1.
Beecroft railway station
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Beecroft railway station is located on the Main Northern line, serving the Sydney suburb of Beecroft. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Northern Line services, the original Beecroft station opened on 17 September 1886 approximately adjacent to the current Beecroft tennis courts, relocating north to its present site on 7 Match 1892. The disused down platform was demolished in the early 1990s, a disused dock platform for produce was located to the west of the platform. As part of the North Sydney Freight Corridor project, a passing loop opened to the west of the station in June 2016. Media related to Beecroft railway station at Wikimedia Commons Beecroft station details Sydney Trains
2.
Railway platform
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A railway platform is a section of pathway, alongside rail tracks at a railway station, metro station or tram stop, at which passengers may board or alight from trains or trams. Almost all rail stations have some form of platform, with larger stations having multiple platforms, the term platform has also gained usage as a verb among some rail conductors, as in, The first two cars will not platform at. The term railway platform can also mean any type of freight platform beside a rail siding for loading/unloading freight to/from rail cars. The most basic form of platform consists of an area at the level as the track. This would often not be considered a true platform, the more traditional platform is elevated relative to the track but often lower than the train floor, although ideally they should be at the same level. On the London Underground some stations are served by both District line and Piccadilly line trains, and the Piccadilly trains have lower floors. A tram stop is often in the middle of the street, usually it has as a platform a refuge area of a height to that of the sidewalk. The latter requires extra care by passengers and other traffic to avoid accidents, both types of tram stops can be seen in the tram networks of Melbourne and Toronto. A train station may be served by heavy-rail and light-rail vehicles with lower floors and have a dual- height platform, platform types include the bay platform, side platform, split platform and island platform. A bay platform is one at which the track terminates, i. e. a dead-end or siding, trains serving a bay platform must reverse in or out. A side platform is the usual type, alongside tracks where the train arrives from one end. An island platform has through platforms on both sides, it may be indented on one or both ends, with bay platforms, to reach an island platform there may be a bridge, a tunnel, or a level crossing. The climb up to the bridge or down to the tunnel may use stairs, ramps, escalators, lifts, or a combination of the above. Some, such as London Waterloo East, use instead of numbers, some, such as Paris-Gare de Lyon, use letters for one group of platforms. Usually platform numbering is a numbering of the areas in the station. In some cases, tracks used only for traffic without platform access also have a number. In North America, reference is made to a track. The term platform is used in the US, but a single island platform may have access to two tracks
3.
Track (rail transport)
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with a system such as an overhead electrical power line or an additional electrified rail. The term permanent way also refers to the track in addition to structures such as fences etc. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via baseplates that spread the load, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tieplate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads, timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications, the track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing and lining to restore the desired track geometry. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track, in its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete with the rails supported directly on its upper surface. There are a number of systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab. Many permutations of design have been put forward, however, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance, some rubber-tyred metros use ballastless tracks
4.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
5.
Tram stop
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A tram stop, tram station, streetcar stop, or light rail station is a place designated for a tram, streetcar, or light rail vehicle to stop so passengers can board or alight it. Generally, tram stops share most characteristics of bus stops, but because trams operate on rails, they often include railway platforms, however, trams may also be used with bus stop type flags and with mid-street pavements as platforms, in street running mode. Most tram or streetcar stops in Melbourne and Toronto and other systems with extensive sections of street-running have no associated platforms, with stops in the middle of the roadway pavement. In most jurisdictions, traffic cannot legally pass a tram or streetcar whose doors are open, on the other hand, several light rail systems have high-platform stops or stations with dedicated platforms at railway platform height. Reasons for this include systems being created from former rail routes. Such trams also stop at dedicated platform stops on Stadtbahns in Germany, not all tram stops are served full-time. In the 1920s, Toronto created Sunday stops in addition to stops along its streetcar routes. Sunday stops were only used on a Sunday and, with few exceptions, were always near a Christian church, there were also a few Sunday stops near subway stations that were usable only before 9 am, the Sunday opening time of the subway system. However, the Toronto Transit Commission decided to close all Sunday stops on June 7,2015, the TTC found that Sunday stops slow down streetcars making it more difficult to maintain schedules. Also, Sunday stops were also unfair to non-Christian places of worship which never had the equivalent of a Sunday stop, by 2015, most Sunday stops were along current and former streetcar routes. The design of tram stops have seen many recent innovations, the Dubai Tram, bus stop Street running Train/railway station
6.
