1.
Jaipur
–
Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It was founded on 18 November 1726 by Maharaja Jai Singh II, as of 2011, the city has a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City of India, Jaipur is located 260 km from the Indian capital New Delhi. Jaipur forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Agra, Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur, Jaisalmer Udaipur. and Mount Abu. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II and he planned to shift his capital from Amer,11 km from Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, the city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates, during the rule of Sawai Ram Singh, the city was painted pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876. Many of the avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance, in the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its industries were the working of metals and marble. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college and a school opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C, during the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10–15 °C and with little or no humidity. The city was planned according to Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727, there are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol, the gate is called Chand pol. The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, the urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, the Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, according to provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350
Jaipur
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Clockwise from top:
Jal Mahal,
Lakshmi-Narayan Temple,
Albert Hall Museum,
Hawa Mahal,
Jantar Mantar
Jaipur
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Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur
Jaipur
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Vidhan Sabha in Jaipur
2.
Rajasthan
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Rajasthan is Indias largest state by area. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states, Punjab to the north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, and Gujarat to the southwest. Rajasthan is also home to two national reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar. The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region – was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city is Jaipur, also known as Pink City, other important cities are Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Kota and Ajmer. Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the Vedic Civilisation, kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Matsya Kingdom of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the state of Jaipur in Rajasthan. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar, which is said to have named after its founder king Virata. Bhargava identifies the two districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar and parts of Jaipur district along with Haryana districts of Mahendragarh, bhargava also locates the present day Sahibi River as the Vedic Drishadwati River, which along with Saraswati River formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta. Manu and Bhrigu narrated the Manusmriti to a congregation of seers in this area only, the Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era, marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Gurjars ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country, up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, acknowledged the supremacy of the Gurjars with their seat of power at Kannauj. The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century, the chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Majumdar says that this was acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the progress of Muslim invaders in India. Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, REBARI, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali, all these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land, a number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region, hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu Emperor, was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar District in 1501. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at Second Battle of Panipat fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556, maharana Pratap of Mewar resisted Akbar in the famous Battle of Haldighati and later operated from hilly areas of his kingdom
Rajasthan
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A portrait of
Hemu from the 1910s.
Rajasthan
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Location of Rajasthan in
India
Rajasthan
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Maharana Pratap Singh, legendary sixteenth-century
Rajput ruler of
Mewar
Rajasthan
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Chittorgarh Fort the largest fort in Asia.
3.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
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Flag
India
–
The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
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Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
4.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
Mumbai
–
Clockwise from top:
Cuffe Parade skyline,
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel,
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus,
Bandra–Worli Sea Link, and the
Gateway of India.
Mumbai
–
The temple of local Hindu goddess
Mumbadevi, from whom the city of Mumbai derives its name
Mumbai
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Kanheri Caves served as a centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient times
5.
Maharashtra
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Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
Maharashtra
–
Trimurti sculpture of
Lord Dattatreya from
Elephanta Caves, an
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra
Maharashtra
–
Ajanta Caves in
Aurangabad, Maharashtra
Maharashtra
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Late Harappa figure from
Daimabad hoard,
Indus Valley Civilization
Maharashtra
–
Bronze statue of
Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the Shri Bhavani Museum of
Aundh, Maharashtra.
6.
Indian people
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Indian people are citizens of India, the second most populous nation containing 17. 50% of the worlds population. Indian refers to nationality, but not ethnicity or language, the Indian nationality consists of many regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India hosts all major ethnic groups found in the Indian Subcontinent, population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora. The name Bhārata has been used as a name by people of the Indian subcontinent. The designation Bhārata appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country, the name is derived from the ancient Vedic and Puranas, which refer to the land that comprises India as Bhārata varṣam and uses this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents. The Bhāratas were a tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, notably participating in the Battle of the Ten Kings. India is named after legendary Emperor Bharata who was a descendant of the Bhāratas tribe, in early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta was in popular use before Bhārata. The Manusmṛti gives the name Āryāvarta to the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern to the Western Sea, while the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰνδία, via Latin India. The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river Indus, the next great ancient Empire of the Indian people was the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or Golden Age of India, the ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu decimal system during this period. During this period Indian cultural influence spread over parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. During the early period the great Rashtrakuta dynasty dominated the major part of the Indian subcontinent. From the 8th to 10th century and the Indian Emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty was described by the Arab traveller Sulaiman as one of the four kings of the world. The greatest maritime Empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty, under the great Indian Emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I the Chola dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. The Mughal Empire unified much of Indian sub-continent under one realm, under the Mughals India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. This marked a huge influence in the Indian society, the Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire, the Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north and Bengal, India is one of the worlds oldest civilisations
Indian people
–
Priest King
Indus Valley civilization
Indian people
Indian people
–
Buddhist rock-cut architecture 2nd century BC.
Indian people
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Maratha Empire: Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals.
7.
National School of Drama
–
National School of Drama is a theatre training institute situated at New Delhi, India. It is an organization under Ministry of Culture, Government of India. It was set up in 1959 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, in 2005 it was granted deemed university status, but in 2011 it was revoked on the institutes request. In the following year, the government merged it with the newly founded school, initially the school was situated at Nizamuddin West, and was called National School of Drama and Asian Theatre Institute, whose first batch passed out in 1961. Later when it moved to its present location, he designed two theatres for NSD, including a 200-seat studio theatre, and the open-air Meghdoot theatre. However, the place is known by adjacent Mandi House. In 1999, the School organized its first National Theatre Festival, Bharat Rang Mahotsav, waman Kendre was appointed as Director the school in 2013. He will serve a five-year term and he has done post-graduate with research in folk theatre of Kerala from NSD. He belongs to the nomadic Vanjara tribal community of Marathwada and was one of the lights of the Dalit theatre movement in Maharashtra in the late 1970s. On 16 March 2005, the Government of India granted the NSD the status of deemed university, thus, in October 2011 the status was revoked on request of NSD. The professional performing wing of NSD, the National School of Drama Repertory Company was set up in 1964 and it first head was Om Shivpuri, followed by Manohar Singh, Ram Gopal Bajaj, J. N. Kaushal, Anuradha Kapur, and Suresh Sharma, Sagar Kamble, in 2004, the repertory celebrated its 40th anniversary with a theatre festival in New Delhi. In 1989 NSD established the ‘Theatre-in-Education Company’, called Sanskaar Rang Toli, today it has become Indias premier educational resource centres, the company regularly performs plays for school and adults audiences alike, and has its own yearly theatre festivals, Jashn-e-Bachpan and Bal Sangam. In a bid to decentralize its activities, NSD opened Regional Resource Centres across India, Shah, Manohar Singh, Uttara Baokar, Ratan Thiyam, Prasanna, Surekha Sikri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohan Maharishi, M. K. Raina, Bansi Kaul, Ram Gopal Bajaj, B, kaushal, Ashok Kumar Giri, Devendra Raj Ankur, Anuradha Kapur, Suresh Bhardwaj, H. V. Sharma, Ranjit Kapoor, V. K. Sharma, Rohini Hattangadi. M. nic. in/NFA_archive. asp Rang yatra, twenty-five years of the National School of Drama Repertory Company, published by National School of Drama,1992. Official website of the NSD Bharat Rang Mahotsav, Official website NSD Alumni - Activities and Associations
National School of Drama
–
राष्ट्रीय नाट्य विद्यालय
8.
Padma Shri
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Padma Shri is the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. Awarded by the Government of India, it is announced every year on Indias Republic Day and it has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India but did contribute in various ways to India. The selection criteria have been criticized in some quarters with the claim that many highly deserving artists have left out in order to favor certain individuals. On its obverse, the words Padma, meaning lotus in Sanskrit, and Shri, the geometrical pattern on either side is in burnished bronze. All embossing is in white gold, as of 2017,2913 people have received the award
Padma Shri
–
Padma Shri
9.
Indian film
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The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
Indian film
–
Alam Ara poster (1931), the first Indian
sound film
Indian film
–
Advertisement in
The Times of India of 25 May 1912 announcing the screening of the first feature film of India,
Shree Pundalik by
Dadasaheb Torne
Indian film
–
A scene from
Raja Harishchandra (1913), first full-length Indian motion picture
Indian film
–
Producer-director-screenwriter
Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema.
10.
Hindi cinema
–
Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
Hindi cinema
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Film poster for first Indian sound film,
Ardeshir Irani 's
Alam Ara (1931)
Hindi cinema
–
Melodrama and romance are common ingredients to Bollywood films. Pictured
Achhut Kanya (1936)
Hindi cinema
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Amitabh Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.
Hindi cinema
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Madhuri Dixit, often regarded as the best actress of the Indian cinema for her critical and commercial success during the 80s and 90s.
11.
