Board 9 and 10. The neighborhood is located in the Sixth congressional district, and is represented by Democrat Gregory Meeks, the northern border is Atlantic Avenue, the southern border is South Conduit Avenue, and the eastern border is 108th Street. The western border is the county line with Brooklyn and it is the home of the Aqueduct Racetrack, a popular spot for Thoroughbred racing. The neighborhood is known for its large Italian-American population, the current ground level of Ozone Park is about four feet higher than the original ground level. Initially the avenues and cross streets were raised above ground level and then all of the basements were set on ground level and the land was back filled around the houses. The older houses that were at the ground level now appear sunken. An area now part of Ozone Park that pre-dated that community was called Centreville and it was founded in the 1840s and was centered around Centreville Street and the Centreville Community Church. Part of Ozone Park is still called Centreville and it was completed for Christmas 1958. The old church and the property that surrounded it were sold to Aqueduct Racetrack, the lot is still vacant as of 2013. During the 1870s, a depression caused residents of New York City to look for better housing opportunities in the suburbs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Two partners, Benjamin W. Hitchcock and Charles C, denton, first began carving farmland into building lots. They were able to do this because of their wealth and substantial capital, housing was first developed in the area after the Long Island Rail Road began service through the area in 1880 as part of its route from Long Island City to Howard Beach. Ozone Park was created and settled in 1882, before the turn of the 20th century, there was an attempt to develop up to nine neighborhoods with the park title. Ozone Park was the one of these neighborhoods that continues to exist. The name persisted because of the commuters who passed through the Ozone Park station. The final improvement to the transit system was the Fulton Street Elevated train line at Liberty Avenue in 1914. In addition to this railroad came the nickel fare, which was another major factor in the development of Ozone Park
8.
Jackie Robinson Parkway
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The Jackie Robinson Parkway is a 4. 95-mile parkway in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The western terminus of the parkway is at Jamaica Avenue in the Brooklyn neighborhood of East New York and it runs through Highland Park, along the north side of Ridgewood Reservoir, and through Forest Park. The eastern terminus is at the Kew Gardens Interchange in Kew Gardens, Queens and it is designated New York State Route 908B, an unsigned reference route. The parkway was named the Interboro Parkway until 1997, when it was renamed for former Major League Baseball player Jackie Robinson. The Jackie Robinson Parkway starts where Jamaica and Pennsylvania Avenues intersect in the Brooklyn neighborhood of East New York, Exit 1, Bushwick Avenue via Highland Boulevard, is a westbound-only exit. The highway enters Queens and passes Mount Judah Cemetery before exit 2 at Vermont Place and Cypress Avenue, which lead to Highland Park, Exit 3, Cypress Hills Street, leads to Cypress Hills Cemetery, where Jackie Robinson is buried. Here the parkway narrows and makes sharp turns, at exit 4, Forest Park Drive, the parkway enters Forest Park. Exit 5 is at Myrtle Avenue and Woodhaven Boulevard, at exit 6, Metropolitan Avenue, Union Turnpike straddles the parkway, but there is no access to or from Union Turnpike. The parkway and Union Turnpike then exit the Forest Park neighborhood, Union Turnpike shares a diamond interchange with Queens Boulevard, but there is no access from the parkway. Exit 7, an exit, goes to the Van Wyck Expressway northbound. Exit 8 is the Grand Central Parkway, where the Jackie Robinson Parkway ends, a boulevard stretching from Coney Island to Prospect Park was under construction in 1897, extending further toward Highland Park and planned to enter Queens County at the Ridgewood Reservoir. This boulevard would later be known as Eastern Parkway, an extension of Eastern Parkway was suggested by Brooklyn city officials, running from Cypress Hills Cemetery through Forest Park to Dry Harbor Road and then toward Hoffman Boulevard. Officials proposed an amendment to the Rural Cemetery Act to provide for the construction of a road running through the Cypress Hills Cemetery, connecting Brooklyn and Queens. This proposed road was to serve as an extension of Eastern Parkway and this bill was introduced in the New York State Legislature in 1901 but failed to pass, and failed to pass every subsequent year it was reintroduced in the legislature. The bill finally was passed in 1908, however no funds were allocated to the project. As the presence of vehicles were increasing, especially due to the success of Henry Fords Model T, by July 1923. New York Citys Board of Estimate proposed to construct the road if local residents financed the construction, in order to exploit a condition of approval with the Cypress Hills Cemetery expiring on 1 January 1928, New York City authorities began expediting plans for the parkway in March 1927. The trustees of the approved the citys acquisition of land for the parkway on the condition that physical improvement of the road be started prior to 1 January 1928
9.
Grand Central Parkway
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The Grand Central Parkway is a 14. 61-mile long parkway that stretches from the Triborough Bridge in New York City to Nassau County on Long Island. At the Queens–Nassau border, it becomes the Northern State Parkway, which runs across the part of Long Island through Nassau County and into Suffolk County. The westernmost stretch also carries a short stretch of Interstate 278, the parkway runs through Queens and passes the Cross Island Parkway, Long Island Expressway, LaGuardia Airport and Citi Field, home of the New York Mets. The parkway is designated New York State Route 907M, a reference route. Despite its name, the Grand Central Parkway was not named after Grand Central Terminal, the Grand Central Parkway has a few unique distinctions. First, it is apparently the only parkway in New York City to carry an elliptical black-on-white design for its trailblazer, second, it is one of the few parkways in the state to allow truck traffic to any extent. The section shared with I-278 allows for small trucks—larger ones still cannot pass under the intentionally designed low underpasses, oversize trucks must travel on Astoria Boulevard, the local service road, to reach the bridge. The Grand Central Parkway begins at exit 44 off eastbound I-278 in the Astoria section of Queens, after crossing over 82nd Street and Ditmars Boulevard, the parkway enters the airport area, passing south of runway 4-22. A short distance to the northeast, exit 6 arrives at an interchange with 94th Street, immediately after exit 7 forks northward on a ramp to the airports terminals B, C and D. After exit 7, the Grand Central bends southeast and away from LaGuardia Airport, paralleling the Long Island Sound into the only exit 8. Entering the Corona section of Queens, the Grand Central enters exit 9, the Grand Central then proceeds south, crossing under the Long Island Rail Roads Port Washington Branch and soon into Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. Through the park, the parkway passes west of Arthur Ashe Stadium, the Queens Zoo and the Unisphere before entering exit 10, a cloverleaf interchange with the Long Island Expressway. Soon crossing into Forest Hills, the parkway continues through Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, passing Meadow Lake, entering exit 11, connecting to 69th Road and Jewel Avenue in. After that interchange, the parkway bends southeast through Forest Hills, passing Willow Lake and exit 12, which connects to NY25 via 78th Avenue. The Grand Central continues its bend, now proceeding eastward over Corona Yard, entering the Kew Gardens Interchange, connecting I-678, Union Turnpike and the Jackie Robinson Parkway in Kew Gardens. After the Kew Gardens Interchange, the Grand Central Parkway continues east into the Briarwood section of Queens, after crossing through the developed neighborhood of Briarwood, the parkway enters Jamaica Hills, passing south of Queens Hospital near 164th Street. Proceeding westbound, an exit is present, connecting to 168th Street, while eastbound, at the interchange with Utopia Parkway, the Grand Central passes south of St. Johns University, soon winding northeast into exit 19, which serves 188th Street in Jamaica Estates. The parkway leaves Cunningham Park, entering the Bellerose section of Queens, entering exit 22, the route then enters Alley Pond Park, where it interchanges with the Cross Island Parkway and Winchester Boulevard
10.
Kew Gardens Interchange
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The Kew Gardens Interchange is a complex junction in Kew Gardens, in the center of the New York City borough of Queens. The Kew Gardens Interchange is located midway between LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. Highways feeding into the Kew Gardens Interchange include the Grand Central Parkway, Interstate 678, the Jackie Robinson Parkway, Queens Boulevard, the Kew Gardens Interchange is an incomplete junction, some highways are not connected and others are indirectly connected by Main Street and Union Turnpike. A distorted trumpet between Grand Central Parkway and Interboro Parkway, with Union Turnpike appearing somewhat as a road, was constructed in the 1930s. Connections to the Van Wyck Expressway were added later, on August 18,2010, the New York State Department of Transportation broke ground on the first phase of reconstruction of the Kew Gardens interchange. The renovation project includes the renovations of the nearby Queens Boulevard viaduct over the Van Wyck Expressway, New York Roads portal Empire State Roads Interchange of the Week, Monday, May 7,2001
11.