Bus rapid transit
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Bus rapid transit is a bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the flexibility, lower cost, the first BRT system was the Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, which entered service in 1974. This inspired many similar systems around Brazil and the world, such as TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia, as of November 2016, a total of 207 cities in six continents have implemented BRT systems, accounting for 5,468 km of BRT lanes. The Latin American countries with the most daily ridership are Brazil, Colombia, in the other regions, China and Iran also stand out. Currently, TransJakarta considered as the longest BRT route in the world with approximately 210 kilometres length connecting the Indonesian capital city, BRT uses buses on a wide variety of rights-of-way, including mixed traffic, dedicated lanes on surface streets, and busways separated from traffic. Critics have charged that the bus rapid transit has sometimes been misapplied to systems that lack most or all the essential features which differentiate it from conventional bus services. The first BRT system in the world was the Rede Integrada de Transporte, implemented in Curitiba, Brazil, most of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Curitiba Mayor Architect Jaime Lerner. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning in Porto Alegre, in the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburghs South Busway, operating on 4.3 miles of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the Martin Luther King Jr, east Busway in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of 9.1 miles, traffic signal preemption, and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the West Busway,5.1 miles in length in 1990, new Orleans ran buses on Canal Street in a dedicated right of way beginning in the 1960s. This style of service was maintained until 2004 when streetcar service was restored on this 4-mile route segment, in 1995, Quito, Ecuador, opened trolleybus BRT. The success of TransMilenio spurred other cities to develop high quality BRT systems, in January 2004 the first BRT in Asia, TransJakarta, opened in Jakarta, Indonesia. As of 2015, at 210 kilometres, it is the longest BRT system in the world, africas first BRT system was opened in Lagos, Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered as a light BRT system by many people. Johannesburg’s BRT, Rea Vaya, was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, Rea Vaya and MIO were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure. BRT systems normally include most of the features, Bus-only lanes make for faster travel. Separate rights of way may be elevated, in a cutting, or in a tunnel, Transit malls or bus streets may also be created in city centers. Centre of roadway or bus-only corridor keeps buses away from the busy curb-side, fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus, eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board. Prohibiting turns for traffic across the bus lane significantly reduces delays to the buses, Bus priority will often be provided at signalized intersections to reduce delays by extending the green phase or reducing the red phase in the required direction compared to the normal sequence
7.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
8.
Cut (earthmoving)
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In civil engineering, a cut or cutting is where soil or rock material from a hill or mountain is cut out to make way for a canal, road or railway line. In cut and fill construction it keeps the route straight and/or flat, contrary to the general meaning of cutting, a cutting in construction is mechanically excavated or blasted out with explosives. Some cuts are make on one side of a slope, others directly through the middle or top of a hill, generally, a cut is open at the top. A cut is the opposite of an embankment, cuts are typically used to reduce the length and the grade of a route. Cuts can be created by multiple passes of a shovel, grader, scraper or excavator, or by blasting, one unusual means of creating a cut is to remove the roof of a tunnel through daylighting. Material removed from cuts is ideally balanced by material needed for fills along the same route, the word is also used in the same sense in mining, as in an open cut mine. The term cutting appears in the 19th century literature to designate rock cuts developed to moderate grades of railway lines, railway Ages Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary defines a cut as a passage cut for the roadway through an obstacle of rock or dirt. There are at least two types of cut, sidehill cut and through cut, the former permits passage of a transportation route alongside of or around a hill, where the slope is transverse to the roadway. A sidehill cut can be formed by means of sidecasting, i. e. cutting on the high side balanced by moving the material to build up the low side to achieve a flat surface for the route. In contrast, through cuts, where the adjacent grade is higher on both sides of the route, require removal of material from the area since it cannot be dumped alongside the route. S. Route 23 in Kentucky Cut-and-cover Embankment Trench Dashrath Manjhi Flying arch, use of a dummy arch bridge to stabilise cutting walls against landslip
9.
