1.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
2.
CNSAD
–
The Conservatoire national supérieur dart dramatique is Frances national drama academy in Paris. Its alumni include Juliette Binoche, Carole Bouquet, Isabelle Huppert, Olivier Martinez, the Conservatoire was founded as a part of the Conservatoire de Paris in 1795, making it the oldest acting school in Continental Europe. It split in 1946, one school for the arts. The Conservatoire offers a study program, with the CNSAD diploma awarded on completion. The school admits approximately thirty students per year, as well as some invited foreign trainees, the school has a rigorous three-round competitive selection process, with only two percent to three percent of applicants gaining admittance. A stage directing program was launched in 2001, le Conservatoire, the schools main building, is located on the rue du Conservatoire in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. Its famous theatre, built in 1811 by the architect Delannoy, was the site of Hector Berliozs debut opera, as well as the first French performances of Beethovens Third and Fifth Symphonies
3.
National Order of Merit (France)
–
The National Order of Merit is a French order of merit with membership awarded by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle. It comprises about 187,000 members worldwide, the President of the French Republic is the Grand Master of the order and appoints all its members by convention on the advice of the Government of France. The order has a common Chancellor and Chancery with the Legion of Honour, every Prime Minister of France is made a Grand cross of the order after 24 months of service. The medal of the order is a six-armed Maltese asterisk in gilt enamelled blue, the obverse central disc features the head of Marianne, surrounded by the legend République française. The reverse central disc has a set of crossed tricolores, surrounded by the name of the order, the badge is suspended by a laurel wreath. The star is worn by Grand-Croix and Grand Officier respectively, it is a twelve-armed sunburst, the central disc features the head of Marianne, surrounded by the legend République française and the name of the Order, and in turn surrounded by a wreath of laurel. The ribbon for the medal is a blue field. For the grade of Officier and above, a rosette is centered in the field, for the grades of Commandeur, Grand Officier, and Grand-Croix, the rosette is centered bar of silver, silver and gold, and a solid gold respectively
4.
Legion of Honour
–
The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
5.
The Lacemaker
–
The Lacemaker is a 1977 French drama film directed by Claude Goretta and starring Isabelle Huppert and Yves Beneyton. It is based on the 1974 Prix Goncourt winning novel La Dentellière by Pascal Lainé, in Paris, the shy and virginal Béatrice lives with her mother and works in a hairdressing salon, where her only friend is the lively Marylène. Left by her lover, Marylène suggests that the two take a holiday by the sea at Cabourg. There Marylène soon goes off with a new man, leaving Béatrice on her own, befriended by the shy student François, the two become lovers and Béatrice moves into his room in Paris. Though he introduces her to his parents and his intellectual friends. Her deep reserve begins to annoy him and they split up, losing interest in life, she ends up in a mental hospital. Full of remorse, François visits her but she wants nothing, in her silent anonymity, she is like the unknown girls in paintings such as the Lacemaker. Isabelle Huppert on screen and stage The Lacemaker at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress
–
The Best Actress Award is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival. It is chosen by the jury from the films in competition at the festival. It was first awarded in 1946, the ceremony was cancelled in 1948,1950, and 1968. No awards were given to actresses in 1947, on four occasions, the jury has awarded multiple women the prize from one film. The four films were A World Apart, Brink of Life, A Big Family, the jury also on occasion cites actresses with a special citation that is separate from the main award. From 1979 to 1981 the festival awarded a Best Supporting Actress prize. Isabelle Adjani is the actress to ever win the award for two films in one festival, which she did in 1981. The award can be for lead or supporting roles, barbara Hershey won the award consecutively in 1987 and 1988. ‡ - indicates the performance was nominated for an Academy Award 2 wins Vanessa Redgrave – Morgan
7.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
8.