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. Many British actors have achieved fame and critical success, including Maggie Smith, Michael Caine, Sean Connery. Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the second, the identity of the British industry, and its relationship with the Cinema of the United States, has been the subject of debate. The history of production in Britain has often been affected by attempts to compete with the American industry. The career of the producer Alexander Korda was marked by this objective, the Rank Organisation attempted to do so in the 1940s, in 2009 British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7% globally and 17% in the United Kingdom. UK box-office takings totalled £1.1 billion in 2012, with 172.5 million admissions, the British Film Institute has produced a poll ranking what they consider to be the 100 greatest British films of all time, the BFI Top 100 British films. The annual BAFTA awards hosted by the British Academy of Film, the first people to build and run a working 35 mm camera in Britain were Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres. They made the first British film Incident at Clovelly Cottage in February 1895, soon several British film companies had opened to meet the demand for new films, such as Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn. Although the earliest British films were of everyday events, the early 20th century saw the appearance of shorts, mainly comedies. The early films were often melodramatic in tone, and there was a preference for story lines already known to the audience, in particular, adaptations of Shakespeare plays. The Lumière brothers first brought their show to London in 1896, in 1898 American producer Charles Urban expanded the London-based Warwick Trading Company to produce British films, mostly documentary and news. Also in 1898 Hepworth Studios was founded in Lambeth, South London by Cecil Hepworth, the Bamforths began producing films in Yorkshire, in 1902 Ealing Studios was founded by Will Barker, becoming the oldest continuously-operating film studio in the world. In 1902 the earliest color film in the world was made, like other films made at the time, in 2012 it was found by the National Media Museum in Bradford after lying forgotten in an old tin for 110 years. The previous title for earliest color film, using the Kinemacolour process, was thought to date from 1909 and was actually an inferior method, the re-discovered films were made by pioneer Edward Raymond Turner from London who patented his process on 22 March 1899. In 1903 Frank Mottershaw of Sheffield produced the film A Daring Daylight Robbery, in 1911 the Ideal Film Company was founded in Soho, London, distributing almost 400 films by 1934, and producing 80. In 1913 stage director Maurice Elvey began directing British films, becoming Britains most prolific film director, in 1914 Elstree Studios was founded, and acquired in 1928 by German-born Ludwig Blattner, who invented a magnetic steel tape recording system that was adopted by the BBC in 1930. In 1920 Gaumont opened Islington Studios, where Alfred Hitchcock got his start, also in 1920 Cricklewood Studios was founded by Sir Oswald Stoll, becoming Britains largest film studio, known for Fu Manchu and Sherlock Holmes film series. In 1920 the short-lived company Minerva Films was founded in London by the actor Leslie Howard and his friend, some of their early films include four written by A. A. Milne including The Bump, starring C
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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Vue cinema,
Leicester Square
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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Charlie Chaplin, c. 1918
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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Deborah Kerr as Sister Clodagh in
Black Narcissus (1947).
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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Christopher Lee in
Dracula (1958).
12.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood
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The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood
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Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood
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Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood
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The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
13.
Cinema of India
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The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
Cinema of India
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Alam Ara poster (1931), the first Indian
sound film
Cinema of India
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Advertisement in
The Times of India of 25 May 1912 announcing the screening of the first feature film of India,
Shree Pundalik by
Dadasaheb Torne
Cinema of India
–
A scene from
Raja Harishchandra (1913), first full-length Indian motion picture
Cinema of India
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Producer-director-screenwriter
Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema.
14.
Salaam Bombay!
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Salaam Bombay. is a 1988 Hindi film directed by Mira Nair, and screenwritten by her longtime creative collaborator, Sooni Taraporevala. The film chronicles the life of children living on the streets of Bombay. The film was Indias second film submission to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the film was among the list of The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made by the New York Times. Before the start of the film, Krishna has set fire to his elder brothers motor-bike. This has landed him in big trouble with his mother and she has taken him to the nearby Apollo Circus and told him that he can only come home when he earns 500 rupees to pay for the damaged bike. Krishna agrees and works for the circus, the film begins as the circus is packing up to move on. His boss asks him to run an errand, but when Krishna returns, alone, with nowhere to turn, and without the money to repay his mother, he travels to the nearest big city, Bombay. As soon as he arrives, he is robbed of his few possessions and he follows the thieves, befriends them, and ends up in the citys notorious red-light area of Falkland Road, near the Grant Road Railway Station. One of the thieves, Chillum, a pusher and addict. Baba, a drug dealer, employs people like Chillum who are addicted to his drugs. His wife is also a prostitute and they have a little daughter, Babas wife is annoyed that she has to raise her daughter in such an environment. Baba earlier promised to start a new life elsewhere, but it is a promise which Baba cannot, Krishna gets a new name, Chaipau, and learns to live with it. His goal is still to get the money he needs to return home to his mother, to make matters worse, he has a crush on a young girl named Sola Saal, who has been recently sold to the brothel. He sets fire to her room and attempts to escape with her, Sola Saal, who is considered valuable property since she is still a virgin, denies starting the fire and tearfully tries to resist her enslavement. The madame of the house asks Baba to break her into the business, the fire causes Krishna to get a severe beating, and he loses his job. He works odd jobs to feed himself and look after Chillum, to get more money, Krishna and his pals rob an elderly Parsi man by breaking into his house in broad daylight. Krishna eventually checks on the 300 rupees he has saved, and finds out that they had been stolen by Chillum who had used them to buy drugs, which he then overdosed on and died. One night while returning home from work, the boys and Babas daughter are apprehended by the police, eventually, Krishna escapes and goes back to his world
Salaam Bombay!
–
Film poster
15.
National Film Award for Best Actor
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Called the State Awards for Films when established in 1954, the National Film Awards ceremony is older than the Directorate of Film Festivals. The State Awards instituted the award in 1968 as the Bharat Award for the Best Actor, in 1975. Throughout the past 45 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, until 1974, winners of the National Film Award received a figurine and certificate, since 1975, they have been awarded with a Rajat Kamal, certificate and a cash prize. The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee, as of 2016, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor, with four awards. Mithun Chakraborty and Mammootty are the two actors who have achieved the honour for performing in two languages. The former was awarded in 1977 for the Hindi film Mrigayaa, R. Ambedkar in the English film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. The most recent recipient is Akshay Kumar, who will be honoured at the 64th National Film Awards for his performance in the 2016 Hindi film Rustom, key Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India National Film Awards Archives
National Film Award for Best Actor
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Kamal Haasan is the first actor to win the award thrice.
National Film Award for Best Actor
–
Mammootty won the award thrice.
National Film Award for Best Actor
–
Mithun Chakraborty was awarded for his debut film.
National Film Award for Best Actor
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Amitabh Bachchan has won the honour thrice.
16.
60th National Film Awards
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The 60th National Film Awards ceremony was an event during which the Directorate of Film Festivals presented its annual National Film Awards to honour the best films of 2012 in the Indian cinema. The ceremony was held on 3 May 2013 and was hosted by Bollywood actors R. Madhavan, the Directorate of Film Festivals invited nominations for the awards on 3 January 2013. Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2012, and 31 December 2012, were eligible for the award categories. Entries of dubbed, revised or copied versions of a film or translation, abridgements, edited or annotated works, the deadline for submissions was 21 January 2013. Films were required to be certified as a film, a featurette or a Documentary/Newsreel/Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification. A committee consisting of three personalities from the Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the Dadasaheb Phalke award nominations for 2012. Following were the members, For the year 2012, the award was announced on 12 April 2013 to be presented to Pran. He is also Padma Bhushan recipient of 2001, the two-tier evaluation process included a central committee and five regional committees. The central committee, headed by Basu Chatterjee, included the heads of each regional committee, at regional level, each committee consisted of one chief and four members. The chief and one member of each regional committee were selected from outside that geographic region. All the winners were awarded with a Rajat Kamal, a certificate, National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film, no films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible. The jury members were, All the winners were awarded with Swarna Kamal, All the winners were awarded with Rajat Kamal and cash prize. A committee of three, headed by Swapan Mullick was appointed to evaluate the nominations for the best writing on Indian cinema, All the winners were awarded with Swarna Kamal, cash prize and a certificate. All the award winners are awarded with Certificate of Merit, official websites Directorate of Film Festivals Channel at YouTube Other resources National Film Awards at IMDB
60th National Film Awards
–
60th National Film Awards
17.
Paan Singh Tomar (film)
–
Paan Singh Tomar is a 2012 Indian biographical film based on the true story of the athlete Paan Singh Tomar. A soldier in the Indian Army, he wins a medal at the Indian National Games. The film is directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia and produced by UTV Motion Pictures, Irrfan Khan plays the title role, with Mahie Gill, Vipin Sharma and Nawazuddin Siddiqui in the supporting cast. Made on a budget of ₹45 million, Paan Singh Tomar premiered at the 2010 British Film Institute London Film Festival. The film was released domestically on 2 March 2012 to critical acclaim and emerged as a superhit at the box-office, the film won the Best Feature Film and Best Actor in the 60th National Film Awards 2012. A reporter interviews Paan Singh Tomar, a dacoit who is in the news for killing 9 people of a community, answering questions about himself, the story goes in a flashback in year 1950. Paan Singh works in the Army while his wife and mother live in Morena and he surprises his seniors in the Army with his athletic skills. Though he was not interested in sports, he joins the sports division because there were no limits on their diet, picked for the 5000 metres races training, he was persuaded to run for the 3000 metre steeplechase by his coach. He participates in the Indian National Games and wins the medal in the steeplechase event 7 years in a row. In 1958 he participates in the Asian Games at Tokyo, and he felt frustrated when he was not allowed to go the borders to fight in the 1962 and 1965 wars because sportsmen were not allowed to fight in them. In 1967, he participated in the International Military Games and wins the medal in the steeplechase. His elder brother from his native place visits him and tells about an acquisition by Bhanwar Singh. Paan Singh retires from the Army to settle his family disputes, on arriving home, he tries to resolve the issue with Bhanwar Singh. He seeks help from the District Collector and local police station and his son is beaten badly by Bhanwar Singh and his goons. Paan Singh then orders his son to rejoin the army and stay away from the dispute, Bhanwar Singh and his goons try to kill Paan Singh and his family. Most of his family manages to escape but his mother is brutally murdered, Paan Singh decides to avenge his mothers death. He becomes a baaghi who wreaks havoc in the Chambal Valley and he forms a gang of few people who are his relatives and are in problem because of Bhanwar Singh. Pann Singh then arranges money by extorting the money of kidnapped wealthy businessman of the area to arrange money, then, in order to take revenge for his brother death, he kills an 9 villager of, who became police informers and told police about his hideout
Paan Singh Tomar (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
18.
