1.
Jaipur
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Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It was founded on 18 November 1726 by Maharaja Jai Singh II, as of 2011, the city has a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City of India, Jaipur is located 260 km from the Indian capital New Delhi. Jaipur forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Agra, Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur, Jaisalmer Udaipur. and Mount Abu. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II and he planned to shift his capital from Amer,11 km from Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, the city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates, during the rule of Sawai Ram Singh, the city was painted pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876. Many of the avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance, in the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its industries were the working of metals and marble. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college and a school opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C, during the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10–15 °C and with little or no humidity. The city was planned according to Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727, there are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol, the gate is called Chand pol. The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, the urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, the Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, according to provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350
2.
Rajasthan
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Rajasthan is Indias largest state by area. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states, Punjab to the north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, and Gujarat to the southwest. Rajasthan is also home to two national reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar. The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region – was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city is Jaipur, also known as Pink City, other important cities are Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Kota and Ajmer. Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the Vedic Civilisation, kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Matsya Kingdom of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the state of Jaipur in Rajasthan. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar, which is said to have named after its founder king Virata. Bhargava identifies the two districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar and parts of Jaipur district along with Haryana districts of Mahendragarh, bhargava also locates the present day Sahibi River as the Vedic Drishadwati River, which along with Saraswati River formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta. Manu and Bhrigu narrated the Manusmriti to a congregation of seers in this area only, the Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era, marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Gurjars ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country, up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, acknowledged the supremacy of the Gurjars with their seat of power at Kannauj. The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century, the chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Majumdar says that this was acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the progress of Muslim invaders in India. Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, REBARI, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali, all these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land, a number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region, hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu Emperor, was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar District in 1501. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at Second Battle of Panipat fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556, maharana Pratap of Mewar resisted Akbar in the famous Battle of Haldighati and later operated from hilly areas of his kingdom
3.
National School of Drama
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National School of Drama is a theatre training institute situated at New Delhi, India. It is an organization under Ministry of Culture, Government of India. It was set up in 1959 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, in 2005 it was granted deemed university status, but in 2011 it was revoked on the institutes request. In the following year, the government merged it with the newly founded school, initially the school was situated at Nizamuddin West, and was called National School of Drama and Asian Theatre Institute, whose first batch passed out in 1961. Later when it moved to its present location, he designed two theatres for NSD, including a 200-seat studio theatre, and the open-air Meghdoot theatre. However, the place is known by adjacent Mandi House. In 1999, the School organized its first National Theatre Festival, Bharat Rang Mahotsav, waman Kendre was appointed as Director the school in 2013. He will serve a five-year term and he has done post-graduate with research in folk theatre of Kerala from NSD. He belongs to the nomadic Vanjara tribal community of Marathwada and was one of the lights of the Dalit theatre movement in Maharashtra in the late 1970s. On 16 March 2005, the Government of India granted the NSD the status of deemed university, thus, in October 2011 the status was revoked on request of NSD. The professional performing wing of NSD, the National School of Drama Repertory Company was set up in 1964 and it first head was Om Shivpuri, followed by Manohar Singh, Ram Gopal Bajaj, J. N. Kaushal, Anuradha Kapur, and Suresh Sharma, Sagar Kamble, in 2004, the repertory celebrated its 40th anniversary with a theatre festival in New Delhi. In 1989 NSD established the ‘Theatre-in-Education Company’, called Sanskaar Rang Toli, today it has become Indias premier educational resource centres, the company regularly performs plays for school and adults audiences alike, and has its own yearly theatre festivals, Jashn-e-Bachpan and Bal Sangam. In a bid to decentralize its activities, NSD opened Regional Resource Centres across India, Shah, Manohar Singh, Uttara Baokar, Ratan Thiyam, Prasanna, Surekha Sikri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohan Maharishi, M. K. Raina, Bansi Kaul, Ram Gopal Bajaj, B, kaushal, Ashok Kumar Giri, Devendra Raj Ankur, Anuradha Kapur, Suresh Bhardwaj, H. V. Sharma, Ranjit Kapoor, V. K. Sharma, Rohini Hattangadi. M. nic. in/NFA_archive. asp Rang yatra, twenty-five years of the National School of Drama Repertory Company, published by National School of Drama,1992. Official website of the NSD Bharat Rang Mahotsav, Official website NSD Alumni - Activities and Associations
4.
Padma Shri
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Padma Shri is the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. Awarded by the Government of India, it is announced every year on Indias Republic Day and it has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India but did contribute in various ways to India. The selection criteria have been criticized in some quarters with the claim that many highly deserving artists have left out in order to favor certain individuals. On its obverse, the words Padma, meaning lotus in Sanskrit, and Shri, the geometrical pattern on either side is in burnished bronze. All embossing is in white gold, as of 2017,2913 people have received the award
5.
Cinema of India
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The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
6.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
7.
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. Many British actors have achieved fame and critical success, including Maggie Smith, Michael Caine, Sean Connery. Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the second, the identity of the British industry, and its relationship with the Cinema of the United States, has been the subject of debate. The history of production in Britain has often been affected by attempts to compete with the American industry. The career of the producer Alexander Korda was marked by this objective, the Rank Organisation attempted to do so in the 1940s, in 2009 British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7% globally and 17% in the United Kingdom. UK box-office takings totalled £1.1 billion in 2012, with 172.5 million admissions, the British Film Institute has produced a poll ranking what they consider to be the 100 greatest British films of all time, the BFI Top 100 British films. The annual BAFTA awards hosted by the British Academy of Film, the first people to build and run a working 35 mm camera in Britain were Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres. They made the first British film Incident at Clovelly Cottage in February 1895, soon several British film companies had opened to meet the demand for new films, such as Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn. Although the earliest British films were of everyday events, the early 20th century saw the appearance of shorts, mainly comedies. The early films were often melodramatic in tone, and there was a preference for story lines already known to the audience, in particular, adaptations of Shakespeare plays. The Lumière brothers first brought their show to London in 1896, in 1898 American producer Charles Urban expanded the London-based Warwick Trading Company to produce British films, mostly documentary and news. Also in 1898 Hepworth Studios was founded in Lambeth, South London by Cecil Hepworth, the Bamforths began producing films in Yorkshire, in 1902 Ealing Studios was founded by Will Barker, becoming the oldest continuously-operating film studio in the world. In 1902 the earliest color film in the world was made, like other films made at the time, in 2012 it was found by the National Media Museum in Bradford after lying forgotten in an old tin for 110 years. The previous title for earliest color film, using the Kinemacolour process, was thought to date from 1909 and was actually an inferior method, the re-discovered films were made by pioneer Edward Raymond Turner from London who patented his process on 22 March 1899. In 1903 Frank Mottershaw of Sheffield produced the film A Daring Daylight Robbery, in 1911 the Ideal Film Company was founded in Soho, London, distributing almost 400 films by 1934, and producing 80. In 1913 stage director Maurice Elvey began directing British films, becoming Britains most prolific film director, in 1914 Elstree Studios was founded, and acquired in 1928 by German-born Ludwig Blattner, who invented a magnetic steel tape recording system that was adopted by the BBC in 1930. In 1920 Gaumont opened Islington Studios, where Alfred Hitchcock got his start, also in 1920 Cricklewood Studios was founded by Sir Oswald Stoll, becoming Britains largest film studio, known for Fu Manchu and Sherlock Holmes film series. In 1920 the short-lived company Minerva Films was founded in London by the actor Leslie Howard and his friend, some of their early films include four written by A. A. Milne including The Bump, starring C
8.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
9.
