1.
Newark Liberty International Airport
–
Newark Liberty International Airport, originally Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport located about 15 miles southwest of Midtown Manhattan. It straddles the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, the airport is owned by the city of Newark and leased to and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Newark Airport was the first major airport in the United States, in 2015 Newark Airport handled 37.5 million passengers, JFK handled 56.8 million and LaGuardia Airport handled 28.4 million. In 2016 Newark served a record 40 million passengers, Newark serves 50 carriers and is the third-largest hub for United Airlines, which is the airports largest tenant. Newarks second-largest tenant is FedEx Express, whose third-largest cargo hub uses three buildings on two square feet of airport property. During the 12-month period ending in July 2014, over 68% of all passengers at the airport were carried by United Airlines. Newark opened October 1,1928 on 68 acres of reclaimed land along the Passaic River, the Art Deco Newark Metropolitan Airport Administration Building, adorned with murals by Arshile Gorky, was built in 1934 and dedicated by Amelia Earhart in 1935. It served as the terminal until the opening of the North Terminal in 1953 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and is now a museum and Port Authority Police headquarters. During World War II the field was closed to commercial aviation while it was taken over by the United States Army for logistics operations. The airlines returned to Newark in February 1946 and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey assumed control of the airport in 1948, later building new hangars, the February 1947 C&GS diagram shows 5940-ft runway 1, 7900-ft runway 6 and 7100-ft runway 10. On December 16,1951 a Miami Airlines C-46 bound for Tampa lost a cylinder on takeoff from runway 28, on January 22,1952 an American Airlines CV-240 crashed in Elizabeth, while on approach to runway 6 killing all 23 aboard and seven on the ground. On February 11,1952 a National DC-6 crashed in Elizabeth after takeoff from runway 24, killing 29 of 63 on board, a proposal to build a new airport at what is now the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was defeated by local opposition. In 1964, American and TWA started flying nonstop to California, tWAs 707 nonstop to Heathrow in 1978 was probably Newarks first trans-Atlantic nonstop. In the 1970s the airport became Newark International Airport, present Terminals A and B opened in 1973, although some charter and international flights requiring customs clearance remained at the North Terminal. The main building of Terminal C was completed at the same time and it lay dormant until the mid-1980s, when for a brief time the west third of the terminal was equipped for international arrivals and used for some People Express transcontinental flights. Terminal C was finally completed and opened in June 1988, underutilized in the 1970s, Newark expanded dramatically in the 1980s. People Express struck a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and it grew quickly, increasing Newarks traffic through the 1980s. Virgin Atlantic began service between Newark and London in 1984, challenging JFKs status as New Yorks international gateway, Federal Express opened its second hub at the airport in 1986
Newark Liberty International Airport
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Newark Liberty International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
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FAA airport diagram
Newark Liberty International Airport
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Albert Einstein at Newark Airport in April 1939.
2.
LaGuardia Airport
–
LaGuardia Airport /ləˈɡwɑːrdiə/ is an airport in the northern part of the New York City borough of Queens in the United States. It is on the waterfront of Flushing Bay and Bowery Bay in East Elmhurst and borders the neighborhoods of East Elmhurst, Astoria, the airport is the third busiest airport serving New York City, and the twentieth most busy in the United States. LaGuardia Airport covers 680 acres in total, JFK handled 59.0 million and Newark handled 40.4 million, a total of about 129.7 million travelers using New York airports. In addition, LaGuardia is the busiest airport in the United States without any service to Europe. A perimeter rule prohibits nonstop flights to or from points beyond 1,500 statute miles, Glenn H. Curtiss Airport, later renamed North Beach Airport, was the earlier airport at this location. LaGuardia has been criticized for some of its outdated facilities, former Vice President Joe Biden compared LaGuardia to a third world country and the airport has been ranked in numerous customer surveys as the worst in the United States. Among pilots, it is referred to as USS LaGuardia, because the runways are short and surrounded by water, on July 27,2015, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a reconstruction plan that would completely replace the existing airport. The site of the airport was used by the Gala Amusement Park. It was razed and transformed in 1929 into a 105-acre private flying field named Glenn H. Curtiss Airport after the pioneer Long Island aviator, later called North Beach Airport. He demanded to be taken to New York, and ordered the plane to be flown to Brooklyns Floyd Bennett Field and he urged New Yorkers to support a new airport within their city. La Guardia went as far as to police escorts to airport limousines in an attempt to get American Airlines to continue operating the trial program. The existing North Beach Airport was a location, but much too small for the sort of airport that was being planned. With backing and assistance from the Works Progress Administration, construction began in 1937, Building on the site required moving landfill from Rikers Island, then a garbage dump, onto a metal reinforcing framework. The framework below the airport still causes magnetic interference on the compasses of outgoing aircraft, American opened its first Admirals Club at the airport in 1939. The airport was dedicated on October 15,1939 as the New York Municipal Airport and it cost New York City $23 million to turn the tiny North Beach Airport into a 550-acre modern facility. Not everyone was as enthusiastic as La Guardia about the project, but the public was fascinated by the very idea of air travel, and thousands traveled to the airport, paid the dime fee, and watched the airliners take off and land. Two years later these fees and their associated parking had already provided $285,000, the airport was soon a financial success. A smaller airport in nearby Jackson Heights, Holmes Airport, was unable to prevent the expansion of the larger airport, Newark Airport began renovations, but could not keep up with the new Queens airport, which TIME called the most pretentious land and seaplane base in the world
LaGuardia Airport
–
LaGuardia Airport
LaGuardia Airport
LaGuardia Airport
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FAA Diagram
LaGuardia Airport
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The three major airports serving New York City: 1)
JFK International (JFK) 2) LaGuardia (LGA) 3)
Newark Liberty International (EWR) ☆
Floyd Bennett Field (1931–72)
3.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower
Federal Aviation Administration
–
FAA Headquarters,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Aviation Administration
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FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar,
Canton, Michigan
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
5.
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
–
This 1, 500-square-mile port district is generally encompassed within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. The Port Authority is headquartered at 4 World Trade Center and is a member of the Real Estate Board of New York, the agency has its own 1, 600-member Port Authority Police Department. The Port of New York and New Jersey comprised the main point of embarkation for U. S. troops and supplies sent to Europe during World War I, the solution was the 1921 creation of the Port Authority under the supervision of the governors of the two states. By issuing its own bonds, it was independent of either state. It became one of the agencies of the metropolitan area for large-scale projects. In the early years of the 20th century, there were disputes between the states of New Jersey and New York over rail freights and boundaries. At the time, rail lines terminated on the New Jersey side of the harbor, while shipping was centered on Manhattan. Freight had to be shipped across the Hudson River in barges, the Harbor Development Commission, a joint advisory board set-up in 1917, recommended that a bi-state authority be established to oversee efficient economic development of the port district. The Port of New York Authority was established on April 30,1921 and this was the first such agency in the United States, created under a provision in the Constitution of the United States permitting interstate compacts. The idea for the Port Authority was conceived during the Progressive Era, with the Port Authority at a distance from political pressures, it was able to carry longer-term infrastructure projects irrespective of the election cycles and in a more efficient manner. In 1972 it was renamed the Port Authority of New York, throughout its history, there have been concerns about democratic accountability, or lack thereof at the Port Authority. The Port District is irregularly shaped but comprises a 1, 500-square-mile area roughly within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty, at the beginning of the 20th century, there were no road bridge or tunnel crossings between the two states. The initial tunnel crossings were completed privately by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad in 1908 and 1909, under an independent agency, the Holland Tunnel was opened in 1927, with some planning and construction pre-dating the Port Authority. With the rise in traffic, there was demand for more Hudson River crossings. Using its ability to issue bonds and collect revenue, the Port Authority has built, early projects included bridges across the Arthur Kill, which separates Staten Island from New Jersey. The Goethals Bridge, named chief engineer of the Panama Canal Commission General George Washington Goethals, connected Elizabeth, New Jersey and Howland Hook. At the south end of Arthur Kill, the Outerbridge Crossing was built and named after the Port Authoritys first chairman, construction of both bridges was completed in 1928. The Bayonne Bridge, opened in 1931, was built across the Kill van Kull, connecting Staten Island with Bayonne, the bridge was completed in October 1931, ahead of schedule and well under the estimated costs
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
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Tolls collected at the Holland Tunnel and other crossings help fund the Port Authority
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
–
George Washington Bridge
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
–
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
–
111 Eighth Avenue, formerly the Inland Terminal Number One, in Manhattan (now owned by
Google)
6.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area
New York metropolitan area
–
View of
Midtown Manhattan at night
New York metropolitan area
–
Part of the
Palisades Interstate Park, the cliffs of the
New Jersey Palisades of
Bergen County overlook the
Hudson River as well as
The Bronx and
Upper Manhattan in
New York City.
New York metropolitan area
–
Enveloped by the
Atlantic Ocean and
Long Island Sound, New York City and
Long Island alone are home to approximately 11 million residents conjointly.
New York metropolitan area
–
The
Bear Mountain Bridge connecting
Westchester and
Rockland Counties,
New York across the Hudson River as seen from
Bear Mountain.
7.