The Piano Teacher (film)
–
At the 2001 Cannes Film Festival it won the Grand Prix, with the two leads, Isabelle Huppert and Benoît Magimel, winning Best Actress and Best Actor. Erika Kohut is a professor at a Vienna music conservatory. Although already in her forties, she lives in an apartment with her domineering mother. Her father is a resident in a psychiatric asylum. The audience is gradually shown truths about Erikas private life, behind her assured façade, she is a woman whose sexual repression is manifested in a long list of paraphilia, including voyeurism and sadomasochistic fetishes such as sexual self-mutilation. When Erika meets Walter Klemmer, a charming 25-year-old engineering student from a middle class background, even though she initially attempts to prevent consistent contact and even tries to undermine his application to the conservatory, he eventually becomes her pupil. Like her, he appreciates and is an interpreter of Schumann. She does so by hiding shards of glass inside one of Annas coat pockets, damaging her right hand, Erika then pretends to be sympathetic when Annas mother asks for advice on her daughters recuperation. In a moment of irony, the girls mother rhetorically asks Erika who could do something so evil. Walter pursues Erika into a lavatory immediately after she has ruined her pupils hand. Walter passionately kisses Erika even though she is rebuffing him, Erika finally responds to his passion, but insists on repeatedly controlling, humiliating and frustrating Walter. Walter is increasingly insistent in his desire to start a relationship with Erika, but Erika is only willing if he will satisfy her masochistic fantasies. The film climaxes, however, when he attacks her in her apartment in the fashion she let him know she desired, beating and then raping her, outside her mothers bedroom door. The next day, Erika takes a knife to the concert where she is scheduled to fill in for the injured Anna. She delays going to the stage because she is desperate to see Walter, moments before the concert is due to start, Erika stabs herself superficially in the shoulder and exits the concert hall into the street. Isabelle Huppert as Erika Kohut Benoît Magimel as Walter Klemmer Annie Girardot as The Mother Susanne Lothar as Mrs. Schober Udo Samel as Dr. A
9.
Volpi Cup for Best Actress
–
The Volpi Cup is the principal award given to actresses at the Venice Film Festival and is named in honor of Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata, the founder of the festival. The award winner is selected by the jury from the films in the competition slate. The official name of the award has changed several times over the course of the years, the awards given from 1983 to 1987 were not Coppa Volpis but rather square plaques. The award can be given for lead or supporting performances, there are additional awards given within the festival that recognize acting performances. From 1993 to 1995 the festival awarded a Best Supporting Actress prize that is included below, the main Best Actress Award resumed in 1983
10.
Venice Film Festival
–
The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition
11.
Story of Women
–
The film premiered at the 45th Venice International Film Festival, in which Isabelle Huppert was awarded the prize for best actress. It has been cited as a favorite by filmmaker John Waters, under the German military administration in occupied France during World War II. Paul Latour is a prisoner of war in Germany and his wife Marie lives hand-to-mouth with their two children in a squalid flat, a neighbour, whose husband is also in Germany, has fallen pregnant and is trying to lose the baby. Other women come to her and she starts charging, Marie also confessed to wanting to be a famous singer. Despite her husbands return, she will not resume relations and she sees him as emasculated, and less than a man. Although he cannot find work, he rents a bigger flat so that the two can have some privacy, Marie not only has more space for her illicit business but lets a prostitute use a room during the day. She also starts an affair with a collaborator. When one of the abortions goes wrong, the woman dies, Marie shrugs off the tragedy and hires a maid to help, suggesting that part of her duties can be to sleep with Paul. After returning home early and witnessing Marie and her lover asleep together, he sends an anonymous denunciation to the police, a recent law of the Vichy régime, determined to enforce morality and stop population decline, has made abortion a treasonable crime. Marie is condemned to death and guillotined, before being arrested, she visits a music teacher, who tells her that she was a great voice, fulfilling both prophecies of the fortune teller. In 1990 it won the Sant Jordi Award, the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Film and was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film. Isabelle Huppert on screen and stage 1988 in film Cinema of France French films of 1988 Story of Women at the Internet Movie Database Story of Women at AllMovie
12.