Filmfare Awards
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The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film industry of India. The Filmfare ceremony is one of the oldest film events in India, the awards were first introduced in 1954, the same year as the National Film Awards. They were initially referred to as the Clare Awards or The Clares after Clare Mendonca, a dual voting system was developed in 1956. The ceremony had been sponsored by private organisations in the past as well as in present provisions. During several years in 1990s, a ceremony was broadcast to television audiences but was later discontinued due to unknown reasons. Presently, a recorded and a version of the awards ceremony is televised on SET a week or two after the ceremony has been held. There is no data statistics recorded in reference to T, the Filmfare Awards have been often referred to as the Hindi film industrys equivalent to The Oscars. Filmfare Marathi Awards are also started few years back which gives awards to Marathi films, the Filmfare awards were first introduced in 1954. The Clares was the name of the award ceremony, named after The Times of India critic Clare Mendonca. Readers of Filmfare were polled to decide the winners, and over 20,000 readers spread throughout India participated in the polls, trophies were given to winners of the popular vote. In the first awards function, held on 21 March 1954 at the Metro Theatre of Mumbai, only five awards were presented, Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Music Director. Do Bigha Zameen was the first movie to win the award for Best Film. Filmfare Awards also introduced the Short Film Category in 2017, with Vidya Balan, the People’s Choice Award For Best Short Film was presented to Khamakha. Short films like Chutney, Matitali Kusti and Taandav won awards as well, however, Peck did attend the banquet that followed the award night at Wellington Club, Mumbai. The winners for the year 1985 were announced in 1986 and the event was scheduled to be held at the Brabourne Stadium in December 1986, unfortunately the Bombay film Industry, as was known then went on strike in 86 because of its many contentious issues with the Maharashtra Government. So the ceremony was pushed to the next year, the winners of 1985 were awarded on 28 January 1987. Due to Security reasons, filmfare was not awarded for 1986 and 1987, due to the many award ceremonies in the Indian Film Industry, it is often questioned which ones are real and based on fair decisions made by the jury. The Filmfare went through a phase of controversy in which they were accused of a biased selection when nominating and presenting awards and it was believed that they were not awarded based on merit. The importance of these awards is that it recognizes an industry in which almost a thousand movies per year are produced making it one of the biggest in cinema
10.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
11.
Salaam Bombay!
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Salaam Bombay. is a 1988 Hindi film directed by Mira Nair, and screenwritten by her longtime creative collaborator, Sooni Taraporevala. The film chronicles the life of children living on the streets of Bombay. The film was Indias second film submission to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the film was among the list of The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made by the New York Times. Before the start of the film, Krishna has set fire to his elder brothers motor-bike. This has landed him in big trouble with his mother and she has taken him to the nearby Apollo Circus and told him that he can only come home when he earns 500 rupees to pay for the damaged bike. Krishna agrees and works for the circus, the film begins as the circus is packing up to move on. His boss asks him to run an errand, but when Krishna returns, alone, with nowhere to turn, and without the money to repay his mother, he travels to the nearest big city, Bombay. As soon as he arrives, he is robbed of his few possessions and he follows the thieves, befriends them, and ends up in the citys notorious red-light area of Falkland Road, near the Grant Road Railway Station. One of the thieves, Chillum, a pusher and addict. Baba, a drug dealer, employs people like Chillum who are addicted to his drugs. His wife is also a prostitute and they have a little daughter, Babas wife is annoyed that she has to raise her daughter in such an environment. Baba earlier promised to start a new life elsewhere, but it is a promise which Baba cannot, Krishna gets a new name, Chaipau, and learns to live with it. His goal is still to get the money he needs to return home to his mother, to make matters worse, he has a crush on a young girl named Sola Saal, who has been recently sold to the brothel. He sets fire to her room and attempts to escape with her, Sola Saal, who is considered valuable property since she is still a virgin, denies starting the fire and tearfully tries to resist her enslavement. The madame of the house asks Baba to break her into the business, the fire causes Krishna to get a severe beating, and he loses his job. He works odd jobs to feed himself and look after Chillum, to get more money, Krishna and his pals rob an elderly Parsi man by breaking into his house in broad daylight. Krishna eventually checks on the 300 rupees he has saved, and finds out that they had been stolen by Chillum who had used them to buy drugs, which he then overdosed on and died. One night while returning home from work, the boys and Babas daughter are apprehended by the police, eventually, Krishna escapes and goes back to his world
12.
Haasil
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Haasil is a 2003 film directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia. Irfan Khan won Filmfare award for Best actor in negative role for his portrayal of Ranvijay Singh in the movie, the film is set and shot in and around Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. The movie has developed a following in the following years. The background of the movie is student politics in the University of Allahabad, when Anirudh meets Niharika at university, they quickly become romantically involved. Unfortunately, their relationship cant escape the political battles between two gangs of students headed by Gaurishankar Pandey and Ranvijay Singh. When Anirudh meets Ranvijay, who has eliminated Gaurishankar Pandey, the former believes that he is helping his fellow student. Anirudh gets involved in violent politics and shoots Niharikas cousin accidentally, Ranvijay Singh helps him escape to Mumbai with the help of his aide. Anirudh later learns the truth of Ranvijay Singh whose ultimate aim is to marry Niharika, Badrishankar Pandey, the brother of slain Gaurishankar Pandey, helps Anirudh kill Ranvijay in order to avenge the loss of his brother. A fierce gun battle takes place at the Kumbh Mela between the gangs of Ranvijay and Badrishankar Pandey before Anirudh kills Ranvijay, the Chief Minister, Kabanlal Pandey helps them escape the crime scene and gets Aniruddha discharged from all the cases as he was also blackmailed by Ranvijay. It contains extremely popular Indian movie actors, and because of that, there are college groups consisting of crazy fan boys doting on superstars, where students talk in Haasil dialects, they are called Haasilmay. Haasil at the Internet Movie Database Haasil at the NY Times
13.
Maqbool
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Maqbool is a 2003 Indian crime drama film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj and starring Pankaj Kapoor, Irrfan Khan, Tabu and Masumeh Makhija in an adaptation of the play Macbeth by Shakespeare. The plot of the film is based on that of Macbeth with regard to events, the film did not perform remarkably at the box office, but won director Vishal Bhardwaj international acclaim. Apart from directing it, he had composed the background score. Bhardwaj then moved on to adapting William Shakespeares Othello in his 2006 film Omkara which won him commercial as well as critical success, the critical success of Omkara was responsible for winning Francis Ford Coppolas attention. The film had its North American premiere at the 2003 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was screened in the Marché du Film section of the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. The film is based on William Shakespeares Macbeth, with the Mumbai underworld as its backdrop, Maqbool is the right-hand man of Jahangir Khan, a powerful underworld don. Maqbool is grateful and feels a connection and personal indebtedness to Abba Ji. Seeing their close relationship, but also sensing Maqbools ambition, two corrupt policemen predict that Maqbool will soon take over the reins of the Mumbai Underworld from Abba Ji, Nimmi is Abba Jis mistress, but she and Maqbool are secretly on love. Nimmi encourages Maqbools ambitions and persuades him to kill Abba Ji in order to take over as Don. Maqbool is torn between his love for Nimmi and his loyalty to Abba Ji, but he begins to prepare the ground for becoming a Don, finally, Maqbool murders Abba Ji in cold blood while he is in bed at night, with Nimmi next to him. Maqbool gets away with the murder and takes over as Don, just as planned, there is also suspicion, within the gang, of Maqbools role in the death of Abba Ji, and eventually the lovers meet a tragic end. Contrary to the play, the corrupt cops are not just passive soothsayers. Maqbool received positive reviews from critics, Rediff described the film as a visual gallery that is an intelligent blend of dark, tragic overtones and comic, satirical undertones. Variety wrote that while the visuals are great, audiences might need an understanding of Macbeth to fully enjoy the film, india Today described it as a haunting operatic tragedy. Outlook said that it effectively transported the essence of the story to the milieu of the Bombay underworld of our times, the soundtrack features eleven songs composed by Vishal Bhardwaj with lyrics by Gulzar. Maqbool at the Internet Movie Database Maqbool at AllMovie Review at Rediff. com Review at Variety. com The Hollywood Reporter review
14.