Jamaica, Queens
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Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, which also includes Hollis, St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Baisley Pond Park, Rochdale Village, Jamaica is patrolled by the NYPDs 103rd, 113th & 105th Precincts. It was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp, under British rule, Jamaica became the center of the Town of Jamaica. In 1814, Jamaica became the first incorporated village on Long Island, the U. S. Food and Drug Administrations Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street, is a commercial center. The New York Racing Association, based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby also use Jamaica as their address. Although many current residents of the Jamaica neighborhood are immigrants from the country of the same name, the two names have different derivations. The name of the neighborhood derives from Yameco, a corruption of a word for beaver in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch and this resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read and repeated orally. In the Caribbean, the Arawak, people of the nation of Jamaica, named their land Xaymaca, Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, coming to trade skins and furs for wampum. It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and Beaver Pond, Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp in granting the 1656 land patent. The English took over in 1664 and made it part of the county of Yorkshire, in 1683, when the British divided the Province of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York. In 1790, in William Warners tavern, Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, relocated here in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor stands on the site today. King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, by 1776, Jamaica had become a trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, the Jamaica Post Office opened September 25,1794, and was the only post office in the present-day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. Union Hall Academy for boys, and Union Hall Seminary for girls, were chartered in 1787, the Academy eventually attracted students from all over the United States and the West Indies. The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $125, by 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica
Jamaica, Queens
–
Hillside Avenue in Jamaica
Jamaica, Queens
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Frederick Ruckstull 's Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1896) in Major Mark Park
Jamaica, Queens
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George Bradford Brainerd (American, 1845–1887). Long Island Rail Road Station, Jamaica, ca. 1872–1887. Collodion silver glass wet plate negative.
Brooklyn Museum
Jamaica, Queens
–
Loew's Valencia, a former theatre opened in 1929
8.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
Queens
–
Clockwise from top-left:
Unisphere,
Rockaway Park beach,
US Open 's
Billie Jean King National Tennis Center,
Queensboro Bridge,
Flushing -bound
7 train,
New York Mets —
Citi Field.
Queens
–
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England.
Queens
–
Looking south from the
Queensboro Bridge in
Long Island City, this photo was published in 1920 by the Queens Chamber of Commerce to illustrate the borough's "numerous attractive industrial plants"
Queens
–
NASA Landsat satellite image of Long Island and surrounding areas.
9.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
10.
Airline hub
–
Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
Airline hub
–
Frankfurt Airport serves as a hub city for
Lufthansa and receives flights from
Star Alliance carriers, among other airlines.
11.
American Airlines
–
American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out of ten located in Dallas/Fort Worth, Charlotte, Chicago-OHare, Philadelphia, Miami, Phoenix, Washington, DC-National, Los Angeles, New York-JFK. American operates its primary base at Tulsa International Airport in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is Americans largest passenger carrying hub handling 51.1 million passengers annually with an average of 140,000 passengers daily, the company as of 2015 employs over 113,300 people. Through the airlines parent company, American Airlines Group, it is traded under NASDAQ. American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines, the two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first formed in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation and this in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system, between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001. In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, in 2013, US Airways and American Airlines merged. Eventually operations were merged under one operating certificate to create the largest United States airline which kept the American Airlines brand name, American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The headquarters is located in two buildings in the CentrePort office complex and these buildings together have about 1,400,000 square feet of space. As of 2014 over 4,300 employees work at this complex, before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas, the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth, in 2015 the airline announced it will build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy is scheduled for summer 2019, the airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building
American Airlines
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1927 American Airways FC-2
American Airlines
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A Stinson Trimotor first operated by Century Airlines
American Airlines
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DC-3 "Flagship", American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period
American Airlines
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American Airlines
BAC 1-11 short haul jet airliner at
Cleveland Hopkins Airport in 1971 wearing the early jet era color scheme
12.
Delta Air Lines
–
Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection, One of the five remaining legacy carriers, Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldest airline still operating in the United States. The companys history can be traced back to Huff Daland Dusters, founded in 1924 in Macon, Georgia as a crop dusting operation. The company moved to Monroe, Louisiana, and was later renamed Delta Air Services, in reference to the nearby Mississippi Delta region, among predecessors of todays Delta Air Lines, Western Airlines and Northwest Airlines began flying passengers in 1926 and 1927, respectively. In 2013, Delta Air Lines was the worlds largest airline in terms of scheduled passengers carried, Delta Air Lines began as a crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters, Incorporated. The company was founded on May 30,1924 in Macon, Georgia and they flew a Huff-Daland Duster, the first true crop duster, designed to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. Collett E. Woolman, one of the directors, purchased the company on September 13,1928. Service began on June 17,1929 with the flight between Dallas, Texas and Jackson, Mississippi. Delta moved its headquarters to its current location in Atlanta in 1941, and continued to grow through the addition of routes and they replaced propeller planes with jets in the 1960s and entered international competition to Europe in the 1970s and across the Pacific in the 1980s. Deltas more recent history is marked by its emergence from bankruptcy on April 25,2007, the merger was announced April 14,2008, and was set to create the worlds largest airline. After approval of the merger on October 29,2008, Northwest continued to operate as an owned subsidiary of Delta until December 31,2009 when both carriers operating certificates were merged. Delta completed the integration with Northwest on January 31,2010 when their reservation systems and websites were combined, Delta Air Lines as it exists today is the result of numerous mergers over its history. Predecessor carriers forming the current Delta Air Lines include, Chicago, Delta flew under the carrier name of Delta-C&S for the following two years. After successfully introducing 50-seat planes into the United States, it was acquired by Delta in October 1999, Comair became the main carrier of Delta Connection and operated over 400 daily flights from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport throughout the U. S. Mexico, and Caribbean. Comair ceased operations on September 29,2012, and was folded into Delta Connection operations, Delta Express began service in October 1996 in an attempt by Delta to compete with low cost airlines on leisure-oriented routes. Its main base of operations was Orlando International Airport and it used Boeing 737–200 aircraft and it ceased operations in November 2003 after Song was established. Song began service on April 15,2003 as an airline operated by Delta to compete directly with JetBlue Airways from both airlines hub at New York–JFK. While the brand was considered an addition to the Northeast-to-Florida market
Delta Air Lines
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Restored Huff-Daland Duster
Delta Air Lines
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Delta
Douglas DC-7 circa 1955
Delta Air Lines
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Delta
Boeing 747-100 at
London Heathrow Airport in 1973.
Delta Air Lines
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A
Northwest Airlines Airbus A330-300, shortly before the merger with Delta in 2008
13.
Atlas Air
–
Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings is a cargo airline, passenger charter airline, and aircraft lessor based in Purchase, New York. The airline was named after Atlas, a Titan in Greek mythology and their symbol on the planes tail is a golden man carrying a golden world. In 2016, Atlas Air had 2646 employees and operated to 426 destinations in 123 countries, under this new program, Atlas Air Cargo planes would be available to other airlines under long-term leases. It started operations in 1993 with one Boeing 747 contracted by China Airlines, in 1995, Atlas began trading publicly on NASDAQ and in 1997, appeared on the New York Stock Exchange. Also in 1997, Atlas placed an order for 10 new, more advanced Boeing 747-400 Freighters, an initial public offering of 4 million shares was made in August 1998. In July 2004 the parent company completed its restructuring plan and emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and it commenced operation in September 2010 under a CMI contact. In 2011, Atlas Air took the first North American delivery of the Boeing 747-8 Freighter, in September 2012, Atlas Air renewed a training contract with the United States Air Force to continue to provide training for the pilots of Air Force One. The contract also provides training for the Presidential Airlift Group for a five-year period, january 2013, Atlas Air, among eleven others, were awarded part of a $694 million contract from US TRANSCOM. It is a 5-year indefinite delivery/quantity for international air cargo transporters. To transport hazardous material and life and death cargo services for domestic, July 2012, three contracts under the Theater Express II program, were awarded by US TRANSCOM. To provide air cargo pickup and delivery for U. S and they will compete for individual orders over lifetime of the contract, with one year option periods. In total they will be competing for the $2.916 billion total over the four years. On April 7,2016, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings purchased Southern Air for $110 million in an all-cash deal, the transaction included Worldwide Air Logistics Group, Inc. and its two operating subsidiaries, Southern Air, Inc. and Florida West International Airways, Inc. On May 5,2016, Amazon. com and Atlas Air announced a deal for Amazon. com to lease 20 Boeing 767s in order to fuel growth to their new Amazon Prime air freight service, branded as PrimeAir. The deal also warrants Amazon the ability to buy up to 30% stake in the company over the next 7 year, the deal agrees for Atlas Air Inc. to provide aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance that will last for 7 years. This move comes after Amazons similar deal with Air Transport International for 20 aircraft, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings is made up of Atlas Air, Inc. Florida West International Airways, and Titan Aviation Holdings, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings headquarters is in Purchase, New York. Specific destinations vary due to changing needs and seasonal trends
Atlas Air
–
Atlas Air
Boeing 747-200
Atlas Air
–
Atlas Air
Boeing 767-300ER
Atlas Air
–
A 747-8F lines up on Runway 27 at CVG as a 747-400F lands on 18C
14.