International Indian Film Academy Awards
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Instituted in 2000, the ceremony is held in different countries around the world every year with the most recent one being held in Madrid, Spain. The IIFA Utsavam is the South Indian segment of the annual IIFA Awards, the awards were introduced in 2016, around the films released in 2015. The 1st IIFA Utsavam was held on 24 and 25 January 2016 at the Gachibowli Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad, the first awards were presented in 2000 at The Millennium Dome in London, United Kingdom. From then onwards, the awards are held at locations around the world signifying the success of Bollywood. Since 2000, the event has expanded from an event to a three-day celebration, hosting various events. These awards honour films from the calendar year. Amitabh Bachchan is the Brand Ambassador of the IIFA since its inception, in its 10th year, five special awards were introduced, Star of the Decade, Movie of the Decade, Music of the Decade, and Director of the Decade. The following is a listing of all International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremonies since 2000. R. Rahman =10 Most singing awards Shreya Ghoshal =7 Sonu Nigam =4 South Indian International Movie Awards Bollywood Cinema of India IIFA. com Official website IIFA2014 Rocks with Stars at Tampa Bay
International Indian Film Academy Awards
–
IIFA Awards
19.
Filmfare Awards
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The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film industry of India. The Filmfare ceremony is one of the oldest film events in India, the awards were first introduced in 1954, the same year as the National Film Awards. They were initially referred to as the Clare Awards or The Clares after Clare Mendonca, a dual voting system was developed in 1956. The ceremony had been sponsored by private organisations in the past as well as in present provisions. During several years in 1990s, a ceremony was broadcast to television audiences but was later discontinued due to unknown reasons. Presently, a recorded and a version of the awards ceremony is televised on SET a week or two after the ceremony has been held. There is no data statistics recorded in reference to T, the Filmfare Awards have been often referred to as the Hindi film industrys equivalent to The Oscars. Filmfare Marathi Awards are also started few years back which gives awards to Marathi films, the Filmfare awards were first introduced in 1954. The Clares was the name of the award ceremony, named after The Times of India critic Clare Mendonca. Readers of Filmfare were polled to decide the winners, and over 20,000 readers spread throughout India participated in the polls, trophies were given to winners of the popular vote. In the first awards function, held on 21 March 1954 at the Metro Theatre of Mumbai, only five awards were presented, Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Music Director. Do Bigha Zameen was the first movie to win the award for Best Film. Filmfare Awards also introduced the Short Film Category in 2017, with Vidya Balan, the People’s Choice Award For Best Short Film was presented to Khamakha. Short films like Chutney, Matitali Kusti and Taandav won awards as well, however, Peck did attend the banquet that followed the award night at Wellington Club, Mumbai. The winners for the year 1985 were announced in 1986 and the event was scheduled to be held at the Brabourne Stadium in December 1986, unfortunately the Bombay film Industry, as was known then went on strike in 86 because of its many contentious issues with the Maharashtra Government. So the ceremony was pushed to the next year, the winners of 1985 were awarded on 28 January 1987. Due to Security reasons, filmfare was not awarded for 1986 and 1987, due to the many award ceremonies in the Indian Film Industry, it is often questioned which ones are real and based on fair decisions made by the jury. The Filmfare went through a phase of controversy in which they were accused of a biased selection when nominating and presenting awards and it was believed that they were not awarded based on merit. The importance of these awards is that it recognizes an industry in which almost a thousand movies per year are produced making it one of the biggest in cinema
Filmfare Awards
–
Trophy of the award
20.
Independent Spirit Award
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The Film Independent Spirit Awards, founded in 1984, are awards dedicated to independent filmmakers. Winners were typically presented with acrylic glass pyramids containing suspended shoestrings representing the paltry budgets of independent films, in 1986, the event was renamed the Independent Spirit Awards. Since 2006, winners have received a trophy depicting a bird with its wings spread sitting atop of a pole with the shoestrings from the previous design wrapped around the pole, Film Independent Members vote to determine the winners of the Spirit Awards. The awards show is held inside a tent on the beach in Santa Monica, California, the show is broadcast live on the IFC network, as well as Hollywood Suite in Canada and A&E Latin America. The 32nd Independent Spirit Awards ceremony, hosted by Nick Kroll and John Mulaney, was broadcast live on IFC on Saturday, official website Film Independent Film Independents channel on YouTube Film Independent at the Internet Movie Database Independent Spirit Awards at the Internet Movie Database
Independent Spirit Award
–
Film Independent's Spirit Awards
21.
The Namesake (film)
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The Namesake is a 2006 Indian-American drama film which was released in the United States on 9 March 2007, following screenings at film festivals in Toronto and New York City. It was directed by Mira Nair and is based upon the novel of the name by Jhumpa Lahiri. The film received reviews from American critics. The film takes place primarily in Kolkata, New York City, the story begins as Ashoke and Ashima leave Calcutta and settle in New York City. Through a series of miscues, their sons nickname, Gogol, becomes his official birth name, the story chronicles Gogols cross-cultural experiences and his exploration of his Indian heritage, as the story shifts between the United States and India. Gogol becomes as a lazy, pot smoking teenager indifferent to his cultural background and he resents many of the customs and traditions his family upholds and doesnt understand his parents. After a summer trip to India before starting college at Yale, Gogol starts opening up to his culture, after college, Gogol uses his good name Nikhil. He works as an architect and dates Maxine, a woman from a wealthy background. Gogol falls in love with Maxine and introduces her to his parents and they are hesitant and guarded when meeting her. Gogol gets along with Maxines family and feels closer to them than he does his own family, before he goes to Ohio for a teaching apprenticeship, Ashoke tells Gogol the story of how he came up with his name. Shortly after, while Gogol is vacationing with Maxines family, Ashoke dies, grieving, Gogol tries to be more like what he thinks his parents want him to be and begins following cultural customs more closely. He grows distant from Maxine and eventually breaks up with her, Gogol rekindles a friendship with Moushumi, the daughter of family friends. They begin dating and soon after get married, however, the marriage is short lived as Moushumi, bored with being a wife, begins having an affair with an old boyfriend from Paris. Gogol divorces her, while Ashima blames herself for pressuring Gogol to marry a fellow Bengali, Gogol returns home to help Ashima pack the house when he finds the book Ashoke gave him as a graduation present. Searching for comfort, and accepting his new life alone, Gogol finally reads the stories written by his namesake on the train home. As well as depicting Gogol/Nikhils experiences, the film describes the courtship and marriage of Ashima and Ashoke, through experiencing his fathers funeral rites on the banks of the Ganges, Gogol begins to appreciate Indian culture. Ashimas decision to move on with her life, selling the family home and returning to Calcutta, unifies. Initially Rani Mukerji and Abhishek Bachchan were considered for the principal leads, kal Penn was recommended to the novel by John Cho and strongly requested by Nairs son, who was a fan of Penn in Harold and Kumar
The Namesake (film)
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Promotional poster
22.
The Darjeeling Limited
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The film was released on October 26,2007 by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film received favorable reviews from critics and earned $35 million on a $17.5 million budget. A businessman in India fails to catch his train — called The Darjeeling Limited — as it pulls out of a station, he is beaten to it by a younger man, Peter Whitman. Peter reunites with brothers Francis and Jack on board, the three having not seen each other since their fathers funeral a year prior, Francis has recently survived a near-fatal motorcycle accident, and thus wishes to reconnect with his brothers on a journey of spiritual self-discovery. With the help of his assistant, Brendan, Francis draws up an itinerary for the trip. The three also continue to grieve over their fathers death, carrying bags and suitcases marked with his initials, the train takes the brothers through the countryside and to various Hindu temples, though animosity builds as Jack and Peter become annoyed with Francis controlling behavior. During the trip, Jack makes calls to listen to messages left on his ex-girlfriends answering machine, Francis eventually reveals that they will be meeting with their mother, who has become a nun living in a convent in the Himalayas. Peter and Jack are upset, knowing that they wouldnt have come if Francis had told this earlier, the tension finally comes to a head and the three fight on the train, disturbing the other passengers. The Chief Steward, whom the brothers have repeatedly annoyed, has thrown off with all their luggage. Brendan subsequently quits and returns to the train after giving the boys a letter from their mother, the brothers thus decide to leave India, go their separate ways, and never return. After trekking through the wilderness, the brothers see three young boys fall into a river while attempting to pull a raft across it, Jack and Francis rescue two of the boys, but Peter fails to save the third, who dies. They carry the back to the boys village, where they spend the night and are warmly treated. It is revealed that their fathers death was a result of him being hit by a taxi, and that their mother did not attend the funeral. Back in the present, the brothers arrive at the airport, but just as they are about to board the plane and they then reach the convent, where their mother is surprised but happy to see them. That night, after the brothers confront their mother for abandoning them, the brothers awake the next morning to find their mother gone, leaving them their breakfast. They decide not to wait for her to return, at the station, the three brothers run for another train called Bengal Lancer and gleefully discard all their fathers suitcases and bags to catch it. On board, Francis offers to return Peter and Jack their passports, Anderson has revealed that The River by Jean Renoir, the films of Satyajit Ray and documentaries on India by Louis Malle were his inspirations for this movie. The film was dedicated to Ray and makes allusions to him, much of the film was shot in Jodhpur, Rajasthan
The Darjeeling Limited
–
Theatrical release poster
23.