Life in a... Metro
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The music is composed by Pritam with lyrics by Sayeed Quadri. The film was released on 11 May 2007 and it narrates the lives of nine people living in Mumbai and deals with topics like extramarital affairs, sanctity of marriage, and love. The film was acclaimed for its story and screenplay. The general plot and a number of characters are based on two films, The Apartment and Brief Encounter. Rahul is a man with dreams, working as a call center executive in a BPO in Mumbai. He silently loves Neha, a young woman who has made it up the ranks in a very short time, due to her relationship with her boss. In his 30s, Ranjeet is married to Shikha and has a six-year-old daughter, Shikha is well educated and a trained dancer. Ranjeet and Shikha decided that she should stay at home and take care of the house and their eight-year marriage has turned loveless and bitter. Neglected by an indifferent husband and bogged down by family chores, Akash is a struggling theater artist who is separated from his wife. Akash and Shikhas relationship starts as friendship and almost blossoms romantically, until Shikha feels guilty, amol is a 70-year-old man who has returned to India after 40 years to spend his last few years with his first love, Shivani, who is also Shikhas former dance teacher. Shikhas sister and Nehas roommate Shruti works in at Radio Mirchi as a producer and she is 28 and desperate to get married. She meets Monty through a site, but she is unimpressed by the straightforward. While Monty likes her and is ready to marry her, she declines when she finds him ogling her and she is, however, dreamy-eyed about her RJ, Rishi K. Her boss hooks her up with Rishi K, and her relationship with him blossoms, Rahul has a novel strategy to rise up the ladder of success. He provides his flat to his superiors at the office, where they can bring their mistresses, girlfriends or prostitutes. Ranjeet uses the flat to meet Neha, amidst one of their escapades in Rahuls flat, Neha asks Ranjeet about their future, which leads to an argument. Rahul finds her unconscious and saves her. He brings her back to his house, which brings them closer, Shruti is heartbroken when she discovers that Rishi K is gay
15.
Paan Singh Tomar
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Paan Singh Tomar was an Indian soldier, athlete, and baghee. He served in the Indian Army, where his talent for running was discovered and he was a seven-time national steeplechase champion in the 1950s and 1960s, and represented India at the 1958 Asian Games. After a premature retirement from the army, he returned to his native village and he later gained notoriety as a Chambal Valley dacoit when he resorted to banditry after a land feud there. In 1981, he was killed by the Indian law enforcement authorities, Tomar was born in the village of Bhidosa near Porsa, a small city in the Morena district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Paan Singh Tomar was a subedar with Bengal Engineers at Roorkee and he was a champion sportsman, a national-ranking athlete, back in the 1950s and 60s. He represented India at the 1958 Asian Games at Tokyo, Paan Singh Tomar was not interested in steeplechase running at first, but discovered it in the military. He went on to be the champion of steeplechasing for seven years. His national record of 9 minutes and 2 seconds in the 3000 meter steeplechase event remained unbroken for 10 years and he was not allowed to fight in the 1962 and 1965 wars due to his career in sports, which ended in 1972. After retiring, he returned to his village Bhidosa, District Morena, there arose a land dispute between him and Babu Singh. Babu Singh was the head of a 200 member family, and, had seven licensed guns, to solve the dispute, a panchayat was held with the collector where Tomar was asked to give ₹3,000 to Babu Singh for his own land, Tomar obliged. However, his nephew retaliated as he was paying money for his own land, the collector promised to return in 15 days. In the meantime, Babu Singh came to Tomars house and beat up his 95-year-old mother and she asked Tomar to take revenge by morning if he was truly her son. Balwanta and Tomar went to the fields where they found Babu, Tomar shot Babu, who continued to run for about a kilometer before he fell down. He later gave an interview to a newspaper in Gwalior which may have prompted the administration to start taking his case seriously. At that time, there was a price of ₹10,000 on his head, during the entire interview, he toyed with a bullet. On October 1,1981 the Circle Inspector Mahendra Pratap Singh Chauhan,14 other members of his gang were also killed. The gunfight lasted over 12 hours, Chauhan had been tipped off about Tomars arrival by one of the village elders. Paan Singhs son, Souram Singh Tomar is a retired Indian Army subedar who lives in Babina in the Jhansi District of Uttar Pradesh, a biographic film, Paan Singh Tomar, released in 2012 to much critical acclaim
16.
Biographical film
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A biographical film, or biopic, is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people. Such films show the life of a person and the central characters real name is used. Because the figures portrayed are actual people, whose actions and characteristics are known to the public, biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses. Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island, Custen, in Bio/Pics, How Hollywood Constructed Public History, regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era, and in particular, Darryl F. Zanuck. On the other hand, Binghams 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway, ellen Cheshires Bio-Pics, a life in pictures examines UK/US films from the 1990s and 2000s. Each chapter reviews key films linked by profession and concludes with further viewing list, christopher Robé has also written on the gender norms that underlie the biopic in his article, Taking Hollywood Back in the 2009 issue of Cinema Journal. The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable, some biopics purposely stretch the truth. Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was based on game show host Chuck Barris widely debunked yet popular memoir of the same name, Kafka incorporated both the life of author Franz Kafka and the surreal aspects of his fiction. The Errol Flynn film They Died with Their Boots On tells the story of Custer but is highly romanticized, casting can be controversial for biographical films. Casting is often a balance between similarity in looks and ability to portray the characteristics of the person, anthony Hopkins felt that he should not have played Richard Nixon in Nixon because of a lack of resemblance between the two. The casting of John Wayne as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror was objected to because of the American Wayne being cast as the Mongol warlord. Egyptian critics criticized the casting of Louis Gossett, Jr. an African American actor, also, some objected to the casting of Jennifer Lopez in Selena because she is a New York City native of Puerto Rican descent while Selena was Mexican-American. Biographical novel Biography in literature List of biographical films
17.
Paan Singh Tomar (film)
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Paan Singh Tomar is a 2012 Indian biographical film based on the true story of the athlete Paan Singh Tomar. A soldier in the Indian Army, he wins a medal at the Indian National Games. The film is directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia and produced by UTV Motion Pictures, Irrfan Khan plays the title role, with Mahie Gill, Vipin Sharma and Nawazuddin Siddiqui in the supporting cast. Made on a budget of ₹45 million, Paan Singh Tomar premiered at the 2010 British Film Institute London Film Festival. The film was released domestically on 2 March 2012 to critical acclaim and emerged as a superhit at the box-office, the film won the Best Feature Film and Best Actor in the 60th National Film Awards 2012. A reporter interviews Paan Singh Tomar, a dacoit who is in the news for killing 9 people of a community, answering questions about himself, the story goes in a flashback in year 1950. Paan Singh works in the Army while his wife and mother live in Morena and he surprises his seniors in the Army with his athletic skills. Though he was not interested in sports, he joins the sports division because there were no limits on their diet, picked for the 5000 metres races training, he was persuaded to run for the 3000 metre steeplechase by his coach. He participates in the Indian National Games and wins the medal in the steeplechase event 7 years in a row. In 1958 he participates in the Asian Games at Tokyo, and he felt frustrated when he was not allowed to go the borders to fight in the 1962 and 1965 wars because sportsmen were not allowed to fight in them. In 1967, he participated in the International Military Games and wins the medal in the steeplechase. His elder brother from his native place visits him and tells about an acquisition by Bhanwar Singh. Paan Singh retires from the Army to settle his family disputes, on arriving home, he tries to resolve the issue with Bhanwar Singh. He seeks help from the District Collector and local police station and his son is beaten badly by Bhanwar Singh and his goons. Paan Singh then orders his son to rejoin the army and stay away from the dispute, Bhanwar Singh and his goons try to kill Paan Singh and his family. Most of his family manages to escape but his mother is brutally murdered, Paan Singh decides to avenge his mothers death. He becomes a baaghi who wreaks havoc in the Chambal Valley and he forms a gang of few people who are his relatives and are in problem because of Bhanwar Singh. Pann Singh then arranges money by extorting the money of kidnapped wealthy businessman of the area to arrange money, then, in order to take revenge for his brother death, he kills an 9 villager of, who became police informers and told police about his hideout
18.