Kalitta Air
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Kalitta Air is an American cargo airline headquartered in Ypsilanti Township, Michigan. It operates international scheduled and ad-hoc cargo charter services and its main base is Willow Run Airport near Ypsilanti. In 1967 Conrad Connie Kalitta began a business carrying car parts using a twin engine Cessna 310 that he piloted. AIA started flying in 1984 using Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, Douglas DC-8, Twin Beech and Learjet aircraft, for air freight, air ambulance, during the late 1980s, the Kalitta brand name continued to appear on many of the companys cargo aircraft. In 1990 and 1991, AIA flew 600 missions in support of Desert Shield/Desert Storm, in 1997, AIA merged with Kitty Hawk Inc. and Conrad Kalitta resigned to start Kalitta Leasing for buying, selling and leasing large aircraft. In April 2000 Kitty Hawk International ceased operations, Kalitta decided to rescue it and the new airline, Kalitta Air, began operations in November 2000, using the operating certificate and assets of the former airline. Kalitta Air operates a repair facility at Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport in Iosco County, Michigan. The airline provides domestic and international scheduled or on-demand cargo service, in January 2003, Kalitta Air announced the start of scheduled cargo flights from the United States to Europe. The freighters on this service operated from JFK EWR and ORD to AMS, the airline flies scheduled cargo operations between the U. S. and Hong Kong, U. S. and Germany, U. S. and Korea, Los Angeles and Honolulu. Additionally, the airline operates ACMI charters for other airlines, liège Airport is also used as a regular refueling stop on New York City – Middle East routes, and in the Caribbean Norman Manley International Airport. Douglas DC-8-61, with three members on board struck level terrain 1,400 feet west of the approach end of the runway while landing at Guantanamo Bay. The aircraft approached from the south and was making a turn for runway 10 with an increasing angle of bank in order to align with the runway. At 200–300 feet AGL the wings started to rock towards wings level, the right wing appeared to stall, the aircraft rolled to 90-degree angle of bank and the nose pitched down. It was discovered after landing that the number 1 engine had separated from the airplane as it climbed through 16,000 feet over Lake Michigan, the engine was later recovered for inspection. Scotlands Crown Office considered, but eventually decided against, prosecuting Kalitta Air for two July 2006 flights carrying laser-guided bombs, on May 25,2008, a Boeing 747-209F/SCD from the companys fleet overran runway 20 at Brussels Airport. The aircraft broke in three and came to a stop in a field bordering the runway. There were four members and one passenger on board. The aircraft destined for Bahrain International Airport was loaded with 76 tons of goods, belgian investigators announced that the accident was caused by the decision to Reject the Take-Off 12 knots after passing V1 speed
Kalitta Air
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Kalitta Air
Kalitta Air
–
Kalitta
Douglas DC-9 freighter at Detroit Willow Run in 1989
Kalitta Air
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Kalitta Air headquarters
Kalitta Air
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Kalitta Air Boeing 747 landing at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
15.
Polar Air Cargo
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Polar Air Cargo, Inc. a subsidiary of Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings, is an American cargo airline based in Purchase, New York. It operates scheduled services to North America, Asia, Europe. Polar was formed in 1993 as a joint venture between Southern Air Transport and GE Capital Aviation Services and it started operations in June 1993 and began with charter flights, later adding scheduled services. During 1994, Polar was certified as an air carrier by the Federal Aviation Administration and on 4 July 1994 as a US all-cargo carrier by the United States Department of Transportation. After several years of continued growth, the remainder of the company was acquired by GECAS, in November 2001, Polar was acquired by Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings, whose Atlas Air subsidiary is a provider of ACMI freighter leasing. Polar became the service provider for AAWW, while Atlas continued to supply Boeing 747 freighters on a wet-lease basis to major airlines. In October 2006, it was announced that DHL Express would be acquiring a 49% stake in Polar, Polar is still majority-owned by Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings, and has 736 employees. Polar provides scheduled service covering the transpacific, transatlantic, trans-Asia. Polar offers frequent flights to China, connecting Shanghai to Anchorage, Chicago, Los Angeles, Cincinnati, Polar also offers charter freight services, using its dedicated fleet of Boeing 767 &747 aircraft. The Polar Air Cargo fleet consists of the aircraft, http
Polar Air Cargo
–
A Polar Air Cargo
Boeing 767-300ERF in full
DHL Express colours. (2013)
Polar Air Cargo
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A Polar Air Cargo
Boeing 747-8F in
DHL colours, departs
Hong Kong International Airport,
Hong Kong. (2013)
Polar Air Cargo
–
A Polar Air Cargo
Boeing 747-400F at
Narita International Airport,
Tokyo,
Japan. (2008)
16.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
Focus city
–
Kuala Lumpur is
AirAsia 's hub, with
Kota Kinabalu,
Penang, and
Kuching as mini hubs or focus cities.
17.
JetBlue Airways
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JetBlue Airways Corporation, stylized as jetBlue, is an American airline, and the 6th-largest airline in the United States. The company is headquartered in the Long Island City neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens and it also maintains a corporate office in Cottonwood Heights, Utah. As of April 2017, JetBlue serves 101 destinations in the U. S. Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998. David Neeleman founded the company in February 1999, under the name NewAir, in Neelemans words, JetBlue looks to bring humanity back to air travel. In September 1999, the airline was awarded 75 initial take off/landing slots at John F. Kennedy International Airport and it started operations on February 11,2000, with service to Buffalo and Fort Lauderdale. JetBlues founders had set out to call the airline Taxi and therefore have a livery to associate the airline with New York. JetBlue was one of only a few U. S. airlines that made a profit during the downturn in airline travel following the September 11,2001 attacks. The airline sector responded to JetBlues market presence by starting mini-rival carriers, Delta Air Lines started Song, Song has since been disbanded and was reabsorbed by Delta Air Lines and Ted reabsorbed by United. In October 2005, JetBlues quarterly profit had plunged from US$8.1 million to $2.7 million largely due to rising fuel costs, operational issues, fuel prices, and low fares, JetBlues hallmark, were bringing its financial performance down. In addition, with higher costs related to the airlines numerous amenities, regardless, the airline continued to plan for growth. Thirty-six new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in the year 2006, for many years, analysts had predicted that JetBlues growth rate would become unsustainable. Despite this, the continued to add planes and routes to the fleet at a brisk pace. The union organizing petition was dismissed by the National Mediation Board because fewer than 35 percent of eligible employees supported an election. JetBlue experienced its first ever quarterly loss during the quarter of 2005. The loss was the airlines first since going public in 2002, JetBlue also reported a loss in the first quarter of 2006. In addition to that, JetBlue forecasted a loss for 2006, citing high fuel prices, operating inefficiency, the plan called for $50 million in annual cost cuts and a push to boost revenue by $30 million. JetBlue Airways moved out of the red during the quarter of 2006. That result was flat compared to JetBlues results from the same quarter a year before
JetBlue Airways
–
A JetBlue
Airbus A320, "Whole Lotta Blue" (N594JB) at
Salt Lake City International Airport.
JetBlue Airways
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JetBlue Airways
JetBlue Airways
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JetBlue Founder
David Neeleman in 2006
JetBlue Airways
–
David Barger after a presentation in October 2010
18.
Norwegian Long Haul
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Norwegian Air Shuttle operates long-haul flights from Europe to Asia and the United States through a fully owned subsidiary Norwegian Long Haul AS which operates an all-Boeing 787 Dreamliner fleet. Norwegian Long Haul is registered in Norway, and is managed by Norwegian Air Shuttle ASA from its office at Fornebu. Norwegian Long Haul does not operate any routes itself, but instead its capacity is used to operate the routes of parent company Norwegian Air Shuttle to Asia, formed in January 2012 by Norwegian Air Shuttle to start long-haul operations, the company commenced transatlantic flights on 30 May 2013. In March 2013 Norwegian Air Shuttle confirmed a new long haul route from Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm to Fort Lauderdale, beginning on 29 November 2013. Flights from London Gatwick to New York, Los Angeles, and Fort Lauderdale were announced in October 2013, the airline announced in April 2015, the beginning of flights to San Juan, Puerto Rico from Oslo, Copenhagen, Stockholm and London Gatwick beginning in November 2015. Also announced were flights to St. Croix, US Virgin Islands from Copenhagen beginning on November 6,2015, permission for thrice-weekly flights between Cork and Boston has been sought in 2015. In July 2016, the airline launched flights from Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport to New York City, Los Angeles, in September 2016 the airline announced flights from Barcelona to Los Angeles, Oakland and Newark in June 2017, and Fort Lauderdale in August 2017. In October 2015 the airline confirmed that it had ordered 19 more 787-9 Dreamliners, the airlines Dreamliners were initially registered in Ireland and the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway had given Norwegian Air Shuttle a temporary exemption to operate foreign-registered aircraft. All of the 787-8 Dreamliners have since been re-registered in Norway, Norwegian Air Shuttle has been awarded several years in a row as best low-cost airline in Europe. Norwegian Long Haul was extensively criticized in the media for its delays, the airlines replies to the criticism has differed from deep apologies to neglect and blaming of the aircraft manufacturer and maintenance sub-contractors. Several different sources claim Norwegian has used too tight fleet schedules with its Boeing Dreamliners, having used only 3 aircraft for 3 different continents, but the airline disagrees. Norwegian Long Haul wet-leased two Airbus A340-300 from Hi Fly in 2013, but still reached its peak of delays at the end of the year, with a 24-hour delay on its New York - Oslo route. In early January 2014, the airline denied using their Dreamliners beyond their operational capabilities, by 2nd and 3rd of May 2014, Norwegian Long Haul passengers experienced flight delays between 13 and 15 hours. This was perceived by the Parat union, the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, the Minister of Labour, in October 2013 the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions revealed it would not extend its business agreement with Norwegian. Official Norwegian Europe site Official US site
Norwegian Long Haul
–
Norwegian Long Haul Boeing 787-8 on approach to Gatwick Airport in July 2013
19.