Slumdog Millionaire
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Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a adaptation of the novel Q & A by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18. As a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to each question. Regarded as a hit, Slumdog Millionaire was widely acclaimed, being praised for its plot, soundtrack. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight—the most for any 2008 film—including Best Picture, Best Director and it won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics Choice Awards and four Golden Globes. 18-year-old Jamal Malik, an Indian Muslim from the Juhu slum, is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and is one question away from the grand prize. Jamal recounts, through flashbacks, the incidents in his life which provided him with each answer, as they flee the riot, they meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the third musketeer, the three are found by Maman—a gangster who tricks and then trains street children into becoming beggars. When Salim discovers Maman is blinding the children in order to them more effective beggars, he flees with Jamal. Latika fails to board the train as Salim purposefully lets go of her hand and this resulted in her being recaptured by Maman. At Jamals insistence, they return to Mumbai to find Latika, discovering that she is being raised by Maman to be a prostitute, to him soon a high price. The brothers rescue her, and while escaping Maman they shoot him to death, Salim then manages to get a job with Javed—Mamans rival crime lord. Back at their room, Salim orders Jamal to leave him, when Jamal refuses, Salim draws a gun on him, whereas Latika persuades Jamal to obey his brother and go away. Years later, Jamal, now a tea-boy in an Indian call centre, searches the database for Salim. He fails in finding Latika, while succeeding in finding Salim, Jamal reproaches Salim, who then pleads for forgiveness, and offers him to stay in his luxurious apartment. Jamal later bluffs his way into Javeds residence to reunite with Latika but as he professes his love for her, Jamal nevertheless promises to wait for her every day at five oclock at the VT station. Latika attempts to him there, but is recaptured by Javeds men, led by Salim, and once Javed moves to another house, outside Mumbai
Slumdog Millionaire
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Theatrical release poster
Slumdog Millionaire
–
Slumdog Millionaire screening at
Ryerson Theatre, Toronto, Canada
Slumdog Millionaire
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Stars
Dev Patel and
Freida Pinto at the
2008 Toronto International Film Festival
Slumdog Millionaire
–
A. R. Rahman at his residence in
Chennai after receiving two
Academy Awards for his work in Slumdog Millionaire
24.
Life of Pi (film)
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Life of Pi is a 2012 American survival drama film based on Yann Martels 2001 novel of the same name. Directed by Ang Lee, the adapted screenplay was written by David Magee, and it stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu, Adil Hussain. The film had its premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28,2012. Life of Pi emerged as a critical and commercial success, earning over US$609 million worldwide and it was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards which included the Best Picture – Drama and the Best Director and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. At the 85th Academy Awards it had eleven nominations, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay, in Canada, novelist Yann Martel meets Pi Patel, who has been told that Pis life story would be a good subject for a book. Pi tells his story to Yann, Pis father names him Piscine Molitor after the pool in France. In secondary school in Pondicherry, he adopts the name Pi to avoid the sound-alike nickname Pissing Patel and his mother supports his desire to grow, but his father, a rationalist, tries to convert him. Pis family owns a zoo, and Pi takes interest in the animals, after Pi gets dangerously close to Richard Parker, his father forces him to witness the tiger killing a goat. When Pi is 16, his father announces that they must move to Canada, the family books passage with the animals on a Japanese freighter. During a storm, the ship founders while Pi is on deck and he tries to find his family, but a member of the crew throws him into a lifeboat. A freed zebra jumps onto the boat with him, breaking its leg as it lands, the ship is submerged into the Mariana Trench with the crew and his family. Pi sees what appears to be a survivor, but it turns out to be Richard Parker, after the storm, Pi awakens in the lifeboat with the zebra, and is shortly joined by a surviving orangutan. A spotted hyena emerges from a tarpaulin covering half of the lifeboat and snaps at Pi and it kills the zebra and later the orangutan. Richard Parker emerges from under the tarpaulin, killing the hyena and attempting to kill Pi, Pi fashions a small tethered raft from flotation vests which he retreats to for safety from Richard Parker. Despite his moral code against killing, he begins fishing, enabling him to sustain the tiger as well, when the tiger jumps into the sea to hunt for fish, Pi considers letting him drown, but ultimately helps him back into the boat. One night, a humpback whale breaches near the boat, destroying the raft, Pi trains Richard Parker to accept him in the boat, and realizes that caring for the tiger is also keeping himself alive. Weeks later they encounter an island of interconnected trees. It is a jungle of edible plants, fresh water pools
Life of Pi (film)
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Theatrical release poster
Life of Pi (film)
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Suraj Sharma plays Pi at age 16.
25.
New York, I Love You
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New York, I Love You is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama anthology consisting of eleven short films, each by a different director. The short films all relate in some way to the subject of love, and are set among the five boroughs of New York City. The film is a sequel of sorts to the 2006 film Paris, je taime, which had the same structure, and is the second film in the Cities of Love franchise, created and produced by Emmanuel Benbihy. Unlike Paris, je taime, the films of New York, I Love You all have a unifying thread. New York, I Love You premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008, rotten Tomatoes reported that 35% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 96 reviews with an average score of 5/10. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars saying in his review, By its nature, New York and it remains the sum of its parts. A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review claiming Not that the 11 shorts in New York, I Love You are all that bad. Its a nice-looking city, after all, even if the interstitial skyline, lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film 1 star claiming there were two additional segments that have since been cut. So youll have to wait for the DVD to see just how bad Scarlett Johanssons directing debut is, erica Abeel of The Hollywood Reporter writes New York, I Love You continues the Cities of Love series that began with Paris, je taime far surpassing it. The vignettes are tied together into a single feature through a recurrent character, and transitional elements -- choreographed by 11th director Randy Balsmeyer -- move the viewer from one world to another, uniting all these intimate stories into a single shimmering fabric. With younger, less-tested directing talent, the film plays down the delineation between one directors work and another, opting to blend them through loosely interconnected characters here and there, and theres no question that Manhattan looks ever-vibrant and beautiful. The film grossed $1,588,015 in the United States
New York, I Love You
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Theatrical release poster
26.
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
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The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, and sharing the title of the characters longest-running comic book of the same name. It is the fourth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, the film was directed by Marc Webb. The film tells the story of Peter Parker, a teenager from New York who becomes Spider-Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider, Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard, from spreading a mutation serum to the citys human population. Development of the film began with the cancellation of Spider-Man 4 in 2010, during pre-production, the main characters were cast in 2010. New designs were introduced from the comics, such as artificial web-shooters, using Red Digital Cinema Camera Companys RED Epic camera, principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City. The film entered post-production in April 2011, 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing, and Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI. This was also the final American film to be scored by James Horner and released during his lifetime, Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website, releasing many previews and launched a viral marketing campaign, among other moves. Tie-ins included a game by Beenox. The film premiered on June 30 in Tokyo, and was released in the United States on July 3 in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D and released in home media in November 2012. The film was a box office success, grossing over $757 million worldwide, becoming the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2012, the films sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released on May 2,2014. This film included Marc Webb and most of the first film main cast who returned to their previous roles, a young Peter Parker discovers his father Richard Parkers study has been burgled. Peters parents gather hidden documents and take Peter to the home of his Aunt May, years later, a teenaged Peter attends Midtown Science High School, where he is bullied by Flash Thompson and has caught the eye of Gwen Stacy. At home, Peter finds his fathers papers and learns his father worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors at Oscorp, sneaking into Oscorp, Peter enters a lab where a biocable is under development from genetically modified spiders, one of which bites him. He later discovers he has developed spider-like abilities, such as sharp senses, reflexes, Connors is being pressed by his superior, Dr. Ratha, to devise a cure for the dying head of Oscorp, Norman Osborn. In school, Peter gets into trouble after a challenge with Flash in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass. His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal and asks Peter to walk May home for him that night, Peter forgets to do so, distracted while at Oscorp helping Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse. At home, he and Ben argue and and Peter leaves, at a nearby deli, a cashier refuses to let Peter buy milk when Peter is two cents short, when a thief suddenly raids the store, Peter indifferently observes. While searching for Peter, Ben attempts to stop the thief and is killed, the thief escapes as Peter finds Ben dead on the sidewalk
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
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Theatrical release poster
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
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Andrew Garfield (top) and Emma Stone (bottom) at 2013 San Diego Comic Con
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
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Rhys Ifans
27.