Clapham Common tube station
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Clapham Common is a London Underground station in Clapham within the London Borough of Lambeth. It is on the Northern line, between Clapham North and Clapham South stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2. The station is at the tip of Clapham Common and was opened in June 1900 as the new southern terminus of the City & South London Railway. It remained the terminus until the Morden extension was opened in 1926, the station has two entrances, one at the west via a domed building dating from the 1920s, and one at the east via a modern curved-steel and glass pavilion. Clapham Common is one of two remaining stations on the underground that has an island platform in tunnel serving both the northbound and southbound lines, the other being Clapham North. Clapham Common is one of eight London Underground stations that have a deep-level air-raid shelter underneath them, both entrances to the shelter are north of the station on Clapham High Street. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–6 minutes between 06,09 and 00,21 in both directions. The station is served by London Bus routes 35,37,50,88,137,155,249,322,345,417,689 and 690, and by night routes N35, N137 and N155. For 2 weeks in September 2016, all of the used in the station were replaced by photos of cats. This was a paid for on crowdfunding site Kickstarter and organized by an organisation called The Citizens Advertising Takeover Service. In January 2017, as part of the initiative Veganuary, PETA took over the station informing and encouraging commuters to adopt veganism for the month, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Station in 1925
10.
Angel tube station
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Angel is a London Underground station in the Angel area of the London Borough of Islington. It is on the Bank branch of the Northern line, between Old Street and Kings Cross St. Pancras stations, in Travelcard Zone 1, the station was originally built by the City & South London Railway and opened on 17 November 1901. The station served as a terminus until the line was extended to Euston on 12 May 1907, the station was rebuilt in the early 1990s to accommodate the large number of passengers using the station. As a result, the station has a southbound platform, the longest escalators on the Underground network. It is also a station on the Crossrail 2 proposed line. It is also the nearest station to the campus of City University and Chapel Market, a London street market. Between Angel and Old Street is the disused City Road station, Angel station was originally built by the City & South London Railway, and opened on 17 November 1901 as the northern terminus of a new extension from Moorgate. The station building was designed by Sydney Smith and was on the corner of City Road, on 12 May 1907, the C&SLR opened a further extension from Angel to Euston and Angel became a through station. Access to the platforms from street level was via three Euston Anderson electric lifts before the rebuilding of the station. When the C&SLR line was closed for reconstruction in the early 1920s to accommodate larger trains, the station façade was reclad with tiling. For years since its opening, the station suffered from overcrowding and had a very narrow island platform. Consequently, the station was rebuilt in the early 1990s. Because of the distance between the new entrance and the platforms, and their depth, two flights of escalators were required, aligned approximately at a right angle, the stations ticket hall has a sculpture of an Angel by Kevin Boys. Angel is also one of the number of stations to have only access to the platforms. With a vertical rise of 27 metres and a length of 60 metres, Angel station has the longest escalators on the Underground, the station was refurbished and work began on 2 January 2007. Additional CCTV cameras and Help Points were installed, bringing the total to 77 cameras in the station and 9 Help Points to better aid hearing-impaired passengers, in addition, new communications equipment was introduced and damaged signs were replaced with new ones. When Angel was opened, a long siding was provided for train stabling, converging from the left onto the northbound line just south of the station. This was retained over the years but eventually it was closed on 23 January 1959 to simplify through running, the siding lay derelict and unused until the rebuilding scheme
11.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
12.