Eastern Time Zone
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
Eastern Time Zone
–
(farthest right pink)
20.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
21.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
22.
Runway
–
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
Runway
–
A runway at
Brussels Airport
Runway
–
Runway of
Chennai International Airport,
Chennai, India
Runway
–
Runways at
Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
Runway
–
Runway sign at
Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain
23.
Asphalt
–
Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
Natural asphalt/bitumen from the
Dead Sea
Asphalt
–
refined asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
The University of Queensland
pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the
viscosity of asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix,
Clermont-Ferrand, France
24.
Concrete
–
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of technology were the ancient Romans. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures are made with reinforced concrete. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century, today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material. The word concrete comes from the Latin word concretus, the passive participle of concrescere, from con-. Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement was twelve years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural causes and these ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years and they discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of houses, concrete floors. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert, some of these structures survive to this day. In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, it was re-discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it to set underwater, similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened, and adding blood made it more frost-resistant. Crystallization of strätlingite and the introduction of pyroclastic clays creates further fracture resistance, german archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found concrete floors, which were made of lime and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC, the Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct made use of waterproof concrete
Concrete
–
Outer view of the
Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced solid concrete
dome.
Concrete
–
Inside the Pantheon dome, looking straight up. The concrete for the
coffered dome was laid on moulds, probably mounted on temporary scaffolding.
Concrete
–
Opus caementicium exposed in a characteristic Roman arch. In contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete used in Roman buildings was usually covered with brick or stone.
Concrete
–
Smeaton's Tower
25.
Helipad
–
A helipad is a landing area or platform for helicopters and powered lift aircraft. Larger helipads, intended for use by helicopters and other vertical take-off and landing aircraft, an example is Vertiport Chicago, which opened in 2015. Helipads may be located at a heliport or airport where fuel, air traffic control, some basic helipads are built on highrise buildings for evacuation in case of a major fire outbreak. Major police departments may use a dedicated helipad at heliports as a base for police helicopters, large ships and oil platforms usually have a helipad on board for emergency use. In such a case, the term helideck or helodeck has been used in the meaning of a helipad on board. In urban environments, these heliports are typically located on the roof of the hospital, rooftop helipads sometimes display a large two-digit number, representing the weight limit of the pad. In addition, a number may be present, representing the maximum rotor diameter in feet. Location identifiers are often, but not always, issued for helipads and they may be issued by the appropriate aviation authority. Some helipads may have location identifiers from multiple sources, and these identifiers may be of different format, helipads are usually constructed out of concrete and are marked with a circle and/or a letter H, so as to be visible from the air. However, they are not always constructed out of concrete, sometimes wildfire fighters will construct a temporary helipad out of timbers to receive supplies in remote areas, rig mats may be used to build helipads. Landing pads may also be constructed in extreme conditions such as on ice, the worlds highest helipad, built by India, is located on the Siachen Glacier at a height of 21,000 feet above sea level. The worlds largest heliport is in Morgan City, Louisiana, and has a total of 46 helipads, used mostly to support offshore oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. A portable helipad is a structure with a rugged frame that can be used to land helicopters in any areas with slopes of up to 30 degrees, such as hillsides, riverbeds. Portable helipads can be transported by helicopter or powered-lift to place them where a VTOL needs to land, helicopter deck Heliport de Voogt, A. J
Helipad
–
A helipad in the UK
Helipad
–
Helipad atop the
SunAmerica Center in Century City, California, USA
Helipad
–
The main helipad at
University Hospital Coventry in England
Helipad
–
A helicopter touches down on a helideck on board the
High Speed Vessel Swift
26.
North America
–
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
North America
–
Map of North America, from 1621.
North America
–
North America
North America
–
The
El Castillo pyramid, at
Chichén Itzá, Mexico.
North America
–
Benjamin West 's
The Death of General Wolfe (1771) depicting the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
27.
Queens, New York
–
Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
Queens, New York
–
Clockwise from top-left:
Unisphere,
Rockaway Park beach,
US Open 's
Billie Jean King National Tennis Center,
Queensboro Bridge,
Flushing -bound
7 train,
New York Mets —
Citi Field.
Queens, New York
–
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England.
Queens, New York
–
Looking south from the
Queensboro Bridge in
Long Island City, this photo was published in 1920 by the Queens Chamber of Commerce to illustrate the borough's "numerous attractive industrial plants"
Queens, New York
–
NASA Landsat satellite image of Long Island and surrounding areas.
28.
Midtown Manhattan
–
Midtown Manhattan, or Midtown, represents the central lengthwise portion of the borough and island of Manhattan in New York City. Along Manhattans north-south long axis, Midtown Manhattan separates Lower Manhattan from Upper Manhattan, the majority of New York Citys skyscrapers, including its tallest hotels and apartment towers, lie within Midtown. Midtown spans the island of Manhattan along an east-west axis, being bounded by the East River on its east. The Encyclopedia of New York City defines Midtown as being from 34th Street to 59th Street and it is sometimes broken into Midtown East and Midtown West, or north and south as in the New York City Police Departments Midtown North and Midtown South precincts. Midtown South can refer to the part of Midtown between 23rd Street and around 42nd Street, Midtown West can refer to the area between 34th and 59th Streets, and between 5th and 12th Avenues. Midtown East can refer to the area between 42nd and 59th Streets, and between 5th Avenue and the East River, in other sources these districts are referred to as separate central business districts. Midtown Manhattan, along with Lower Manhattan, is one of the leading financial centers. Midtown Manhattan is the countrys largest central business district and it has the headquarters of major companies, including 4Kids Entertainment, Barnes & Noble, Bloomberg L. P. The New York Institute of Finance is located in Midtown Manhattan, Haier operates its United States offices in the Haier Building at 1356 Broadway, the building used to be a building of the Greenwich Savings Bank. Haier held the ceremony on March 4,2002. Sumitomo Corporation operates its New York Office, the headquarters of the corporations United States operations, el Als North American headquarters are in Midtown. The Air France USA regional headquarters are in 125 West 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan, hachette Book Group USA has its headquarters in 237 Park Avenue. In 1994 Alitalia considered moving its USA headquarters from Midtown to Lower Manhattan, global Infrastructure Partners has an office in Midtown Manhattan. Biotechnology is emerging in Midtown Manhattan, bolstered by the strength in academic scientific research and public. Aer Lingus had its United States offices in Midtown, in 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it was moving its North American headquarters to Melville, New York, in Suffolk County. New York City Department of Education public schools in Midtown Manhattan include Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School, private schools include The Beekman School, Rebecca School, and a number of private language and music centers. The La Scuola dItalia Guglielmo Marconi Italian international school will move to West Midtown in 2016, in addition to its well-known Main Branch research library—now known as the Stephen A. Pennsylvania Station and Grand Central Terminal are major railroad stations located in Midtown Manhattan, the Port Authority Bus Terminal is also in Midtown
Midtown Manhattan
–
The
East Side of Midtown Manhattan, showing the
terraced crown of the
Chrysler Building lit at twilight.
Midtown Manhattan
–
42nd Street, in the
Broadway Theatre District.
Midtown Manhattan
–
Radio City Music Hall
Midtown Manhattan
–
Madison Square Garden
29.