Interstate 495 (New York)
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Interstate 495 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway on Long Island in New York in the United States. The route extends for 71 miles from the portal of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel in the New York City borough of Manhattan to County Route 58 in Riverhead. I-495 does not intersect its parent route, I-95, however, it does connect to I-95 through I-295, which it meets in Queens. The portion of I-495 in Nassau and Suffolk counties is known as the Long Island Expressway, there is a gap in designation between I-278 and I-678, where the segment in between is designated as New York State Route 495. The expressway begins at the portal of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel in the Murray Hill section of Manhattan. The route heads eastward, passing under FDR Drive and the East River as it proceeds through the Triborough Bridge, once on Long Island, the highway passes through a toll booth and becomes known as the Queens–Midtown Expressway as it travels through the western portion of the borough. A mile after entering Queens, I-495 meets I-278 at exit 17, at this point, I-495 becomes NY495. It continues on an easterly path to the Rego Park neighborhood. The expressway continues east, veering to the southeast to bypass Kissena Park before curving back to the northeast to meet the Clearview Expressway at the edge of Cunningham Park. Past I-295, I-495 passes by the Queens Giant, the oldest and tallest tree in the New York metropolitan area, the tree, located just north of I-495 in Alley Pond Park, is visible from the highways westbound lanes. To the east, the connects to the Cross Island Parkway at exit 31 in the park prior to crossing into Nassau County. Although the name officially begins here, almost all locals and most signage use the Long Island Expressway or the LIE to refer the entire length of I-495. It is common to refer to the roads by these names—particularly Horace Harding—in local usage. The names may have intended to refer to sections of the expressway proper. Harding used his influence to promote the development of Long Islands roadways, Harding also urged construction of a highway from Queens Boulevard to the Nassau County Line, in order to provide better access to Oakland Country Club, where he was a member. After his death, the boulevard he helped build was named for him, Horace Harding was not related to the former President Warren G. Harding. In 1968, a line along the Long Island Expressway was proposed. Heading into Nassau County, the expressway sports a High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane, the two highways meet three times, although it actually crosses only once at exit 46 near the county line
12.
Cross Island Parkway
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Cross Island Parkway, also known as the 100th Infantry Division Parkway, is a parkway on Long Island, New York. The parkway is a part of the Belt Parkway system that runs along the perimeter of the boroughs of Queens, the road is designated as New York State Route 907A, an unsigned reference route. Being a part of the Belt System, its numbering is a continuation of the Belt Parkway. At exit 25A, the Cross Island Parkway becomes the Belt Parkway, before its exits were renumbered to align with the Belt Parkway, they were numbered to co-align with the Southern State Parkway, which is why that parkway begins with exit 13. The Cross Island Parkway begins at an interchange with the Belt Parkway, a short distance after exit 25B, which serves Linden Boulevard, forks off the Cross Island. The parkway runs northward along the Queens-Nassau county line upon leaving the interchange, in Belmont Park, the Cross Island enters exit 26A, the first of two gated-entrance exit ramps for Belmont Park parking lots. After crossing under Belmont Park Road, the parkway enters exit 26B, paralleling the race track, the Cross Island Parkway continues north, passing west of Belmont Parks Long Island Rail Road station, where southbound exit 26C forks to NY24. After the crossing, the parkway enters exit 27, an interchange with NY25. A short distance later, the parkway enters exit 28A, serving NY 25B via a diamond interchange, now proceeding northwest, the Cross Island crosses under Union Turnpike and enters exit 29, a trumpet interchange with the Grand Central Parkway. After crossing under the multitude of lanes that make up the interchange and the Grand Central Parkway, the Cross Island parallels the Douglaston Parkway northwest for a stretch, entering exit 30, a trumpet interchange with the Long Island Expressway in Alley Pond Park. The parkway parallels Alley Creek as it further to the northwest, entering exit 31, a partial cloverleaf interchange with NY 25A. After a pedestrian crossover, the parkway passes a parking lot for Bayside Marina, the Cross Island Parkway soon leaves the side of Little Neck Bay and passes south of Fort Totten Military Reservation. While south of Fort Totten, the parkway enters exit 32, a short distance later, the parkway enters another diamond interchange, exit 33, this time for the Clearview Expressway and the Throgs Neck Bridge. The northbound lanes also boast a ramp for Utopia Parkway, after crossing under Utopia Parkway, the Cross Island enters the Whitestone section of Queens, where southbound, an exit 34 serves 160th Street and Utopia Parkway. This interchange also serves as the terminus of the Cross Island Parkway. This proposal also included proposals for the Richmond Parkway and the corridor of the Grand Central Parkway, the proposal was held at the Hotel Commodore in Manhattan during the Park Association of New York City annual dinner, which had an attendance of 500 civic leaders. While the group accepted the idea, there were complaints about costs of the new projects. The city had about $400 million in borrowing capacity, and that most of these projects should wait, in June 1938, the Regional Plan Association proposed 27 new parks throughout the city, including three that would serve the purpose of helping construct the Cross Island Parkway
13.
Whitestone, Queens
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Whitestone is an upper middle-class residential neighborhood in the northernmost part of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood proper is located between the East River to the north and 25th Avenue to the south, Whitestone is surrounded by College Point, Flushing, Bayside, Auburndale, Linden Hill, and Murray Hill. Whitestone contains the subsection of Malba, which is bounded to the north by the East River, to the east by the Whitestone Expressway, to the south by 14th Avenue, Malba was cited in a New York Times article as one of the few elite enclaves of Queens. Dutch settlers derived the name of the town from limestone that used to lie on the shore of the according to a popular tradition. Whitestone got its name because the settlers discovered that Whitestone was built on white limestone, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 109th Precinct, and is part of Queens Community Board 7. It is traditionally bounded by the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge on the west, the zip code of Whitestone is 11357. The area was, in part, the estate of Francis Lewis, a delegate to the Continental Congress. The estate was the site of an English raid during the Revolutionary War, Lewis was not present but his wife was taken prisoner and his house was burned to the ground. In the late 19th century, many wealthy New Yorkers began building mansions in the area, rapid development of the area ensued in the 1920s, however, as trolley and Long Island Rail Road train service on the Whitestone Branch was expanded into the neighborhood. Flushing Airport has been abandoned since 1985, further development came with the building of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge in 1939. The bridge measures 2,300 feet and was the fourth longest bridge in the world at the time of its construction. The name of the subsection of Malba in northern Whitestone is derived from the first letters of the surnames of its five founders of the Malba Land Company, Maycock, Alling, Lewis, Bishop, and Avis. Malba is considered part of Whitestone, one of the affluent communities in Queens. Demographically, the population is white and of European descent. Most of the properties in Malba are large homes. The first known resident of the known as present-day Malba was David Roe. According to Clarence Almon Torreys book, David Roe Of Flushing And Some Of His Descendants, in 1683, Roe was taxed upon owning 35 acres and thereafter increased his holdings substantially, ultimately acquiring the upland around what was to become Malba. Roes farm was on the east side of the bay, which was known as Roes Cove
14.
Interstate 95 in New York
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Interstate 95 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Miami, Florida, to the Canada–United States border near Houlton, Maine. In the U. S. state of New York, I-95 extends 23.50 miles from the George Washington Bridge in New York City to the Connecticut state line at Port Chester. In the Bronx, I-95 leaves the Cross Bronx at the Bruckner Interchange and it then continues northeast on the New England Thruway out of New York City into Westchester County and to the Connecticut state line, where I-95 continues on the Connecticut Turnpike. I-95 enters New York from New Jersey on the George Washington Bridge on a concurrency with US1, as the bridges eastern approach enters Fort Washington Park, I-95 enters exit 1, which services NY 9A. Access is also provided to 181st Street, after crossing Fort Washington Avenue, the interstate goes underground, providing a ramp to 178th Street, which is where US9 forks to Broadway. I-95 continues east under Washington Heights, entering an interchange with the Harlem River Drive along with Amsterdam Avenue. After exit 2, I-95 crosses over the Harlem River and enters the Bronx, entering an interchange with the Major Deegan Expressway, now the Cross-Bronx Expressway, I-95 and US1 continue east over University Avenue and enter exit 2A, which serves Jerome Avenue. Crossing over the Grand Concourse, the expressway crosses into exit 2B. This interchange also marks the end of the I-95/US1 concurrency. Passing south of Tremont Park, the Cross Bronx westbound serves exit 3, at East 176th Street, the Cross Bronx Expressway turns southeast, entering exit 4A eastbound, which marks the northern terminus of I-895 and no connection is provided to East 177th Street nearby. After crossing the Bronx River, the expressway enters an interchange, exit 4B. After a curve from the parkway, the Cross Bronx enters exit 5A, continuing southeast, the roadway enters exit 5B, Castle Hill Road, which is an eastbound-only exit. After Castle Hill Road, the route enters exit 6A, which reaches the Hutchinson River Parkway at the Bruckner Interchange, after the Bruckner Interchange, I-95 crosses Tremont Avenue before crossing under I-695. Southbound, exit 7B serves I-695, while northbound the two interstates merge, continuing north, the Bruckner Expressway and I-95 parallel Bruckner Boulevard and run along the western edge of Pelham Bay Park. Now known as the New England Thruway, I-95 leaves Pelham Bay Park and enters exit 9, in the middle of the interchange with the Hutchinson River, exit 10 forks to the left, reaching Gun Hill Road. Now paralleling Baychester Avenue, which also services exit 11 and Bartow Avenue, conner Street is connected to via exit 13 before I-95 turns east and crosses over the Hutchinson River. After crossing the river, the route enters an interchange once again with the Hutchinson River Parkway, crossing through the northern reaches of Pelham Bay Park, I-95 turns more northeast and enters Westchester County. Now in Pelham Manor, the route crosses through Pelham Country Club, entering exit 15, after US1, the route crosses out of the Pelham Country Club, entering New Rochelle
15.
