1.
The Birth of a Nation
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The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed and co-produced by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. The screenplay is adapted from the novel and play The Clansman and it was released on February 8,1915. Three hours long, the film was presented in two parts separated by an intermission, it was the first 12-reel film in America. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized, there were widespread African-American protests against The Birth of a Nation, such as in Boston, while thousands of white Bostonians flocked to see the film. The NAACP spearheaded a campaign to ban the film. Griffiths indignation at efforts to censor or ban the film motivated him to produce Intolerance the following year. The films release is credited as being one of the events that inspired the formation of the second era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia. The Birth of a Nation, along with the trial and lynching of Leo Frank for the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta, was used as a tool for the KKK. Under President Woodrow Wilson, it was the first American motion picture to be screened at the White House, Griffiths innovative techniques and storytelling power have made The Birth of a Nation one of the landmarks of film history. In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, the film follows two juxtaposed families. One is the Northern Stonemans, abolitionist U. S, representative Austin Stoneman, his daughter, and two sons. The other is the Southern Camerons, Dr. Cameron is married to his wife, the couple also has three sons and two daughters. Phil, the elder Stoneman son, falls in love with Margaret Cameron, while the visit to the the Cameron estate in South Carolina. Meanwhile, young Ben Cameron idolizes a picture of Elsie Stoneman, during the Civil War, the young men from both families enlist in their respective armies for the war. The younger Stoneman and two of the Cameron brothers are killed in the war, meanwhile, the Cameron women are rescued by Confederate soldiers who rout a Black militia, after an attack on the Cameron home. Ben Cameron leads a charge at the Siege of Petersburg. But he is wounded and captured. He is then taken to a Union hospital in Washington, D. C, during his stay at the hospital, he is told that he will be hanged
2.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
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The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is a 1920 German silent horror film, directed by Robert Wiene and written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer. Considered the quintessential work of German Expressionist cinema, it tells the story of an insane hypnotist who uses a somnambulist to commit murders, the films design was handled by Hermann Warm, Walter Reimann and Walter Röhrig, who recommended a fantastic, graphic style over a naturalistic one. The film presents themes on brutal and irrational authority, Dr. Caligari represents the German war government, and Cesare is symbolic of the common man conditioned, like soldiers, to kill. He says the film is a premonition of the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, other themes of the film include the destabilized contrast between insanity and sanity, the subjective perception of reality, and the duality of human nature. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was released just as foreign film industries were easing restrictions on the import of German films following World War I, so it was screened internationally. Accounts differ as to its financial and critical success upon release, critic Roger Ebert called it arguably the first true horror film, and film reviewer Danny Peary called it cinemas first cult film and a precursor to arthouse films. Considered a classic, it helped draw attention to the artistic merit of German cinema and had a major influence on American films, particularly in the genres of horror. As Francis sits on a bench with a man who complains that spirits have driven him away from his family and home. Francis explains she is his fiancée and that they have suffered a great ordeal, most of the rest of the film is a flashback of Franciss story, which takes place in Holstenwall, a shadowy village of twisted buildings and spiraling streets. Francis and his friend Alan, who are competing for Janes affections. Meanwhile, a man named Dr. Caligari seeks a permit from the rude town clerk to present a spectacle at the fair. The clerk mocks and berates Dr. Caligari, but ultimately approves the permit and that night, the clerk is found stabbed to death in his bed. The next morning, Francis and Alan visit Dr. Caligaris spectacle, upon Dr. Caligaris orders, Cesare awakens and answers questions from the audience. Despite Franciss protests, Alan asks, How long will I live, to Alans horror, Cesare answers, Until dawn. Later that night, a figure breaks into Alans home and stabs him to death in his bed, a grief-stricken Francis investigates Alans murder with help from Jane and her father, Dr. Olsen, who obtains police authorization to investigate the somnambulist. That night, the police apprehend a criminal in possession of a knife who is attempting to murder an elderly woman. When questioned by Francis and Dr, at night, Francis spies on Dr. Caligari and observes what appears to be Cesare sleeping in his box. However, the real Cesare sneaks into Janes home as she sleeps and he raises a knife to stab her, but instead abducts her after a struggle, dragging her through the window onto the street
3.
RKO Radio Pictures
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RKO Pictures Inc. also known as RKO Radio Pictures and in its later years RKO Teleradio Pictures, was an American film production and distribution company. It was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the companys sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum, RKO has long been celebrated for its series of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s. Actors Katharine Hepburn and, later, Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio, cary Grant was a mainstay for years. The work of producer Val Lewtons low-budget horror unit and RKOs many ventures into the now known as film noir have been acclaimed, largely after the fact, by film critics. The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history, King Kong and Citizen Kane, RKO Pictures is also a member of Motion Picture Association of America. Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948, after years of turmoil and decline under his control, Hughes sold the troubled studio to General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955. The original RKO Pictures ceased production in 1957 and was dissolved two years later. In 1981, broadcaster RKO General, the heir, revived it as a production subsidiary. In October 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer and its success prompted Hollywood to convert from silent to sound film production en masse. The Radio Corporation of America controlled an advanced optical sound-on-film system, RCA Photophone, the industrys two largest major studios, Paramount and Loews/MGM, with two other studios Universal and First National, were poised to contract with ERPI for sound conversion as well. Next on the agenda was securing a string of exhibition venues like those the leading Hollywood production companies owned, Kennedy began investigating the possibility of such a purchase. Around that time, the large Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit of theaters, built around the medium of live vaudeville, was attempting a transition to the movie business. In mid-1927, the operations of Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Milles Producers Distributing Corporation had united under KAOs control, early in 1928, KAO general manager John J. Murdock, who had assumed the presidency of Pathé, turned to Kennedy as an adviser in consolidating the studio with De Milles company, PDC. This was the relationship Sarnoff and Kennedy sought, on October 23,1928, RCA announced the creation of the Radio-Keith-Orpheum holding company, with Sarnoff as chairman of the board. Kennedy, who withdrew from his positions in the merged companies, kept Pathé separate from RKO. RCA owned the governing stock interest in RKO,22 percent, in the early 1930s, the companys production and distribution arm, presided over by former FBO vice-president Joseph I
4.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
5.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
6.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
7.