Eastern Air Lines
–
Eastern Air Lines was a major American airline from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution it was headquartered at Miami International Airport in an area of Miami-Dade County. Eastern was one of the Big Four domestic airlines created by the Spoils Conferences of 1930 and it had a near monopoly in air travel between New York and Florida from the 1930s and 1940s and dominated this market for decades afterward. Labor disputes and high debt loads strained the company in the late 1970s, Frank Lorenzo acquired Eastern in 1985 and moved many of its assets to his other airlines, including Continental Airlines and Texas Air. After continued labor disputes and a strike in 1989, Eastern ran out of money and was liquidated in 1991. USAir acquired 11 of Easterns 25 Boeing 757-225s, Eastern pioneered hourly air shuttle service between New York City, Washington, DC and Boston in 1961 as the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle. It took over the South American route network of Braniff International in 1982 and also served London, Eastern Air Lines was a composite of assorted air travel corporations, including Florida Airways and Pitcairn Aviation. In the late 1920s, Pitcairn Aviation won a contract to fly mail between New York City and Atlanta, Georgia on Mailwing single-engine aircraft, in 1929, Clement Keys, the owner of North American Aviation, purchased Pitcairn. In 1930, Keys changed the name to Eastern Air Transport. After being purchased by General Motors and experiencing a change in leadership after the Airmail Act of 1934, in 1938 World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker bought Eastern from General Motors. The complex deal was concluded when Rickenbacker presented Alfred P. Sloan with a check for $3.5 million. In March 1939 Eastern had 15 weekday departures from Newark, two from Chicago to Miami, one from Tampa to Atlanta and one from Tallahassee to Memphis and those flights and their returns were Easterns whole scheduled operation. It fit on one page in the Airways Guide, then as later, Eastern was the fourth largest airline in the country by passenger-miles. Rickenbacker pushed Eastern into a period of growth and innovation, for a time, Eastern was the most profitable airline in the post-war era, never needing state subsidy. In the late 1950s, Easterns position was eroded by subsidies to rival airlines, on October 1,1959, Rickenbackers position as CEO was taken over by Malcolm A. MacIntyre, a brilliant lawyer but inexperienced in airline operations. Rickenbackers ouster was due to his reluctance to acquire jets. Like many others, he underestimated their appeal to the public, a new management team headed by Floyd D. Hall took over on 16 December 1963, and Rickenbacker left his position as Director and Chairman of the Board on December 31,1963, aged 73. In 1956 Eastern bought Colonial Airlines, giving the airline its first routes to Canada, in November 1959, Eastern Air Lines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 at New York Citys Idlewild International Airport
Eastern Air Lines
–
The Great Silver Fleet (1939)
Eastern Air Lines
–
Pitcairn Aviation's PA-7S CAM-19 Route Airmail aircraft
Eastern Air Lines
–
An Eastern Air Lines
DC-3, on display in the
National Air and Space Museum in
Washington, D.C.
Eastern Air Lines
–
An Eastern Air Lines
Lockheed L-649 Constellation with a "Speedpak".
30.
Pan American World Airways
–
It was also a founding member of the International Air Transport Association, the global airline industry association. Identified by its blue logo, the use of the word Clipper in aircraft names and call signs, and the white pilot uniform caps. In an era dominated by flag carriers that were wholly or majority government-owned, during most of the jet era, Pan Ams flagship terminal was the Worldport located at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. Arnold and Spaatz drew up the prospectus for Pan American when SCADTA hired a company in Delaware to obtain air mail contracts from the U. S. government. Pan American was able to obtain the U. S. mail delivery contract to Cuba and their operation had the all-important landing rights for Havana, having acquired American International Airways, a small airline established in 1926 by John K. Bevier as a service from Key West, Florida, to Havana. ACA met its deadline of having an air service operating by October 19,1927 by chartering a Fairchild FC-2 floatplane from a small Dominican Republic carrier. The Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean Airways company was established on October 11,1927 by New York City investment banker Richard Hoyt and this company merged with PAA and ACA on June 23,1928. Richard Hoyt was named as president of the new Aviation Corporation of the Americas, Trippe became operational head of Pan American Airways, the new companys principal operating subsidiary. The government further helped Pan Am by insulating it from its U. S. competitors, the airline expanded internationally, benefiting from a virtual monopoly on foreign routes. Trippe and his associates planned to extend Pan Ams network through all of Central, by the end of the year, Pan Am offered flights along the west coast of South America to Peru. Its Brazilian subsidiary NYRBA do Brasil was later renamed as Panair do Brasil, Pan Am also partnered with Grace Shipping Company in 1929 to form Pan American-Grace Airways, better known as Panagra, to gain a foothold to destinations in South America. The Aviation Corporation of the Americas changed its name to Pan American Airways Corporation in 1931, during the day, use of the compass while judging drift from sea currents was normal procedure, at night, all flight crews were trained to use celestial navigation. In bad weather, pilots used dead reckoning and timed turns, making landings at fogged-in harbors by landing out to sea. Many pilots had merchant marine certifications and radio licenses as well as pilot certificates, before World War II it was not unusual for a captain to make engine repairs at remote locations. Pan Ams mechanics and support staff were similarly trained, newly hired applicants were frequently paired with experienced flight mechanics in several areas of the company until they had achieved proficiency in all aircraft types. Many crews supported repair operations by flying in spare parts to planes stranded overseas, Pan Am started its South American routes with Consolidated Commodore and Sikorsky S-38 flying boats. The S-40, larger than the eight-passenger S-38, began flying for Pan Am in 1931, carrying the nicknames American Clipper, Southern Clipper, and Caribbean Clipper, they were the first of the series of 28 Clippers that symbolized Pan Am between 1931 and 1946
Pan American World Airways
–
Juan Trippe
Pan American World Airways
–
Pan American World Airways
Pan American World Airways
–
Flown cover autographed by pilot Cy Caldwell and carried from
Key West, FL, to
Havana, Cuba, on the first contract air mail flight operated by Pan American Airways, Oct 19, 1927
Pan American World Airways
–
"Birthplace of Pan American World Airways",
Key West, Florida
31.
Trans World Airlines
–
Trans World Airlines was a major American airline from 1924 until 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis, Kansas City, and other stops, with Ford Trimotors. With American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the Big Four domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930. Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and the new management of TWA acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an attempt to diversify the companys business. As the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 led to a wave of airline failures, start-ups, Carl Icahn acquired control of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, in 2001, TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11,2001 attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003. TWA was headquartered at one time in Kansas City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its main domestic and international hub, the airline later developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Its main trans-Atlantic hub was the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, TWAs corporate history dates from the July 16,1930, forced merger of Transcontinental Air Transport and Western Air Express to form Transcontinental & Western Air. The companies merged at the urging of Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown, both airlines brought high-profile aviation pioneers who would give the airline the panache of being called The Airline Run by Flyers. The airlines were known for years as being on the cutting edge of aviation. Transcontinental, the bigger of the two, had the expertise of Charles Lindbergh and was already offering a 48-hour combination of plane. Western, which was older, having been founded in 1925, had the expertise of Jack Frye. On October 25,1930, the airline offered one of the first all-plane scheduled service from coast to coast, the route took 36 hours and initially called for overnights in Kansas City. In summer 1931, TWA moved its headquarters from New York to Kansas City, investigation revealed that the wings wooden structure had deteriorated. In the wake of the crash, the Fokker F.10 was temporarily grounded, the F. 10s public image, and that of all wooden-structured aircraft, suffered badly from the crash. The dominant manufacturer of the day was Bill Boeing, but his contract with United Air Lines did not allow him to sell his 247 to competing lines, Frye and other members of TWA approached several other manufacturers, including Donald Douglas, with specifications for a larger plane. On September 20,1932, the contract was signed with Douglas and the DC-1 was delivered to TWA in December 1933 and this was followed by the delivery of 32 Douglas DC-2s that started operations in May 1934
Trans World Airlines
–
Lindbergh Line DC-2
Trans World Airlines
–
Experimental TWA test aircraft
Trans World Airlines
–
A TWA
Douglas DC-3 is prepared for takeoff from Columbus, Ohio, in 1940
Trans World Airlines
–
C-69-1-LO / L-049 Constellation, c/n 1970, formerly 42-94549, painted as "Star of Switzerland" of TWA, on display at the
Pima Air & Space Museum
32.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
John F. Kennedy
–
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
–
The Kennedy family at
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
John F. Kennedy
–
Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the
PT-109, 1943.
33.
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College. Since the office was established in 1789,44 people have served as president, the first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two terms in office, and is counted as the nations 22nd and 24th president. Thus the incumbent, Donald Trump, is the nations 45th president, there are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a president was on December 26,2006 with the death of Gerald Ford. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, four were assassinated, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tylers precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office, later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a vacancy was left unfilled. Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties, the Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and he was, and remains, the only U. S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a party at the time they assumed office. Four presidents held other high U. S. federal offices after leaving the presidency, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U. S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency. Additionally, one president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The
White House in
Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States
–
1
List of Presidents of the United States
–
2
34.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
An
aerial view of
Dealey Plaza showing the route of President Kennedy's motorcade
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and
Texas Governor John Connally and his wife, Nellie, in the
presidential limousine, minutes before the President's assassination
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
Ike Altgens ' photo of the Presidential limousine taken between the first and second shots that hit President Kennedy. President Kennedy's left hand is in front of his throat and Mrs. Kennedy's left hand is holding his arm.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
Polaroid photo by
Mary Ann Moorman taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot (detail).
35.
New York City Council
–
The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs, the Council serves as a check against the mayor in a strong mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and makes land use decisions as well as legislating on a variety of other issues. The City Council also has responsibility for approving the city budget. The head of the City Council is called the Speaker, and is currently Melissa Mark-Viverito, the Speaker sets the agenda and presides at meetings of the City Council. Proposed legislation is submitted through the Speakers Office, there are 47 Democratic council members led by Majority Leader Jimmy Van Bramer. The three Republican council members are led by Minority Leader Steven Matteo, the Council has 35 committees with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees, the standing committees meet at least once per month. The Speaker of the Council, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader are all ex members of every committee. Council members are elected every four years, except for two consecutive two year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting between the terms due to the national census. Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, Members receive no additional compensation for serving as a committee chairperson or other officer under the new salary raise. The New York City Charter is the law of the government of New York City including the Council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the Council and is composed of 29 titles, the regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has an equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature. Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York, but they have not done so in recent years. The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2,1653, the town of New Amsterdam, a Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council, in 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the Council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers
New York City Council
–
New York City Council
36.