Interstate 278
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Interstate 278 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York in the United States. The road runs 35.62 miles from U. S. Route 1/9 in Linden, I-278 also crosses multiple bridges, including the Goethals Bridge, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge and the Triborough Bridge. Despite its number, I-278 does not connect to I-78, there were once plans to extend I-278 west to I-78 east of the Route 24 interchange in Springfield, New Jersey. This was cancelled due to opposition from the communities along the route, the segment that does exist in New Jersey was opened in 1969. In New York, the parts of I-278 were planned by Robert Moses. Some of these completed segments predated the Interstate Highway System and are not up to standards. Over the years, portions of I-278 have required upgrading, in addition, they tore through many New York City neighborhoods, causing controversy. All of I-278 through New York City was completed by the 1960s, I-87 was once planned to follow the segment of I-278 between the Williamsburg Bridge and the Major Deegan Expressway, but this ultimately became a part of I-278. In addition, the Bruckner Expressway portion of I-278 had been designated with different route numbers, at first, it was to be I-895 between I-87 and the Sheridan Expressway and I-678 past there. Later, I-278 was planned to follow the Bruckner Expressway and the Sheridan Expressway to I-95 before the current numbering took place by 1970, with I-895 designated onto the Sheridan Expressway. The New Jersey segment of I-278 begins in Linden, Union County at the junction with US1 and US9, the freeway heads east and carries two lanes in each direction, with the eastbound direction widening to three lanes. I-278 runs between residential areas to the north and the Bayway Refinery to the south as it continues into Elizabeth. In this area, the road meets Route 439 and the New Jersey Turnpike at the intermediate interchange that I-278 has in New Jersey. This short length is called the Union Freeway. After the New Jersey Turnpike, I-278 turns southeast and crosses the Arthur Kill on the four-lane Goethals Bridge to Staten Island and this bridge is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Upon coming onto Staten Island, I-278 becomes the Staten Island Expressway, after the Goethals Bridge, the highway has a toll plaza serving the bridge. NY440 forms a concurrency with I-278 and the heads into residential neighborhoods. The road carries four eastbound and three lanes westbound as it comes to the exit serving Richmond Avenue
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Interstate 295 (New York)
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Interstate 295 is a connector route within New York City. Measuring 9.10 miles in length, I-295 travels from the Bruckner Interchange, along the route,295 meets with I-695, the Cross Island Parkway, and I-495. In Queens, I-295 is also known as the Clearview Expressway, the highways southern terminus is a traffic signal at Hillside Avenue in the Queens neighborhood of Queens Village. However, the plan was to extend it further south to JFK Airport. The 0. 8-mile JFK Expressway was intended to be part of the Clearview, the Queens section of this roadway is known as The 77th Infantry Division Expressway, honoring the U. S. This Queens expressway instantly runs beneath a stack interchange with the Grand Central Parkway before immediately entering Cunningham Park, the Clearview leaves Cunningham Park at the interchange with Long Island Expressway, which used to be the eastern terminus of I-495 until the mid-1980s. Shortly north of the I-495 interchange, the northbound off-ramp and southbound on-ramp at NY 25A split, other pedestrian bridges cross over the highway near 42nd Avenue and at 33rd Avenue. The northbound exit 5 uses 206th Street as a de facto service road, real service roads run beneath the Port Washington Branch of the Long Island Rail Road to connect NY 25A and 35th Avenue. The service roads merge into the north of 26th Avenue. The expressway then crosses the bridge, after the Throgs Neck toll booth in the Bronx, I-295 becomes part of the Cross Bronx Expressway Extension. The only other interchange between there and the terminus is Randall Avenue, I-295, running northwest, gains service roads for a mile until it finally ends at its parent route at the Bruckner Interchange, but only includes access to southbound I-95, and I-278. Initially, the Clearview was intended to run along the existing right-of-ways of Utopia Parkway, an alternate proposed routing would have ran along Little Neck Bay and through Alley Pond Park, essentially parallel to the Cross Island Parkway. By September 1956, the Clearview was mapped along 206th and 207th Streets and Hollis Court Boulevard, east of Francis Lewis Boulevard, the reroute reduced the amount of properties to be demolished or relocated from 860 to 421. An information center was set up by the TBTA for local residents displaced by the expressway, the planning of the Clearview Expressway route by Robert Moses is documented in Robert Caros biography of Moses, The Power Broker. A passage describes Moses and TBTA officials surveying potential routes for the highway in Queens, construction on the Clearview Expressway and Throgs Neck Bridge began in September 1957. As part of the project, land was taken from Clearview Park, the defunct Bayside Golf Course, meanwhile, hundreds of homes were physically relocated from the path of the expressway. Many of these houses were placed in planned communities built on the sites of the Bayside Golf Course, the Cross Bronx extension, the Throgs Neck Bridge, and the portion of the Clearview Expressway north of 73rd Avenue in Queens were opened on January 11,1961. An extension of the Clearview south to Hillside Avenue was opened to traffic on August 12,1963 and it was the first of several highways built to serve the 1964 New York Worlds Fair
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Hutchinson River Parkway
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The Hutchinson River Parkway is a north–south parkway in southern New York in the United States. It extends for 18.78 miles from the massive Bruckner Interchange in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx to the New York–Connecticut state line at Rye Brook. The parkway continues south from the Bruckner Interchange as the Whitestone Expressway and north into Greenwich, Connecticut, the roadway is named for English-born American religious leader Anne Hutchinson. Both designations are unsigned reference routes, like the Bronx River Parkway, the reference route designation of the parkway in Westchester County violates the numbering scheme used by the New York State Department of Transportation. The second digit of a route designation typically indicates its region. Construction of the began in 1924 and was completed in 1941. The portion of the parkway between Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx and U. S. Route 1 in Pelham Manor was designated as New York State Route 1X from 1941 to 1946, NY 1A was subsequently realigned to follow the Hutch between Eastern Boulevard and US1. The NY 1A designation was removed c. 1962, the Hutchinson River Parkway begins at the large Bruckner Interchange in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx. This interchange consists of junctions with I-95, I-295, I-678 and I-278, the Hutchinson River Parkway proceeds north as a continuation of I-678, entering exit 1, a small 1-lane ramp to Bruckner Boulevard near Saint Raymonds Cemetery. Just to the north of exit 1, gas stations appear on side of the road, which turns northeast and into exit 2. After exit 2, the parkway crosses under the IRT Pelham Line just west of Middletown Road subway station, just after crossing into Pelham Bay, the parkway enters exit 3E–W, an interchange with the Pelham Parkway in a small section of Pelham Bay Park. After crossing under Amtraks Northeast Corridor, the parkway out of Pelham Bay Park and into exit 4S–N, a junction with I-95. Crossing over Bartow Avenue and the Hutchinson River, the parkway crosses into the section of Pelham Bay Park. The now six-lane parkway crosses north through Pelham Bay Park, entering exit 6, when the Hutchinson River Parkway leaves Pelham Bay Park, the right-of-way leaves the Bronx and enters Westchester County. Now in the village of Pelham Manor, the parkway enters exit 7, southbound, an exit 8 is present, a ramp to Sandford Boulevard in Pelham Manor. Proceeding northbound, exit 9 connects to Colonial Avenue, the continuation of Sandford Boulevard after the Hutchinson River Parkway in the adjacent village of Pelham, the parkway winds north through Pelham, entering exit 10 on the southbound lanes, a connection to East 3rd Street. Winding northeast, the parkway crosses under the Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line just west of Pelham station, just after the line, the Hutchinson River Parkway crosses into exit 12, a bi-directional junction with Lincoln Avenue in Pelham. Soon the parkway leaves Pelham for Mount Vernon, entering the Chester Heights section, in Mount Vernon, the Hutchinson River Parkway enters exit 13, a connection to the Cross County Parkway
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The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
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Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
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Future Interstate Highways
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Future Interstate Highways include various proposals to establish new mainline Interstate Highways in the United States. This does not include the numerous auxiliary Interstate Highways that are in various stages of planning, planned expansion of existing mainline interstates are also not included here. Several Congressional High Priority Corridors have been designated as parts of the Interstate System by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. By law, they will become interstates when built to Interstate standards, Interstate 3 is the proposed designation of an Interstate Highway Corridor under development in the southeastern U. S. It is planned to run from Savannah, Georgia, to Knoxville and its number does not follow standard numbering conventions, under established numbering conventions I-3 would normally run west of I-5 along the Pacific Coast. The unnumbered Interstate was established by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act, the Interstate 3 designation has not been officially accepted by AASHTO or the FHWA, but is being used by the Georgia Department of Transportation and others to identify the highway. The number comes from the 3rd Infantry Division which is based in Georgia, Interstate 7 or Interstate 9 has been proposed by Caltrans for State Route 99 in central California. This also serves as a connector to the northern portion of Highway 99. Interstate 11 is the designated route number for an Interstate connecting Phoenix, Arizona, to Las Vegas or Reno. Their rationale was that the Phoenix and Las Vegas metro areas were two of the largest urban regions in adjacent states not featuring direct Interstate connection, the corridor would be approximately 285 miles in length and would most likely subsume the existing I-515 freeway facility in the Las Vegas area. Plans to connect I-11 to the existing Interstate network in the Phoenix region have yet to be determined, the proposed routing for I-11 is part of the CANAMEX high-priority corridor. The projects contained within this portion of the overall Canamex corridor include the recently completed Hoover Dam Bypass project, at the same time, it extended the southern terminus of the corridor from Phoenix through Tucson to Nogales generally via the I-10 and I-19 corridors. The Regional Transportation Alliance expected this corridor to be called I-46 or another suitable designation. At a meeting in La Grange, North Carolina, on March 17,2016, the rationale for the I-50 numerical selection was cited as a number not in conflict with either an existing Interstate designation or currently applied to a U. S. Highway within North Carolina. This recommendation was forwarded to NCDOT for submission to AASHTO, for the AASHTO Special Committee on U. S. Route Numbering meeting in May 2016, NCDOT proposed I-36 for this route. However, AASHTO instead designated the route Interstate 42, in November 2012, NCDOT requested the addition of the corridor to the Interstate Highway System through administrative options with the Federal Highway Administration as I-44. Congressman G. K. Butterfield introduced legislation in June 2014 to add the corridor to the Interstate Highway System through Congressional authority and this corridor was officially designated as a future Interstate with the passing of the FAST Act. Had the I-44 designation been approved, it would have been discontinuous with the current I-44, however, subsequent review of available and preferred route numbers produced two other candidates, I-56 if an east–west designation was chosen, or I-89 if a north–south designation was chosen