Loulou (film)
–
Loulou is a 1980 French drama film directed by Maurice Pialat, starring Isabelle Huppert and Gérard Depardieu. For Loulou, Pialat was nominated for the Golden Palm award at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. In a disco with her husband André, a man who owns a small advertising agency in which she works, Nelly meets Loulou. She spends the night with him in a hotel, next day André orders her out of his spacious apartment, so she moves into a hotel room with Loulou, who she supports as he does not believe in work. When she becomes pregnant, she rents an apartment for them which Loulou fills with his criminal friends. Her well-off brother tries to get her to see sense, but she just wants Loulou, when Loulou and his gang take her to Sunday lunch with his mother, there is a frightening confrontation with his psychotic brother-in-law who starts firing a shotgun. Realising at last the impossibility of having the child, Nelly has an abortion, Loulou is hurt, but the film ends as it began with the two staggering home drunk
13.
8 Women
–
8 Women is a 2002 French dark comedy musical film, written and directed by François Ozon. Trapped in the house, every woman becomes a suspect, each having her own motive, Ozon initially envisioned a remake of George Cukors 1939 film The Women, but eventually settled on Thomass Huit femmes after legal obstacles prevented him from doing so. Set primarily in the hall of a manor house, the film recreates much of the plays original theatrical feel. It also serves as a pastiche of and homage to the history of film, the films premiere was held on 8 January 2002 in Paris, where filming had taken place. 8 Women competed for the Golden Bear at the 52nd Berlin International Film Festival, released to generally positive reviews, with major praise for the stars, the film was nominated for twelve César Awards, including Best Film. At the 2002 European Film Awards, the film was nominated for six awards, including Best Film and Best Director, the film is set in the 1950s in a large country residence as a family and its servants are preparing for Christmas. When the master of the house is discovered dead in his bed with a dagger in his back, over the course of the investigation, each woman has a tale to tell and secrets to hide. Their conversation drifts to the subject of the patriarch of the family, Marcel, the singing wakes up Suzon and Catherines aunt Augustine, who initiates arguments with the rest of the family and the two servants, eventually returning upstairs and threatening to commit suicide. Mamy jumps out of her trying to stop her, haphazardly explaining her ability to walk as a Christmas miracle. Augustine is eventually calmed down, and she sings her song of longing, the maid takes a tray upstairs, finds Marcels stabbed body, and screams. Catherine goes up to see what has happened and locks the door, the others finally go up to Marcels room to see him stabbed in the back. Catherine tells the others that they should not disturb the room until the police arrive, realizing that the dogs did not bark the night before the incident, it becomes clear that the murderer was known to the dogs and therefore must be one of the women in the house. Attempting to call the authorities, they find that the line has been cut. Before that can do so, the women are distracted by the announcement that someone is roaming the garden, someone whom the guard dogs are not chasing. The person turns out to be Marcels sister Pierrette, a singer who is also rumored to be a prostitute. When questioned, she claims that she received a telephone call in which she was informed her that her brother was dead. She sings A quoi sert de vivre libre, commenting on her sexual freedom and it is realized that she has been to the house before, as the dogs did not bark and she knew immediately which room belonged to her brother, making her the eighth potential killer. The women try to start the car, and find that it has been sabotaged, cutting them off from help until the storm subsides, the women spend their time trying to identify the murderer amongst them
14.
Gabrielle (2005 film)
–
Gabrielle is a 2005 French film directed by Patrice Chéreau. It is a adaptation of Joseph Conrads short story The Return. Jean Harvey and his wife Gabrielle are renowned within Paris haute bourgeoisie for the salons they host each Thursday evening, Jean and Gabrielle live a comfortable yet regimented life in a well-appointed Paris mansion, assisted by a retinue of devoted servants. Yet their marriage is more of a contract than a relationship, Jean confides to the audience that he loves Gabrielle as a collector loves his most prized object. On their 10th anniversary, Jean comes home to find a note from Gabrielle in which she writes that within the hour she will have left to meet her lover, Jean spends several minutes digesting the meaning of the note. Gabrielle returns shortly, though, and Jean and Gabrielle reflect on their marriage for the remainder of the film, Gabrielle opened in the United States on July 14,2006 at the Lincoln Plaza Cinemas and the IFC Center in Manhattan. It was also available that weekend to many cable subscribers throughout the U. S. via video on demand through IFC. Subsequent release dates were July 28,2006 in Boston and August 4,2006 in Los Angeles, for a Couple at Belle Époques Close, Its Getting Brutal. The New York Times, p. B8
15.