Harry S. Truman
–
Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
Harry S. Truman
–
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
–
Truman in uniform ca. 1918
Harry S. Truman
–
Drawer from the Senate desk used by Truman
Harry S. Truman
–
Roosevelt /Truman poster from 1944
37.
General aviation
–
General aviation is the term for all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to corporate business jet flights, the majority of the worlds air traffic falls into this category, and most of the worlds airports serve general aviation exclusively. General aviation covers a range of activities, both commercial and non-commercial, including flying clubs, flight training, agricultural aviation, light aircraft manufacturing. Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,96 per cent are engaged in GA operations, there are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities, GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips. GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority, although regulatory powers are being transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency. The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, general aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft. In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U. S, aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing. Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours
General aviation
–
General aviation aircraft at
Helsinki-Malmi Airport,
Finland
General aviation
–
A
Diamond DA20, a popular
trainer used by many flight schools
General aviation
–
A general aviation scene at
Kemble Airfield, England
General aviation
–
The General Aviation Terminal at
Raleigh-Durham International Airport
38.
STOL
–
A short takeoff and landing aircraft is an aircraft with short runway requirements for takeoff and landing. Many STOL-designed aircraft also feature various arrangements for use on runways with harsh conditions, STOL aircraft, including those used in scheduled passenger airline operations, have also been operated from STOLport airfields which feature short runways. Autogyros also have STOL capability, needing a ground roll to get airborne. Runway length requirement is a function of the square of the flying speed. For takeoff, large power/weight ratios and low drag help the plane to accelerate for flight, the landing run is minimized by strong brakes, low landing speed, thrust reversers or spoilers. Overall STOL performance is set by the length of runway needed to land or take off, of equal importance to short ground run is the ability to clear obstacles, such as trees, on both take off and landing. For takeoff, large power/weight ratios and low drag result in a rate of climb required to clear obstacles. For landing, high drag allows the aeroplane to descend steeply to the runway without building excess speed resulting in a ground run. Drag is increased by use of flaps and by a forward slip, normally, a STOL aircraft will have a large wing for its weight. These wings often use aerodynamic devices like flaps, slots, slats, typically, designing an aircraft for excellent STOL performance reduces maximum speed, but does not reduce payload lifting ability. Most STOL aircraft can land either on- or off-airport, typical off-airport landing areas include snow or ice, fields or gravel riverbanks, and water, these areas are often extremely short and obstructed by tall trees or hills. Wheel skis and amphibious floats combine wheels with skis or floats, a number of aircraft modification companies offer STOL kits that can be installed on aircraft to improve their short field performance. Crosswinds STOL of Wasilla, Alaska sells STOL kits for aircraft, including leading edge cuffs, tip spill plates, inboard flap extensions. The company offers kits for Piper PA-12, PA-14, PA-18, PA-20 and 22, Bellanca Champion Model 7 series, the Horton modifications include a drooped leading edge cuff, conical cambered wingtips, control surface gap seals and wing fences. The company says, On an average you can expect to get a 4-7 knot reduction in stall speeds, flying at these lower stall speeds you can reduce the take-off and landing distances by 10%. Horton STOL kits are available for several Cessna and Piper PA-28 models, Micro AeroDynamics markets vortex generator modification kits for STOL benefits. The Micro kits are small vortex generators that are glued to the leading edge, as well as the underside of the elevator. Kits are available for a number of light aircraft types
STOL
–
A
Zenair CH 701 STOL light aircraft
STOL
–
GAF Nomad VH-ATO
STOL
–
Micro Dynamics vortex generators mounted on the wing of a
Cessna 182K
39.
Avro Jetliner
–
The Avro C102 Jetliner was a Canadian prototype medium-range turbojet-powered jet airliner built by Avro Canada in 1949. It was beaten to the air by only 13 days by the de Havilland Comet, the name Jetliner was chosen as a shortening of the term jet airliner, a term which is still in popular usage in Canada and the United States. The aircraft was considered suitable for busy routes along the US eastern seaboard and garnered intense interest, notably from Howard Hughes who even offered to start production under license. However continued delays in Avros all-weather interceptor project, the Avro CF-100, led to an order to stop working on the project in 1951, in 1945 Trans-Canada Airlines started exploring a number of aircraft developments under the direction of Jim Bain. The new engine, later known as the Rolls-Royce Avon, enthralled Bain, over the next few months, the teams at TCA and Avro refined the requirements, which were signed off on 9 April 1946. They called for a 36-seat aircraft with a speed of 425 miles per hour, a range of 1,200 miles. The difference between the range and maximum airport distances was to allow for the required 45 minutes stacking, the aircraft also needed to be able to operate from existing 4,000 ft runways. Load was 12,700 lbs and 50 passengers, the agreement also specified a number of contractual terms that, in retrospect, appear especially odd. Additionally, Avro was not allowed to sell the aircraft to any other airline for three years, after that period, if a buyer paid less than C$350,000 for the aircraft, Avro would have to pay the difference to TCA. Furthermore, during the period of one year after the first aircraft was introduced, Avro would have to pay all costs. In 1947, Fred Smye, president of Avro, advised Herbert James Symington of TCA that they could not meet the fixed price contract, symingtons response was to pull out of the project, perhaps due to having successfully taken delivery of their new Canadair North Stars. Howe stepped in and offered $1.5 million to continue the project, at about the same time, Rolls-Royce told Avro that the civil certification of the Avon could not be guaranteed in time for the Jetliners rollout. This, in turn, would lead to operational and maintenance costs. Nevertheless, Avro continued with its plan to build the jet, floyd was upset by these developments, but in the end found a number of advantages to the four-engine layout. The main advantage was that in a situation, the aircraft would lose only a quarter of its thrust, rather than half. Although bearing some resemblance to the jet powered Avro Tudor 8 and 9, the updated design was presented in October 1948, and in February 1948 TCA responded with changes of their own. Now they wanted the aircraft to cruise at 500 mph, in April, Gordon McGregor took over the presidency of TCA, and told Smye that he did not want it to be the first airline with a jet. Nevertheless, the project pressed on, and was the topic of an article in Aviation Week that November
Avro Jetliner
–
C102 Jetliner
Avro Jetliner
–
Rolls-Royce Derwent Engine, used in the Avro Jetliner
Avro Jetliner
–
Model of the C102
40.
Sud Aviation Caravelle
–
The Sud Aviation SE210 Caravelle was a French short/medium-range jet airliner. It holds the distinction of being the worlds first jet-powered airliner to be developed for the short/medium-range market, in order to achieve this, SNCASE formed partnerships with British companies such as de Havilland and Rolls-Royce Limited. Within a few years of commencing passenger services, the Caravelle had become regarded as being one of the most successful European first-generation jetliners. The airliner achieved substantial sales to operators throughout Europe and had managed to penetrate the United States market. The Caravelle established the aft-mounted engine, clean-wing design configuration that is used by smaller jetliners. On 12 October 1951, the Comité du matériel civil published a specification for a medium-range aircraft, which was later sent to the aviation industry by the Direction technique et industrielle. This called for a capable of carrying 55 to 65 passengers and 1,000 kg of cargo on routes up to 2,000 km with a cruising speed of about 600 km/h. The type and number of engines were not specified, hurel-Dubois had entered several turboprop designs based on a narrow fuselage and shoulder-mounted wing, similar to many regional propliners. Proposals from the SNCA du Sud-Ouest included the S. O.60 with two Rolls-Royce Avon RA.7 engines, outfitted with two smaller Turbomeca Marborés as auxiliaries. SNCA du Sud-Est had also returned a number of designs from the X-200 to X-210, the Committee issued a request for SNCASE to re-submit its X-210 proposal as a twin-Avon design. This turned out to be a benefit to the design, as the noise was greatly reduced as a result. In July 1952, the revised X-210 design with twin Avons was re-submitted to the SGACC, two months later, SNCASE received official notification that its design had been accepted. On 6 July 1953, the SGACC placed an order for the construction of a pair of prototypes along with a pair of static airframes for fatigue testing. Suds design licensed several fuselage features from British aircraft company de Havilland, the nose area and cockpit layout were both taken directly from the de Havilland Comet jet airliner, while the rest of the airliner was locally designed. A distinctive design feature was the windows in the shape of a curved triangle which were smaller than conventional windows. On 21 April 1955, the first prototype of the Caravelle, on 27 May 1955, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight, powered by a pair of British Rolls-Royce RA-26 Mk.522, capable of providing 4,536 kgf of unitary thrust. For the maiden flight, which had a duration of 41 minutes. Almost one year later, on 6 May 1956, the prototype made its first flight
Sud Aviation Caravelle
–
Caravelle
Sud Aviation Caravelle
–
Detail of the
Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engines
Sud Aviation Caravelle
–
The unusual cockpit window arrangement of the Caravelle.
Sud Aviation Caravelle
–
The triangular windows of the Caravelle remained unaltered throughout its development
41.