Robert W. Paul
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Robert W. Paul was an English electrician, scientific instrument maker and early pioneer of British film. In 1891, he established a company, Robert W. Paul Instrument Company, initially with a workshop at 44 Hatton Garden, London. In 1894, he was approached by two Greek businessmen who wanted him to make copies of an Edison Kinetoscope that they had purchased and he at first refused, then found to his amazement that Edison had not patented the invention in Britain. Subsequently, Paul himself would go on to purchase a Kinetoscope, intent on taking it apart and he manufactured a number of these, one of which was supplied to Georges Méliès. However, the films available were bootleg copies of those produced for the Edison machines. As Edison had patented his camera, Paul resolved to solve this bottleneck by creating his own camera and he was introduced to Birt Acres, a photographic expert, who had invented a device to move film as part of the developing process. Paul thought that Acres principle could be used in a camera and this camera, dubbed the Paul-Acres Camera, invented in March 1895, would be the first camera made in England. Acres would present his projector, Englands first, on 14 January 1896, Paul would present his own, the more influential Theatrograph shortly after on 20 February. Ironically this is exactly the day the Lumieres films would first be projected in London. In 1896, he pioneered in the UK a system of projecting motion pictures onto a screen and this coincided with the advent of the projection system devised by the Lumiere Brothers. This included films featuring cartoonist Tom Merry drawing caricatures of the German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II, Merry had previously performed his lightning-fast drawing as part of a music hall stage act. The use of his Theatrograph in music halls up and down the country popularised early cinema in Britain, there were many showmen who wished to imitate Pauls success, and some of these wanted to make their own films of local interest. It was necessary to set up a separate manufacturing department producing cameras, projectors. Paul would also continue his innovations in the camera field. 1, built in April 1896, would be the first camera to feature reverse-cranking and this mechanism allowed for the same film footage to be exposed several times. The ability to create super-positions and multiple exposures would be of great significance and this technique was used in Pauls 1901 film Scrooge, or, Marleys Ghost, the oldest known film adaptation of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol. It is noted that the first camera that George Melies would use was built by R. W. Paul, in 1898 he designed and constructed Britains first film studio in Muswell Hill, north London. In the meantime, he continued with his business, focusing on his internationally renowned Unipivot galvanometer
8.
Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost
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Scrooge, or, Marleys Ghost is a 1901 British short silent drama film, directed by Walter R. Filmed in 35mm and in black and white, only 620 feet of this silent films footage survives today. It was produced by the English film pioneer R. W. Paul and it was released in November 1901. It was presented in Twelve Tableaux or scenes, the film contains the first use of intertitles in a film. Evidence suggests that Pauls version of A Christmas Carol was based as much on J. C, buckstones popular stage adaptation Scrooge as on Dickens original story. Like the play, the film dispenses with the different ghosts that visit Scrooge, instead relying upon the figure of Jacob Marley, draped in a white sheet, to point out the error of Scrooges ways. The film featured impressive trick effects by 1901 standards, superimposing Marleys face over the door knocker, R. W. Paul was a trick film specialist, Walter Booth, credited as the films director, was a well-known magician as well as a trick and comic film specialist. The film makes use of dissolving between scenes. The film was shown to King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra at Sandringham House in December 1901 in a Royal Command Performance, the only known surviving footage, about 3 minutes and 26 seconds in length, is preserved by the British Film Institute. This footage starts with Bob Cratchit showing someone out of Scrooges office on Christmas Eve, just before he and Scrooge leave for the night, and ends at a scene showing the death of Tiny Tim. The film does not show the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present, or Christmas Yet to Come, the actor who played Scrooge in the film has never been identified. The Death of Poor Joe the oldest surviving film featuring a Charles Dickens character
9.
1st Academy Awards
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AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks hosted the show. Tickets cost $5,270 people attended the event and the ceremony lasted fifteen minutes. Awards were created by Louis B, Mayer, founder of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation. It is the only Academy Awards ceremony not to be broadcast either on radio or television, during the ceremony, the AMPAS presented Academy Awards in twelve categories. Winners were announced three months before the live event, some nominations were announced without reference to a specific film, such as for Ralph Hammeras and Nugent Slaughter, who received nominations in the now defunct category of Engineering Effects. Unlike later ceremonies, an actor or director could be awarded for works within a calendar year. Emil Jannings, for example, was given the Best Actor award for his work in both The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command, moreover, Charlie Chaplin and Warner Brothers each received an Honorary Award. Major winners at the ceremony included 7th Heaven and Sunrise, which received three awards, and Wings, receiving two awards. Among its honors, Sunrise won the award for Unique and Artistic Picture and these two categories at the time were seen as equally the top award of the night intended to honor different and equally important aspects of superior film making. The next year, the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award, in 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was established by Louis B. Mayer, originator of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation, which then would be joined into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, mayers purpose in creating the award was to unite the five branches of the film industry, including actors, directors, producers, technicians, and writers. Mayer commented on the creation of the awards I found that the best way to handle was to hang medals all over them, if I got them cups and awards theyd kill them to produce what I wanted. Thats why the Academy Award was created, Mayer asked Cedric Gibbons, art director of MGM, to design an Academy Award trophy. Nominees were notified through a telegram in February 1928, in August 1928, Mayer contacted the Academy Central Board of Judges to decide winners. The ceremony was held on May 16,1929, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, located in Los Angeles and it consisted of a private dinner with thirty-six banquet tables, where 270 people attended and tickets cost five dollars. Actors and actresses arrived at the hotel in luxury vehicles, where many attended to encourage celebrities. The ceremony was not broadcast on radio or television, and was hosted by AMPAS director Fairbanks, winners were announced three months before the ceremony. Three categories were eliminated for subsequent presentations, Best Engineering Effects, Best Title Writing, the larger film producers received the preponderance of awards, Fox Films Corporation, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Radio-Keith-Orpheum and Warner Brothers Production
10.
Joseph W. Farnham
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Joseph White Farnham was an American playwright and a film writer and film editor of the silent movie era to the early 1930s. He was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts. Farnham got his start in film through his business relationship with theatre empresarios Gustave, the Big Parade is probably the most famous of his works adapted to film. In the 1st Academy Awards of 1929, nominees could be considered for an Oscar for an award on the basis of films within the year. Joseph won his Best Writing - Title Cards award for the films Fair Co-Ed, Laugh, Clown, Laugh and this was the only year that an Oscar for title cards would be awarded. Joseph Farnham has the distinction of being the very first Academy Award-winner to die. He died of an attack while living in Los Angeles, California and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale
11.
Sound film
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A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s, at first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as talking pictures, or talkies, were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects, the first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would become the standard for talking pictures. By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon, in the United States, they helped secure Hollywoods position as one of the worlds most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence. In Europe, the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, in Japan, where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the element that led to the rapid expansion of the nations film industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27,1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison, the two inventors privately met. No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope, essentially a peep-show system, as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph. The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection and these appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition, three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization, pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity, cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. In 1902, Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons
12.