Amour (2012 film)
–
Amour is a 2012 French-language romantic drama film written and directed by the Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke, starring Jean-Louis Trintignant, Emmanuelle Riva and Isabelle Huppert. The narrative focuses on a couple, Anne and Georges. Anne suffers a stroke which paralyses her on the side of her body. The film is a co-production among the French, German, and Austrian companies Les Films du Losange, X-Filme Creative Pool, Amour was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme dOr. At the age of 85, Emmanuelle Riva is the oldest nominee for Best Actress in a Leading Role, at the 25th European Film Awards, Amour was nominated in six categories, winning in four, including Best Film and Best Director. At the 47th National Society of Film Critics Awards it won the awards for Best Film, Best Director, at the 66th British Academy Film Awards it was nominated in four categories, winning for Best Leading Actress and Best Film Not in the English Language. Emmanuelle Riva became the oldest person to win a BAFTA, at the 38th César Awards it was nominated in ten categories, winning in five, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress. They return home to find someone has unsuccessfully tried to break into their apartment. The next morning while they are eating breakfast, Anne silently suffers a stroke and she sits in a catatonic state, not responding to Georges. She comes around as Georges is about to get help, Georges thinks she was playing a prank on him. Anne is unable to pour herself a drink, Anne undergoes surgery on a blocked carotid artery, but the surgery goes wrong, leaving her paralyzed on her right side and confined to a wheelchair. She makes Georges promise not to send her back to the hospital or into a nursing home, Georges becomes Annes dutiful, though slightly irritated, caretaker. One day, Anne tells Georges that she doesnt want to go on living, however, she soon suffers a second stroke that leaves her demented and incapable of coherent speech. Georges continues to look after Anne, despite the strain it puts on him, Georges begins employing a nurse three days a week. Their daughter, Eva, wants her mother to go into care and he employs a second nurse, but fires her after he discovers she is mistreating his wife. One day, Georges sits next to Annes bedside and tells her a story of his childhood, as he reaches the storys conclusion, he picks up a pillow and smothers her. Georges returns home with bundles of flowers in his hands, which he proceeds to wash and he picks out a dress from Annes wardrobe and writes a long letter. He tapes the bedroom door shut and catches a pigeon which has flown in from the window, in the letter, Georges explains that he has released the pigeon
16.
Heaven's Gate (film)
–
Heavens Gate is a 1980 American epic Western film written and directed by Michael Cimino. Loosely based on the Johnson County War, it portrays a fictional dispute between land barons and European immigrants in Wyoming in the 1890s. It is generally considered one of the biggest box office bombs of all time, Cimino had an expensive and ambitious vision for the film, pushing it nearly four times over its planned budget. In the decades since the release however, general assessment of Heavens Gate has become more positive, the reception of the 1980 re-edit after poor test screenings has later been characterized as one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history. The BBC ranked Heavens Gate 98th on their 100 greatest American films of all-time list, in 1870, two young men, Jim Averill and Billy Irvine, graduate from Harvard College. The Reverend Doctor speaks to the graduates on the association of the mind with the uncultivated. Irvine, brilliant but obviously intoxicated, follows this with his opposing, a celebration is then held after which the male students serenade the women present, including Averills girlfriend. Twenty years later, Averill is passing through the town of Casper, Wyoming. Nate Champion – a friend of Averill and an enforcer for the stockmen – kills a settler for suspected rustling and dissuades another from stealing a cow. At a formal meeting, the head of the Association, Frank Canton, tells members, including a drunk Irvine, of plans to kill 125 named settlers, as thieves. Irvine leaves the meeting, encounters Averill, and tells him of the Associations plans, as Averill leaves, he exchanges bitter words with Canton. Canton slaps Averill across the face, which is immediately retaliated and that night, Canton recruits men to kill the named settlers. Ella Watson, a Johnson County bordello madam from Quebec who accepts stolen cattle as payment for use of her prostitutes, is infatuated with both Averill and Champion. Averill and Watson skate in a crowd, then alone, in an enormous roller skating rink called Heavens Gate. Averill gets a copy of the Associations death list from a baseball-playing U. S. Army captain and later reads the names aloud to the settlers, who are thrown into terrified turmoil. Cully, a master and friend of Averills, sees the train with Cantons posse heading north. Later, a group of men come to Watsons bordello and rape her, all but one are shot and killed by Averill. Champion, realizing that his landowner bosses seek to eliminate Watson, goes to Cantons camp and shoots the remaining rapist, Canton and his men encounter one of Champions friends leaving a cabin with Champion and his friend Nick inside, and a gunfight ensues
17.