Tupolev Tu-104
–
The Tupolev Tu-104 was a twin-engined medium-range narrow-body turbojet-powered Soviet airliner and the worlds first successful jet airliner. Although it was the jet airliner to fly, the Tu-104 was the second to enter regular service. The Tu-104 was the sole jetliner operating in the world between 1956 and 1958, in 1957, Czechoslovak Airlines – ČSA, became the first airline in the world to fly a route exclusively with jet airliners, using the Tu-104A variant between Prague and Moscow. In civil service, the Tu-104 carried over 90 million passengers with Aeroflot, and its successors included the Tu-124, the Tu-134 and the Tu-154. At the beginning of the 1950s, the Soviet Unions Aeroflot airline needed a modern airliner with better capacity, the design request was filled by the Tupolev OKB, which based their new airliner on its Tu-16 Badger strategic bomber. The wings, engines, and tail surfaces of the Tu-16 were retained with the airliner, the prototype build in MMZ Opit first flew on June 17,1955 with Yu. L. It was fitted with a parachute to shorten the landing distance by up to 400 metres. In either case, Western observers at the thought the Soviets lacked the advanced technology required to build an airliner suitable for commercial performance. By the time production ceased in 1960, about 200 had been built, the Tu-104 was powered by two Mikulin AM-3 turbojets placed at the wing roots. The crew consisted of five people, two pilots, a navigator, an engineer and a radio operator. The airplane raised great curiosity by its lavish Victorian interior – called so by some Western-hemisphere observers – due to the used, mahogany, copper. Tu-104 pilots were trained on the Il-28 bomber, followed by flights on an unarmed Tu-16 bomber painted in Aeroflot colors. Pilots with previous Tu-16 experience transitioned into the Tu-104 with relative ease, the flight time was reduced from 13 hours and 50 minutes to 7 hours and 40 minutes, and the new jet dramatically increased the level of passenger comfort. By 1957, Aeroflot had placed the Tu-104 in service on routes from Vnukovo Airport in Moscow to London, Budapest, Copenhagen, Beijing, Brussels, Ottawa, Delhi, and Prague. In 1957, ČSA Czechoslovak Airlines became the only customer for the Tu-104, placing the aircraft on routes to Moscow, Paris. ČSA bought six Tu-104As configured for 81 passengers, three of these aircraft were subsequently written off. In 1959, the plane was leased to Sir Henry Lunn Ltd. of London which used the plane for 12 holidays to Russia, the Tu-104 continued to be used by Aeroflot throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Some 16 aircraft were lost in crashes, the safety record was comparable to other early jet airliners of its day, but was poor compared to more modern airliners
Tupolev Tu-104
–
Tu-104
Tupolev Tu-104
–
A Tu-104 near
Vnukovo Airport
Tupolev Tu-104
–
Wreckage of the Czechoslovak Airlines Tupolev Tu-104 (OK-MDE) near Nicosia airport
42.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
43.
Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
–
Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965. When running for his term, he broke with the Tammany Hall leadership. Wagner was born in Manhattan, the son of Margaret Marie and he attended Taft School and graduated from Yale University in 1933, where he was on the business staff of campus humor magazine The Yale Record and became a member of Scroll and Key. He attended Harvard Business School and the Graduate School of International Studies in Geneva and he graduated from Yale Law School in 1937. In 1942, he was the Exalted Ruler of New York Lodge No.1 of the Benevolent, a residential building is named after him on the Stony Brook University campus. Wagner was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1938, 1939–40 and he resigned his seat on January 13,1942, and joined the Army Air Corps to fight in World War II. After the war he served as City Tax Commissioner, Commissioner of Housing and Buildings and he was Borough President of Manhattan from 1950 to 1953. He also served as delegate to numerous Democratic conventions, and was the Democratic nominee for the U. S. Senate in 1956 and he was the first mayor to hire significant numbers of people of color in city government. His administration also saw the development of the Lincoln Center and brought Shakespeare to Central Park, during his years in office, the city experienced the visit of a number of notables from around the world. In January,1957, President Eisenhower invited King Saud to the United States to discuss strategies for resolving the Suez crisis and he did greet Queen Elizabeth II later in 1957. S. in 1965. By his policies Mayor Wagner pushed long term City Government spending up and up - leading to the bankruptcy of New York City in the 1970s. In 1956, he ran on the Democratic and Liberal tickets for U. S, Senator from New York, but was defeated by Republican Jacob K. Javits. Like his father, Wagner was aligned with Tammany Hall for much of his career, however, when he sought a third term in 1961 Wagner broke with Carmine DeSapio and won the Democratic primary anyway, despite a challenge from Tammanys candidate Arthur Levitt Sr. A Democratic Mayor not aligned with Tammany was a new development, Wagner was mayor at the time of the controversial demolition of the original Penn Station, which began on October 28,1963. In 1965, he signed the law created the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In February 1962, Wagner quit the New York Athletic Club because it barred blacks and Jews from becoming members. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in effect by order of Mayor Wagner. The city revoked the licenses of the bars, and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible
Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
–
Wagner greets the
Little Rock Nine (1958)
44.
Wallace Harrison
–
Wallace Kirkman Harrison was an American architect. Harrison started his career with the firm of Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray. Harrisons work in the mid-twentieth century comprised large, modernist public projects and he worked for McKim, Mead & White and Bertram Grovesnor Goodhue from 1916 to 1923, and later formed a series of architectural partnerships. Harrison participated with the architectural teams designing the art deco Rockefeller Center complex in New York City, in 1941 Harrison joined with Max Abramowitz to form the firm of Harrison & Abramowitz. In partnership with Abramovitz, Harrison designed scores of university and corporate buildings, including the Time & Life and Socony-Mobil, harrision also developed the design for the Pershing Memorial in Washington, D. C. Harrisons major projects are marked by straightforward planning and sensible functionalism, the home includes a 32-foot circular living room that is rumored to have been the prototype for the Rainbow Room in Rockefeller Center. Two other circular rooms complete the center of Harrisons design, frequent visitors and guests included Nelson Rockefeller, Robert Moses, Marc Chagall, Le Corbusier, Alexander Calder and Fernand Léger. Harrisons expansive country property also exhibited his relationships with contemporary architects, Léger waited out part of World War II by painting a mural at the bottom of Harrisons swimming pool. Léger also created a mural for the homes circular living room. Calders first show is said to have taken place at the home, Harrisons architectural drawings and archives are held by the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. Harrison was a member of the U. S, commission of Fine Arts from 1955 to 1959. In 1967, Harrison received the AIA Gold Medal, in 1938, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1948. Harrison was married to Ellen Hunt Milton in 1926 and they had a daughter, Sarah, and lived in Manhattan and Seal Harbor, Maine. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958, the Edifice Complex, How the Rich and Powerful - and Their Architects - Shape the World
Wallace Harrison
–
The
Metropolitan Opera House at
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, seen from Lincoln Center Plaza
Wallace Harrison
–
UN headquarters in
New York City
45.
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings, with a portfolio spanning thousands of projects across 50 countries, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or glass box skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohes ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them The Three Blind Mies. Notable SOM architects include, Edward Charles Bassett, Natalie de Blois, Gordon Bunshaft, David Childs, Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Gertrude Kerbis, Fazlur Rahman Khan. Lucien Lagrange, Walter Netsch, Larry Oltmanns, Brigitte Peterhans, Adrian Smith, indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa, to support the towers record heights and slim footprint, he developed the buttressed core structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape. Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a tenure at SOM. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized more than 1,700 awards for quality. More than 900 of these awards have received since 1998. In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award from the American Institute of Architects, SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine. In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, london, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi. Smaller field offices supplement these in such as the Philippines. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m, construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The towers architect and engineer was Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, george J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically, Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner. The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, one World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in Manhattan, New York City, and is 1,776 ft high, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
SOM's original three partners —
Louis Skidmore,
Nathaniel Owings and
John O. Merrill.
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Lever House, 390
Park Avenue,
Manhattan
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Manufacturers Trust Company Building at 510
Fifth Avenue, Manhattan
46.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
United Airlines
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United Air Lines route map, 1940
United Airlines
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United Boeing 727-200 in the Stars and Bars Friend Ship livery at
Los Angeles International Airport in August 1974
United Airlines
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United Boeing 747SP in the 1974–1993 Rainbow Scheme
United Airlines
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Three United
Boeing 777-200ERs and one
Boeing 747-400 at
San Francisco International Airport in 2008
47.