Epigraph (literature)
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In literature, an epigraph is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document or component. The epigraph may serve as a preface, as a summary, as a counter-example, or to link the work to a literary canon. The long quotation from Dantes Inferno that prefaces T. S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is part of a speech by one of the damned in Dantes Hell. Linking it to the monologue which forms Eliots poem adds a comment, the epigraph to Eliots Gerontion is a quotation from Shakespeares Measure for Measure. Eliots The Hollow Men uses the line Mistah Kurtz, he dead from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness as one of its two epigraphs, the epigraph to Theodore Herzls Altneuland is If you will it, it is no dream. Which became a slogan of the Zionist movement, the epigraph to Fyodor Dostoyevskys The Brothers Karamazov is John 12,24. Verily, verily, I say unto you, except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone, but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. The epigraphs to the preamble of Georges Perecs Life, A Users Manual and to the book as a whole warn the reader that tricks are going to be played and that all will not be what it seems. Jack London uses the first stanza of John Myers OHaras poem Atavism as the epigraph to The Call of the Wild, as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway famously quotes Gertrude Stein, You are all a lost generation. The epigraph to E. L. Doctorows Ragtime quotes Scott Joplins instructions to those who play his music and it is never right to play Ragtime fast. This stands in contrast to the pace of American society at the turn of the 20th century. A Samuel Johnson quote is used as an epigraph in Hunter S. Thompsons novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, stephen King uses many epigraphs in his writing, usually to mark the beginning of another section in the novel. An unusual example is The Stand where he uses lyrics from songs to express the metaphor used in a particular part. J. K. Rowlings novels frequently begin with epigraphs relating to the themes explored, Harry Potter, some authors use fictional quotations that purport to be related to the fiction of the work itself. Examples include, John Greens The Fault in Our Stars has a quotation from a novel, An Imperial Affliction. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby opens with a poem entitled Then Wear the Gold Hat, DInvilliers is a character in Fitzgeralds first novel, This Side of Paradise. This cliché is parodied by Diana Wynne Jones in The Tough Guide To Fantasyland, a poem at the beginning of J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings describes the Rings of Power, the central plot device of the trilogy. Fantasy literature may also include epigraphs, le Guins Earthsea series includes epigraphs supposedly quoted from the epic poetry of the Earthsea archipelago
13.
Soundtrack
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In movie industry terminology usage, a sound track is an audio recording created or used in film production or post-production. Initially the dialogue, sound effects, and music in a film each has its own track, and these are mixed together to make what is called the composite track. A dubbing track is later created when films are dubbed into another language. This is also known as a M & E track containing all sound elements minus dialogue which is supplied by the foreign distributor in the native language of its territory. The contraction soundtrack came into public consciousness with the advent of so-called soundtrack albums in the late 1940s and these phrases were soon shortened to just original motion picture soundtrack. More accurately, such recordings are made from a music track, because they usually consist of the isolated music from a film, not the composite track with dialogue. The soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first commercially issued film soundtrack. It was released by RCA Victor Records on multiple 78 RPM discs in January 1938 as Songs from Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues. The first live-action musical film to have a commercially issued soundtrack album was MGM’s 1946 film biography of Show Boat composer Jerome Kern, the album was originally issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. Only eight selections from the film were included in this first edition of the album, in order to fit the songs onto the record sides the musical material needed editing and manipulation. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very dry, otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy, the phrase is also sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct in some instances to call a soundtrack a cast recording it is never correct to call a cast recording a soundtrack, contributing to the vagueness of the term are projects such as The Sound of Music Live. Which was filmed live on the set for an NBC holiday season special first broadcast in 2013, film score albums did not really become popular until the LP era, although a few were issued in 78-rpm albums. Like the 1967 re-release of the film, this version of the score was artificially enhanced for stereo, in recent years, Rhino Records has released a 2-CD set of the complete Gone With the Wind score, restored to its original mono sound. One of the film scores of all time was John Williams music from the movie Star Wars. Many film score albums go out-of-print after the films finish their theatrical runs, in a few rare instances an entire film dialogue track was issued on records. The 1968 Franco Zeffirelli film of Romeo and Juliet was issued as a 4-LP set, as a single LP with musical and dialogue excerpts, and as an album containing only the films musical score
14.
Frasier
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Frasier is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons, premiering on September 16,1993, and concluding on May 13,2004. The program was created and produced by David Angell, Peter Casey, the series was created as a spin-off of Cheers, continuing the story of psychiatrist Frasier Crane as he returned to his hometown of Seattle and started building a new life. Frasier stars Kelsey Grammer, David Hyde Pierce, John Mahoney, Jane Leeves, Peri Gilpin, psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane returns to his home town of Seattle, Washington, following the end of his marriage and his life in Boston. Frasier hires Daphne Moon as Martins live-in physical therapist and care giver, Frasier frequently spends time with his younger brother Niles, a fellow psychiatrist. Niles becomes obsessed with, and eventually falls in love with, Daphne, Frasier hosts The Dr. Frasier Crane Show, a call-in psychiatry show on talk radio station KACL. His producer Roz Doyle is very different from Frasier in many ways and she is down-to-earth, has basic tastes and, at least early in the series, has superficial relationships with many men. However, Roz and Frasier share a professional respect and over time they become best friends, Frasier and the others often visit the local coffee shop, Café Nervosa. The Crane sons, who possess fine tastes, intellectual interests, the brothers close relationship is often tense, and their sibling rivalry intermittently results in chaos. Niles Crane, Frasiers younger brother, also a psychiatrist, who works in private practice, Martin Crane, Frasier and Niless father, a police officer who was forced to retire by a gunshot wound to his hip that led to his living with Frasier. Daphne Moon, an English physiotherapist, hired by Frasier to help take care of Martin, Roz Doyle, the producer of Frasiers radio show, who becomes a close family friend. Eddie, Martin Cranes Jack Russell terrier, Bob Bulldog Briscoe, the male chauvinist, horny, boastful host of a sports radio talk show that followed Frasiers daily broadcast at KACL. He became a regular cast member for Seasons 4 through 6, noel Shempsky, KACL technical assistant and avid Star Trek aficionado who speaks Klingon, in love with Roz. Gil Chesterton, KACLs flamboyant, effeminate restaurant critic. Bebe Glazer, Frasiers manipulative, amoral agent, who is loathed by Frasiers family, the main cast remained unchanged for all 11 years. Grammer was briefly the highest paid actor in the United States for his portrayal of Frasier. Grammer had been the voice of Sideshow Bob on The Simpsons since 1990, in a 1997 episode, the characters brother, Cecil Terwilliger, was introduced, played by Pierce, as referenced in the episode title, Brother from Another Series. The episode contained numerous Frasier references, Pierce returned as Cecil for the second time alongside Grammer in the 2007 episode Funeral for a Fiend. The episode introduced the brothers father, Dr. Robert Terwilliger, cast member reunions also occurred on four episodes of Hot in Cleveland, which featured Leeves in the main cast along with Wendie Malick. In the Season 2 episode Unseparated at Birth and Season 3 episode Funeral Crashers, Gilpin appears in the episode I Love Lucci, and Tom McGowan appears in Love Thy Neighbor as a casting director
15.