I Heart Huckabees
–
I ♥ Huckabees is a 2004 American philosophical comedy-drama film directed and produced by David O. Russell, who co-wrote the screenplay with Jeff Baena. A self-named existential comedy, I ♥ Huckabees follows a couple of detectives, as the different investigations cross paths, their rival and nemesis tries to drag their clients into her own views on the meaning of their lives. It also features the debuts of Jonah Hill and Ger Duany. Albert Markovski is a man who heads the local chapter of an environmental group. One of their current projects is an attempt to stop the building of a new Huckabees store, Albert is a rival of Brad Stand, a shallow power executive at Huckabees. Brad infiltrates Open Spaces and charismatically displaces Albert as the leader, Dawn Campbell is Brads live-in girlfriend and the face and voice of Huckabees, she appears in all of the stores commercials. After seeing the same conspicuous stranger three times, Albert contacts two existential detectives, Bernard and Vivian Jaffe, the detectives offer Albert their optimistic brand of existentialism—they name it universal interconnectivity —and spy on him, ostensibly to help him solve the coincidence. Bernard and Vivian introduce Albert to Tommy Corn, an obsessively anti-petroleum firefighter, Tommy is assigned to Albert as his other. Tommy grows dissatisfied with the Jaffes, feeling that they are not helping him and she teaches them to disconnect their inner beings from their daily lives and their problems, to synthesize a non-thinking state of pure being. In order to prove her point, Caterine takes Albert to go and have sex in the woods, Tommy finds out about the two of them being together and feels hurt. Caterine tells him that they found each other all of the human suffering. Tommy rejects this idea and leaves them furious and lost, meanwhile, in Brads further attempts to undercut Albert, he and Dawn meet with and are influenced by Bernard and Vivian. All the storylines collide when Brads house catches fire, while the fire trucks get stuck in a traffic jam, Tommy comes on his bicycle to put out the fire, which incidentally trapped Dawn inside. As he saves her life, the two fall in love, meanwhile, Brad despairs at the destruction of his house, the symbol of his material success. Albert attains a sort of enlightenment when he synthesizes the two opposing outlooks of the Jaffes and Vauban to realize the truth of everything. Brad, meanwhile, is fired from Huckabees, leaving him rudderless, Albert reveals to Brad that he burned Brads jet skis, and the fire spread to the house. Having realized this, he refers Brad to Caterine, hoping she will help him as she did Albert, Albert and Tommy talk later about everything that has happened. As the two talk, Caterine and the Jaffes watch them, concluding that they can close both of their cases, in an interview with the SuicideGirls website, director Russell said in response to the question How do you describe I Heart Huckabees
18.