Union station (TTC)
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Union is a rapid transit station on Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway and RT in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1954 as one of original stations on the citys first section of subway. The station is terminus of the 509 Harbourfront and 510 Spadina streetcar routes. Union Station is located on Front Street between the Yonge Street and University Avenue sections of the line and it directly connected to the railway station and regional bus terminal of the same name. Based on Torontos street grid, Union is the southernmost subway station, however, using compass directions, Kipling. Union connects the subway with GO Transit, Via Rail, Union Pearson Express trains, wi-fi service is available at this station. North side entrances, Street-level stairs on north side of Front Street, Underground connection from Royal Bank Plaza Underground connection from Brookfield Place South side entrances,2 street-level staircases on south side of Front Street. Outdoor connections via the moat to Union railway station The station opened as the terminus of the original Yonge subway line on March 30,1954. On February 28,1963, Union became a station with the opening of the University section of the Yonge–University line. On June 22,1990, Union became the terminus of route 604 Harbourfront LRT, a new underground streetcar platform was built south of the subway tracks, connected to the station concourse by a 30-metre pedestrian tunnel and a flight of stairs. Elevators were installed in 1996, making Union one of the first wheelchair-accessible subway stations in Toronto, an elevator was added to the streetcar platforms, even though streetcars were not accessible themselves. By the time accessible streetcars began serving the station in 2014, on August 18,2014, a second subway platform was opened to serve Yonge line trains, leaving the existing platform to serve only University line trains. Flexity Outlook streetcars started to serve Union from route 510 Spadina on October 12,2014, as a result, passengers are now required to have Proof-of-payment to depart Union by streetcar. In 2003, planning began on an expansion to address overcrowding in the station. Despite being one of the busiest stations in the system, the station had only one island platform serving both the University and Yonge lines, and a small concourse area. The resulting plan was to build a new platform on the south side of the tracks to serve the Yonge line. This new platform would feature a level connection to the streetcar platform, the project also included significantly expanding the concourse level and replacing all finishes. Preparatory work began in 2006, and construction began in February 2011, the new second platform opened on August 18,2014
13.
Toronto subway
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The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It is a system consisting of three heavy rail lines operating predominantly underground and one elevated light metro line, collectively encompassing 69 stations and 68.3 kilometres of track. It accommodated an average of 1,066,100 passenger trips each weekday during the quarter of 2015. There are 4 rapid transit lines in Toronto plus another under construction, Line 1 Yonge–University, is the longest and busiest rapid transit line in the system. It opened as the Yonge subway in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, Today, the line is U-shaped having two northern terminals looping on its southern end via Union Station. An 8. 6-kilometre, six-station extension of Line 1 north to Vaughan is under construction, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, opened in 1966, runs parallel to Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue between Kipling Station in Etobicoke and Kennedy Station in Scarborough. There is a plan to extend Line 2 eastwards from Kennedy Station to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 3 Scarborough is an above-ground medium-capacity rail line serving the citys eponymous suburban district. The line runs from Kennedy Station to McCowan Station passing Scarborough Town Centre and this is the only rapid transit line in Toronto to use Intermediate Capacity Transit System technology. There is a plan to close and dismantle Line 3 after Line 2 is extended to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 5 Eglinton is a 19-kilometre light rail line under construction scheduled to open in 2021. The line will have 25 stations of which 15 will be underground, here is a list of line, extension and station openings on the Toronto subway system. Canadas first subway, the Yonge subway, opened in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, the line ran under or parallel to Yonge Street between Eglinton Avenue and Union Station. It replaced the Yonge streetcar line, Canadas first streetcar line, in 1963, the line was extended under University Avenue north to Bloor Street to connect with the Bloor-Danforth subway at the double-deck St. George Station. In 1974, the line was extended from Eglinton Station north to Finch Station, the Spadina segment of the line was constructed north from St. George Station initially to Wilson Station in 1978, and eventually to Downsview Station in 1996. Part of the Spadina segment runs in the median of an expressway, four decades of extensions gave the line a U-shaped route running from its two northern terminals and looping on its southern end at Union Station. As of 1996, the line was 30.2 kilometres long, opened in 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway runs east-west under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. It replaced the Bloor streetcar line, initially, the subway line ran between Keele Station to Woodbine Station. In 1968, the line was extended west to Islington Station and east to Warden Station, opened in 1985, the Scarborough RT is a light metro line running from Kennedy Station to McCowan station. The TTC started to construct the line to use Canadian Light Rail Vehicles and this line was never extended, and the current plan is to close and dismantle the line, replacing it with an extension of Line 2 to Scarborough Town Centre
14.