Threads
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Threads is a 1984 British television drama jointly produced by the BBC, Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. Written by Barry Hines and directed by Mick Jackson, it is an account of nuclear war. The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts, as the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins, the film depicts the medical, economic, social and environmental consequences of nuclear war. Shot on a budget of £250, 000–350,000, the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter and it was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama, Best Design, Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor. The chronology of the leading up to the war is depicted entirely via television and radio news broadcasts. An allegedly US-backed coup détat in Iran prompts the Soviet Union to occupy the part of the country. On 8 May, the USA hints at deploying troops to Iran, on 11 May, the US Navy in the Indian Ocean is put on high alert when rumours begin to circulate of the disappearance of the USS Los Angeles in the Persian Gulf. The next day, a collision in the Gulf of Oman between the Soviet battlecruiser Kirov and the USS Callaghan leaves the former badly damaged, the Soviets respond by transporting nuclear warheads into their newly established base in Mashhad. On 20 May, the USA proposes a joint withdrawal from Iran to take effect by noon on the 22nd, the Soviets ignore the US ultimatum and, an hour after the expiry, are attacked at their base in Mashhad by B-52 bombers using conventional weapons. The Soviets defend the base with a nuclear tipped surface-to-air missile, the battle ceases after US forces launch a battlefield nuclear weapon at the Soviet base. The next day, fighting breaks out between the US and Soviet navies, on 24 May, amidst rioting in East Germany, the Soviets cut the road links into and out of West Berlin, whilst offering occupying NATO forces free passage to the west. The USS Kitty Hawk is sunk in the Persian Gulf, anti-Soviet riots in major US cities damage several Russian consulates. Young Sheffield residents Ruth Beckett and Jimmy Kemp are planning to marry due to her unplanned pregnancy, after the ignored US ultimatum to the Soviets results in a brief tactical nuclear skirmish, Britain is gripped by fear, with looting and rioting rife. Subversives including peace activists and some trade unionists are arrested and interned under the Emergency Powers Act, GMT on 26 May, the town hall office transmitter signals Attack Warning Red, and Sheffields air raid sirens sound. Panic breaks out in the city and the Sheffield operations staff man their desks, Two minutes later the first missile salvos hit NATO targets, including nearby RAF Finningley 18 miles from Sheffield. Sheffield is soon hit by a one-megaton warhead launched at the Tinsley Viaduct, strategic targets, including steel and chemical factories in the Midlands, are the primary targets, with two thirds of all UK homes destroyed and immediate deaths ranging between 17 and 30 million. The resulting East-West exchange amounts to 3,000 megatons, about 210 megatons fall on the UK. Sheffield Town Hall collapses in the attack and traps the citys emergency operations team in their shelter underneath it. Over the next days, the trapped team attempts to coordinate the citys chaotic emergency
16.
Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
17.
Law & Order
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Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series, created by Dick Wolf and part of the Law & Order franchise. It originally aired on NBC and, in syndication, on cable networks. Law & Order premiered on September 13,1990, and completed its 20th, at the time of its cancellation, Law & Order was the longest-running crime drama on American primetime television. Its record of 20 seasons is a tie with Gunsmoke for the longest-running live-action scripted American prime-time series with ongoing characters, although it has fewer episodes than Gunsmoke, Law & Order ranks as the longest-running hour-long primetime TV series. Gunsmoke, for its first six seasons, was originally a half-hour program, plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines, although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different. The show has been noted for its revolving cast over the years, the success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows, making Law & Order a franchise, with also a television film, several video games, and international adaptations of the series. It has won and has been nominated for awards over the years. On May 14,2010, NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order, in July 2010, however, he indicated that those attempts had failed and declared that the series had now moved to the history books. However, in February 2015, rumors started that NBC was planning to bring the back for 10 episodes. In May 2015, former star Sam Waterston announced to The Hollywood Reporter that he supports and would join a revival of Law & Order, saying, Youre darn right. Creator Dick Wolf has expressed wanting to use a L&O revival to do a ripped from the headlines story-line surrounding the trial of Robert Durst. Everybody who knows me knows its something I want to do, he continued, at the 2015 Television Critics Association summer press tour, Wolf noted everyone wants a revival, It is a question of. Most of the involved are very successful in their careers. To try to get everything in sequence is more difficult than it looks on the outside. I would love to do it if we can make it work, in 1988, Dick Wolf developed a concept for a new television series that would depict a relatively optimistic picture of the American criminal justice system. He initially toyed with the idea of calling it Night & Day, the first half of each episode would follow two detectives and their commanding officer as they investigate a violent crime. The second half of the episode would follow the District Attorneys Office, through this, Law & Order would be able to investigate some of the larger issues of the day by focusing on stories that were based on real cases making headlines. Wolf took the idea to then-president of Universal Television Kerry McCluggage, who pointed out the similarity to a 1963 series titled Arrest and Trial, which lasted one season
18.
Guy Maddin
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Guy Maddin, CM OM is a Canadian screenwriter, director, author, cinematographer and film editor of both features and short films, as well as an installation artist, from Winnipeg, Manitoba. His most distinctive quality is his penchant for recreating the look, since completing his first film in 1985, Maddin has become one of Canadas most well-known and celebrated film-makers. Maddin has directed feature films and numerous short films, in addition to publishing three books and creating a host of installation art projects. A number of Maddins recent films began as or developed from installation art projects, Maddin has been the subject of much critical praise and academic attention, including two books of interviews with Maddin and two book-length academic studies of his work. Maddin was appointed to the Order of Canada, the countrys highest civilian honour, Maddin is Visiting Lecturer on Visual and Environmental Studies, 2015–16, at Harvard University. Guy Maddin was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on February 28,1956, to Herdis Maddin, Maddin has three older siblings, Ross, Cameron, and Janet. Maddin attended Greenway Elementary until the grade, then General Wolfe school grades seven through nine. Maddins early life was marked by tragedy, with the death of his brother Cameron in 1963, Maddin studied economics at the University of Winnipeg, graduating in 1977 without a plan to become a film-maker. That same year, Maddin married Martha Jane Waugh, Maddins daughter Jilian was born in 1978, after graduating, Maddin held a variety of odd jobs, including bank manager, house painter, and photo archivist. Maddin began to take classes at the University of Manitoba. Maddin met the film professor Stephen Snyder in this manner, Maddin appeared as an actor in two of Paizs short films, as a student in Oak, Ivy, and Other Dead Elms and as a transvestite, homicidal nurse in The International Style. Maddin drew early inspiration from the films of John Paizs, as well as experimental shorts by Stephen Snyder and they were low budget, they used nonactors or nonstars, they used atmospheres and ideas, and were unbelievably honest, frank, and, therefore, exciting to me. They made moviemaking seem possible to me, Maddin also met the film professor George Toles, who became Maddins frequent cowriter on many of his future films. Maddin joined the Winnipeg Film Group around this time, and also friends with producer Greg Klymkiw. Survival was a talk show centred around, as its opening credits noted. The show became a hit in Winnipeg and excerpts were re-released on the compilation DVD Winnipeg Babysitter. Maddin plays a character on the show named Concerned Citizen Stan. Maddins first short film was The Dead Father, a forty-minute black-and-white film about a man whose father dies but continues to visit his family
19.