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Numbered highways in New York
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The New York State Department of Transportation is responsible for the establishment and classification of a state highway network which includes Interstate Highways, U. S. Highways, and state routes. U. S. and Interstate Highways are classified as state routes in New York, however, as a result, there is apparent duplication between U. S. Routes, Interstate Highways and state routes. The New York state highway system is supplemented by the county route system. While neighboring New Jersey employs a statewide numbering system, no system exists in New York. Instead, each county numbers its highways independently of other counties, as a result, county routes typically change numbers when they cross county lines. In some cases, the highway and county highway systems overlap. More specifically, some portions of U. S, Routes and state routes in New York are signed as U. S. Routes or state routes but are maintained by the county that the lies within. These county-maintained segments also carry a county route designation that may or may not be posted alongside the U. S. or state designation, some state routes, such as New York State Route 148 in Niagara County, are entirely county-maintained. Highways maintained by the New York State Thruway Authority lack any signed numbers apart from Interstate Highway designations, there are no standard NYSDOT reference markers on any of the highways, instead, the Thruway Authority posts their own mileposts, which bear special Thruway codes. See the Thruway article for details, Transportation in New York List of New York State Bicycle Routes New York State Department of Transportation
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Parkways in New York
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A handful of other roads in the Hudson Valley and on Long Island are also known as parkways but are not part of the state system. The state parkway system introduced the concept of limited-access roads and these highways were not divided and allowed no driveway cuts, but did have intersections for some of the streets they crossed. The individual parkways vary widely in composition, some, such as the Sprain Brook Parkway, are functionally equivalent to a freeway, others, like Seven Lakes Drive, are a two-lane undivided surface road. The majority of parkways are located in downstate New York, where the parkway system originated in the early 20th century. The states parkway system originally began as a series of then-high-speed four-lane roads that were created to provide a way into, out of. The first section of this opened in 1908. Most of the roads have been replaced and redesigned to address higher speed requirements. In later sections north of New York City, the roadways were typically divided by a landscaped median and provided service areas along the way that offered fuel. Most are now maintained, if not owned, by NYSDOT outside New York City, today, the state parkways are for the most part equivalent to expressways and freeways built in other parts of the country, except for a few oddities. Second, because designers focused more on making routes scenic rather than efficient, the parkways are meandering, often built to follow a river, and so contain many turns. Finally, because most use low, decorative stone-arch overpasses that would trap trucks, commercial vehicles, trucks, some regions of New York have parkways that are not owned or maintained by a state agency
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New York State Route 635
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New York State Route 635 is a state highway located in the vicinity of Syracuse in Onondaga County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 2.25 miles along Thompson Road from an intersection with Erie Boulevard in Syracuse to Carrier Circle in DeWitt, along the way NY635 also meets I-690. The route was assigned in 1980 after the section of Thompson Road between NY290 and Carrier Circle was acquired by the state of New York, NY635 begins at an intersection with NY5 two blocks north of the campus of LeMoyne College in Syracuse. As Thompson Road, NY635 heads north and connects to I-690 via the full interchange that comprises exit 16. North of Burnet Avenue, NY635 narrows slightly from six lanes to four lanes with a median as it heads along the edge of the Eastwood neighborhood of Syracuse. The road also acts as a divider between the neighborhoods of eastern Syracuse and the industrial factories situated along CSX Transportations Mohawk Subdivision rail line in DeWitt. This division ends upon entering DeWitt, where NY635 meets NY290 at an intersection centered on a bridge over the main line. At the circle, NY635 officially terminates upon meeting NY298, however and this piece of CR13, as well as a previously state-maintained roadway from NY290 south to NY5, was designated NY635. The entire route is in Onondaga County, New York Roads portal New York State Route 635 at New York Routes • New York State Highway Termini
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Interstate 684
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Interstate 684 is a 28.4 mile-long north–south Interstate Highway in the states of New York and Connecticut in the United States. The highway connects I-84 with I-287 and the Hutchinson River Parkway, primarily serving commuter traffic to, the route of the highway was originally designated as part of I-87 during the 1960s. The first section of the roadway opened to traffic in October 1968, I-684 begins as two separate spur routes. The primary spur begins at the White Plains–Harrison line at exit 9A of the Cross-Westchester Expressway in Westchester County, the spurs, I-287 and the Hutch surround an office park. From the junction of the two spurs, the Interstate Highway takes a course to the north-northwest through a wooded corridor with a golf course on the west. It remains in a narrow strip of woods between the lake and Westchester County Airport into its first exit, Airport Road,4.4 miles from its southern terminus. NY120 parallels the highway to the east, just north of that exit, NY120 crosses over the road. Immediately after this exit, I-684 crosses the Connecticut state line, signage indicates this, but it retains its New York reference markers as it curves more to the northeast for the next 1. 4-mile through wooded and swampy country in the western corner of Greenwich. There is no exit in Connecticut, a mile after it re-enters New York, in the town of North Castle, it reaches its next exit, where NY22 serves that community and the nearby hamlet of Armonk. Past that exit, it even more to the northeast, continuing past houses, parks. At Byram Lake Reservoir, it returns to a heading for a mile. The highway then curves northeasterly and then to the northwest once the reservoir is past, the Arthur W. Butler Memorial Sanctuary, a private nature preserve, replaces it on the east of the highway. Just south of the exit for NY172, I-684 bends northwest again, over the next two miles, the interstate curves gently back and forth, maintaining its generally northerly heading, as its median strip widens slightly. The surrounding lands start to include some more cleared lots, larger estates that were small farms. At the northern end of this section a rest area serves southbound traffic, entry from the interstate to the parkway is from the southbound lanes only. A half-mile north of the merger the frontage roads merge into the interstate at the exit for NY35, serving Katonah, after that exit the electrified tracks of Metro-North Railroads Harlem Line parallel the highway to the west. They cross into the town of Lewisboro, a mile north of that point, NY22 parallels on the east. A northbound-only exit leads onto it, allowing access to NY138 and its train station is prominently visible on the west side of the highway
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Auxiliary Interstate Highway
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The auxiliary Interstate Highways are a supplemental subset of the freeways within the Interstate Highway System of the United States. Auxiliary routes are classified as spur routes, bypasses, or beltways. There are some routes which connect to the parent route at one end and these shorter auxiliary routes branch off of main routes and are numbered based on the number of the parent route, such that all I-x95 routes are supplemental routes for I-95. While some exceptions do exist, generally spur routes are numbered with an odd hundreds digit, while bypasses, because longer interstates may have many such supplemental routes, the numbers may repeat in each state along their route, but they will not repeat within a state. The basic tenets of the auxiliary Interstates are divided into three branches, spur, loop, and bypass routes, each one signifies a different characteristic of the auxiliary route. The first digit of the three digits usually determines whether a route is a bypass, spur, or beltway, the last two digits are derived from the main Interstate Highway. For instance, I-515 contains an odd number in the first digit, the last two digits signify the highways origin. In this case, the 15 in I-515 shows that it is a supplement to I-15, numerous exceptions to the standard numbering guidelines exist in many places. This can be for a number of reasons, in some cases, original routes were changed, extended, or abandoned, leaving discrepancies in the system. In other cases, it may not be possible to use the number because there are none available. An Interstate Highway spur routes number usually has an odd number for its first digit and it may represent the first portion of a contemplated extended freeway, one that downgrades to below Interstate standards with plans to upgrade it later on. An example is I-540 in Arkansas and it may connect two unrelated Interstate highways—such as I-390 in New York State and I-355 in Illinois do. Note that states differ on their interpretation of the convention in this case. In the I-390 example above, the route has both ends at Interstates, but not at the same Interstate on both ends, and is assigned an odd first digit. Another example is I-275 in Tennessee, it is a connector between I-40 and I-75 and is assigned an even first digit, examples of Interstate Highway spur routes are listed below. I-110 in California links I-10 with the Port of Los Angeles and this freeway was built before Interstate Highways as the Harbor Freeway. Later, it was adopted into the Interstate Highway System, i-180 in North-Central Pennsylvania connects Williamsport and Lycoming County with I-80 in Milton, which does not actually enter Lycoming County. I-180 also serves as a connection to those traveling to New York and I-86 via U. S. Route 15, i-190 in New York connects the cities of Niagara Falls and Buffalo with I-90
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Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
28.