Umeda Station
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Umeda Station is a railway station located in Kita-ku in the northern commercial center of Osaka, Japan. It is the busiest station in Western Japan, serving 2,343,727 passengers daily in 2005, the nearby stations Ōsaka, Kitashinchi, Nishi-Umeda and Higashi-Umeda are within walking distance and connected by a large complex of underground malls. The underground Umeda terminal of Hanshin Electric Railway is located south of Ōsaka Station, the Hanshin station first opened on December 21,1906 as a ground level station and moved to the present underground location on March 21,1939. There are five bay platforms and four tracks on the second basement, there are east ticket gates on the second basement and center ticket gates and west ticket gates on the first basement. The Umeda terminal of Hankyu Railway is located northeast of Ōsaka Station, the station first opened on March 10,1910, as a ground-level station. The original location of the station was southeast of Ōsaka Station, the station was elevated on July 5,1926. When Ōsaka Station was elevated in 1934, Hankyus elevated tracks were forced to be removed, the switching of tracks were carried out on June 1,1934. This station facility was used until November 28,1971, when the move of station to the present location was completed and this move was because of a sharp increase of transit, which forced Hankyu to operate 8-car trains. The existence of JNR tracks on the end of the 1934 station prevented the expansion of the station so that the station could not handle long trains. After the opening of the current huge elevated station, spaces around and beneath the station, one of the symbols of the commercial complex surrounding the station is the BIG MAN video screen above the Kinokuniya bookshop, common and necessary places to meet in this bustling railway station. The Hankyu Department Store, built next to the station in 1929, was a pioneer of the business model of department stores run by urban railway companies in Japan. The store is still in business at the location even after the move of the station. There are ten bay platforms serving nine tracks on the third floor, there are south ticket gates on the third floor and center ticket gates and on Chayamachi ticket gates on the second floor. Umeda is the point of three lines of the municipal subway, the Midōsuji Line, the Tanimachi Line and the Yotsubashi Line. Among them, only the Midōsuji Line station is named Umeda, the Tanimachi Line station is Higashi-Umeda and the Yotsubashi Line station is Nishi-Umeda. These three stations are connected each other by underground walkways. Regular tickets of the subway, Surutto Kansai cards and IC cards are valid until the passenger gets out the ticket barrier of the station, Umeda Station on the Midōsuji Line started its operation on May 20,1933, as a temporary station. The station was moved to the present location on October 6,1935, originally the station with an island platform and two tracks was built amid one tunnel, but on November 5,1989, the station was expanded to a tunnel that existed next to the station
15.