Quiz bowl
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Quiz bowl is a quiz game that tests players on a wide variety of academic subjects. Standardized quiz bowl formats are played by school, middle school, high school, and university students throughout the United States, Germany, Canada. The game is played with a lockout buzzer system between at least two teams, usually consisting of four or five players each. Players are read questions and try to score points for their team by buzzing first, Quiz bowl is most commonly played in a toss-up/bonus format, which consists of a series of two different types of questions. Other formats, particularly in competitions, may deviate from the above rules. Most forms of modern quiz bowls are modeled after game shows, College Bowl, which was created by Don Reid as a USO activity for US service men during World War II, was an influential early quiz bowl program. Also known as The College Quiz Bowl, it started on radio in 1953, in the first half of the 20th century, many other quiz bowl-like competitions were also created. Delco Hi-Q began in 1948 as a quiz competition sponsored by the Scott Paper Company for high school students in Delaware County. It claims to be the oldest continuously running student quiz contest in the United States and its Academic has been spun off in many other US media markets and has inspired many other televised high school competitions. In 1977, College Bowl was revived as an activity on campuses by College Bowl Company Inc. In September 1990, the Academic Competition Federation was founded as the first major alternative to The College Bowl Company, in 2008, the College Bowl program abruptly ended, although the company itself continues to operate the Honda Campus All-Star Challenge for historically black colleges and universities. During a quiz game, two or more teams of usually up to four or five players are read questions by a moderator. In most forms of quiz bowl, there are two types of questions, toss-ups and bonuses. Toss-ups are questions that any player can attempt to answer. Each player usually has a device, also called a buzzer. If the answer given is incorrect, then no member of that team may give an answer. If a toss-up is successfully answered, the answering team is given an opportunity to answer a bonus. Bonuses are usually worth a total of 30 points, and consist of three individual questions worth ten points each, team members are generally permitted to confer with each other on these questions
20.
Game show
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Alternatively, a gameshow can be a demonstrative program about a game. In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants, on some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a reward or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the shows sponsor prize suppliers, One of the reasons that television broadcasters make game shows is because they are substantially less costly than producing scripted drama shows. Some TV game shows fall under the category of reality television, Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television and its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as began to pervade the popular culture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives, higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One, however, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged, an early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like Whats My Line, ive Got A Secret and To Tell The Truth, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them, in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as Match Game, mock the Week, QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in ratings, which. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals, lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s, examples include Jeopardy. Which began in 1964 and the version of The Match Game first aired in 1962. Lets Make a Deal began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of Hollywood Squares, Password, The Dating Game, though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game genre in the late 1960s on all three networks
21.
Amateur film
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Amateur film is the low-budget hobbyist art of film practiced for passion and enjoyment and not for business purposes. These organizations arrange annual festivals and conventions, there are several amateur film festivals held annually in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Amateur films were shot on 16 mm film or on 8 mm film until the advent of cheap video cameras or digital equipment. The advent of video and computer based editing programs greatly expanded the technical quality achievable by the amateur. Amateur video has become the choice for the filmmaker and has boomed into a very watched and even produced industry with the use of VHS. Amateur Film Clips and Streaming Amateur Film
22.
Home movies
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Originally, home movies were made on photographic film in formats that usually limited the movie-maker to about three minutes per roll of costly camera film. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video weblogs, the development of home movie-making has depended critically on availability of equipment and media formats at prices affordable to consumers. Development of film formats suitable for amateur hobbyists began early in the history of cinematography, for example, the 17.5 mm Birtac format was patented by Birt Acres in 1898. This format split the standard 35 mm film into two strips half as wide and was able to be loaded into the camera in daylight. Since the frames were half the height of 35 mm frames. Since the camera doubled as a printer and projector, equipment costs were also reduced, another breakthrough in making film practical for home users was the introduction of safety film in the 1920s. Many competing film formats were introduced in the decades until 16 mm safety film was introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1923. In 1932, Kodak introduced another new format,8 mm, now called Standard 8 or Regular 8, the film usually came in 16 mm wide Double 8 form, which ran through the camera in two passes and was slit in half after processing. The Straight 8 variant came already cut to 8 mm width, in either case, the amount of film stock used per frame was again reduced by 75%. This finally brought home movies within the reach of the average family, the smaller format also made possible smaller and more portable cameras and projectors. The introduction of Kodachrome color reversal film for 16 mm in 1935, the original 8 mm format was largely superseded within a few years of Kodaks 1965 introduction of Super 8 film. The Super 8 format used the film width as standard 8 mm. In addition, Super 8 film came in cartridges for easier loading into the camera, single-8, a competing product from Fujifilm, was also introduced in 1965. It used the new format as Super 8 but on a thinner polyester base. The introduction of the Beta VCR in 1975 and VHS in 1976 heralded a revolution in the making of home movies, videocassettes were extremely inexpensive compared to film and they could even be erased. This had the effect of increasing the hours of footage of most family video libraries. The honeymoon video of Pamela Anderson and Tommy Lee from 1998 was the first highly publicized example, large parts of the incident were captured on the camera phone of another audience member and broadcast widely. Home movies have played important roles in controversial criminal investigations, the prime example is the Zapruder film of the 1963 assassination of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, accidentally captured on Kodachrome film with an 8 mm home movie camera
23.
Demoscene
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A compo is a contest relating to programming, computer graphics and music that takes place within the demoscene and related subcultures. The term compo is a shortening of competition, compos are typically held at demoparties. The usual format is to show the competing entries sequentially with a video projector, in addition to party-based contests, there have also been online compos on websites and bulletin board systems. The main competition on most demoparties is the demo compo, a typical party also includes an intro compo, a music compo and a graphics compo. Other common contests include wild compo and game development compo, compos are often split into subcategories by technical and stylistic restrictions. Compos at a demoparty are usually held during the afternoon and lasting after midnight, each compo has its designated deadline, to which the competitors must deliver their entries, either via traditional physical media or through the party LAN. The crew also performs preselection on the entries to be able to fit in a given timeframe with the competition, and also to maintain a quality level for a given competition. Compos show the production in an order, some parties prefer to reorder competition entries in an ascending order quality-wise. At some parties, individual competitions omit the display of the name at this point. After the compo, visitors are given the opportunity to vote, to avoid mass-votes by individuals, a votesheet or votekey is usually only handed out to a visitor in exchange of a mark on the ticket, such as tickmark or the removal of the wristband. Votes, usually done via either preferential voting or range voting, are calculated after the voting deadline, fastcompos are a common form of entertainment at demoparties. Unlike regular compos, fastcompos are announced at the party, usually only a few hours to a day before the deadline, fastcompos may be held for music, graphics, demos and anything else regular compos are
24.