The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby
–
The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby is the collective title of three films written and directed by Ned Benson. The films star Jessica Chastain and James McAvoy, and are Bensons first feature film project, the Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby is broken into three films, Him, Her, and Them. Him and Her were screened at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival as a work in progress, Them premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Them premiered in the United States on September 12,2014, while Him, all three films follow the same time period, but are told from the differing perspectives of Conor Ludlow and Eleanor Rigby, a young married couple living in New York. Him looks at their relationship from Conors angle, while Her follows Eleanors, Them has the two separate films edited into a linear story, this is the version used for DVD and Blu-ray releases and broadcasting. Conor spends his days working in his restaurant while his wife Eleanor returns to college for further education, during the course of their daily lives, the couple encounters a life changing event that threatens the stability of their marriage. Eleanors parents named her after the Beatles song Eleanor Rigby, as they met waiting for a rumored Beatles concert in New York that never happened, while on a date Connor reveals to his date, Eleanor that he doesnt have enough money to pay for their meal. Years later Connor runs a pub and is married to Eleanor, on a break, he visits Eleanor in their apartment, where she is depressed and confined to her bed after the death of their son. She tells him that she dreamed that he had an affair, Connor is upset by what she is saying, but dismisses it. The following day returning home, he finds the apartment empty, at the hospital, Eleanor tells him she wants to separate and asks him to let her disappear for a while. Shortly after, Eleanor disconnects her phone and cuts off all communication, unable to live in their apartment alone, Connor moves back in with his father. While discussing the failure of his marriage with his best friend Stu, Stu reveals to Connor that he saw Eleanor and believes she is taking classes at NYU. Eventually, he goes to one of her classes and passes her a note saying Hi. Eleanor leaves the class, Connor is hit by a taxi cab as he leaves and Eleanor stays with him until the ambulance arrives. After going over the bills for his restaurant, Connor realizes they are losing money, depressed, he has a one-night stand with Alexis, the bartender of his restaurant. Shortly after, Eleanor comes by the pub and the two rent a car and go for a drive and he tells her that he will be packing up their apartment the following week as he can no longer hold onto it. When it begins to rain and the windshield wipers dont work the two begin to kiss but Connor confesses he has slept with someone else, the two return to the city. Connor throws a party for his restaurant. While there he sees a couple on a date and notices that they try to dine
19.
Louder Than Bombs (film)
–
Louder Than Bombs is a 2015 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Joachim Trier, and co-written with Eskil Vogt. The film stars Jesse Eisenberg, Gabriel Byrne, Isabelle Huppert, David Strathairn and it was selected to compete for the Palme dOr at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. It has also selected to be shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It won the Nordic Council Film Prize, on 29 August, the film was postponed indefinitely due to financial problems. On 5 February 2014, Arte France Cinema was on board to finance the film, on 4 September, Strathairn and Ryan joined the cast of the film. On 9 September, Brosnahan joined the film to play Eisenbergs characters ex-girlfriend, on 21 August 2014, it was reported that the crews started the preparations for the shooting of the film on Northern Boulevard in Bayside, New York. The eight-week of filming began on 4 September 2014, in New York City, Louder Than Bombs has received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 73% approval rating based on 106 reviews, the general consensus being, Louder Than Bombs finds director Joachim Trier using a capable cast in pursuit of some lofty dramatic goals, even if his ambitions occasionally evade his grasp. Metacritic, which assigns an average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics. Louder Than Bombs at the Internet Movie Database Louder Than Bombs at Box Office Mojo Louder Than Bombs at Rotten Tomatoes Louder Than Bombs at Metacritic
20.
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
21.