Jamaica Bay
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Jamaica Bay is located on the southern side of Long Island, in the U. S. state of New York, near the islands western end. The bay connects with Lower New York Bay to the west through Rockaway Inlet and is the westernmost of the lagoons on the south shore of Long Island. Politically, it is divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City, with a small part touching Nassau County, the bay contains numerous marshy islands. It was known as Grassy Bay as late as the 1940s, the y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch, the first Europeans to write about the area. This resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read, the location of Jamaica Bay combined with the rich food resources found there make it a regionally important fish, wildlife, and plant habitat complex. This geographic location acts to concentrate marine and estuarine species migrating between the New York Bight portion of the North Atlantic, and the Hudson River and Raritan River estuary. Shorebirds, raptors, waterfowl, land birds, and various migratory insects are concentrated by the coastlines in both directions and these migratory species are further concentrated by the surrounding urban development into the remaining open space and open water of Jamaica Bay. Jamaica Bay and nearby Breezy Point support seasonal or year-round populations of over 330 species of special emphasis and listed species, incorporating 48 species of fish and 120 species of birds. Jamaica Bay is a saline to brackish, eutrophic estuary covering about 25,000 acres, with a depth of 13 feet, a semidiurnal tidal range averaging 4.9 ft. The bay itself has been disturbed by dredging, filling, and development, including the construction of John F. Kennedy International Airport and, earlier, the historic Floyd Bennett Field. About 49 square kilometres of the original 65 square kilometres of wetlands in the bay have been filled in, extensive areas of the bay have been dredged for navigation channels and to provide fill for the airports and other construction projects. The center of the bay is dominated by open water and extensive low-lying islands with areas of salt marsh, intertidal flats. The average mean low tide exposes 350 acres of mudflat,940 acres of low salt marsh dominated by low marsh cordgrass, the extensive intertidal areas are rich in food resources, including a variety of benthic invertebrates and macroalgae dominated by sea lettuce. These rich food resources attract a variety of fish, shorebirds, species introduced in the refuge to attract wildlife include autumn olive, Japanese black pine, and Japanese barberry. The salt marshes of Jamaica Bay offer prime habitat for migratory birds, most of the waters and marshes have been protected since 1972 as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. The marshlands are also fast diminishing, as of Spring 2003, marshland is being lost at the rate of approximately 40 acres per year. The reasons for loss are still unclear, but one hypothesis is that the loss is the result of rising sea levels. To test this, in the hope of preventing further losses, opponents are concerned that the dredging may be harmful, perhaps leading to greater loss of marshland than the area saved
29.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
30.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
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Bruckner Interchange
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The Bruckner Interchange is a complex interchange in the New York City borough of the Bronx in the United States. The junction connects four highways, the Bruckner, Cross Bronx, and Hutchinson River Expressways, and it was constructed in the 1960s, however, elements of the junction date as far back as the 1940s. The interchange includes connections to interstate routes, including I-278, I-678. The Bruckner Interchange is located in the portion of the Bronx in the neighborhoods of Castle Hill. It is linear-shaped, comprising a series of closely spaced ramps that extend for roughly 0.5 miles on an east–west axis, the junction crosses Westchester Creek about 2 miles from its south end at the East River. Below the freeway connections, Bruckner Boulevard connects to a handful of local surface streets, fundamentally, the interchange is the crossing of three major thoroughfares, each of which change route numbers as they cross the interchange. Interstate 95 passes through the interchange, entering from the northwest on the Cross Bronx Expressway, I-278, I-295, I-678, and the Hutchinson River Parkway all begin or end at this interchange. The Cross Bronx Expressway continues southeast from the Bruckner Interchange as I-295, the Hutchinson River Expressway is I-678, which becomes the Hutchinson River Parkway north of the interchange. The Bruckner Interchange is the southernmost of the three times the Hutchinson River Parkway crosses I-95 in the Bronx, several connections are missing at the junction, largely due to its compact design. However, such omissions are either remedied elsewhere or considered unnecessary under the circumstances, the location of the interchange was originally the point where the Whitestone Parkway connected to Bruckner Boulevard. In the early 1940s, the Hutchinson River Parkway was extended southward from Pelham Bay Park to Bruckner Boulevard, the section of Bruckner Boulevard between the Cross Bronx Expressway and the Hutchinson River Parkway was upgraded into a freeway shortly afterward. Most of Bruckner Boulevard was ultimately converted into the Bruckner Expressway, by 1961, the freeway was complete from the Bronx River northeast to the Pelham Parkway, including in the vicinity of the Hutchinson River Parkway. The Cross Bronx Expressway Extension was also finished by this time, New York Roads portal Media related to Bruckner Interchange at Wikimedia Commons
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New York State Route 25A
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New York State Route 25A is a state highway on Long Island in New York in the United States. The highway is a alternate route of NY25, which follows a more inland routing along Jericho Turnpike. The route is known for its path through decidedly lesser-developed areas such as Brookville, Fort Salonga, Centerport. It is known by various names along its routing, the most prominent of which include Northern Boulevard, North Hempstead Turnpike, Main Street, Fort Salonga Road and it merges with NY25 for approximately 1.5 miles in Smithtown. NY 25A begins at I-495 exit 13—the first exit off the expressway—in Long Island City in the New York City borough of Queens, the route initially heads northward, following 21st Street for three blocks before turning northeast onto Jackson Avenue. Here, NY 25A widens from two to four lanes, a width that the road retains well into Nassau County, the highway serves the Long Island City Courthouse on its way to a junction with Queens Boulevard at the foot of the Queensboro Bridge. Here, the changes names again, becoming Northern Boulevard. Northern Boulevard is the point of several prominent streets, such as Springfield Boulevard, Steinway Street. As Northern Boulevard, NY 25A begins to follow an easterly path. NY 25A continues east into Woodside, and the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway intersects with Northern Boulevard at the Woodside–Jackson Heights border, NY 25A continues on, becoming part of a large street grid and running along a linear alignment through Jackson Heights and Corona. It eventually reaches Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, where the highway intersects with the Grand Central Parkway just northwest of Citi Field, for the next mile, NY 25A is a limited-access highway connecting the Grand Central Parkway with I-678. This was a segment of the Belt Parkway system, originally intended to be part of the formerly proposed Astoria Expressway. Northern Boulevard continues through Flushing—where it was known as Broadway—towards Bayside. The route travels generally easterly across Bayside, intersecting with the Clearview Expressway along the way, not far to the east, it crosses over the Cross Island Parkway at Alley Pond Park. Past the Cross Island Parkway, NY 25A goes through Douglaston, the five-mile stretch of Northern Boulevard stretching eastward from Flushing has been described as roughly coterminous with the Long Island Koreatown. NY 25A, still carrying the Northern Boulevard name, crosses into Nassau County at the Great Neck hamlet known as University Gardens and it winds its way around a steep curve in the Great Neck area before descending into Manhasset and the hamlets Miracle Mile shopping area. The route continues eastward, intersecting with NY101 just south of Port Washington ahead of a split in Northern Boulevard, the old and new routes converge east of the viaduct, and Northern Boulevard heads northeastward through Greenvale where it intersects with Glen Cove Road. In Brookville, NY 25A passes the New York Institute of Technology, post Campus of Long Island University before intersecting with NY107
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Interstate Highway standards
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For a certain highway to be considered an Interstate Highway, it must meet these construction requirements or obtain a waiver from the Federal Highway Administration. These standards are, as of July 2007, as follows, Controlled access, All access onto and off the roadway is to be controlled with interchanges, see List of gaps in Interstate Highways for the few cases that violate this rule. Interchanges should provide full access, ramps are to be designed with the standards in mind. Access control should extend at least 100 feet in areas and 300 feet in rural areas in each direction along the crossroad from the ramps. Minimum design speed, In rural areas, a design speed of 70 mph should be used, with 50–60 mph acceptable in rolling terrain. Climbing lanes and emergency escape ramps should be provided where appropriate, brief one-lane ramps that either deviate off of multi-lane freeways to connect and merge with another freeway are exempt from this requirement, these exceptions are mostly in rural areas. Minimum lane width, Minimum lane width of 12 feet, also for most US and state highways. Shoulder width, Minimum outside paved shoulder width of 10 feet, with three or more lanes in each direction, the inside paved shoulder should be at least 10 feet wide. If truck traffic is over 250 Directional Design Hour Volume, shoulders at least 12 feet wide should be considered, Pavement sloping, Pavement cross slope of at least 1. 5% and preferably 2% to ensure proper drainage on flat sections. This can be increased to 2. 5% in areas of heavy rainfall, shoulder cross slope should be between 2% and 6% but not less than the main lanes. Land slopes within the zone should be at most 4,1. Roadside barriers should be used for slopes of 3,1 or steeper, median width, Minimum median width of 36 feet in rural areas, and 10 feet in urban or mountainous areas. When possible, median openings between parallel bridges less than 30 feet in width should be decked over, otherwise barriers or guard rails should be installed to exclude vehicles from the gap. Recently, cable barriers are being installed on busier Interstate Highways in rural areas regardless of median width. Recovery areas, No fixed objects should be in the recovery area. When this is not possible, breakaway supports or barriers guarding the objects shall be used, curb slope, Vertical curbs are prohibited. Sloping curbs are to be at the edge of the paved shoulder, the combination of curbs and guard rail is discouraged, in this case the guard rail should be closer to the road than the curb. Vertical clearance, Minimum vertical clearance under overhead structures of 16 feet in areas and 14 feet in urban areas