ColecoVision
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The ColecoVision is Coleco Industries second-generation home video-game console which was released in August 1982. The ColecoVision offered an experience to more powerful arcade game systems compared to competitors such as the Atari 2600. Approximately 145 titles in total were published as ROM cartridges for the system between 1982 and 1984, Coleco withdrew from the video game market in 1985, and ColecoVision was discontinued that same year. River West Brands currently owns the ColecoVision brand name, by Christmas of 1982, Coleco had sold more than 500,000 units, in part on the strength of its bundled game. The ColecoVisions main competitor was the more advanced but less commercially successful Atari 5200. The ColecoVision was distributed by CBS Electronics outside of North America, sales quickly passed 1 million in early 1983, before the video game crash of 1983. By the beginning of 1984, quarterly sales of the ColecoVision had dramatically decreased, over the next 18 months, the Coleco company ramped down its video game division, ultimately withdrawing from the video game market by the end of the summer of 1985. The ColecoVision was officially discontinued by October 1985, the video game crash of 1983 has been cited as the main cause of the ColecoVisions being discontinued less than three years after its launch. In 1983 Spectravideo announced the SV-603 ColecoVision Video Game Adapter for its SV-318 computer, the company stated that the $70 product allowed users to enjoy the entire library of exciting ColecoVision video-game cartridges. In 1986, Bit Corporation produced a ColecoVision clone called the Dina, the controllers connect into plugs in a recessed area on the top of the unit. The design of the controllers is similar to that of Mattels Intellivision—the controller is rectangular and consists of a numeric keypad, in place of the circular control disc below the keypad, the Coleco controller has a short,1. 5-inch joystick. The keypad is designed to accept a thin plastic overlay that maps the keys for a particular game, each ColecoVision console shipped with two controllers. All first-party cartridges and most third-party software titles feature a 12-second pause before presenting the game select screen and this delay results from an intentional loop in the consoles BIOS to enable on-screen display of the ColecoVision brand. CPU, NEC version of Zilog Z80A @3, from its introduction, Coleco touted the ColecoVisions hardware expandability by highlighting the Expansion Module Interface on the front of the unit. These hardware expansion modules and accessories were sold separately, Expansion Module #1 makes the ColecoVision compatible with the industry-leading Atari 2600, with some exceptions. Functionally, this gave the ColecoVision the largest software library of any console of its day, the expansion module prompted legal action from Atari, but Atari was unable to stop sales of the module because the 2600 could be reproduced with off the shelf parts. Coleco also designed and sold the Gemini game system, which was a clone of the 2600, Expansion Module #2 is a driving controller that came packaged with a port of the arcade game Turbo. The gas pedal is merely a simple on/off switch, so many gamers used the second ColecoVision controller as a shift for more precise speed control
25.
Bally Astrocade
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The Astrocade is a second generation home video game console and simple computer system designed by a team at Midway, at that time the videogame division of Bally. It was marketed only for a time before Bally decided to exit the market. The rights were picked up by a third-party company, who re-released it. The Astrocade is particularly notable for its very powerful graphics capabilities for the time of release, and for the difficulty in accessing those capabilities. In the late 1970s Midway contracted Dave Nutting Associates to design a display chip that could be used in all of their videogame systems, from standup arcade games. The system Nutting delivered was used in most of Midways classic arcade games of the era, including Gorf, originally referred to as the Bally Home Library Computer, it was released in 1977 but available only through mail order. Delays in the production meant none of the units actually shipped until 1978, in this form it sold mostly at computer stores and had little retail exposure. In 1979 Bally grew less interested in the market and decided to sell off their Consumer Products Division, including development. At about the time a 3rd party group had been unsuccessfully attempting to bring their own console design to market as the Astrovision. A corporate buyer from Montgomery Ward who was in charge of the Bally system put the two groups in contact, and a deal was eventually arranged. In 1981 they re-released the unit with the BASIC cartridge included for free, this known as the Bally Computer System. It sold under this name until the game crash of 1983. Midway had long been planning to release a system for the unit. The system was being developed by a group of artists at the University of Illinois at Chicago known as the Circle Graphics Habitat. Midway felt that such a system, in an external box, however it was still not ready for release when Bally sold off the division. A small handful may have produced as the ZGRASS-32 after the machine was re-released by Astrovision. The system, combined into a box, would eventually be released as the Datamax UV-1. Aimed at the computer market while being designed, the machine was now re-targeted as a system for outputting high-quality graphics to video tape
26.
Famicom Titler
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The Famicom Titler, also known as the Famicom Editor, is a Nintendo-licensed Famicom-compatible device produced by Sharp Corporation in 1989. The console was released exclusively in Japan at a price of 43,000 yen. The system was the only consumer-level Famicom to internally generate RGB video, the only Famicom system with S-Video output, the system also functioned as a subtitle-generator and it could be used in combination with a RF-video camera to create gameplay videos and demos. The Famicom Titler was the most technologically ambitious project that Sharp had attempted with the Famicom system and it was the only commercially available Famicom to internally generate RGB video, and this has been identified as responsible for markedly improved clarity of image over other Famicom models. It is the only Famicom console to employ S-Video output and it also features a keyboard and pressure-sensitive touchpad that enables users to produce subtitles directly on the screen during gameplay, and to thereby create demos. In order to create to S-video output, Nintendos RP2C02 PPU was replaced by an RGB-output-compatible RC2C05-99 PPU, here, RGB video signals generated within the composite outputs were converted to the external S-video signals. This allowed gamers to enjoy a crisper image, with the flip of a switch, the Famicom Titler could be used to produce intertitles or subtitles for video footage. Character input was made upon a small touch-sensitive tablet mounted into the console, a stylus was included as attached to the body, and audio additions to the demo could be made using the included microphone. Flipping the switch back would superimpose the video and subtitles on the console, although relatively obscure at the time of its release, the console has recently seen increased interest from fans, hackers/modders, and collectors on the secondary market. Apart from historical interest in the system, several unique to the Famicom Titler make it a popular system for modification. Since the PlayChoice-10 was not released commercially, the Famicom Titler has recently been recognized as a way to get a system with the same clarity for a cheaper price. In addition, the fact that the Famicom Titler is the system to feature S-Video output has meant that the system enjoys compatibility with setups that allow only this form of component video. Nintendo Entertainment System C1 NES TV SF-1 SNES TV Twin Famicom Famicom Titler at Famicom World
27.
