The first planar monolithic integrated circuit chip was demonstrated in 1960. The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born when the German physicist and engineer Werner Ja
Changing vacuum tubes in the computer ENIAC. By the 1940s, some computational devices reached the level at which the losses from failures and downtime outweighed the economic benefits.
Jack Kilby's original hybrid integrated circuit from 1958. This was the first integrated circuit, and was made from germanium.
Logical NOR IC from the computer that controlled the Apollo spacecraft
Bipolar junction transistor
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A bipolar junction transistor is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such as a field-effect transistor, uses only o
Typical individual BJT packages. From left to right: SOT-23, TO-92, TO-126, TO-3
Die of a 2N2222 NPN transistor: the NPN materials are made in layers with the collector at the bottom. Bond wires connect metalization on the base to the left lead, and emitter to the right. The collector is connected to the can with a third external lead.