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Jamaica, Queens
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Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, which also includes Hollis, St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Baisley Pond Park, Rochdale Village, Jamaica is patrolled by the NYPDs 103rd, 113th & 105th Precincts. It was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp, under British rule, Jamaica became the center of the Town of Jamaica. In 1814, Jamaica became the first incorporated village on Long Island, the U. S. Food and Drug Administrations Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street, is a commercial center. The New York Racing Association, based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby also use Jamaica as their address. Although many current residents of the Jamaica neighborhood are immigrants from the country of the same name, the two names have different derivations. The name of the neighborhood derives from Yameco, a corruption of a word for beaver in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch and this resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read and repeated orally. In the Caribbean, the Arawak, people of the nation of Jamaica, named their land Xaymaca, Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, coming to trade skins and furs for wampum. It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and Beaver Pond, Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp in granting the 1656 land patent. The English took over in 1664 and made it part of the county of Yorkshire, in 1683, when the British divided the Province of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York. In 1790, in William Warners tavern, Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, relocated here in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor stands on the site today. King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, by 1776, Jamaica had become a trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, the Jamaica Post Office opened September 25,1794, and was the only post office in the present-day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. Union Hall Academy for boys, and Union Hall Seminary for girls, were chartered in 1787, the Academy eventually attracted students from all over the United States and the West Indies. The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $125, by 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica
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Long Island Rail Road
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With an average weekday ridership of 337,800 passengers in 2014, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the worlds few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day,7 days a week and it is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, who refer to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road, the LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA, the other being the Metro-North Railroad. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the second-oldest US railroad still operating under its original name and charter. There are 124 stations, and more than 700 miles of track and this service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads, the LIRR was unprofitable for much of its history. In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought a controlling interest as part of its plan for access to Manhattan which began on September 8,1910. The wealthy PRR subsidized the LIRR during the first half of the new century, after the Second World War, the railroad industrys downturn and dwindling profits caused the PRR to stop subsidizing the LIRR, and the LIRR went into receivership in 1949. The State of New York, realizing how important the railroad was to Long Islands future, in 1966, New York State bought the railroads controlling stock from the PRR and put it under the newly formed Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. With MTA subsidies the LIRR modernized further, continuing to be the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, the LIRR is one of the few railroads that has survived as an intact company from its original charter to the present. The LIRR operates out of three terminals, in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Jamaica Station in central Queens is the hub of all railroad activities, expansion of the system into Grand Central Terminal is expected over the next few years. Major stations include, Pennsylvania Station, in Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest of the western terminals and it is reached via the Amtrak-owned East River Tunnels from the Main Line in Long Island City. The New York City Subways 34th Street–Penn Station and 34th Street–Penn Station stations are next to the terminal and it also connects LIRR with Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. Atlantic Terminal, formerly Flatbush Avenue, in Downtown Brooklyn serves most other trains and it is next to the New York City Subways Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station complex, providing easy access to Lower Manhattan. A handful of trains run to Hunterspoint Avenue or onward to the Long Island City station on the East River in Long Island City. From Hunterspoint Avenue, the Hunters Point Avenue subway station can be reached for Midtown Manhattan access, the same subway trains can also be reached from Long Island City station at the Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue subway station
36.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
37.
New York State Route 27
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Its two most prominent components are Sunrise Highway and Montauk Highway, the latter of which includes the Montauk Point State Parkway. East of the interchange with the Heckscher State Parkway in Islip Terrace, the entire route in Suffolk, Nassau, and Queens counties was designated by the New York State Senate as the POW/MIA Memorial Highway. Every town on the South Shore is accessible through Sunrise Highway, the service roads that parallel the highway from Farmingdale to Brookhaven are officially designated, but not signed, as New York State Route 906C and New York State Route 906D. NY27 begins at exit 24 of I-278 in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City, at exit 5, the expressway interchanges with Ocean and Fort Hamilton Parkways before ending a short distance to the south at exit 6 and Church Avenue. NY27 runs along Caton Avenue near the end of Prospect Park. A couple blocks east, the street merges into Linden Boulevard, East of East 96th Street, NY27 crosses an intersection with Rockaway Parkway, crossing under the BMT Canarsie Line and winds through New Lots before turning northeast. Crossing over a subway yard, the boulevard crosses through the City Line neighborhood. Near the junction with Ruby Street, NY27 crosses into the borough of Queens, becoming the Nassau Expressway, the route soon parallels the Belt Parkway as it interchanges westbound via exit 17W. Now a frontage road for the parkway, NY27 is divided on each side by the parkway, when the Nassau Expressway splits off, NY27 continues east along the Conduits, remaining a frontage road for multiple exits of the limited-access highway. A short distance later, the interchanges with I-678. Sunrise Highway begins as a six to eight lane highway in eastern Queens. It heads east into Nassau County, passing through Valley Stream, there it connects to the Meadowbrook State Parkway by way of an interchange. NY27 continues through Suffolk County, where it veers to the northeast, at the interchange with NY109 in West Babylon, Sunrise Highway becomes a six-lane expressway with two two-lane service roads. The route continues, meeting the Robert Moses Causeway near West Islip, in East Patchogue, New York, the highway is reduced to a four-lane expressway after passing the NY112 exit. Between County Route 16 in Brookhaven and CR46 in Shirley, the setting along these roads is similar to the one on the Southern State Parkway west of Belmont Lake State Park. The last exit with a highway is near Hampton Bays. The highway continues east near toward village of Southampton before ending at an intersection with Montauk Highway, NY27 turns east at that junction, following Montauk Highway toward Water Mill and points east. The section of Montauk Highway over which NY27 runs is two wide, with the exception of the four-lane sections in the village of East Hampton
38.
Conduit Avenue
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Conduit Avenue is an arterial road in New York City, the vast majority of which is in Queens. The divided highway runs from Atlantic Avenue in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn to Hook Creek Boulevard in Rosedale, the thoroughfare is named after an aqueduct in its right-of-way. Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard were conceived in 1921 as part of the Conduit Highway, later the Sunrise Highway, the highway was expanded in 1940 as part of the construction of Belt Parkway. Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard are named for the conduit of the Brooklyn Water Works which fed Ridgewood Reservoir and were constructed on the former right-of-way of the aqueduct, the conduit was known as the Ridgewood Aqueduct. West of Cross Bay Boulevard, Conduit Boulevard has a median strip. Between the Shore Parkway and the Laurelton Parkway, Conduit Avenue serves as the road for Southern Parkway. East of Brookville Boulevard, South Conduit Avenue parallels the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, at 225th Street, North Conduit Avenue goes to the north to Hook Creek Boulevard, with the Sunrise Highway merging into it to the south. Conduit Avenue is designated as New York State Route 27 between Linden Boulevard and the Nassau County border and accommodates car, bus and truck traffic, westbound vehicles use the roadway named North Conduit Avenue, eastbound vehicles use South Conduit Avenue. At various times the road has been used as a drag strip, the western segment of the highway, between Atlantic Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard, was originally slated to be the eastern part of a planned, but never built, Bushwick Expressway. That highway was proposed to run from the Williamsburg Bridge through Williamsburg, Bushwick, the original Brooklyn Waterworks brick conduit stretched from Long Island to the Ridgewood Pumping Station, now the site of City Line Park, in East New York. There, the water was pushed via a steam-powered pump north through a tube into the Ridgewood Reservoir. The reservoir was opened in 1858, and the station in 1886. The aqueduct was located on the side of what is now Conduit Avenue. At this time, the right-of-way was still undeveloped, with the conduits located underground. Both Force Tube Avenue and Conduit Avenue were laid out and paved by the 1910s, plans to construct a highway along the conduit path emerged around 1913. In 1921, the New York State Legislature signed a bill to construct a highway along the known as Conduit Highway. The route included both Conduit Avenue and the Sunrise Highway, the original plans called for a grade-separated parkway, but the route was later designed to be 30 feet to 40 feet wide. The highway was planned to relieve congestion on Merrick Road/Merrick Boulevard, construction began on the highway in 1924 or 1925
39.