Billing (filmmaking)
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Billing is a performing arts term used in referring to the order and other aspects of how credits are presented for plays, films, television, or other creative works. Information given in billing usually consists of the companies, actors, directors, producers and they also feared that, once actors were billed on film, they would be more popular and would seek large salaries. Actors themselves did not want to reveal their film careers to their counterparts via billing on film. As late as the 1910s, stars as famous as Mary Pickford, according to Mary Pickfords biography Doug and Mary, she was referred to by the public as the Biograph girl in all of her films before 1905. Before Mary Pickford, the used to call Florence Lawrence the Biograph girl. In 1910 Lawrence was lured away from Biograph by Carl Laemmle when he started the Independent Motion Picture Company, Laemmle wanted Lawrence to be his star attraction, so he offered her more money and marquee billing, something Biograph did not allow. She signed on, with the release of her first IMP film, The Broken Oath, from then on, actors received billing on film. Also originating during that time was the system of billing above and below the title, big stars such as Pickford, Fairbanks, and Chaplin were billed above the title, while lesser stars and supporting players were billed below the title. The studios still followed the system of the silent era. After the studio systems collapse in the 1950s, actors and their agents fought for billing on a film-by-film basis and this, combined with changes in union contracts and copyright laws, led to more actors and crew members being included in the credits sequence, expanding its size significantly. As a result, since the late 1960s, a significant amount of the billing is reserved for the credits of the film. In addition, more stars began to top billing. Billing demands even extended to publicity materials, down to the height of the letters, by the 1990s, some films had moved all billing to the films end, with the exception of company logos and the title. Occasionally, even the title is left to the end, such as in Avatar, The Passion of the Christ, Inception, the order in which credits are billed generally signify their importance. While there are variations, most opening credits use some variation of the following basic order. In the absence of opening credits, these roles will often be credited in order at the beginning of the closing credits. However, a studio may not necessarily be the party that produced it, instead, a separate production company may have actually made the film or financed a substantial part of the film. Sometimes the producer or writer may also get a possessory credit, Victor Fleming was one such director, his films usually featured the credit A Victor Fleming Production, even when someone else produced the film
28.
Character generator
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A character generator, often abbreviated as CG, is a device or software that produces static or animated text for keying into a video stream. Modern character generators are computer-based, and can generate graphics as well as text, the CBS Laboratories Vidiac, and the A. B. Dick 990 System, were among the earliest character generators for broadcast television, a similar generator using analogue electronics, Anchor, was developed by the BBC in 1970 and used in the general election later that year. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, such graphics are often called Astons and these are examples of somewhat genericized trademarks. Even though genericized trademarks are present, it is known throughout the world that other character generator companies exist. The character generator is one of many used to meet the demands of live television. In fact, to this day some directors of live TV continue to order the technical director to add the super when they want the CG output superimposed over the image of another camera, again, some directors today still call this keying the graphic. And the less often you surf away to another station, the more often you see television advertising which then generates revenue for the television network, hardware character generators are used in television studios and video editing suites. In addition, they provide a key signal, which the compositing vision mixer can use an alpha channel to determine which areas of the CG video are translucent. Software CGs run on standard off-the-shelf computer hardware and are integrated into video editing software such as non-linear editing system. Some software CGs can be used in production with special software. In that case, they are equivalent to hardware generators
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Closing credits
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Closing credits or end credits are a list of the cast and crew of a particular motion picture, television program, or video game. Where opening credits appear at the beginning of a work, closing credits appear close to, some long-running productions list production babies. The closing credits are usually typed and appear in white lettering on a black background, featuring no sound effects or dialogue, only a musical background. Credits are either static and flip from page to page, or scroll as a single list from the bottom of the screen to the top. Occasionally closing credits will divert from this form to either scroll in another direction, include illustrations, extra scenes, bloopers. The use of closing credits in film to list complete production crew, before this decade, most movies were released with no closing credits at all. Two of the first major films to contain extensive closing credits – but almost no opening credits – were the blockbusters Around the World in 80 Days and West Side Story. West Side Story showed only the title at the beginning of the film, around the World in 80 Days had one of the longest and most elaborate closing credit sequences of any film. The credits took around seven minutes to finish and it provided an animated recap of the movies three-hour storyline, identifying the actors in the order in which they appeared. Superman also had a long closing credits sequence, which took nearly eight minutes to end. The 2016 movie Assassins Creed end credits sequence is very long — it took nearly 15 minutes to end. Although, some live action/animated films end credits later ran from seven to eight minutes in length, such as Space Jam, Scooby-Doo and The Lego Movie. The British television series Spooks does not feature any credits, as a result of a made by the producers to add to the anonymity of the shows content. Instead, the credits appear as a feature on the series DVDs. Similarly, the British series Jam features a title at the end of each episode reading only jamcredits. com. As in motion pictures, most television programs until relatively recently didnt list the entire cast, sometimes a parting scene is edited in after the credits conclude as a final joke. For example, in Ferris Buellers Day Off, Ferris appears, on some occasions, the filmmakers will have a character come back and pop in during the credits to see the goings-on. The South Park episode Trapped in the Closet featured altered credits after the episode, critical of Scientology, ends with Stan Marsh yelling Okay, the credits then list every member of every position as either John or Jane Smith
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Digital on-screen graphic
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A digital on-screen graphic is a watermark-like station logo that most television broadcasters overlay over a portion of the screen area of their programs to identify the channel. They are thus a form of permanent visual station identification, increasing brand recognition, in some cases, the graphic also shows the name of the current program. Some television networks use a graphic to advertise upcoming programs. The graphic identifies the source of programming, even if it has been time-shifted—that is, recorded to videotape, DVD, graphics may be used to identify if the correct subscription is being used for a type of venue. The graphic changes at certain times, making it harder to counterfeit, many news broadcasters also place a clock alongside their bug. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in Australia, this is known as a Program Return Graphic. It has become common to place text above the stations logo advertising other programs on the network, in many countries, some TV networks put live in the bottom of the DOG to advise viewers that the program is live, as opposed to a repeat. During televised sports events, a DOG may also display a few game-related statistics such as the current score and this has led many people in Canada and the United States to refer to it as a score bug. Arabic TV logos are placed in the top-right and top-left except for Al-Jazeera, beginning in the late 1990s, almost all television stations in Argentina had their logos being shown on the top-right of the screen. When Canal 9 relaunched in 2002 to replace Azul Televisión, its logo was shown on the bottom-left of the screen, after intense criticism, Canal 9 moved its logo to the top-right of the screen of which most Argentine broadcasters had almost always followed. Australia first introduced the digital on-screen graphic in early 1999, the Seven Network was the first network to broadcast digital on-screen graphics on all of their programs, following The Nine Network in late 2001 later Network Ten in mid-to-late 2005. The ABC3 and ABC4Kids channels originally placed their DOGs in the top-left hand corner of the screen, datacasting channels and home shopping channels show their DOGs in the top-right hand corner of the screen. DOGs are generally shown in a semi-transparent format, but are shown opaque during in-programme advertisements that take place at the bottom of the screen. News services have their own DOGs placed where their networks DOG would normally be, News services generally show footage that was captured by another network, but the semi-transparent DOG of the original network is still shown. Australian TV networks hide all of their DOGs during advertisement breaks and they only reappear during the promotion for a programme that will be shown on the station and are not shown during any other advertisement material. Currently now ABC, Seven, Nine and Ten are on the bottom-right hand corner while SBS is on the top-right hand corner, ORF, the Austrian public broadcasting agency, introduced digital on-screen graphics in 1992 on both television channels operated back then. Before, only the abbreviation ORF was shown randomly for several minutes during the programming in the top corner of the screen. Nowadays, all Austrian television channels, both public and private, are required by law to display a digital on-screen graphic continuously in order to enable channel identification
31.