Mary Stuart (play)
–
Mary Stuart is a verse play by Friedrich Schiller that depicts the last days of Mary, Queen of Scots. The play consists of five acts, each divided into several scenes, the play had its première in Weimar, Germany on 14 June 1800. The play formed the basis for Donizettis opera Maria Stuarda, Mary Stuart is imprisoned in England — nominally for the murder of her husband Darnley, but actually due to her claim to the throne of England held by Queen Elizabeth I. While Marys cousin, Elizabeth, hesitates over signing Marys death sentence, after Mary finds out that Mortimer, the nephew of her custodian, is on her side, she entrusts her life to him. Mortimer is supposed to give Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester and this is a delicate situation, for Leicester seems to support Queen Elizabeth. After numerous requests, Mary finally gains the opportunity to meet Queen Elizabeth and this meeting ends in an acrimonious argument, caused by Marys unwillingness to submit entirely to Elizabeths wish. The argument leads to the suspicion that the cause of reprieve will not succeed. To complicate matters further, Mortimer plans to free Mary from the prison by force, a version of the unsuccessful Babington Plot. Queen Elizabeth eventually persuades herself to sign Marys death warrant, Elizabeth insists that her only reason for signing is the pressure from her own people to do so. The signed warrant is handed to Queen Elizabeths undersecretary Davison without any instructions on what to do with it. In the process, Elizabeth transfers the burden of responsibility to him, fully aware that he in turn will hand over the warrant to Lord Burleigh, Burleigh demands the signed document from Davison, who — despite his uncertainty — eventually hands it to him. As a result, Burleigh has Mary executed, the play ends with Elizabeth blaming both Burleigh and Davison for Marys death, Lord Shrewsbury resigning his honors and Leicester leaving England for France. Elizabeth is left alone as the curtain falls. Using Peter Oswalds new translation, it was directed by Phyllida Lloyd and starred Janet McTeer as Mary, Queen of Scots, the production transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Londons West End, where it also played a sold-out engagement from late 2005 into January 2006. The production opened on Broadway on 30 March 2009, officially 19 April and it earned seven Tony Award nominations including Best Revival of a Play. The L. A. Morgan Sheppard as Talbot, Christopher Neame as Davison, Shellagh Cullen as Hanna Kennedy, the Faction Theatre Company, as part of a repertory season, staged an adaptation of Mary Stuart at the New Diorama Theatre in London in early 2012. The production was the third Schiller play translated and adapted by Daniel Millar and Mark Leipacher, on 23 September 2012, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a production translated by David Harrower, adapted for radio by Robin Brooks and produced/directed by Gaynor Macfarlane. The cast included Meg Fraser as Mary, Alexandra Mathie as Elizabeth, Matthew Pidgeon as Mortimer, Robin Laing as Leicester, Richard Greenwood as Burleigh, mortimers on-stage suicide has had its dangers
22.
Sydney Theatre Company
–
Sydney Theatre Company is an Australian theatre company based in Sydney, New South Wales. The company performs in The Wharf Theatre at Dawes Point in The Rocks area of Sydney, as well as the Roslyn Packer Theatre, Sydney Theatre Company was formed in December 1978, following the closure of The Old Tote Theatre Company the month before. Butcher established its identity and managerial structure, and proposed the name. With John Clark as the Artistic Adviser of the first season, the first production, by The Paris Company, was A Cheery Soul, by Patrick White, Australias Nobel Laureate for Literature, directed by Jim Sharman, featuring Robyn Nevin as Miss Docker. In June 1979, Richard Wherrett, then one of Nimrod Theatres co-Artistic Directors, was appointed Artistic Director of STC to plan and organise activities for the 1980 season. The first STC-produced play was The Sunny South,1 January 1980, by George Darrell, with music by Terence Clarke, directed by Richard Wherrett, in its early years the company operated out of several rented premises around the city, producing 38 productions in five separate venues. Elizabeth Butcher, STC Administrator, was given the task of finding one location that could all the activities of the company. The Wharf was officially handed over to STC in a ceremony on 13 December 1984. The first STC production in The Wharf Theatre,17 January 1985, was Late Arrivals, by Pamela van Amstel, the play was part of a season of one-act plays called Shorts at the Wharf. Directors working regularly for STC include Gale Edwards, Barrie Kosky, David Berthold, Neil Armfield, Benedict Andrews, many Australian actors who would later find wider success both locally and internationally such as Hugo Weaving, Geoffrey Rush and Toni Collette have established their careers in STC productions. The Sydney Theatre Company operates out of a site of the wharf area of Sydney Harbour. The program goes beyond infrastructure projects to include employees, environmentally responsible theatre production, community engagement, the program won two Green Globe Awards. Culture of Sydney Wharf Revue Meyrick, Julian, see How It Runs Nimrod and the New Wave. Sydney, Currency Press in association with Cambridge University Press, the floor of heaven my life in theatre. Sydney Theatre Company website Greening the Wharf project video explanation
23.