AirTrain JFK
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AirTrain JFK is a 3-line,8. 1-mile-long people mover system and elevated railway in New York City providing a 24/7 service to John F. Kennedy International Airport. It is operated by Bombardier Transportation under contract to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the service operates all day, year-round. A railroad link to JFK Airport had been proposed since 1968 as part of the Program for Action, from the 1970s to the early 1990s, various plans surfaced to try to build such a link. In 1995, the current people-mover system started construction, the system opened on December 17,2003, with connections to the New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road. The Program for Action contained a plan to extend the Long Island Rail Road to the airport and this plan would have been implemented under Phase 2 of expansion. It ran from 1978 through 1990, transporting passengers to Howard Beach via subway, for many years, shuttle buses were also used to transport passengers even between the different terminals of the airport, within JFKs Central Terminal Area. There had long been a desire for a connection to JFK Airport. However, efforts to build a system took time to bear fruit, the original line was to begin in Midtown Manhattan at the foot of the Queensboro Bridge and cross the East River via the side roads, formerly used by trolley cars, on the lower level. It would then use the Sunnyside Yards as a right-of-way towards LaGuardia Airport, from there, the AirTrain would connect to the LIRRs former Rockaway Beach Branch, head south to Howard Beach and then go onto JFK Airport. Another suggestion proposed bypassing the LIRR line and instead following the Grand Central Parkway and Van Wyck Expressway south towards Jamaica, the line between LaGuardia/JFK and Manhattan was canceled in May 1995, at which time the JFK Airport connection was proposed to be a 7. 5-mile monorail. Eventually, the Port Authority decided on a rail system, with the qualities of a people mover. The new set of extensions proposed by the RPA, dubbed MetroLink, consisted of 31 new metro stations,3 recycled commuter rail stations, ultimately, only the portions linking Jamaica and Howard Beach to JFK Airport were approved and built. The project, as a whole, also faced criticism from southeast Queens residents who feared the project could become a boondoggle, residents were also concerned about the noise that an elevated structure would create, which was a main factor in the cancellation of the LaGuardia Airport connection. The $1.9 billion AirTrain system was financed in part by a federal Passenger Facility Charge, the use of this funding required FAA approval. Several airlines challenged the use of the PFC funds for this project and they also appealed the funding decision in court along with a small number of Ozone Park residents. The airlines subsequently withdrew from the following negotiations with the Port Authority while the residents continued the legal battle. The Port Authority also contributed $100 million toward the renovation of the Jamaica LIRR station, the purpose of this renovation was, in part, to facilitate AirTrain connections. The state also spent $75 million to renovate the Howard Beach station and this would provide faster service to JFK via a one-seat ride and LIRR service to Lower Manhattan via a transfer at Jamaica
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People mover
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A people mover or automated people mover is a type of grade-separated mass transit system. The term was applied to three different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, a mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called the People Mover and Minirail, opened in Montreal at Expo 67, finally the last, called PeopleMover or WEDway PeopleMover, was an attraction that was originally presented by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and that opened at Disneyland in 1967. Now, however, the people mover is generic, and may use technologies such as monorail, duorail. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear motors or cable traction, generally speaking, larger APMs are referred to by other names. The most generic is automated guideway transit, which encompasses any automated system regardless of size, some complex APMs deploy fleets of small vehicles over a track network with off-line stations, and supply near non-stop service to passengers. These taxi-like systems are usually referred to as personal rapid transit. Larger systems, with vehicles with 20 to 40 passengers, are referred to as group rapid transit. Other complex APMs have similar characteristics to mass transit systems, another term Light Metro is also applied to describe the system worldwide. One of the first automated systems for human transportation was the screw-driven Never-Stop-Railway, constructed for the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley, London in 1924. This railway consisted of 88 unmanned carriages, on a double track along the northern and eastern sides of the exhibition. The railway ran reliably for the two years of the exhibition, and was then dismantled, small sections of this track bed, and a nearby heavy rail track bed, have been proposed for reuse. if Goodyear had ever considered working on People Movers. He felt that with Goodyears ability to move materials in large quantities on conveyor belts they should consider moving batches of people. Four years of engineering design, development and testing led to a joint patent being issued for three types of people movers, named Speedwalk, Speedramp, and Carveyor, Goodyear would sell the concept and Stephens-Adamson would manufacture and install the components. A Speedwalk consisted of a conveyor belt riding on a series of rollers, or a flat slippery surface. The passengers would walk onto the belt and could stand or walk to the exit point and they were supported by a moving handrail. Customers were expected to include airport terminals, ballparks, train stations, today, several manufacturers produce similar units called moving walkways
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Cut (earthmoving)
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In civil engineering, a cut or cutting is where soil or rock material from a hill or mountain is cut out to make way for a canal, road or railway line. In cut and fill construction it keeps the route straight and/or flat, contrary to the general meaning of cutting, a cutting in construction is mechanically excavated or blasted out with explosives. Some cuts are make on one side of a slope, others directly through the middle or top of a hill, generally, a cut is open at the top. A cut is the opposite of an embankment, cuts are typically used to reduce the length and the grade of a route. Cuts can be created by multiple passes of a shovel, grader, scraper or excavator, or by blasting, one unusual means of creating a cut is to remove the roof of a tunnel through daylighting. Material removed from cuts is ideally balanced by material needed for fills along the same route, the word is also used in the same sense in mining, as in an open cut mine. The term cutting appears in the 19th century literature to designate rock cuts developed to moderate grades of railway lines, railway Ages Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary defines a cut as a passage cut for the roadway through an obstacle of rock or dirt. There are at least two types of cut, sidehill cut and through cut, the former permits passage of a transportation route alongside of or around a hill, where the slope is transverse to the roadway. A sidehill cut can be formed by means of sidecasting, i. e. cutting on the high side balanced by moving the material to build up the low side to achieve a flat surface for the route. In contrast, through cuts, where the adjacent grade is higher on both sides of the route, require removal of material from the area since it cannot be dumped alongside the route. S. Route 23 in Kentucky Cut-and-cover Embankment Trench Dashrath Manjhi Flying arch, use of a dummy arch bridge to stabilise cutting walls against landslip
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Frontage road
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A frontage road is a local road running parallel to a higher-speed, limited-access road. A frontage road is used to provide access to private driveways, shops. Where parallel high-speed roads are provided as part of a major highway, a frontage lane is a paved path that is used for the transportation and travel from one street to another. Frontage lanes, closely related to a road, are common in metropolitan areas. Frontage roads provide access to homes and businesses which would otherwise be cut off by a limited-access road, at times, they add to the cost of building an expressway due to costs of land acquisition and the costs of paving and maintenance. However, the benefits of development nearby real estate can more than offset the cost of building the frontage roads, furthermore, a frontage road may be a part of an older highway, so the expense of building a frontage road may be slight. And finally, the cost to access rights from adjacent property may exceed the costs to build frontage roads. Conversely, the existence of a road can increase traffic on the main road and be a catalyst for development. A backage road is a concept, but lies on the back side of the land parcels that abut the controlled accesss right of way. Like the frontage road, it mainly to provide access to those parcels as an alternative to a frontage road. There are several advantages to using frontage roads, one advantage is to separate local traffic from through traffic. When frontage roads are lacking in an area, the highway is used as a local road, reducing speeds. Another advantage occurs when the highway is closed or just obstructed and this pushes traffic off the highway. Where an urban area has frontage roads, the traffic can bypass the obstruction or closure on the frontage road. Where an urban area has no road, traffic congests local roads searching for that elusive passage around the obstruction or closure. There are also some disadvantages to using frontage roads and this is because each frontage road is itself another intersection. S. A complex example is US 77/Commerce in Ardmore, Oklahoma, particularly at the Fourth Avenue intersection, right turns from the central carriageways are not allowed, a slip ramp must be taken to the two-way frontage road, where the turning traffic must yield to the through traffic. Only then can a vehicle make a turn from the signal on the frontage road
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Rockaway Boulevard
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Rockaway Boulevard is a major road in the New York City borough of Queens. It begins as a road at Eldert Lane, a small one-way street that runs along the border between Queens and Brooklyn. West of Atlantic Avenue, it is a two-lane road, when it crosses Atlantic Avenue, it widens to four lanes. It crosses the Van Wyck Expressway and the Belt Parkway, just south of the parkway, the Queens segment of the Nassau Expressway ends at Rockaway Boulevard, in a Y-shaped, at-grade junction. Rockaway Boulevard becomes a divided road at this point and continues southeast to the Queens-Nassau border. One branch continues as Rockaway Turnpike, and the leads to the southern part of NY878. Rockaway Boulevard and Rockaway Turnpike were formerly known as Rockaway Road, the portion of Rockaway Turnpike in Queens is now called Sutphin Boulevard. As Rockaway Boulevard cuts diagonally through the street grid of southeastern Queens. These include Legion Triangle, Dixon Triangle, Ruoff Triangle, Corporal Ruoff Square, Wellbrook Triangle, OConnell Square, Catholic War Veterans Triangle, larger parks along the route include Playground One Forty, Baisley Pond Park, and Idlewild Park. The Rockaway Boulevard station of the New York City Subway serves the boulevard at the intersection of Cross Bay, Rockaway, in addition, the Q6, Q7, Q113 and Q114 run along parts of the boulevard