National Film Award for Best Actor
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Called the State Awards for Films when established in 1954, the National Film Awards ceremony is older than the Directorate of Film Festivals. The State Awards instituted the award in 1968 as the Bharat Award for the Best Actor, in 1975. Throughout the past 45 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, until 1974, winners of the National Film Award received a figurine and certificate, since 1975, they have been awarded with a Rajat Kamal, certificate and a cash prize. The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee, as of 2016, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor, with four awards. Mithun Chakraborty and Mammootty are the two actors who have achieved the honour for performing in two languages. The former was awarded in 1977 for the Hindi film Mrigayaa, R. Ambedkar in the English film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. The most recent recipient is Akshay Kumar, who will be honoured at the 64th National Film Awards for his performance in the 2016 Hindi film Rustom, key Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India National Film Awards Archives
19.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
20.
The Lunchbox
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The Lunchbox is a 2013 Indian epistolary romantic film written and directed by Ritesh Batra, and produced by Guneet Monga, Anurag Kashyap, and Arun Rangachari. The film was produced by various studios including DAR motion pictures, UTV Motion Pictures, Dharma Productions, Sikhya Entertainment, NFDC, ROH Films, ASAP Films. It stars Irrfan Khan, Nimrat Kaur and Nawazuddin Siddiqui in lead roles, the film was screened at International Critics Week at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, and later won the Critics Week Viewers Choice Award also known as Grand Rail dOr. It was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was released in India on 20 September 2013. The film was a box-office success, the Lunchbox was nominated for the Film Not in the English Language category of the British Academy Film Awards 2015. Saajan Fernandes is a widower who is about to retire from his job as an accountant, Ila is a young wife seeking her husbands s attention and looking for ways to put romance back into her marriage, one of which is to cook delicious food for him. Through a rare mix-up of the famous dabbawalas of Mumbai, the lunchbox Ila prepares for her husband gets delivered, instead, to Saajan. Ila eventually realizes the mistake and with the advice of her neighbor aunty living in the apartment above her, writes a letter to Saajan about the mix up and places it in the lunchbox the next day. An exchange of the messages sent back and forth with the lunches ignites a friendship between the two, as they share memories and events of their own individual lives. At work, Saajan is tasked with training his replacement, Shaikh, an orphan whose incompetence initially annoys Saajan, Saajan and Shaikh gradually get to know each other better and strike a close friendship as well. At one point, Saajan saves Shaikhs job by covering for his blatant mistakes on pay orders, at home, Ila finds out that her husband is having an affair and she begins to give up hope on her marriage. In one of the letters, she suggests moving to Bhutan where the cost of living is much less than India. Saajan writes back suggesting that the two move there together, Ila then offers to meet in person at a popular food joint, but at the appointed time Saajan doesnt turn up. Upon receiving an empty lunchbox the next day, Saajan writes back to the dejected Ila and apologizes, saying that he did arrive and saw her from a distance but couldnt approach her. He explains how young and beautiful she looked, while surmising that he is too old for her, some time later, Ilas father, battling with lung cancer, dies in her mothers care. After her mother confesses how unhappy her marriage was, Ila decides to search for Saajan and she writes a last farewell message to Saajan announcing that she has decided to leave her husband and move to Bhutan with her young daughter. Irrfan Khan as Saajan Fernandes Nimrat Kaur as Ila Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Shaikh Denzil Smith as Mr. Shroff and this idea gave birth to the idea of the film, and instead of making the documentary he began writing a film script. Batra completed the first draft of the screenplay in 2011 and he was assisted by Rutvik Oza
21.
Haider (film)
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Haider is a 2014 Indian crime drama film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, and co-written by Basharat Peer and Bhardwaj. It stars Shahid Kapoor as the titular protagonist, and co-stars Tabu, Shraddha Kapoor, Irrfan Khan appears in an extended special appearance. The film is a adaptation of William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet and Curfewed Night of Basharat Peer set amidst the insurgency-hit Kashmir conflicts of 1995. Haider, a student and a poet, returns to Kashmir at the peak of the conflict to seek answers about his fathers disappearance. Haider is the installment of Bhardwajs Shakespearean trilogy after Maqbool. The direction, performances of Kay Kay Menon, Tabu and Shahid Kapoor, screenplay, film score and editing received praise, Haider was the first Indian film to win the Peoples Choice Award at the Rome Film Festival. Among several awards and nominations in India, the film won five National Film Awards, Best Male Playback Singer, Best Dialogue, Best choreography, Best Costume Design, and Best Music Direction. In 1995, during the insurgency in Kashmir, Hilaal Meer, to avoid detection, he performs the surgery at his house, much to the chagrin of his wife Ghazala, who questions his allegiance. The following day, during a raid, Hilaal is accused of harbouring terrorists. A shootout ensues at his home, during which the leader of the separatist group is killed, the doctors house is bombed subsequently to kill any other militant hiding inside. Several days later, Hilaal and Ghazalas son, Haider, returns from his Aligarh Muslim University to seek answers about his fathers disappearance, upon arrival, he is shocked to find his mother singing and laughing along with her brother-in-law, Khurram. Unable to understand his mothers behaviour, he begins searching for his father in various stations and detention camps with the help of his childhood sweetheart Arshi. Saddened by the closeness between Ghazala and Khurram, and unable to find any leads, Haider begins to lose hope. However, Arshi encounters a stranger, Roohdar, who asks her to inform Haider that he will be able to provide information about Hilaal, Haider contacts Roohdar, who turns out to be part of a separatist group. Roohdar then narrates the story of how he met Hilaal in one of the detention centers, Hilaal attributes his imprisonment to his brother, Khurram. Roohdaar then tells Haider that he wanted to pass on his fathers message to him. Thereafter, angry and swearing to avenge the injustice done to his father, Haider breaks down at his fathers gravesite and he starts to suffer from the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, shaving his head and behaving strangely. Khurram, after learning of the meeting between Haider and Roohdar, tells him that Roohdar was the one who killed his father
22.
