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Investiture Controversy
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The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops, abbots of monasteries, and the Pop
Henry IV begging forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII at Canossa, the castle of the Countess Matilda, 1077
Henry IV begging forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII at Canossa, the castle of the Countess Matilda, 1077
Contemporary illustration of Henry IV (left) and Anti-pope Clement III (centre)
Contemporary illustration of Henry IV (left) and Anti-pope Clement III (centre)
Henry IV requests mediation from Matilda of Tuscany and abbot Hugh of Cluny.
Henry IV requests mediation from Matilda of Tuscany and abbot Hugh of Cluny.
Enamel panel from Cologne figuring the investiture of a bishop (c. 1160–70), Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, Germany
Enamel panel from Cologne figuring the investiture of a bishop (c. 1160–70), Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, Germany
Guelphs and Ghibellines
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The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Italian city-states of Central and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages. During the 12th and 13th centu
Investiture Controversy
…the Roman Pontiff. Disputes between popes and Holy Roman Emperors continued until northern Italy was lost to the empire entirely, after the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Emperor Otto IV marched on Rome and commanded Pope Innocent III to annul the Concordat of Worms and to recognise the imperial crown's right to make…
A 14th-century conflict between the militias of the Guelph and Ghibelline factions in the comune of Bologna, from the Croniche of Giovanni Sercambi of
A 14th-century conflict between the militias of the Guelph and Ghibelline factions in the comune of Bologna, from the Croniche of Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca
Artist's conception of the defence of the Carroccio during the Battle of Legnano (1176), painted by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)
Artist's conception of the defence of the Carroccio during the Battle of Legnano (1176), painted by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)
The medieval towers of San Gimignano, built by rival aristocratic families as fortified residences
The medieval towers of San Gimignano, built by rival aristocratic families as fortified residences
Battle of Montaperti, workshop of Pacino di Buonaguida
Battle of Montaperti, workshop of Pacino di Buonaguida