Lower third
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In the television industry, a lower third is a graphic overlay placed in the title-safe lower area of the screen, though not necessarily the entire lower third of it, as the name suggests. In its simplest form, a third can just be text overlying the video. Frequently this text is white with a shadow to make the words easier to read. A lower third can also contain elements such as boxes, images or shading. Some lower thirds have animated backgrounds and text, lower thirds can be created using basic home-video editing software or professional-level equipment. This equipment makes use of alpha channel to determine what parts of the graphic or text should be transparent. Other common terms include superbars, name straps and astons, video with lower thirds is known as a program as broadcast or as dirty, video without lower thirds is known as a clean feed or as textless. Lower thirds are usually arranged in tiers, or lines, One-tier lower thirds, Usually used to identify a story that is being shown, two-tier lower thirds, Used most often to identify a person on screen. Often, the name will appear on the first line. Two-tier lower thirds may also be used as locators to identify where a story is taking place, three-tier lower thirds, These lower thirds add more information. Commonly, the first tier is used to tell when the video was shot, lower thirds increasingly include elements such as news tickers, time and date, weather information, stock quotes, or sports scores
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Opening credits
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In a motion picture, television program or video game, the opening credits or opening titles are shown at the very beginning and list the most important members of the production. They are now shown as text superimposed on a blank screen or static pictures. There may or may not be accompanying music, when opening credits are built into a separate sequence of their own, the correct term is title sequence. Opening credits since the early 1980s, if present at all, identify the major actors and crew, while the credits list an extensive cast. In movies and television, the title and opening credits may be preceded by an open, or teaser. For instance, the sequence of the 1968 film Oliver. The only credit at films end is a listing of most of the cast and these are set against a replay of some of the Consider Yourself sequence. Some opening credits are presented over the sequences of a film. The opening credits for the 1993 film The Fugitive continued intermittently over several opening scenes, the opening credits for the 1968 film Once Upon a Time in the West lasted for fourteen minutes. The first sound film to begin without any opening credits was Walt Disneys Fantasia and this general release version has been the one most often seen by audiences. In the roadshow version of the film, unseen by most audiences until its DVD release, the intermission was omitted in the general release version. Orson Welles Citizen Kane begins with only a title credit and this practice was extremely uncommon during that era. West Side Story begins with a shot of an ink sketch of the New York City skyline as it was when the film was made, as the background of the shot changes color several times, we hear an overture medley of some of the films songs. As the overture ends, the camera back and we see the title of the film the rest of the credits are shown as graffiti at the end of the film. Most Disney films released between 1937 and 1981 had all the information in the opening credits, while the closing consisted only of the credit The End. However, Mary Poppins was the first Disney film to have longer closing credits, most Soviet films presented all film-related information in the opening credits, rather than at the closing which consist of only a THE END title. The final credit screen identified the studio corresponding to the logo at the beginning, and it could also contain the frame with the technical information about the cinematographic film manufacturer. American films also tended to list the names of the actors before the names of the directors, screenwriters, exceptions were made in the films of director Frank Capra, whose name was usually billed before the films title
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Subtitle (captioning)
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The encoded method can either be pre-rendered with the video or separate as either a graphic or text to be rendered and overlaid by the receiver. Teletext subtitle language follows the audio, except in multi-lingual countries where the broadcaster may provide subtitles in additional languages on other teletext pages. EIA-608 captions are similar, except that North American Spanish stations may provide captioning in Spanish on CC3, DVD and Blu-ray only differ in using run-length encoded graphics instead of text, as well as some HD DVB broadcasts. Sometimes, mainly at festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen. Television subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing is referred to as closed captioning in some countries. The word subtitle is the prefix followed by title. In some cases, such as opera, the dialog is displayed above the stage in what are referred to as surtitles. Today, professional subtitlers usually work with specialized software and hardware where the video is digitally stored on a hard disk. Besides creating the subtitles, the subtitler usually also tells the computer software the exact positions where each subtitle should appear and disappear, for cinema film, this task is traditionally done by separate technicians. The end result is a file containing the actual subtitles as well as position markers indicating where each subtitle should appear and disappear. These markers are based on timecode if it is a work for electronic media. For multimedia-style Webcasting, check, SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, same-language captions, i. e. without translation, were primarily intended as an aid for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Internationally, there are several studies which demonstrate that same-language captioning can have a major impact on literacy. This method of subtitling is used by television broadcasters in China. Same Language Subtitling is the use of Synchronized Captioning of Musical Lyrics as a Repeated Reading activity, the basic reading activity involves students viewing a short subtitled presentation projected onscreen, while completing a response worksheet. Closed captioning is the American term for closed subtitles specifically intended for people who are deaf and these are a transcription rather than a translation, and usually contain descriptions of important non-dialog audio as well such as or and lyrics. From the expression closed captions the word caption has in recent years come to mean a subtitle intended for the hard of hearing, be it open or closed. In British English subtitles usually refers to subtitles for the hard of hearing, however, programs such as news bulletins, current affairs programs, sport, some talk shows and political and special events utilize real time or online captioning
34.
WGA screenwriting credit system
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Since 1941, the WGA has been the final arbiter of who receives credit for writing a theatrical, television or new media motion picture written under the WGAs jurisdiction. A production company that signs the WGA Theatrical and Television Basic Agreement must comply with the WGA rules on writing credits, the system affects reputation, union membership, and income. It affects reputation since some sources list only WGAE or WGAW determined writing credits, John Howard Lawson, the first president of the Screen Writers Guild said, A writers name is his most cherished possession. It is his personality, the symbol of the whole body of his ideas. Membership points are also accrued through employment by, or sale or option to, while all writers are paid when they work, some contracts limit contingent compensation to writers if they are not officially credited. Additionally, only credited writers typically receive residual income from future exploitation of a film on video, pay-per-view, broadcast television, If any participating writer objects to the proposed credits, credit for the film enters arbitration. In addition, if an executive is being proposed for writing credit and there are other, non-production executive participating writers on the project. In arbitration, Guild members review all drafts of the screenplay by each writer, the credit rules differ for theatrical motion pictures and television/new media motion pictures. On a theatrical picture, the applicable rules depend on whether the screenplay is classified as an original screenplay or a non-original screenplay. In the case of a screenplay, the first writer must contribute more than 33% of the screenplay to receive screenplay by credit. A non-original screenplay is a screenplay that is based upon material and all other screenplays that do not qualify as original screenplays. In the case of a screenplay, any writer who contributes more than 33% of the screenplay is entitled to screenplay by credit. There is no heightened percentage for production executives, on a television or new media motion picture, the credit rules are the same regardless of whether the participating writer is a production executive. Any subsequent writer who contributes more than the first writer on a television or new media motion picture is entitled to teleplay by credit. Credit can be apportioned separately for the story, and for the screenplay or teleplay itself when all writers were not equally involved in the creation of both. Story is defined as all writing covered by the representing a distinct from screenplay and consisting of basic narrative, idea. When the same writer or writers are entitled to both Screenplay by and Story by credit or Teleplay by and Story by credit, the credit will read Written by. A writing team is considered a writer, a team is identified by the use of an ampersand between the names of the members of the team
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