Gunday
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Gunday is a 2014 Indian action thriller film written and directed by Ali Abbas Zafar and produced by Aditya Chopra. The film features Ranveer Singh, Arjun Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, the film starts off in the 1970s, with the introduction of 2 young boys, Bikram and Bala, who initially become gun carriers and later coal bandits. They ultimately grow up to become the most powerful goons of Calcutta, the film was released on 14 February 2014. The film also released in Bengali with a full Bengali soundtrack also composed by Sohail Sen. Though, in some of the Bengali songs and this was also the first Indian film to have its trailer premiere at the Dubai International Film Festival. The film opens with the narration of the event of the independence of Bangladesh after the third Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Amongst the desolate people affected by the partition are two kids, Bikram and Bala. A man named Lateef happens to them, offers them nourishment. The two kids agree and manage to do so successfully, using all the tricks of the trade. One day, the army officer that Lateef supplies guns to asks Lateef to leave one of the two boys behind to be his personal sex slave, or else hell forcibly take Lateefs daughter. Bikram hears this and tells Lateef that hell stay behind in order to save Bala, Bala, however, refuses to part with his best friend and comes back to save Bikram. Bala saves Bikram from the officer and they both kill him in the process - thereby becoming partners in crime. As the army chases after the duo, Lateef tries to protect the kids, Bikram and Bala arrive at Calcutta by train and begin their lives by working at a small restaurant. Bala gets into a fight with the owner who slaps him and calls him a refugee, the owner then throws both of them out. When Bikram asks a local merchant about the market price, he realizes its a great opportunity to earn easy money by looting coal from trains. Bala reimburses the restaurant owner for the cutlery, slaps the owner. As they grow up, Bikram and Bala have started looting entire coal trains to increase their market share and their main competitor is Dibakar, a coal trader. When Bikram and Bala loot one of his trains, Dibakars men try to threaten the duo. When Bikram and Bala, as promised, turn up to loot Dibakars coal-filled train, Dibakar goads them by calling them refugees, before killing Dibakar, Bikram and Bala mention they are not refugees and are Indians as well
23.
Piku
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Piku is a 2015 Indian comedy-drama film directed by Shoojit Sircar and produced by N. P. Singh, Ronnie Lahiri and Sneha Rajani and it stars Deepika Padukone as the titular protagonist, Amitabh Bachchan and Irrfan Khan, with Moushumi Chatterjee and Jisshu Sengupta portraying supporting roles. The story and screenplay was written by Juhi Chaturvedi, principal photography began in August 2014 and was wrapped up in December. Anupam Roy composed the soundtrack and score, and wrote the lyrics, Piku was released on 8 May 2015. It garnered wide acclaim upon release. Critics praised the screenplay, performances, humour and overall simplicity and it also emerged as a commercial success worldwide. Made on a budget of ₹420 million, Piku earned ₹1.41 billion worldwide, on January 11,2016, the film was nominated for Best Film in the 61st Filmfare Awards, as well as other categories. Piku Banerjee is a Bengali architect residing in Delhi, with her 70-year-old father, Bhashkor has problems with chronic constipation and traces every problem to his bowel movements. His habits often lead to quarrels with the servants and irritates Chhobi Mashi, Piku loves her father and, as her mother has died, takes good care of him but gets extremely irritated with him at times because of his eccentricities. Her colleague, Syed Afroz is a friend, and she is a regular client of Syeds friend. Rana has his own problems with his mother and sister. Piku wants to sell their home in Kolkata, Champakunj. Piku has to accompany him, since she cannot let him travel alone, Bhashkor brings up his constipation problem and decides to travel by road. Due to Piku being very problematic with other drivers of Rana, Piku, disappointed with the agency tries to book a flight, but soon, Rana arrives at their home to take the family to Kolkata himself, without informing his family about the trip. On the way, the group encounters many incidents, including Rana on the verge of losing due to Bhashkors fussy behaviour. They finally reach Kolkata, where Pikus relatives live in the old house, Piku and Rana go out in the city and gradually grow close. Rana also subtly hints not to sell the house during a discussion, Rana leaves Kolkata the next day and asks Bhashkor to stop his eccentricities which he eventually listens to. Piku changes her mind and decides not to sell the house, meanwhile, Bhashkors sudden desire to bicycle increases as he cycles through a part of the city alone, leaving everyone tense since he did not tell them about it
24.
Talvar (film)
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Talvar, released internationally as Guilty, is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Meghna Gulzar and written by Vishal Bharadwaj. The film is based on the 2008 Noida double murder case, in which a girl and her family servant were found murdered. The film stars Irrfan Khan, Konkona Sen Sharma, Neeraj Kabi, the film was produced by Junglee Pictures, the films division of The Times of India Group. Originally titled Nyodda, the title was changed to Talvar in February 2015. The film was premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival in September, Talvar presents three contradictory accounts of the case, which variously portray the parents as guilty or innocent. Meghna Gulzar has stated that her script is completely objective and unbiased, however, a few reviewers have remarked that the films Rashomon-style storytelling is designed to show the parents in a sympathetic light. At the 61st Filmfare Awards, Talvar won the Filmfare Award for Best Editing and it also won Best Adapted Screenplay at the 63rd National Film Awards. The film is based on a 2008 murder case in Noida, the familys missing 45-year-old servant Hemraj was initially sought for the murder, until his dead body was discovered in another part of the building on the following day. The police then suspected Aarushis parents, Rajesh and Nupur, for the murders, the case was then handed over to a Central Bureau of Investigation team led by Arun Kumar, who exonerated the parents, and identified another group of suspects, based on narco tests. The new suspects included a compounder who worked at the Talwars clinic, however, these suspects were not charged due to insufficient evidence. After Arun Kumars tenure at CBI ended, the case was transferred to a new CBI team, the new teams investigating officer AGL Kaul believed the parents to be guilty, but his superiors Nilabh Kishore and Javed Ahmed considered the evidence to be insufficient. In its 2010 closure report, the new CBI team identified Rajesh Talwar as the sole suspect, however, a court rejected the recommendation, and initiated proceedings against the Talwars. In 2013, the parents were convicted based on circumstantial evidence, the film starts off with an introduction of Joint Director Ashwin Kumar at the annual function of Indias premier police investigating agency, the Central Department of Investigation. At the function, his senior officers hand him over a murder case. The film then goes into a flashback of events leading to the murders, on the night of 15–16 March 2008, Shruti Tandon, a 14-year girl is found dead at her home in Sameer Vihar of Noida, by her parents Ramesh and Nutan. The local policemen, led by Inspector Dhaniram are incompetent, initially, they seek the missing servant Khempal. However, later, Khempals decomposed body is found on the terrace of the building in which the Tandons live, the police question Khempals close friend and Tandons assistant Kanhaiya. Kanhaiya tells the police that Ramesh Tandon might have involved in an extra-marital affair
25.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
26.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
27.
Filmfare Award for Best Actor
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The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954, as of 2016, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each. In January 2017, Rishi Kapoor confessed that he had purchased the Filmfare Award for Best Actor in 1974 for Rs.40,000, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan, with eight wins, have more Best Actor awards than any other actor. Amitabh Bachchan has five wins, Hrithik Roshan has four wins, six other actors have won the award in consecutive years, in chronological order, they are Rajesh Khanna, Sanjeev Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Naseeruddin Shah, Shah Rukh Khan, and Ranbir Kapoor. Three actors were nominated for both awards, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, for the same performance, Raaj Kumar for Kaajal, Ashok Kumar for Aashirwad. On both occasions, Ashok Kumar and Kamal Haasan won the Best Actor award and Raaj Kumar won the Best Supporting Actor award, Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Amitabh Bachchan and Ranbir Kapoor are the actors who won both these Best Actor awards in the same year. Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Amitabh Bachchan and Ranbir Kapoor, three actors have won the award for their debut performances, Rishi Kapoor for Bobby, Anupam Kher for Saaransh and Hrithik Roshan for Kaho Naa. Aamir Khan has the highest number of nominations, having been nominated for the Award every year from 1989 till 1997. Followed by Amitabh Bachchan being nominated eight times from 1976 to 1983 having total 15 nominations. Dilip Kumar achieved supremacy in 1950s with four wins and continued domination in 1960s with three wins, Rajesh Khanna took over in the 1970s with three wins. Naseeruddin Shah emerged successful in the 1980s with three wins, Shah Rukh Khan garnered triumph with four wins in the 1990s. Hrithik Roshan had four wins in 2000s which were the highest, Ranbir Kapoor is leading the 2010s with two wins to his credit. Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan hold the record for the highest number of Best Actor nominations in a single year, Amitabh Bachchan has been nominated thrice in 1979 and 1983 and Shah Rukh Khan in 2005. Amitabh Bachchan is the most nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, Hrithik Roshan, Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan are the only actors to be nominated twice for the same role. Hrithik Roshan achieved this twice, he was nominated for his role as Krishna Mehra in 2007 and 2014. Dhoni, The Untold Story as Mahendra Singh Dhoni Filmfare Awards Filmfare Best Actress Award Bollywood Filmfare Awards South Cinema of India Best Actor list from Filmfare
28.