Osaka Municipal Subway
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In 2010 the greater Osaka region had 13 million rail passengers daily of which the Osaka subway accounts for 2.29 million. It is operated by the Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau, despite this, the Osaka Municipal Subway has characteristics typical of that of a full-fledged metro system. The Midōsuji Line is the main and busiest line in the subway network. Each station is numbered by the letter the train starts with. All directional signs are written in Japanese and English, local businesses near the next station are then announced in Japanese. The Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line, Imazatosuji Line and Sennichimae Line all have platform screen doors, unlike other rapid transits in Japan, Osaka Municipal Subway uses third rail system as its primary electric system for trains. The Osaka Municipal Subways first service, the Midōsuji Line from Umeda to Shinsaibashi, a proposal to privatize the Osaka subway was sent to the city government in February 2013, is still under consideration. The privatization would bring private investors to Osaka and could help revive Osakas economy, the subway could be valued at over 600 billion yen. Osaka Municipal Subway rolling stock is divided into conventional electric motored trains and linear motored trains.9 kilometers and serving 123 stations, Osaka Municipal Subway charges fares of between 180 yen and 370 yen for single rides for adult passengers based on distance traveled. On April 8,1970, a gas explosion occurred during the construction of the Tanimachi Line at Tenjimbashisuji Rokuchōme Station, killing 79 people and injuring 420. The gas leaked out from a joint and filled the tunnel and exploded, creating a fire pillar of over 10 meters and destroyed 495 houses. Transportation in Greater Osaka List of Osaka Municipal Subway stations List of metro systems Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau Osaka Municipal Subway route map
16.
Northern line
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The Northern line is a London Underground line, coloured black on the Tube map. The section between Stockwell and Borough opened in 1890, and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the network, for most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. There were about 252,310,000 passenger journeys in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it the second-busiest line on the Underground. Despite its name, it does not serve the northernmost stations on the network, though it does serve the southernmost station, there are 50 stations on the line, of which 36 have platforms below ground. An extension in the 1920s used a route planned by a fourth company. Abandoned plans from the 1920s to extend the line further southwards, from the 1930s to the 1970s, the tracks of a seventh company were also managed as a branch of the Northern line. The C&SLR, Londons first deep-level tube railway, was built under the supervision of James Henry Greathead and it was the first of the Undergrounds lines to be constructed by boring deep below the surface and the first to be operated by electric traction. The railway opened in November 1890 from Stockwell to a station at King William Street. This was inconveniently placed and unable to cope with the traffic so, in 1900. By 1907 the C&SLR had been extended at both ends to run from Clapham Common to Euston. The CCE&HR was opened in 1907 and ran from Charing Cross via Euston and Camden Town to Golders Green and it was extended south by one stop to Embankment in 1914 to form an interchange with the Bakerloo and District lines. In 1913 the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, owner of the CCE&HR, took over the C&SLR, during the early 1920s, a series of works was carried out to connect the C&SLR and CCE&HR tunnels to enable an integrated service to be operated. The first of new tunnels, between the C&SLRs Euston station and the CCE&HRs station at Camden Town, had originally been planned in 1912 but had been delayed by World War I. The second connection linked the CCE&HRs Embankment and C&SLRs Kennington stations and provided a new station at Waterloo to connect to the main line station there. The smaller-diameter tunnels of the C&SLR were expanded to match the diameter of the CCE&HR. In conjunction with the works to integrate the two lines, two extensions were undertaken, northwards to Edgware in Middlesex and southwards to Morden in Surrey. The Edgware extension used plans dating back to 1901 for the Edgware and it extended the CCE&HR line from its terminus at Golders Green to Edgware in two stages, to Hendon Central in 1923 and to Edgware in 1924. The line crossed open countryside and ran on the surface, apart from a tunnel north of Hendon Central
17.
Kent House railway station
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Kent House railway station is on the Chatham Main Line in England, serving part of the Penge and Beckenham areas in the London Borough of Bromley, south London. It is 7 miles 66 chains down-line from London Victoria and is situated between Penge East and Beckenham Junction and it takes its name from the nearby Kent House farm, historically the first house in Kent after crossing the Surrey border. The station and most trains that call are operated by Southeastern, as part of the Bromley South Metro service, Kent House is in Travelcard Zone 4. The line was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway on 1 July 1863 and it lies above street level, where the booking office is situated, there is a subway and stairs to the platforms. On 3 February 1993, an IRA bomb was detonated on a train from Victoria to Ramsgate, a warning had been given and everybody was safely evacuated before the explosion but the damage to the carriage was considerable. The typical off-peak service is four trains an hour northbound to London Victoria, London Buses routes 194,227 and 358 and night route N3 serve the station. Clock House station on the Hayes Line is a walk from this station. Train times and station information for Kent House railway station from National Rail Beckenham History
18.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
19.