Jurassic World
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Jurassic World is a 2015 American science-fiction adventure film and the fourth installment of the Jurassic Park series. The film was directed and co-written by Colin Trevorrow, produced by Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley, the production companies were Steven Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment, also responsible for the rest of the Jurassic Park franchise, and Thomas Tulls Legendary Pictures. The park plunges into chaos when a genetically created dinosaur breaks loose, following a suggestion from Spielberg, writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver explored the idea of a functional dinosaur park. Once Trevorrow was hired as director in 2013, he followed the idea while developing a whole new script with Derek Connolly. Principal photography rolled from April to August 2014, primarily in Louisiana while also using the original Jurassic Park filming locations in Hawaii, Jurassic World was released on June 12,2015, in over 60 countries. After a record-breaking opening weekend where it grossed $500 million worldwide, a sequel is scheduled for release on June 22,2018. Following the demise of dinosaur-themed Jurassic Park, Jurassic World, a new resort opened in its place in Isla Nublar years later, has become a successful tourist destination. The Masrani Global Corporation – owner of the genetics company InGen that creates the dinosaurs – has been operating the park on the island for the past ten years. Brothers Zach and Gray Mitchell visit Jurassic World to see their aunt Claire Dearing, Claire, a busy workaholic, assigns her assistant Zara to be their guide, but the boys evade her and explore the resort on their own. Owen Grady, a Navy veteran, has been researching the intelligence of the parks Velociraptors, InGen security chief Vic Hoskins believes the raptors should be trained for military use despite Owens objections. Park owner Simon Masrani has Owen evaluate the paddock of the new hybrid dinosaur, Indominus rex. Owen warns Claire about the danger of raising Indominus in isolation, when the staff learns that the Indominus appears to have escaped its paddock, Owen and two others enter the enclosure. Able to camouflage itself and mask its heat signature, the Indominus suddenly appears and devours Owens companions before escaping into the islands interior, Owen orders the Indominus to be killed, but Masrani instead sends a specialized unit to capture it. When most of the unit is killed, Claire orders the evacuation of the northern sector. While exploring in a ride, Zach and Gray enter a restricted area. The nearby Indominus attacks and destroys their sphere, but both manage to escape to the ruins of the original Jurassic Park visitor center and they repair an old Jeep Wrangler and drive back to the park resort. While Claire and Owen are searching for the boys, they encounter the Indominus, the pterosaurs then attack the resort itself, and in the chaos, Zara falls into the nearby lake and is devoured by a Mosasaurus. Gray and Zach eventually find Owen and Claire at the resort as armed personnel subdue the pterosaurs with tranquilizers, assuming command, Hoskins orders that the raptors be used to track the Indominus, Owen is forced to accept Hoskins plan and lead the raptors
Jurassic World
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Theatrical release poster
Jurassic World
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(L&C)
Chris Pratt and
Bryce Dallas Howard play the film's two leads, while
B. D. Wong (R) reprises his role as Dr. Henry Wu from the
first film.
Jurassic World
Jurassic World
28.
Government of Rajasthan
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The Government of Rajasthan also known as the State Government of Rajasthan, or locally as State Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its 33 districts. It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Rajasthan, a judiciary, Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, and houses the Vidhan Sabha and the secretariat. Like other states in India, the head of state of Rajasthan is the Governor and his or her post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers, the present Legislature of Rajasthan is unicameral, consisting of Legislative Assembly, which consists of 200 M. L. A. The assembly sits for terms of a maximum of 5 years, the Rajasthan High Court is having its principal seat in Jodhpur, and a bench at Jaipur which have respective jurisdiction over the neighboring districts of Rajasthan. Local governments consists of Panchayati Raj Institutions for rural areas and Municipalities or Urban Local Bodies for urban areas, here is the web directory of Rajasthan Politics of Rajasthan Politics of India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN - Official Web Portal
Government of Rajasthan
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Outline
29.
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It was founded on 18 November 1726 by Maharaja Jai Singh II, as of 2011, the city has a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City of India, Jaipur is located 260 km from the Indian capital New Delhi. Jaipur forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Agra, Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur, Jaisalmer Udaipur. and Mount Abu. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II and he planned to shift his capital from Amer,11 km from Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, the city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates, during the rule of Sawai Ram Singh, the city was painted pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876. Many of the avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance, in the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its industries were the working of metals and marble. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college and a school opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C, during the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10–15 °C and with little or no humidity. The city was planned according to Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727, there are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol, the gate is called Chand pol. The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, the urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, the Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, according to provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Clockwise from top:
Jal Mahal,
Lakshmi-Narayan Temple,
Albert Hall Museum,
Hawa Mahal,
Jantar Mantar
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Vidhan Sabha in Jaipur
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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World Trade Park, Jaipur
30.
Muslim
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A Muslim is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran, their book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad as recorded in traditional accounts, Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits. Most Muslims will accept anyone who has publicly pronounced Shahadah as a Muslim, the shahadah states, There is no god but the God and Muhammad is the last messenger of the God. The testimony authorized by God in the Quran that can found in Surah 3,18 states, There is no god except God, which in Arabic, is the exact testimony which God Himself utters, as well as the angels and those who possess knowledge utter. The word muslim is the active participle of the verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M to be whole. A female adherent is a muslima, the plural form in Arabic is muslimūn or muslimīn, and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt. The Arabic form muslimun is the stem IV participle of the triliteral S-L-M, the ordinary word in English is Muslim. It is sometimes transliterated as Moslem, which is an older spelling, the word Mosalman is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central Asia. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans, although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist, musulmán/Mosalmán is a synonym for Muslim and is modified from Arabic. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage, the Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said, A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God. Islam means making ones religion and faith Gods alone. The Quran states that men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values. Thus, in Surah 3,52 of the Quran, Jesus disciples tell him, We believe in God, and you be our witness that we are Muslims. In Muslim belief, before the Quran, God had given the Tawrat to Moses, the Zabur to David and the Injil to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets. The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12. 7% of the worlds Muslims, followed by Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Egypt. About 20% of the worlds Muslims lives in the Middle East and North Africa, Sizable minorities are found in India, China, Russia, Ethiopia. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its population is Morocco
Muslim
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Afghan Muslims praying inside
Gardens of Babur in
Kabul,
Afghanistan.
Muslim
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Famous
Muslim converts from various fields.
31.
Tonk district
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Tonk District is a district of the state of Rajasthan in western India. The city of Tonk is the headquarters of the district. Tonk is on National Highway 12,100 km from Jaipur and it is in the northeastern part of the state between 75.19 and 76.16 East longitude and 25.41 and 26.24 North latitude. The total area is 7194 km2 and it is one of the four districts headquarters of Rajasthan state that are not directly connected with rail. The nearest railway station, Newai, is within the district but is 30 km from the district headquarters, in 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Tonk one of the countrys 250 most backward districts. It is one of the 12 districts in Rajasthan receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund, most of the population depends on agriculture. There are seven sub-divisions and tehsils, Deoli, Malpura, Newai, Todaraisingh, Tonk, Uniara, Tonk is Nagar-Parishad while Deoli, Malpura, Newai, Todaraisingh and Uniara are Nagar-Palikas. There were 1093 villages in the according to the 2001 census. According to the 2011 census Tonk district has a population of 1,421,711 and this gives it a ranking of 347th in India. The district has a density of 198 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 17. 33%, Tonk has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 62. 46%
Tonk district
–
18. Location in Rajasthan
32.
Tire
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A tire or tyre is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, provide traction between the vehicle and the road providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock. The materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon black. They consist of a tread and a body, the tread provides traction while the body provides containment for a quantity of compressed air. Before rubber was developed, the first versions of tires were bands of metal fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraft. Metal tires are used on locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber tires are still used in various non-automotive applications, such as some casters, carts, lawnmowers. The etymology of tire is that the word is a form of attire. The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron, nevertheless, traditional publishers continued using tire. The Times newspaper in Britain was still using tire as late as 1905, the spelling tyre began to be commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK. However, over the course of the 20th century, tyre became established as the standard British spelling, the earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron, placed on wooden wheels, used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a fire, placed over the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work, the outer ring served to tie the wheel segments together for use, providing also a wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word tire thus emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the bands used to tie wheels. The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson, however, this never went into production. The first practical pneumatic tire was made in 1888 on May Street, Belfast, by Scots-born John Boyd Dunlop and it was an effort to prevent the headaches of his 10-year-old son Johnnie, while riding his tricycle on rough pavements. His doctor, John, later Sir John Fagan, had prescribed cycling as an exercise for the boy, Fagan participated in designing the first pneumatic tires. In Dunlops tire patent specification dated 31 October 1888, his interest is only in its use in cycles, in September 1890, he was made aware of an earlier development but the company kept the information to itself
Tire
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Stacked and standing car tires. The tire standing facing the camera does not contain the metal rim, onto which the tire is put so that it can be mounted on a car.
Tire
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Two mountain bicycle tires with different tread patterns.
Tire
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Uneven sidewall wear, down to fabric plies, due to significant under-inflation
Tire
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Schrader valve stem with its cap removed
33.
Bharat Ek Khoj
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The drama was directed, written and produced by Shyam Benegal with cinematographer V. K. Murthy in 1988 for state-owned Doordarshan. Its cast included Om Puri, Roshan Seth, Tom Alter, jawaharlal Nehru was portrayed by Roshan Seth. Production designer Nitish Roy with assistants Samir Chanda and Nitin Desai built 144 sets, television shows based on Indian history Bharat Ek Khoj at the Internet Movie Database
Bharat Ek Khoj
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Bharat Ek Khoj DVD cover
34.
Chandrakanta (TV series)
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Chandrakanta is an Indian fantasy television series partly based on Devaki Nandan Khatris novel of the same name. It was originally telecast on Doordarshans DD National between 1994 and 1996 and was produced by Nirja Guleri and directed by Sunil Agnihotri, the serial was controversially pulled off air by Doordarshan in 1996 and the producers had to file a suit in court for reinstatement. It later enjoyed reruns on Star Plus and Sony Entertainment Television, the series was restarted in 1999, but production was stopped once again due to financial problems. In the last episode, Chandrakanta had been kidnapped by Shivdutt, kamlapati Khatri, the grandson of the novels author has said that the producer had not done justice to the soul of Khatri’s Chandrakanta. Chandrakanta at the Internet Movie Database Official Site on Sony TV
Chandrakanta (TV series)
–
The main lead of Chandrakanta:
Shahbaz Khan as Prince Virendra Singh &
Shikha Swaroop as Princess Chandrakanta.
35.