The Warrior (2001 British film)
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The Warrior is a 2001 film by British-Indian filmmaker Asif Kapadia. It stars Bollywood actor Irrfan Khan as Lafcadia, a warrior in feudal Rajasthan who attempts to give up the sword, the film is in Hindi and was filmed in Rajasthan, India. Kapadia started work on the 2001 film within a year of graduating from the Royal College of Art, even though this was his first feature film, The Warrior was produced by companies from the UK, Germany and France. At the BAFTA Awards it won the Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film and it was also selected as the UKs entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was rejected by the Academy on the grounds that the Hindi language is not indigenous to Britain. Festival screenings include, London, Edinburgh, Rotterdam, Montreal, Karlovy Vary, Pusan, Gothenburg, Mumbai, Kolkata, the Warrior at the Internet Movie Database The Warrior at Rotten Tomatoes
29.
The Namesake (film)
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The Namesake is a 2006 Indian-American drama film which was released in the United States on 9 March 2007, following screenings at film festivals in Toronto and New York City. It was directed by Mira Nair and is based upon the novel of the name by Jhumpa Lahiri. The film received reviews from American critics. The film takes place primarily in Kolkata, New York City, the story begins as Ashoke and Ashima leave Calcutta and settle in New York City. Through a series of miscues, their sons nickname, Gogol, becomes his official birth name, the story chronicles Gogols cross-cultural experiences and his exploration of his Indian heritage, as the story shifts between the United States and India. Gogol becomes as a lazy, pot smoking teenager indifferent to his cultural background and he resents many of the customs and traditions his family upholds and doesnt understand his parents. After a summer trip to India before starting college at Yale, Gogol starts opening up to his culture, after college, Gogol uses his good name Nikhil. He works as an architect and dates Maxine, a woman from a wealthy background. Gogol falls in love with Maxine and introduces her to his parents and they are hesitant and guarded when meeting her. Gogol gets along with Maxines family and feels closer to them than he does his own family, before he goes to Ohio for a teaching apprenticeship, Ashoke tells Gogol the story of how he came up with his name. Shortly after, while Gogol is vacationing with Maxines family, Ashoke dies, grieving, Gogol tries to be more like what he thinks his parents want him to be and begins following cultural customs more closely. He grows distant from Maxine and eventually breaks up with her, Gogol rekindles a friendship with Moushumi, the daughter of family friends. They begin dating and soon after get married, however, the marriage is short lived as Moushumi, bored with being a wife, begins having an affair with an old boyfriend from Paris. Gogol divorces her, while Ashima blames herself for pressuring Gogol to marry a fellow Bengali, Gogol returns home to help Ashima pack the house when he finds the book Ashoke gave him as a graduation present. Searching for comfort, and accepting his new life alone, Gogol finally reads the stories written by his namesake on the train home. As well as depicting Gogol/Nikhils experiences, the film describes the courtship and marriage of Ashima and Ashoke, through experiencing his fathers funeral rites on the banks of the Ganges, Gogol begins to appreciate Indian culture. Ashimas decision to move on with her life, selling the family home and returning to Calcutta, unifies. Initially Rani Mukerji and Abhishek Bachchan were considered for the principal leads, kal Penn was recommended to the novel by John Cho and strongly requested by Nairs son, who was a fan of Penn in Harold and Kumar
30.
The Darjeeling Limited
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The film was released on October 26,2007 by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film received favorable reviews from critics and earned $35 million on a $17.5 million budget. A businessman in India fails to catch his train — called The Darjeeling Limited — as it pulls out of a station, he is beaten to it by a younger man, Peter Whitman. Peter reunites with brothers Francis and Jack on board, the three having not seen each other since their fathers funeral a year prior, Francis has recently survived a near-fatal motorcycle accident, and thus wishes to reconnect with his brothers on a journey of spiritual self-discovery. With the help of his assistant, Brendan, Francis draws up an itinerary for the trip. The three also continue to grieve over their fathers death, carrying bags and suitcases marked with his initials, the train takes the brothers through the countryside and to various Hindu temples, though animosity builds as Jack and Peter become annoyed with Francis controlling behavior. During the trip, Jack makes calls to listen to messages left on his ex-girlfriends answering machine, Francis eventually reveals that they will be meeting with their mother, who has become a nun living in a convent in the Himalayas. Peter and Jack are upset, knowing that they wouldnt have come if Francis had told this earlier, the tension finally comes to a head and the three fight on the train, disturbing the other passengers. The Chief Steward, whom the brothers have repeatedly annoyed, has thrown off with all their luggage. Brendan subsequently quits and returns to the train after giving the boys a letter from their mother, the brothers thus decide to leave India, go their separate ways, and never return. After trekking through the wilderness, the brothers see three young boys fall into a river while attempting to pull a raft across it, Jack and Francis rescue two of the boys, but Peter fails to save the third, who dies. They carry the back to the boys village, where they spend the night and are warmly treated. It is revealed that their fathers death was a result of him being hit by a taxi, and that their mother did not attend the funeral. Back in the present, the brothers arrive at the airport, but just as they are about to board the plane and they then reach the convent, where their mother is surprised but happy to see them. That night, after the brothers confront their mother for abandoning them, the brothers awake the next morning to find their mother gone, leaving them their breakfast. They decide not to wait for her to return, at the station, the three brothers run for another train called Bengal Lancer and gleefully discard all their fathers suitcases and bags to catch it. On board, Francis offers to return Peter and Jack their passports, Anderson has revealed that The River by Jean Renoir, the films of Satyajit Ray and documentaries on India by Louis Malle were his inspirations for this movie. The film was dedicated to Ray and makes allusions to him, much of the film was shot in Jodhpur, Rajasthan
31.
Slumdog Millionaire
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Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a adaptation of the novel Q & A by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18. As a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to each question. Regarded as a hit, Slumdog Millionaire was widely acclaimed, being praised for its plot, soundtrack. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight—the most for any 2008 film—including Best Picture, Best Director and it won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics Choice Awards and four Golden Globes. 18-year-old Jamal Malik, an Indian Muslim from the Juhu slum, is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and is one question away from the grand prize. Jamal recounts, through flashbacks, the incidents in his life which provided him with each answer, as they flee the riot, they meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the third musketeer, the three are found by Maman—a gangster who tricks and then trains street children into becoming beggars. When Salim discovers Maman is blinding the children in order to them more effective beggars, he flees with Jamal. Latika fails to board the train as Salim purposefully lets go of her hand and this resulted in her being recaptured by Maman. At Jamals insistence, they return to Mumbai to find Latika, discovering that she is being raised by Maman to be a prostitute, to him soon a high price. The brothers rescue her, and while escaping Maman they shoot him to death, Salim then manages to get a job with Javed—Mamans rival crime lord. Back at their room, Salim orders Jamal to leave him, when Jamal refuses, Salim draws a gun on him, whereas Latika persuades Jamal to obey his brother and go away. Years later, Jamal, now a tea-boy in an Indian call centre, searches the database for Salim. He fails in finding Latika, while succeeding in finding Salim, Jamal reproaches Salim, who then pleads for forgiveness, and offers him to stay in his luxurious apartment. Jamal later bluffs his way into Javeds residence to reunite with Latika but as he professes his love for her, Jamal nevertheless promises to wait for her every day at five oclock at the VT station. Latika attempts to him there, but is recaptured by Javeds men, led by Salim, and once Javed moves to another house, outside Mumbai
32.