New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
20.
Broad Street Line
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It is named for Broad Street, the street under which it runs for almost its entire length. It is one of two rapid transit lines in the SEPTA system overall alongside the Market–Frankford Line. The line and its trains were leased to SEPTA in 1968 after it assumed operation of the city transit systems from the former Philadelphia Transportation Company, Broad Street Line subway cars bear both the SEPTA logo and the seal of the City of Philadelphia to reflect the split ownership-operation arrangement. Service on the half of the Broad Street Line, between City Hall and Olney Avenue, opened on September 1,1928. Service from that point south to Snyder Avenue began on September 18,1938, to close the gaps, the two inner express tracks were laid from Erie to Girard in 1959, and again from Olney to Erie in 1991. From Lombard-South station south to Snyder, the tunnel was constructed differently – only the half of the line was built. The track currently used for trains is actually the northbound express track. The extension to Pattison Station now called AT&T Station in 1973 continued this arrangement, the resulting infrastructure would match the configuration built in the northern half of the line. Provisions for flying junctions exist in the tunnels at three locations, north of Olney station, north of Erie station, and between Tasker-Morris and Snyder stations and these were to connect to planned but never built extensions to the north, northeast, northwest and southwest. The AT&T Station contains a level platform, built to accommodate additional trains for large crowds at sporting events. Seldom used in recent years, these tracks are most often used to rolling stock. Both the City of Philadelphia and SEPTA have studied extending the Broad Street Line along Roosevelt Boulevard, the city governments archives contain a survey report, prepared in 1948, discussing a need for an extension of the Broad Street line from Erie Avenue to the vicinity of Pennypack Circle. Subway car destination signage even included station and terminus names for major streets along Roosevelt Boulevard such as Rhawn Street, an expansion into another part of the City could better use the capacity of the four-track trunk line. This station was destroyed when the facility was demolished in October 1994, ultimately the Northeast Expressway was never built, due to lack of funds, and the subway extension remained a paper concept. On September 10,1999, SEPTA filed a Notice of Intent to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Northeast Extension with the EPA, the estimated cost had ballooned to $3.4 billion. Currently, the Broad Street Line terminates southbound at AT&T Station at Pattison Ave, the HIA recommends making an extension of the Broad Street Line a priority, and recently, the extension has garnered much support. A report in the 1940s proposed an extension of the Locust St. subway to West Philadelphia and this line would have run under one of the streets presently served by the subway-surface system. Presumably, the current subway-surfaces lines would have converted to bus operation
21.
SEPTA
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SEPTA also manages construction projects that maintain, replace, and expand infrastructure and rolling stock. SEPTA is the transit provider for Philadelphia and its suburbs in Delaware, Montgomery, Bucks. SEPTA is a state created authority and the majority of its board is appointed by the five Pennsylvania counties it serves. SEPTA has the 6th-largest U. S. rapid transit system by ridership, and it controls 290 active stations, over 450 miles of track,2,295 revenue vehicles, and 196 routes. SEPTA also manages Shared-Ride services in Philadelphia and ADA services across the region and these services are operated by third-party contractors. SEPTA is one of only two U. S. SEPTAs headquarters are located at 1234 Market Street in Center City, SEPTA was created by the Pennsylvania legislature on August 17,1963, to coordinate government subsidies to various transit and railroad companies in southeastern Pennsylvania. It commenced on February 18,1964, by 1966, the Reading Company and Pennsylvania Railroad commuter railroad lines were operated under contract to SEPTA. On February 1,1968, the Pennsylvania Railroad merged with the New York Central railroad to become Penn Central, Penn Central continued to operate in bankruptcy until 1976, when Conrail took over its assets along with those of several other bankrupt railroads, including the Reading Company. Conrail operated commuter services under contract to SEPTA