Doordarshan
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Doordarshan is an autonomous Government of India founded public service broadcaster which is owned by Broadcasting Ministry of India and is one of two divisions of Prasar Bharati. It is one of Indias largest broadcasting organisations in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure, recently, it has also started broadcasting on digital terrestrial transmitters. DD provides television, radio, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional India, as well as overseas, through the Indian Network, for the 2012 Summer Olympics, live telecasts of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games were broadcast on its national channel. DD Sports provided round-the-clock coverage of sport events, Doordarshan had a modest beginning as an experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959, with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio, Doordarshan began a five-minute news bulletin in the same year. Pratima Puri was the first newsreader, salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay and Amritsar in 1972, up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated from radio on 1 April 1976, each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan was placed under the management of two separate Director Generals in New Delhi. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster, krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television, National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi and this was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi. Now more than 90 percent of the Indian population can receive Doordarshan programmes through a network of nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters, there are about 46 Doordarshan studios producing TV programmes. The first TV serial, in 1976, was Ladoosingh Taxiwala, the 1980s were noted for shows such as Hum Log, Buniyaad and Nukkad and comedy shows like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi. Mythological shows such as Ramayan and Mahabharat paved way for mythological and historical shows, such was their popularity that roads would be empty when they were aired. Bollywood film songs based programmes like Chitrahaar, Rangoli, Ek Se Badh Kar Ek, Crime thrillers like Barrister Vinod, Karamchand, Aparadhi Kaun, PC1008, Police File Se, Byomkesh Bakshi, Reporter, Tehkikaat, Janki Jasoos, and Suraag. Shows targeted at children included the ever-popular Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Tom and Jerry cartoons, and also He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Talespin & Duck Tales. The dubbed Hindi version of the Japanese anime Jungle Book was hugely popular, especially its introductory track, Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai, there were also comic plays of Charlie Chaplin, Laurel & Hardy and Didis Comedy Show. Shaktimaan, Indias first superhero, glued millions to Doordarshan as did other shows
Doordarshan
–
Doordarshan Bhawan,
Mandi House, Copernicus Marg, Delhi.
36.
Star Plus
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Star Plus is a Hindi language general entertainment television channel based in India. Star Plus channel is part of 21st Century Foxs Star India network, the shows include a mix of family dramas, comedies, youth-oriented, reality shows, shows on crime and telefilms. The channel is distributed worldwide by Fox International Channels, subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. However, after STAR ended its relationship with Zee TV, Star Plus was transformed into a Hindi-language channel, Star Plus HD, along with Star Gold HD, Star Movies HD and Star World HD, Star sports HD was launched on 15 April 2011. Star Plus HD carries the same schedule as the SD feed, Star Plus HD was set to launch in both the United Kingdom and Ireland by the end of 2011, but it was delayed until 5 July 2012. On 13 June 2010, the channel introduced a ruby-red crystal star logo with the slogan Rishta Wahi Soch Nayi, on 7 November 2016, STAR Plus rebranded itself with a slim bright ruby-red logo and a new graphical packaging with a new slogan, Nayi Soch
Star Plus
–
Star Plus
37.
Lenin
–
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918, of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1924, under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party socialist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism, born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brothers execution in 1887. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empires Tsarist regime and he moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior figure in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, after his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent party theorist through his publications. In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, Lenins government was led by the Bolsheviks—now renamed the Communist Party—with some powers initially also held by elected soviets. It redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry, opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign orchestrated by the state security services, tens of thousands were killed and others interned in concentration camps. Anti-Bolshevik armies, established by both right and left-wing groups, were defeated in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922, responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin promoted economic growth through a mixed economic system. Seeking to promote world revolution, Lenins government created the Communist International, waged the Polish–Soviet War, in increasingly poor health, Lenin expressed opposition to the growing power of his successor, Joseph Stalin, before dying at his Gorki mansion. He became a figurehead behind Marxism-Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. Lenins father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was from a family of serfs, his origins remain unclear, with suggestions being made that he was Russian, Chuvash, Mordvin. Despite this lower-class background he had risen to middle-class status, studying physics and mathematics at Kazan Imperial University before teaching at the Penza Institute for the Nobility, Ilya married Maria Alexandrovna Blank in mid-1863. Well educated and from a prosperous background, she was the daughter of a German–Swedish woman. Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Novgorod, five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the governments plans for modernisation. His dedication to education earned him the Order of St. Vladimir, the couple had two children, Anna and Alexander, before Lenin—who would gain the childhood nickname of Volodya—was born in Simbirsk on 10 April 1870, and baptised several days later. They were followed by three children, Olga, Dmitry, and Maria. Two later siblings died in infancy, Ilya was a devout member of the Russian Orthodox Church and baptised his children into it, although Maria – a Lutheran – was largely indifferent to Christianity, a view that influenced her children. Every summer they holidayed at a manor in Kokushkino
Lenin
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Lenin in 1920
Lenin
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"Volodya", aged four.
Lenin
–
Lenin, c. 1887.
Lenin
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Lenin (left) in December 1895 and his wife Nadezhda.
38.
Uday Prakash
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Uday Prakash is a Hindi poet, scholar, journalist, translator and short story writer from India. He has worked as administrator, editor, researcher, and TV director and he writes for major dailies and periodicals as a free-lance writer. He has also received awards for his collection of short stories. Prakash was born on 1 January 1952, in the village of Sitapur, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh. He was raised by and given primary education there by a teacher and he graduated in Science and obtained his Master’s degree in Hindi Literature, receiving a Gold Medal from Saugar University in 1974. From 1975-76 he was a student at Jawaharlal Nehru University. He later lost interest in political ideology, in 1978 Prakash taught as an Assistant Professor at JNU, and its Imphal Center for Post Graduate Studies. In 1980 he left academia, to become Officer-on-Special-Duty with the Madhya Pradesh Department of Culture, at the same time, he was Controlling Officer of the Bhopal Rabindra Bhawan, and assistant editor of Poorvagraha, a journal of Hindi literary criticism. From 1982-90, Prakash worked in New Delhi newspapers, first as a subeditor of the Hindi news weekly Dinmaan, in 1987 becoming Assistant Professor at the School of Social Journalism. In 1990 he joined ITV, and became head of the PTI TV Concept and Script Department, since 1993, he has been a full-time freelance writer. Prakash was the editor of the monthly English language magazine Eminence until April 2000 and he also participated in the international poetry festivals and seminars. Prakash returned his Sahitya Akademi award in 2015, to protest the murder of rationalist academic M. M. Kalburgi, peelee Chhatri Wali Ladki is Prakashs best known, and longest continuous story. Often called a novella, Prakash calls it a short story - Cheeni Baba will be his first novel. His 2006 novella Mohan Das has been translated into English, seven Indian languages, dariyayi Ghoda, Tirichh, Aur Ant Mein Prarthna, Paul Gomra Ka Scooter. Cavafy, Adam Jędrzejewski, and Tadeusz Różewicz, some notable examples, Kala Anubhav, An English book on Indian Aesthetics by Prof. Hariyanna. Amritsar, Indira Gandhi Ki Aakhiri Ladai 1985, romain Rolland’s Inde, Two volumes Lal Ghas Par Neele Ghode, A Russian play by Mikhail Shatrov,1988. Ek Purush Dedh Purush, Translated Prasannas Kannada language play for the NSD repertory production and his translation of Milorad Pavićs novel Landscape painted with tea is forthcoming. It is available in languages, including three separate Urdu translations, and German
Uday Prakash
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Uday Prakash
39.
Kay Kay Menon
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Kay Kay Menon is an Indian film, stage and television actor who works predominantly in Hindi cinema. Menon was born in Kerala but raised in Ambarnath and Pune and his parents moved from Kerala to Mumbai when he was one year old. He studied at the St. Josephs Boys High School in Khadki and he passed his 10th grade in 1981. He did his Bachelors from Mumbai University and his MBA from the Department of Management Sciences at the University of Pune, Menons initial focus was working in the advertising industry including Kinetic Honda and Marlboro cigarette advertisements in India. He started his career in theatre productions where he met Nivedita Bhattacharya and his first theatre break was opposite Naseeruddin Shah in Feroz Abbas Khans Mahatma vs Gandhi. In the early years of his career, Menon worked on television, with roles in the TV movies Zebra 2 and he was praised for his role as a young Prime Minister in the Zee TV series Pradhan Mantri, directed by Ketan Mehta. In The Hindu, Sevanti Ninan wrote, an actor to watch, Menon made his big screen debut with a small role in Naseem, followed in 1999 by the lead role in Bhopal Express, a movie that went mostly unnoticed. This was the first in a series of setbacks in Menons film career. In the early 2000s, he starred as a rock musician in Anurag Kashyaps debut movie, Paanch. Two other movies, Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi and Black Friday, had to many years for a release date. Meanwhile, his commercial films Deewar and Silsiilay flopped at the box office and it was only in 2005, with the eventual release of the critically acclaimed Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi, but most of all with Ram Gopal Varmas Sarkar, that Menon had his break. Sarkar earned him a nomination for the Best Performance in a Negative Role at the Filmfare Awards, in The Tribune, Saibal Chatterjee called him one of Bollywoods finest actors. In 2007, he acted in Life in a, in 2008, he appeared in Shaurya, and Drona. In 2009, he starred in The Stoneman Murders where he played a police officer on the hunt for the Stoneman serial killer and he played the role of Dukey Bana in Gulaal. All films in Hindi unless otherwise stated, Kay Kay Menon at the Internet Movie Database
Kay Kay Menon
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Kay Kay Menon
40.
Makhdoom Mohiuddin
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Makhdoom Mohiuddin or Abu Sayeed Mohammad Makhdoom Mohiuddin Huzri was an Urdu poet and Marxist political activist of India. He was a distinguished revolutionary Urdu poet, Mohiuddin was born in the village of Andole in Medak district, Hyderabad State. He received his schooling and religious education in his village and later on moved to Hyderabad city to pursue his higher education and he settled down in Hyderabad after completing his higher education and committed himself to the fight for a Free India against British-occupation. He earned a degree in 1936 from Osmania University. Makhdoom started working as a lecturer at the City College in 1934 and he became an Urdu language poet of incredible versatility. He was the founder of the Communist Party in Andhra Pradesh, therefore, he is regarded as a Freedom Fighter of India. He also rallied against the then-monarchy of the Princely State of Hyderabad to merge with the newly liberated Indian Union, the then-ruler of Hyderbad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, had issued orders to kill him for awakening people for freedom and the abolition of Nawab rule. He is best known for his collection of poems entitled Bisat-e-Raqs and his published works include the essay Tagore and His Poetry, a play, Hosh ke Nakhun, an adaptation of Shaws Widowers Houses, and a collection of prose essays. Bisat-e-Raqs is a collection of Makhdooms verse including his two earlier collections Surkh Savera and Gul-e-Tar He is known as Shayar-e-Inquilab. His ghazals and lyrics have been used in many Hindi films, among his notable are the romantic ghazals, Ek Chameli Ke Mandve Taley, Aap Ki Yaad Aati Rahi Raat Bhar and Phir Chhidi Raat, Baat Phoolon Ki. He was also a member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council for 5 years and he had travelled almost all European countries that exist under the umbrella of Russia and also visited China. He also met Yuri Gagarin when he visited Moscow and wrote a poem on him and his father died when he was just six years of age and his mother got married to another man. His paternal uncle took over his guardianship and ensured that he gets the best education, Makhdoom was very kind to children and loved them a lot, since he got orphaned at very young age probably he very well knew the feelings of a child. He got married to Rabia Begum and had three children with her, the eldest among his children is daughter Zakia Begum followed by two sons. The first son is Nusrath Mohiuddin, an ex-employee of State Bank of Hyderabad, a well-known poet, the second son is Zafar Mohiuddin, works for Singareni Coal mines, Hyderabad. M. Bhargava and Vice-Chancellor of University of Hyderabad Syed E. Hasnain participated and his collection of poems and ghazals is titled Besat E Raqs. Sahitya Akademi Award for Urdu Poetry –1969 Gour, Raj Bahadur, new Delhi, Communist Party of India. New Delhi, Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust
Makhdoom Mohiuddin
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Signature
41.
Ali Sardar Jafri
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Ali Sardar Jafri was a prolific and versatile Urdu writer from India. He was also a poet, critic and film lyricist, Ali Sardar Jafri was born into an aristocratic family in Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh, where he spent his formative years. His early influences were Josh Malihabadi, Jigar Moradabadi and Firaq Gorakhpuri, in 1933, he was admitted to Aligarh Muslim University where he soon got exposed to Communist ideology and in 1936 he was expelled from the University for political reasons. Jafri embarked on his career in 1938 with the publication of his first collection of short stories called Manzil. His first collection of poems Parvaz was published in 1944, in 1936, he presided over the first conference of the Progressive Writers Movement in Lucknow. He also presided over their subsequent assemblies for the rest of his life, in 1939, he became co-editor of Naya Adab, a literary journal devoted to the Progressive Writers Movement which continued to be published until 1949. He was involved in social, political and literary movements. His important works as a lyricist include Dharti Ke Lal and Pardesi, the prime minister had invited Jafri to accompany him on this trip but ill health prevented him from doing so. Sarhad is also an album dedicated to Indo-Pakistan amity produced by Squadron Leader Anil Sehgal and composed. Atal Bihari Vajpayee made history when he presented Sarhad, as a gift, to the then prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif, during the historic Lahore Summit. It was also a milestone in Jafris life, in the course of his literary career spanning five decades, Jafri also edited anthologies of Kabir, Mir, Ghalib and Meera Bai with his own introductions. Both serials had tremendous mass appeal, in addition, he published his autobiography. He was also the editor and publisher of Guftagu, one of the leading Urdu literary magazines of the Indian sub-continent and he died on 1 August 2000 in Mumbai. To mark his first death anniversary, the book Ali Sardar Jafri, The Youthful Boatman of Joy, edited by Squadron Leader Anil Sehgal and he was only the third Urdu poet to receive the Jnanpith Award after Firaq Gorakhpuri and Qurratulain Hyder. Aligarh Muslim University conferred a doctotate on him in 1986, fifty years after he was expelled from the university and his works have been translated into many Indian and foreign languages. Ali Sardar Jafri married Sultana in January 1948, official website A collection of verses by Ali Sardar Jafri Ali Sardar Jafri Ba Hasiyat Nasr-Nigar by Dr. Kapil Sharma
Ali Sardar Jafri
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Ali Sardar Jafri (1913–2000)
42.
Grocer
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A grocery store is a retail store that primarily sells food. A grocer is a seller of food. Grocery stores often offer non-perishable food that is packaged in cans, bottles and boxes, with also having fresh produce, butchers, delis. Large grocery stores that stock significant amounts of products, such as clothing. Some large supermarkets also include a pharmacy, and customer service, redemption, in the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom, supermarkets and convenience stores are sometimes described as grocery businesses, or simply grocers. Some grocery stores form the centerpiece of a complex that includes other facilities, such as gas stations. This setup is especially common in the United Kingdom, with chains such as Tesco. Some groceries specialize in the foods of a nationality or culture, such as Italian, Polish. These stores are known as ethnic markets and may serve as gathering places for immigrants. In many cases, the range of products carried by larger supermarkets has reduced the need for such speciality stores. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the growing season. Beginning as early as the 14th century, a grocer was a dealer in dry goods such as spices, peppers, sugar. These items were bought in bulk, hence the term grocer from the French grossier meaning wholesaler, as increasing numbers of staple foodstuffs became available in cans and other less-perishable packaging, the trade expanded its province. Today, grocers deal in a range of staple food-stuffs including such perishables as meats, produce. These trading posts evolved into larger retail businesses known as general stores and these facilities generally dealt only in dry goods such as flour, dry beans, baking soda, and canned foods. Many rural areas still contain general stores that sell goods ranging from cigars to imported napkins, traditionally, general stores have offered credit to their customers, a system of payment that works on trust rather than modern credit cards. This allowed farm families to buy staples until their harvest could be sold, the first self-service grocery store, Piggly Wiggly, was opened in 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee by Clarence Saunders, an inventor and entrepreneur. The early supermarkets began as chains of grocers shops, a small grocery store may also compete by locating in a mixed commercial-residential area close to, and convenient for, its customers
Grocer
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The
produce section in a supermarket
Grocer
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Packaged food aisles in a
hypermarket.
Grocer
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A grocery store in Nizwa, Oman
Grocer
43.
Tisca Chopra
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Tisca Chopra is an Indian film and stage actress known for her works in Hindi cinema, and Television. She made her debut with Platform, opposite Ajay Devgan. She was also starred in well-reviewed play Dinner With Friends where she played the character of Dia, in 2004 she played the role of Prabhavati Devi in Prakash Jhas Loknayak. In 2007, she appeared in Taare Zameen Par with Aamir Khan where her performance was well received and she acted in Nandita Dass directorial debut, Firaaq. In 2011, she appeared in Madhur Bhandarkars Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji, Chopra has been on the Jury of the MAMI film festival. For 10ml Love, which is based on Shakespearean play Mid Summer Nights Dream and her film Ankur Arora Murder Case written and produced by Vikram Bhatt released in May 2013. She has worked in the Marathi film Highway with Umesh Kulkarni that also stars Huma Qureshi and Girish Kulkarni and Hindi, in 2016, she is appearing in Ram Gopal Varmas bilingual Mogali Puvvu. Tisca Chopra was born in Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh into a Punjabi family of educationists and she graduated from Apeejay School, Noida, where her father was principal. Later she studied English literature at Hindu College, University of Delhi and she also started working actively with amateur theater. While at college, she started writing for publications and acting in plays for an amateur theater group. After finishing her education, she moved to Mumbai and trained in acting with notable theater artists Feroz Abbas Khan and she acted in plays in Mumbai and soon her work was seen Feroz Abbas Khans Mahatma vs Gandhi, All The Best and Satya Dev Dubeys Inshah Allah. She starred in Dinner With Friends, a Pulitzer Award winning play, the play and Tisca garnered a lot of praise from both critics and audiences and has traveled to many cities across the world. She hosted a consumer show on called Main Hoon Na. Her intense performance was lauded and made her a household name. The series won Best Ensemble Cast, Tisca has appeared in advertisements like Tanishq, Titan Eyewear, Dish TV, Kelloggs-All Bran and Horlicks-Gold, as well as for big brands like Olay and Marks & Spencers. Chopra has hosted events such as the VFX Awards, WOW Awards, Mahindra Rise 2012, Times Now Awards 2012, Times Now Foodie Awards. She hosted the IIJW2012, Nabard Awards 2012, Times Now Foodie Awards 2013, Navy Ball 2012, Tisca Chopra is the grand-niece of prominent Indian writer Khushwant Singh. Sanjay Chopra who is a pilot with Air India and she works with several NGOs, supporting education and womens rights
Tisca Chopra
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Tisca Chopra at IFFLA09
Tisca Chopra
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Tisca Chopra at Gayatri Khanna Collection Preview
44.