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 16th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. It includes a concentration of museums between the Place du Trocadéro and the Place dIéna, the Bois de Boulogne, the second-largest public park in Paris, is also located in this arrondissement. The land area of this arrondissement is 16.305 km2, excluding the Bois de Boulogne, its land area is 7.846 km2. It is the largest arrondissement in Paris in terms of land area, the 16th arrondissement population peaked in 1962, when it had 227,418 inhabitants. At the last census, the population was 169,372, the 16th arrondissement contains a great deal of business activity, in 1999 it hosted 106,971 jobs. It is also the arrondissement in Paris to be divided into two separate postal codes. The southern part of the arrondissement carries a postal code of 75016, four Fortune Global 500 have their head offices in this arrondissement, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Kering, Lafarge, and Veolia. In addition Lagardère and Technip have their headquarters in this arrondissement, at one time Aérospatiale had its head office in the arrondissement. This scene was shot on Avenue dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, a notorious serial murder case, which generated an international media circus, centered in the 16th arrondissement during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The focal point of the case was French doctor Marcel Petiot, on 11 March 1944, Petiots neighbors complained to police of a foul stench in the area and of large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house, in the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains. Following an investigation, during which time Petiot attempted to evade capture and he was convicted of 26 counts of murder and sentenced to death. On 25 May, Petiot was beheaded, after a stay of several days due to a problem in the mechanism of the guillotine. International schools, Russian Embassy School of Paris, on the grounds of the Russian Embassy in Paris, colegio Español Fecerico García Lorca, a Spanish international primary school owned by the Spanish government The Spanish secondary school, Liceo Español Luis Buñuel, is located in Neuilly sur Seine. The two campuses of the International School of Paris Kingsworth International School The Université Paris-Dauphine is in the arrondissement, the renowned classes préparatoires establishment Intégrale, Institut denseignement supérieur privé have one of their campuses in the arrondissement. The École de langue japonaise de Paris, a supplementary Japanese education programme, is held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, the school has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France in the 8th arrondissement. Media related to Paris 16e arrondissement at Wikimedia Commons 16th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
24.
Given name
–
A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
25.
Ville-d'Avray
–
Ville-dAvray is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.9 km from the center of Paris, the commune is served by the Boulogne-Billancourt prefecture, of the Hauts-de-Seine department. Ville-dAvray contains no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network, the closest station to Ville-dAvray is Sèvres – Ville dAvray station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. This station is located in the commune of Sèvres,0.8 km from the town center of Ville-dAvray. Jean Rostand was a French biologist and philosopher who lived in Ville-dAvray, active as an experimental biologist, Rostand became famous for his work as a science writer, as well as a philosopher and an activist. His work in the area of cryogenics gave the idea of cryonics to Robert Ettinger, landscape painter Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot maintained a residence in the village and used the area as a subject for several paintings including Ville dAvray in 1867. Actress Isabelle Huppert spent her childhood in Ville-dAvray, French author and musician Boris Vian was born in the town in 1920. Literary historian and critic, essayist, novelist and poet, member of the French Academy, the village is the location of a former technical school focused on the aerospace sector, though now associated with the University of Paris. To celebrate their ongoing commitment to engineering, a scale model of a Dassault Mirage 2000 fighter jet is set out in the courtyard. Primary schools in the commune, Groupe scolaire Jean Rostand Groupe scolaire La Ronce Maternelle Halphen Collège La Fontaine du Roy is within the commune and it is served by the public high school Lycée Jean Pierre Vernant in Sèvres. Sundays and Cybele Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department List of works by James Pradier Sculptures in parish church INSEE Ville-dAvray town council website
26.
Jews
–
The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
27.
Austria-Hungary
–
The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies, and one region, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal, Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states. Austria-Hungary was a state and one of the worlds great powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2, the Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was annexed in 1908. The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as a state religion due to Bosnias Muslim population. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I and it was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The realms full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, the division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship, one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, however, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and it is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, the administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungarys central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government, the country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848, despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities. Since the beginnings of the union, the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian, from 1527 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories