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Linden Boulevard
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Linden Boulevard is a Boulevard in New York City. It starts off at Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn as a street to Caton Avenue, where it becomes a two-way boulevard. Linden Boulevard also continues into Nassau County to Valley Stream where it turns into Central Avenue, Linden Boulevard runs through both Brooklyn and Queens, but is interrupted by Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens. The streets character is different in each borough. One block west of Cross Bay Boulevard, contained within one block, are two sections, that are dead ends. One is off Desarc Road, and the other is located at the intersection of Sitka Street, Conduit Avenue in Queens interrupts Linden Boulevard. The majority of its traffic merges into the Nassau Expressway, which starts just east of the Linden Boulevard/Conduit Avenue intersection, Linden Boulevard becomes a dead-end street at Pitkin Avenue, another dead-end stretch of the boulevard is at Desarc Road, one block east of Pitkin Avenue. While the speed limit on the sections of Linden Boulevard is 25 miles per hour, in line with the city speed limit. The stretch of Linden Boulevard from Caton Avenue to Conduit Avenue is part of New York State Route 27, in Brooklyn, the B20 bus runs on Linden Boulevard between Ashford Street and Elderts Lane in East New York. In Queens, the Q4 bus line serves Linden Boulevard between Merrick Boulevard and the Nassau County border, the Q9 also serves a small stretch of Linden Boulevard in Richmond Hill. Linden Boulevard in Brooklyn, between Flatbush Avenue and Sapphire Street, is 6.0 miles long, the five Queens stretches are a combined 6.4 miles long. The hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest mentions Linden Boulevard in their songs Check the Rhime and Jazz from their 2nd album, The Low End Theory and in Steve Biko from their Midnight Marauders LP. They also mention the street in 1nce Again, Mind Power and Get A Hold, from their album, Beats, Rhymes. The film Belly also features Linden Boulevard
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Liberty Avenue (New York City)
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Liberty Avenue is an 8-mile long west-east avenue in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City. It is bidirectional for most of its length, running between Mother Gaston Boulevard in Brooklyn in the west and Farmers Boulevard in Queens in the east, Liberty Avenue is known as Little Guyana because it mostly includes West Indians, Guyanese, and Trinidadian cultures/people there. The IND Fulton Street Line runs above the avenue between 80th Street and Lefferts Boulevard, also, there is a station on the IND Fulton Street Line named Liberty Avenue. The Q83 and Q112 buses serve the street in Queens, no buses run along it in Brooklyn
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Atlantic Avenue (New York City)
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Atlantic Avenue is an important street in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. It stretches from the Brooklyn waterfront on the East River all the way to Jamaica, Atlantic Avenue is the sole east–west through truck route across Brooklyn, mostly serving the purpose of the canceled Bushwick Expressway and the Brooklyn portion of the Cross Brooklyn Expressway. The street connects to the segment of NY878 via Conduit Boulevard. As it stretches east toward Flatbush Avenue, Atlantic separates the neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights and Cobble Hill and this section of Atlantic Avenue is the site of the Atlantic Antic, an annual street fair involving local and visiting merchants and artists, held in early October. At Flatbush Avenue and Fourth Avenue the crossing of the three major thoroughfares form a triangular intersection historically known as Times Plaza. Here the smaller shops, restaurants, churches and boutiques give way to the Atlantic Terminal, the area is dominated by massive buildings, formerly factories, now used by storage companies, and by the Atlantic Center Mall, Atlantic Terminal Mall and Barclays Center. All three are products of developer Forest City Ratner, the Atlantic Avenue Railroad originally ran along Atlantic Avenue as streetcars pulled by horses. With electrification, other traffic was eliminated from the roadway and Atlantic Avenue became discontinuous, when railway sections west of Jamaica station were put underground in the early 1940s, that portion of Atlantic Avenue became continuous again. East of Jamaica, the railway is still at ground level, just east of the Van Wyck Expressway, the roadway narrows to two lanes and becomes 94th Avenue, after which the roadway soon diverges into side-streets, ending as 157th Street at Liberty Avenue. Atlantic Avenue from the Brooklyn Docks to the Van Wyck Expressway is 10.3 miles long, with 7.4 miles in Brooklyn, pre-electrification maps from 1909 and 1910 show Atlantic Avenue, at that time, continued to the city line. Short roadways still named Atlantic Avenue exist further east adjacent to the LIRR Main Line within Nassau County, a stretch of road still named Atlantic Avenue, just under one mile long, runs just south of the Main Line from the Bellerose station to the Floral Park station. Just north of the Merillon Avenue train station in Garden City is another short roadway called Atlantic Avenue, the Q24 New York City Bus route runs on Atlantic Avenue from Broadway Junction to Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer. The B63 runs on it between its end and Fourth Avenue. The B61, B65 buses run on this street for short sections, Long Island Rail Road stations on the Atlantic Branch are located at Flatbush Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Van Sinderen Avenue. A four-block-long Atlantic Avenue exists in Sea Gate, Brooklyn
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New York State Route 25B
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New York State Route 25B is a 7. 25-mile east–west state highway located on Long Island in New York, United States. The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY25 in Queens, the eastern terminus is at an interchange with NY25 in Westbury, Nassau County. NY 25B is named Hillside Avenue for its length, except for a brief portion in the village of East Williston. The route, assigned in the mid-1930s, acts as an alternate to NY25. The route also connects NY25 to the villages of Williston Park, the remainder of the route is state-maintained. Hillside Avenue changes designations from NY25 to NY 25B at an intersection with Braddock Avenue in the Queens neighborhood of Queens Village, here, NY25 turns right onto Braddock while NY 25B begins and follows Hillside Avenue to the northeast. At 232nd Street, the turns to the east for three blocks before curving to the southeast at Winchester Boulevard. Roughly 0.6 miles from Winchester Boulevard, NY 25B, facing northeast once more, shortly after passing over the six-lane parkway, Hillside Avenue meets the eastern frontage road. East of the parkway and surrounded by homes once again, NY 25B heads northeast on a path for a half-mile to an intersection with the Little Neck Parkway. Upon crossing the parkway, the structures along Hillside Avenue shift from residential to commercial, at the county line, NY 25B breaks from its previous east-northeast alignment and takes a more pronounced northeast routing through New Hyde Park. The road narrows as well, decreasing to four lanes excluding the center turning lane, a half-mile from the county line, NY 25B enters North New Hyde Park, intersecting Lakeville Road in the center. Two blocks from Lakeville, the buildings give way to residential dwellings for seven blocks before returning at the intersection of New Hyde Park Road. Past New Hyde Park Road, the buildings surrounding NY 25B become a mix of commercial and residential structures. Less than a quarter of a mile from New Hyde Park Road, after three blocks of homes, a flurry of businesses precede a junction with Marcus Avenue, formerly part of NY 25C. The commercial presence continues for two blocks eastward before shifting back to residential structures, Hillside Avenue continues on, entering Williston Park. In the center of the village, NY 25B intersects Roslyn Road before passing by the North Side School two blocks to the east. Roughly a half-mile from the school, NY 25B enters the village of Old Westbury, the missing link is filled by way of Glen Cove Road, which NY 25B intersects a mere 150 yards from the parkway, and Jericho Turnpike, accessible via Glen Cove Road. East of Glen Cove Road, NY 25B enters Westbury and begins to develop a large median in preparation for an interchange with NY25 roughly 0.3 miles to the east, just west of the interchange, NY 25B intersects Bacon Road
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New York State Route 25
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New York State Route 25 is an east–west state highway in downstate New York in the United States. The route extends for just over 105 miles from east midtown Manhattan in New York City to the Cross Sound Ferry terminal at Orient Point on the end of Long Islands North Fork. NY25 is carried from Manhattan to Queens by way of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge over the East River. NY25 is unique among NYS routes on Long Island as it is the one to leave the island, albeit minimally. Both termini are without connections to other routes, several other of the regions routes have similar dead ends at one or both termini. In the borough of Queens, it is called Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, Braddock Avenue ends immediately upon crossing over the Cross Island Parkway. At that point, NY25 turns east onto Jericho Turnpike, continuing east through Nassau and western Suffolk counties, NY25 retains the name Jericho Turnpike. Further east, the highway becomes Main Street in Smithtown, Middle Country Road in central Suffolk, Main Street again in Riverhead, two alternate routings exist bearing the designation NY25 Truck, both along the North Fork of Long Island. NY25 begins near Second Avenue in Manhattan, at the end of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge spanning the East River. East of the bridge NY25 becomes Queens Boulevard at the intersection with NY 25A, Queens Plaza is based around this section of the road. In Long Island City, NY25 runs southeast beneath the tracks of the IRT Flushing Line. At Thompson Avenue, the turns to run eastward as the multi-lane divided Queens Boulevard. In Woodside, NY25 meets Interstate 278 at exit 39, in Elmhurst, the road runs over the eponymous subway line starting at the intersection with Grand Boulevard and Broadway. In Corona, the road intersects I-495 and the terminus of Woodhaven Boulevard. Outside of Rego Park, NY25 turns slightly southeast towards Forest Hills, in Kew Gardens the route is connected to the westbound and eastbound roadways of Union Turnpike and passes over the Jackie Robinson Parkway without access. Near Jamaica, the road meets I-678 at exit 9, a partial interchange, three blocks southeast of I-678, NY25 turns east and is known as Hillside Avenue, a city street that begins at Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill near the site of the former LIRR station. This section of NY25 is undivided but has several lanes in the Jamaica-Hollis area, in Queens Village the route connects with both I-295 and NY24 at an interchange that serves as NY 24s western end and I-295s southern terminus. East of I-295, NY25 intersects the terminus of NY 25B
John F. Kennedy Airport
I-95 / I-278 / I-295 / Hutchinson River Parkway in the Bronx.svg)
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NY 878 east (Nassau Expressway)
Belt Parkway / NY 27 – Eastern Long Island, Brooklyn, Verrazano Bridge
NY 25 west (Queens Boulevard)
Jackie Robinson Parkway west – Brooklyn
I-495 (Long Island Expressway) / College Point Boulevard – Eastern Long Island, Manhattan, Midtown Tunnel
Cross Island Parkway south – Eastern Long Island.svg){kind=small}