Eastern Airlines
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Eastern Air Lines was a major American airline from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution it was headquartered at Miami International Airport in an area of Miami-Dade County. Eastern was one of the Big Four domestic airlines created by the Spoils Conferences of 1930 and it had a near monopoly in air travel between New York and Florida from the 1930s and 1940s and dominated this market for decades afterward. Labor disputes and high debt loads strained the company in the late 1970s, Frank Lorenzo acquired Eastern in 1985 and moved many of its assets to his other airlines, including Continental Airlines and Texas Air. After continued labor disputes and a strike in 1989, Eastern ran out of money and was liquidated in 1991. USAir acquired 11 of Easterns 25 Boeing 757-225s, Eastern pioneered hourly air shuttle service between New York City, Washington, DC and Boston in 1961 as the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle. It took over the South American route network of Braniff International in 1982 and also served London, Eastern Air Lines was a composite of assorted air travel corporations, including Florida Airways and Pitcairn Aviation. In the late 1920s, Pitcairn Aviation won a contract to fly mail between New York City and Atlanta, Georgia on Mailwing single-engine aircraft, in 1929, Clement Keys, the owner of North American Aviation, purchased Pitcairn. In 1930, Keys changed the name to Eastern Air Transport. After being purchased by General Motors and experiencing a change in leadership after the Airmail Act of 1934, in 1938 World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker bought Eastern from General Motors. The complex deal was concluded when Rickenbacker presented Alfred P. Sloan with a check for $3.5 million. In March 1939 Eastern had 15 weekday departures from Newark, two from Chicago to Miami, one from Tampa to Atlanta and one from Tallahassee to Memphis and those flights and their returns were Easterns whole scheduled operation. It fit on one page in the Airways Guide, then as later, Eastern was the fourth largest airline in the country by passenger-miles. Rickenbacker pushed Eastern into a period of growth and innovation, for a time, Eastern was the most profitable airline in the post-war era, never needing state subsidy. In the late 1950s, Easterns position was eroded by subsidies to rival airlines, on October 1,1959, Rickenbackers position as CEO was taken over by Malcolm A. MacIntyre, a brilliant lawyer but inexperienced in airline operations. Rickenbackers ouster was due to his reluctance to acquire jets. Like many others, he underestimated their appeal to the public, a new management team headed by Floyd D. Hall took over on 16 December 1963, and Rickenbacker left his position as Director and Chairman of the Board on December 31,1963, aged 73. In 1956 Eastern bought Colonial Airlines, giving the airline its first routes to Canada, in November 1959, Eastern Air Lines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 at New York Citys Idlewild International Airport
Eastern Airlines
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The Great Silver Fleet (1939)
Eastern Airlines
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Eastern Air Lines
Eastern Airlines
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Pitcairn Aviation's PA-7S CAM-19 Route Airmail aircraft
Eastern Airlines
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An Eastern Air Lines
DC-3, on display in the
National Air and Space Museum in
Washington, D.C.
48.
Kahn and Jacobs
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Ely Jacques Kahn was an American commercial architect who designed numerous skyscrapers in New York City in the twentieth century. In addition to buildings intended for use, Kahns designs ranged throughout the possibilities of architectural programs. Kahn is also known for his guidance to author Ayn Rand, Kahn was born in New York, the only son of a prosperous Austrian and French-American Jewish family. His sister Rena Rosenthal brought design wares from Europe to sell in New York, Ely Jacques Kahn traveled to Europe where he was aware of the work of architect Josef Hoffman. He attended Columbia University and later was a professor at Cornell University, Kahn was the father of noted New Yorker magazine writer Ely Jacques Kahn, Jr. and great-grandfather of Ely Jacques Kahn IV, former Director of Cybersecurity Policy at the White House. Kahns partnership with Albert Buchman lasted from 1917 until 1930, in what has become an iconic photograph, Kahn masqueraded as his own Squibb Building with other architects dressed as buildings for the Beaux Arts Ball of 1931. In 1940, he formed a partnership with Robert Allan Jacobs, an exemplary work of this period is the Universal Pictures Building of 1947 which was used by Reyner Banham to illustrate air conditioning. Another is 100 Park Avenue, and the firm later collaborated with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, for the New York Stock Exchange, Kahn & Jacobs created additional facilities in 1956 designed with their characteristic zig-zag of setbacks in the upper stories. Kahns work just after World War II had direct relevance to Judaism, in 1946, he began a renovation of Central Synagogue. In 1947, he wrote on the subject of principles for synagogues in an article entitled, Creating a Modern Synagogue Style. In 1948, with sculptor Jo Davidson, Kahn made the first public plan for a Holocaust memorial in the United States, the chosen site for this project in Riverside Park later bore other projects for memorials by Percival Goodman, and Erich Mendelsohn. Although Kahn retired some years earlier, the firm of Kahn & Jacobs lasted until 1973 and she is quoted by the editor of her posthumously published journal notes as later saying about Kahn, As a type, he was Guy Francon. He was so much the socially acceptable architect and he was abler than Francon, and he was modern—within careful limits. But his career was dominated by Francon methods. And he had that manner—very elegant and charming, although trained—like the fictional Francon—at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Kahn rejected historicist styles in skyscraper design. When The Fountainhead was nearing publication, Rand suggested to Kahn that she specifically acknowledge him in an introductory statement, notes Ely Jacques Kahn papers, 1906-1986. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. Kahn & Jacobs architectural drawings and papers, circa 1893-1965, held in the Department of Drawings & Archives Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Hohenems Genealogy Database
Kahn and Jacobs
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Historical photo of Ely Jacques Kahn
Kahn and Jacobs
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Municipal Asphalt Plant
Kahn and Jacobs
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120 Wall Street designed by
Buchman & Kahn as seen from the
East River.
49.
Stained glass
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The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches, mosques, although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture. Modern vernacular usage has extended the term stained glass to include domestic leadlight. As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together by strips of lead. Painted details and yellow stain are used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass. Stained glass, as an art and a craft, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the late Middle Ages. In Western Europe they constitute the form of pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as illuminated wall decorations, Stained glass is still popular today, but often referred to as art glass. It is prevalent in luxury homes, commercial buildings, and places of worship, artists and companies are contracted to create beautiful art glass ranging from domes, windows, backsplashes, etc. During the late Medieval period, glass factories were set up there was a ready supply of silica. Silica requires very high heat to become molten, something not all glass factories were able to achieve, such materials as potash, soda, and lead can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as lime, are added to rebuild the weakened network, Glass is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, much modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass
Stained glass
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The north transept rose of
Chartres Cathedral donated by
Blanche of Castile. It represents the Virgin Mary as Queen of Heaven, surrounded by Biblical kings and prophets. Below is
St Anne, mother of the Virgin, with four righteous leaders. The window includes the arms of France and Castile.
Stained glass
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Stained glass window at
Süleymaniye Mosque.
Stained glass
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13th-century window from Chartres showing extensive use of the ubiquitous cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, details of amber and borders of flashed red glass.
Stained glass
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A 19th-century window illustrates the range of colours common in both Medieval and Gothic Revival glass, Lucien Begule, Lyon (1896)
50.
Worldport (Pan Am)
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It opened on May 24,1960 and ceased operations on May 24,2013, it was demolished in late 2013. The terminal was known as the Pan Am Terminal or Pan Am Unit Terminal Building. The terminal was designed to allow for aircraft to be parked under the overhang, marketing brochures promoted it as the jet-age terminal that brought the plane to the passenger. The overhang sheltered passengers as they boarded the aircraft by stairs or by uncovered bridges, the buildings facade originally featured zodiac figures made by sculptor Milton Hebald, although these were later removed by the Port Authority. The terminal featured the Panorama Room, a room with a view of the entire concourse. In 1971, the terminal was expanded to accommodate the large Boeing 747, the Worldport was the worlds largest airline terminal and held the title for several years. Operation of the Worldport changed hands when Pan Am declared bankruptcy in 1991, deltas domestic flights would continue to be operated out of Terminal 2. Terminal 3 would subsequently be demolished to create additional aircraft parking between Terminals 2 and 4, construction of the Terminal 4 expansion began in November 2010 and was completed in May 2013. On May 23,2013, the departure from Terminal 3, Delta Air Lines Flight 268. The terminal ceased operations on the day,53 years to the day from when it opened. Preservation groups campaigned to save the building and have it nominated by the New York State Historic Preservation Office as a historic place, the preservation campaign was ultimately unsuccessful and demolition of the flying saucer section was completed on November 22,2013. Demolition work on the remainder of the terminal completed in summer 2014, the National Trust for Historic Preservation cited the Worldport as one of ten historic sites lost in 2013. There was subsequently large media outcry, particularly in other countries, several online petitions requesting the restoration of the original flying saucer have gained popularity. The Worldport has appeared in films and publications. A Pan Am Boeing 747 and the Worldport briefly appear in the 1973 James Bond film Live, in the opening sequence of The Family Man, actor Nicolas Cage checks in at the Worldport for a Pan Am flight from New York to London. The 1986 Italian comedy film Il Burbero features a glimpse at the Worldport during the main characters taxi ride to the airport. Doris Day boarded a Pan Am flight out of the Pan Am Terminal in the 1962 film That Touch of Mink, the Pan Am Terminal appears in the opening scene of a 1962 episode of The Saint entitled The Covetous Headsman. The 1963 British comedy Come Fly With Me contains several scenes featuring the Pan Am Terminal, the Pan Am Terminal is featured in most episodes of the ABC television series Pan Am, as the shows Pan Am characters are based there
Worldport (Pan Am)
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The original configuration of the Worldport
Worldport (Pan Am)
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The distinctive "flying saucer" roof design of the Worldport
Worldport (Pan Am)
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A
Pan Am Boeing 707-100 at Worldport (1961)
Worldport (Pan Am)
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In 2012
London (Heathrow)
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Dubai (International)
Santo Domingo
Frankfurt
Madrid
Seoul
Milan (Malpensa)
Amsterdam
Hong Kong
Mexico City
Dublin
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Istanbul (Ataturk)
Tel Aviv (Ben Gurion)
Tokyo (Narita).jpg)
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