Cheating
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Cheating is the getting of a reward for ability or finding an easy way out of an unpleasant situation by dishonest means. It is generally used for the breaking of rules to gain advantage in a competitive situation. This broad definition will necessarily include acts of bribery, cronyism, nepotism, sleaze, Cheating can refer specifically to marital infidelity. Someone who is known for cheating is referred to as a cheat in British English, a person described as a cheat doesnt necessarily cheat all the time, but rather, relies on unfair tactics to the point of acquiring a reputation for it. Academic cheating is a common occurrence in high schools and colleges in the United States. Statistically, 70% of public school students admit to serious test cheating. 60% say they have plagiarized papers, only 50% of private school students, however, admit to this. The report was made in June 2005 by Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe for The Center for Academic Integrity, the findings were corroborated in part by a Gallup survey. In McCabes 2001 of 4500 high school students, 74% said they cheated on a test, 72% cheated on a written work, 1/3 reported to have repeatedly cheated. Cheating in sports is the breaking of rules in order to obtain an advantage over the other teams or players. Sports are governed by both customs and explicit rules regarding acts which are permitted and forbidden at the event and away from it, using the hand or arm by anyone other than a goalkeeper is illegal according to the rules of association football. Illegally altering the condition of playing equipment is seen in bat sports such as baseball and cricket. For example, in baseball, a pitcher using a doctored baseball, tennis and golf are also no strangers to equipment cheating, with players being accused of using rackets of illegal string tension, or golf clubs of illegal weight, size, or make. An example of this is Hall of Famer Jerry Rice, who admitted to regularly & illegally using stickum throughout his career, athletic cheating is a widespread problem. Cheating may also be seen in coaching, One of the most common forms of this is the use of bribery and kickbacks in the player recruitment process. Such practices are all across athletics, and are particularly visible in college sports recruitment. Another common form of cheating in coaching is profiteering in association with gamblers, another form of this involves a team coach or other manager undertaking corporate espionage or another form of prohibited spying in order to obtain details about other teams strategies and tactics. As was the Pittsburgh Steelers use of, at the time legal, circumvention of rules governing conduct and procedures of a sport can also be considered cheating
Cheating
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A small
cheat sheet can be used to cheat during an academic examination.
Cheating
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Cheater with the
Ace of Diamonds, by
Georges de La Tour
45.
Sony Entertainment Television (India)
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Sony Entertainment Television or SET, is a Hindi-language based general entertainment television channel in the Indian subcontinent. It was launched in October 1995 and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt. Ltd. a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment, the network carried C. I. D. and Kaun Banega Crorepati. Sony is available in HD on DishTV, Tata Sky, Videocon d2h, Airtel digital TV, Dish Home, Fastway Cable and Siti cable. It was launched on 28 May 2012. See also List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television Beyhadh - Romantic thriller drama showcasing the several aspects of nature of love among Arjun, Maya, CID - The CID Department fight crimes and solve mysteries basically around Mumbai. Crime Patrol - Showcasing the Police Force and how they fight crimes in India, Peshwa Bajirao - Historical drama showcasing Peshwa Bajirao, a passionate warriors story. Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan - Showcasing one of the Hindu deities, the Kapil Sharma Show - Showcasing comedian Kapil Sharma and his gang in the hilarious talk show. Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaage one of the most hated shows on Sony Official Site
Sony Entertainment Television (India)
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Primary businesses
Sony Entertainment Television (India)
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Sony Entertainment Television (India)
46.
Mira Nair
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Mira Nair is an Indian American filmmaker based in New York City. Her production company, Mirabai Films, specializes in films for international audiences on Indian society, whether in the economic, among her best known films are Mississippi Masala, The Namesake, the Golden Lion-winning Monsoon Wedding and Salaam Bombay. Which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, Nair was born on 15 October 1957 in Rourkela, Odisha, and grew up with her two older brothers and parents in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. Her father, Amrit Nair, is an Indian administrative officer, at the age of eleven, Nair and her family moved to Delhi due to her father transferring posts. By thirteen she left home to attend Loreto Convent Tara Hall, an Irish-Catholic missionary school located in Simla, following Tara Hall, Nair went on to study at Miranda House at Delhi University, where she majored in Sociology. Before she became a filmmaker, Nair was originally interested in acting, and at one point she performed plays written by Badal Sarkar, a Bengali performer. While she studied at Harvard University, Nair became involved in the theater program, at the start of her film-making career, Nair primarily made documentaries in which she explored Indian cultural tradition. For her film thesis at Harvard between 1978 and 1979, Nair produced a film entitled Jama Masjid Street Journal. In the eighteen-minute film, Nair explores the streets of Old Delhi and has conversations with Indian locals. This film was recognized as a Best Documentary winner at the American Film Festival, raising roughly $130,000 for the project, the fifty-nine-minute film was shot over a span of two months, and was subject to criticism from Nair’s loved ones. Released in 1987, Children of a Desired Sex exposed how female fetuses were aborted due to a society favoring male offspring, after departing the documentary film-making field, Nair teamed up with her old friend, Sooni Taraporevala, and together the two began writing Salaam Bombay. Five years before the film was released in 1988, Salaam Bombay. was also nominated at the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film in 1989. Following the success of Salaam Bombay, Nair, alongside Taraporevala, continued challenge audiences once more by telling the story of Ugandan-born Indians displaced in Mississippi in her 1991 film, Mississippi Masala. The film features actors like Denzel Washington, Roshan Seth, the film is centered on a carpet-cleaner business owner, played by Denzel Washington, who falls in love with the daughter of one of his Indian clients, played by Sarita Choudhury. The relationship in the film reveals the evident prejudice in African-American and Indian communities, the film was well received by critics and even earned a standing ovation at the Sundance Film Festival in 1992. The picture was also a recipient of three awards at the Venice Film Festival, Nair went on to direct four more films before she produced one of her most notable films, Monsoon Wedding. Released in 2001, the film told the story of a Punjabi Indian wedding, with only a small crew and some of Nair’s acquaintances and relatives as cast members, the film grossed over $30 million worldwide, which made it the most money ever made by an Indian film. The film was awarded the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival, Nair then directed the Golden Globe winning Hysterical Blindness
Mira Nair
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Nair at the 2008 IIFW Masterclass Directors Meet
Mira Nair
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Nair at the
Zanzibar International Film Festival, 2013
47.
Cameo appearance
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A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
Cameo appearance
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Alfred Hitchcock (left) in
Notorious
48.
Ek Doctor Ki Maut
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The film is based on a story Abhimanyu by Ramapada Choudhury. After years of painstaking research at the cost of his personal life, the news is flashed over television and overnight, an insignificant junior doctor receives international recognition. Professional jealousy and abuse of power threaten Dr. Roy, even as the Secretary of Health reprimands him for breaking the news to the press and he is asked to report to the Director of Health. Professional colleagues Dr. Arijit Sen and Dr. Ramananda invite him to a lecture, Dr. Roy suffers a mild heart attack but he refuses to go to the hospital. The last straw is two American doctors receiving credit for discovering the same vaccine. Dr. Roy is shattered. However, at the end Dr. Roy gets an invitation from John Anderson Foundation inviting him to be a part of an eminent group of working on other diseases. Dipankar Roy realizes that his research was fruitful and he also decides to accept the invitation as he just wants to work for the betterment of mankind. Tapan Sinha, the director, was inspired by the life and death of Subhash Mukhopadhyay,1990 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film 1990 National Film Award for Best Direction, Tapan Sinha 1990 National Film Award - Special Jury Award, Pankaj Kapoor. 1991 Best Film 1991 Best Director 1992 Filmfare Best Screenplay Award, ek Doctor Ki Maut at the Internet Movie Database
Ek Doctor Ki Maut
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Ek Doctor Ki Maut
49.
Asif Kapadia
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Asif Kapadia is a British filmmaker. Asif Kapadia was born in 1972 in north London, to a Muslim British Indian family. He attended Newport Film School, achieved a degree in Film, TV and Photographic Arts from the University of Westminster. Kapadias first feature film, The Warrior, was shot in the Himalayas, the film caught the attention of The Arts Foundation who in 2001 awarded him a fellowship in Film Directing. In 2003 Far North premiered at the Venice Film Festival, based on a short story by Sara Maitland. Kapadia used the brutal arctic landscape to show how desperation and loneliness drives a woman to harm the person she loves, Kapadias fourth feature, Senna, was the life story of Brazilian motor-racing champion, Ayrton Senna. Senna was the highest grossing British documentary of all time, the second highest grossing documentary of all time in the UK, Kapadias most recent film Amy is a documentary that depicts the life and death of British singer-songwriter Amy Winehouse. The film was released on 3 July 2015 in the United Kingdom, New York and Los Angeles, the film has been described as heartbreaking, awe-inspiring, unmissable, the best documentary of the year and a tragic masterpiece. The film has received 5 out of 5 ratings when it was reviewed at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival in May, the film has become the second highest grossing documentary of all time in the United Kingdom, overtaking Kapadias 2010 movie Senna. Kapadia is currently working on Supersonic, an Oasis documentary, the feature-length film, which is due to reach cinemas this October, has been named after the Mancunian bands 1994 debut single, also titled Supersonic. Indian Tales The Waiting Room Wild West The Sheep Thief The Warrior The Return Far North Senna Amy Ali and Nino Supersonic Earnhardt Maradona Asif Kapadia at the Internet Movie Database
Asif Kapadia
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Kapadia at the British Film Institute preview of Amy (2015)