New York, I Love You
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New York, I Love You is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama anthology consisting of eleven short films, each by a different director. The short films all relate in some way to the subject of love, and are set among the five boroughs of New York City. The film is a sequel of sorts to the 2006 film Paris, je taime, which had the same structure, and is the second film in the Cities of Love franchise, created and produced by Emmanuel Benbihy. Unlike Paris, je taime, the films of New York, I Love You all have a unifying thread. New York, I Love You premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008, rotten Tomatoes reported that 35% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 96 reviews with an average score of 5/10. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars saying in his review, By its nature, New York and it remains the sum of its parts. A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review claiming Not that the 11 shorts in New York, I Love You are all that bad. Its a nice-looking city, after all, even if the interstitial skyline, lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film 1 star claiming there were two additional segments that have since been cut. So youll have to wait for the DVD to see just how bad Scarlett Johanssons directing debut is, erica Abeel of The Hollywood Reporter writes New York, I Love You continues the Cities of Love series that began with Paris, je taime far surpassing it. The vignettes are tied together into a single feature through a recurrent character, and transitional elements -- choreographed by 11th director Randy Balsmeyer -- move the viewer from one world to another, uniting all these intimate stories into a single shimmering fabric. With younger, less-tested directing talent, the film plays down the delineation between one directors work and another, opting to blend them through loosely interconnected characters here and there, and theres no question that Manhattan looks ever-vibrant and beautiful. The film grossed $1,588,015 in the United States
33.
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
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The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, and sharing the title of the characters longest-running comic book of the same name. It is the fourth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, the film was directed by Marc Webb. The film tells the story of Peter Parker, a teenager from New York who becomes Spider-Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider, Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard, from spreading a mutation serum to the citys human population. Development of the film began with the cancellation of Spider-Man 4 in 2010, during pre-production, the main characters were cast in 2010. New designs were introduced from the comics, such as artificial web-shooters, using Red Digital Cinema Camera Companys RED Epic camera, principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City. The film entered post-production in April 2011, 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing, and Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI. This was also the final American film to be scored by James Horner and released during his lifetime, Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website, releasing many previews and launched a viral marketing campaign, among other moves. Tie-ins included a game by Beenox. The film premiered on June 30 in Tokyo, and was released in the United States on July 3 in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D and released in home media in November 2012. The film was a box office success, grossing over $757 million worldwide, becoming the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2012, the films sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released on May 2,2014. This film included Marc Webb and most of the first film main cast who returned to their previous roles, a young Peter Parker discovers his father Richard Parkers study has been burgled. Peters parents gather hidden documents and take Peter to the home of his Aunt May, years later, a teenaged Peter attends Midtown Science High School, where he is bullied by Flash Thompson and has caught the eye of Gwen Stacy. At home, Peter finds his fathers papers and learns his father worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors at Oscorp, sneaking into Oscorp, Peter enters a lab where a biocable is under development from genetically modified spiders, one of which bites him. He later discovers he has developed spider-like abilities, such as sharp senses, reflexes, Connors is being pressed by his superior, Dr. Ratha, to devise a cure for the dying head of Oscorp, Norman Osborn. In school, Peter gets into trouble after a challenge with Flash in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass. His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal and asks Peter to walk May home for him that night, Peter forgets to do so, distracted while at Oscorp helping Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse. At home, he and Ben argue and and Peter leaves, at a nearby deli, a cashier refuses to let Peter buy milk when Peter is two cents short, when a thief suddenly raids the store, Peter indifferently observes. While searching for Peter, Ben attempts to stop the thief and is killed, the thief escapes as Peter finds Ben dead on the sidewalk
34.
Life of Pi (film)
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Life of Pi is a 2012 American survival drama film based on Yann Martels 2001 novel of the same name. Directed by Ang Lee, the adapted screenplay was written by David Magee, and it stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu, Adil Hussain. The film had its premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28,2012. Life of Pi emerged as a critical and commercial success, earning over US$609 million worldwide and it was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards which included the Best Picture – Drama and the Best Director and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. At the 85th Academy Awards it had eleven nominations, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay, in Canada, novelist Yann Martel meets Pi Patel, who has been told that Pis life story would be a good subject for a book. Pi tells his story to Yann, Pis father names him Piscine Molitor after the pool in France. In secondary school in Pondicherry, he adopts the name Pi to avoid the sound-alike nickname Pissing Patel and his mother supports his desire to grow, but his father, a rationalist, tries to convert him. Pis family owns a zoo, and Pi takes interest in the animals, after Pi gets dangerously close to Richard Parker, his father forces him to witness the tiger killing a goat. When Pi is 16, his father announces that they must move to Canada, the family books passage with the animals on a Japanese freighter. During a storm, the ship founders while Pi is on deck and he tries to find his family, but a member of the crew throws him into a lifeboat. A freed zebra jumps onto the boat with him, breaking its leg as it lands, the ship is submerged into the Mariana Trench with the crew and his family. Pi sees what appears to be a survivor, but it turns out to be Richard Parker, after the storm, Pi awakens in the lifeboat with the zebra, and is shortly joined by a surviving orangutan. A spotted hyena emerges from a tarpaulin covering half of the lifeboat and snaps at Pi and it kills the zebra and later the orangutan. Richard Parker emerges from under the tarpaulin, killing the hyena and attempting to kill Pi, Pi fashions a small tethered raft from flotation vests which he retreats to for safety from Richard Parker. Despite his moral code against killing, he begins fishing, enabling him to sustain the tiger as well, when the tiger jumps into the sea to hunt for fish, Pi considers letting him drown, but ultimately helps him back into the boat. One night, a humpback whale breaches near the boat, destroying the raft, Pi trains Richard Parker to accept him in the boat, and realizes that caring for the tiger is also keeping himself alive. Weeks later they encounter an island of interconnected trees. It is a jungle of edible plants, fresh water pools
35.
Jurassic World
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Jurassic World is a 2015 American science-fiction adventure film and the fourth installment of the Jurassic Park series. The film was directed and co-written by Colin Trevorrow, produced by Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley, the production companies were Steven Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment, also responsible for the rest of the Jurassic Park franchise, and Thomas Tulls Legendary Pictures. The park plunges into chaos when a genetically created dinosaur breaks loose, following a suggestion from Spielberg, writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver explored the idea of a functional dinosaur park. Once Trevorrow was hired as director in 2013, he followed the idea while developing a whole new script with Derek Connolly. Principal photography rolled from April to August 2014, primarily in Louisiana while also using the original Jurassic Park filming locations in Hawaii, Jurassic World was released on June 12,2015, in over 60 countries. After a record-breaking opening weekend where it grossed $500 million worldwide, a sequel is scheduled for release on June 22,2018. Following the demise of dinosaur-themed Jurassic Park, Jurassic World, a new resort opened in its place in Isla Nublar years later, has become a successful tourist destination. The Masrani Global Corporation – owner of the genetics company InGen that creates the dinosaurs – has been operating the park on the island for the past ten years. Brothers Zach and Gray Mitchell visit Jurassic World to see their aunt Claire Dearing, Claire, a busy workaholic, assigns her assistant Zara to be their guide, but the boys evade her and explore the resort on their own. Owen Grady, a Navy veteran, has been researching the intelligence of the parks Velociraptors, InGen security chief Vic Hoskins believes the raptors should be trained for military use despite Owens objections. Park owner Simon Masrani has Owen evaluate the paddock of the new hybrid dinosaur, Indominus rex. Owen warns Claire about the danger of raising Indominus in isolation, when the staff learns that the Indominus appears to have escaped its paddock, Owen and two others enter the enclosure. Able to camouflage itself and mask its heat signature, the Indominus suddenly appears and devours Owens companions before escaping into the islands interior, Owen orders the Indominus to be killed, but Masrani instead sends a specialized unit to capture it. When most of the unit is killed, Claire orders the evacuation of the northern sector. While exploring in a ride, Zach and Gray enter a restricted area. The nearby Indominus attacks and destroys their sphere, but both manage to escape to the ruins of the original Jurassic Park visitor center and they repair an old Jeep Wrangler and drive back to the park resort. While Claire and Owen are searching for the boys, they encounter the Indominus, the pterosaurs then attack the resort itself, and in the chaos, Zara falls into the nearby lake and is devoured by a Mosasaurus. Gray and Zach eventually find Owen and Claire at the resort as armed personnel subdue the pterosaurs with tranquilizers, assuming command, Hoskins orders that the raptors be used to track the Indominus, Owen is forced to accept Hoskins plan and lead the raptors
36.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
37.
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It was founded on 18 November 1726 by Maharaja Jai Singh II, as of 2011, the city has a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City of India, Jaipur is located 260 km from the Indian capital New Delhi. Jaipur forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Agra, Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur, Jaisalmer Udaipur. and Mount Abu. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II and he planned to shift his capital from Amer,11 km from Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, the city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates, during the rule of Sawai Ram Singh, the city was painted pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876. Many of the avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance, in the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its industries were the working of metals and marble. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college and a school opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C, during the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10–15 °C and with little or no humidity. The city was planned according to Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727, there are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol, the gate is called Chand pol. The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, the urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, the Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, according to provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350
38.
Muslim
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A Muslim is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran, their book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad as recorded in traditional accounts, Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits. Most Muslims will accept anyone who has publicly pronounced Shahadah as a Muslim, the shahadah states, There is no god but the God and Muhammad is the last messenger of the God. The testimony authorized by God in the Quran that can found in Surah 3,18 states, There is no god except God, which in Arabic, is the exact testimony which God Himself utters, as well as the angels and those who possess knowledge utter. The word muslim is the active participle of the verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M to be whole. A female adherent is a muslima, the plural form in Arabic is muslimūn or muslimīn, and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt. The Arabic form muslimun is the stem IV participle of the triliteral S-L-M, the ordinary word in English is Muslim. It is sometimes transliterated as Moslem, which is an older spelling, the word Mosalman is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central Asia. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans, although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist, musulmán/Mosalmán is a synonym for Muslim and is modified from Arabic. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage, the Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said, A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God. Islam means making ones religion and faith Gods alone. The Quran states that men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values. Thus, in Surah 3,52 of the Quran, Jesus disciples tell him, We believe in God, and you be our witness that we are Muslims. In Muslim belief, before the Quran, God had given the Tawrat to Moses, the Zabur to David and the Injil to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets. The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12. 7% of the worlds Muslims, followed by Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Egypt. About 20% of the worlds Muslims lives in the Middle East and North Africa, Sizable minorities are found in India, China, Russia, Ethiopia. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its population is Morocco
39.
Pashtuns
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The Pashtuns /ˈpʌʃˌtʊnz/ or /ˈpæʃˌtuːnz/, historically known by the exonyms Afghans, and Pathan, are an ethnic group native to Afghanistan and North-Western Pakistan. They are generally classified as Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistically, who use Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali, the origin of Pashtuns is unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Pakthas between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who may be their early ancestors. Their history is mostly spread amongst various countries of South and Central Asia, as the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, Pashtuns have been the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years. The Barakzai dynasty played a role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires. There have been many notable Pashtun people throughout history, Ahmad Shah Durrani is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Under Amanullah Khan, Afghanistan was able to pursue an independent foreign policy, some others include Malala Yousafzai, Shah Rukh Khan, Hamid Karzai, and Imran Khan. They are an important community in Pakistan, which has the largest Pashtun population, Pashtuns attained presidency there and high rankings in sports. They are the worlds largest segmentary lineage ethnic group, according to Ethnologue, the total population of the group is estimated to be around 50 million but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. Estimates of the number of Pashtun tribes and clans range from about 350 to over 400, additional Pashtun communities are located in western and northern Afghanistan, the Gilgit–Baltistan and Kashmir regions and northwestern Punjab province of Pakistan. There are also sizeable Muslim communities in India, which are of largely Pashtun ancestry, throughout the Indian subcontinent, they are often referred to as Pathans. Smaller Pashtun communities are found in the countries of the Middle East, such as in the Khorasan Province of Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, important metropolitan centres of Pashtun culture include Peshawar, Quetta, Kandahar, Jalalabad, Kunduz, and Lashkar Gah. The cities of Kabul and Ghazni in Afghanistan are home to around 25% Pashtun population while Herat, with as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Sindh, Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns in the world. In addition, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore also have sizeable Pashtun populations, about 15% of Pakistans nearly 200 million population is Pashtun. In Afghanistan, they are the largest ethnic group and make up between 42-60% of the 32.5 million population. The exact figure remains uncertain in Afghanistan, which is affected by the 1.5 million or more Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan. Another one million or more Afghans live in Iran, a cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 49 million individuals all across the world. A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the system of tribes. Despite this, many people identify themselves with various clans
40.
Tonk district
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Tonk District is a district of the state of Rajasthan in western India. The city of Tonk is the headquarters of the district. Tonk is on National Highway 12,100 km from Jaipur and it is in the northeastern part of the state between 75.19 and 76.16 East longitude and 25.41 and 26.24 North latitude. The total area is 7194 km2 and it is one of the four districts headquarters of Rajasthan state that are not directly connected with rail. The nearest railway station, Newai, is within the district but is 30 km from the district headquarters, in 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Tonk one of the countrys 250 most backward districts. It is one of the 12 districts in Rajasthan receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund, most of the population depends on agriculture. There are seven sub-divisions and tehsils, Deoli, Malpura, Newai, Todaraisingh, Tonk, Uniara, Tonk is Nagar-Parishad while Deoli, Malpura, Newai, Todaraisingh and Uniara are Nagar-Palikas. There were 1093 villages in the according to the 2001 census. According to the 2011 census Tonk district has a population of 1,421,711 and this gives it a ranking of 347th in India. The district has a density of 198 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 17. 33%, Tonk has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 62. 46%
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Tire
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A tire or tyre is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, provide traction between the vehicle and the road providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock. The materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon black. They consist of a tread and a body, the tread provides traction while the body provides containment for a quantity of compressed air. Before rubber was developed, the first versions of tires were bands of metal fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraft. Metal tires are used on locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber tires are still used in various non-automotive applications, such as some casters, carts, lawnmowers. The etymology of tire is that the word is a form of attire. The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron, nevertheless, traditional publishers continued using tire. The Times newspaper in Britain was still using tire as late as 1905, the spelling tyre began to be commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK. However, over the course of the 20th century, tyre became established as the standard British spelling, the earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron, placed on wooden wheels, used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a fire, placed over the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work, the outer ring served to tie the wheel segments together for use, providing also a wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word tire thus emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the bands used to tie wheels. The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson, however, this never went into production. The first practical pneumatic tire was made in 1888 on May Street, Belfast, by Scots-born John Boyd Dunlop and it was an effort to prevent the headaches of his 10-year-old son Johnnie, while riding his tricycle on rough pavements. His doctor, John, later Sir John Fagan, had prescribed cycling as an exercise for the boy, Fagan participated in designing the first pneumatic tires. In Dunlops tire patent specification dated 31 October 1888, his interest is only in its use in cycles, in September 1890, he was made aware of an earlier development but the company kept the information to itself