until January 1,1983, when SEPTA took over operations and acquired track, rolling stock, and other assets to form the Railroad Division. Since 1913, a long proposed Roosevelt Boulevard Subway had a similar fate as New Yorks Second Avenue Subway where many proposals were made, many acquisitions had been made, but only amounted to continuous service cuts through consolidations of competing services of the Reading Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. It wasnt until the early 2000s that there was any talk of expansion, the PTC had been created in 1940 with the merger of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company and a group of smaller, then independent transit companies operating within the city and its environs. Today, this is the Victory Division, though it is referred to as the Red Arrow Division. On March 1,1976, SEPTA acquired the operations of Schuylkill Valley Lines. Future expansion of SEPTAs commuter rail lines has been discussed since the mid-1980s when the system suffered severe cutbacks, proposals have been made to restore service to Allentown, Bethlehem, West Chester and Newtown, with support from commuters, local officials and pro-train advocates. The Schuylkill Valley Metro and other plans that would re-establish service to Phoenixville, Pottsville, SEPTA has also considered the possibility of a cross-county metro that would provide service between the suburban counties without requiring the rider to go into Philadelphia. However, many derelict lines under SEPTA ownership have been converted to rail trails, additionally, some, such as Senator Bob Casey, have proposed expanding the Broad Street Line to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Proposals have also made for increased service on existing lines, including later evenings and Sundays to Wilmington. Marylands MARC commuter rail system is considering extending its service as far as Newark Rail Station, as of 2014, an expansion of the Norristown High Speed Line is under consideration to extend service to the King of Prussia area
22.
Chicago Transit Authority
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Chicago Transit Authority, also known as CTA, is the operator of mass transit in Chicago, Illinois and some of its surrounding suburbs, including the trains of the Chicago L and CTA bus service. In 1952, CTA purchased the assets of the Chicago Motor Coach Company, today, the CTA is one of the three service boards financially supported by the Regional Transportation Authority. The Chicago Transit Authority provides service to Chicago and 40 surrounding suburbs, the CTA provided a total of 532 million rides in 2011, a 3 percent increase over 2010 with ridership rising to levels not seen for 20 years. CTA operates 24 hours each day and on an average weekday provides 1.7 million rides on buses and it has approximately 1,800 buses that operate over 140 routes traveling along 2,230 route miles. Buses provide about one million trips a day and serve more than 12,000 posted bus stops in 10 suburbs. The Chicago Transit Authoritys 1,450 train cars operate eight routes and 222 miles of track. Its trains provide about 750,000 customer trips each weekday and serve 144 stations in Chicago and seven suburbs. Currently, the CTA operates within Chicago and the suburbs of Forest Park, Evanston, Skokie, Oak Park, Summit, Cicero, Berwyn, North Riverside, Rosemont. The CTA accepts payment with a Ventra card, a single-ride or 1-day Ventra disposable ticket, contactless credit or debit card, children under seven can ride free with a fare-paying rider, 3-child limit. Only buses allow riders to pay with cash, the bus fare is $2, the L fare is $2.25, and no cash transfers are available. The CTA no longer sells Transit Cards, all remaining Transit Cards must have been used by July 1,2014. In its place CTA has adopted the Ventra Card system, the Ventra Card can be purchased online, at any Ventra machine at CTA stations, and at authorized retailers. Ventra is a fare payment system for the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace that replaced the Chicago Card. Ventra launched in August 2013, with a full system transition slated for July 1,2014, Ventra is operated by Cubic Transportation Systems. Riders can pay a quarter for up to two transfers within two hours, the Chicago Transit Authority produced a monthly television show, Connections, from May 2003 through December 2011. The show was hosted by Dale Rivera, Jeanne Sparrow, Connections was broadcast on City of Chicago Public-access television cable TV channels 23 &49, as well as on Comcasts CN100 in the Chicago media market, including areas of Michigan and Indiana. Connections featured news and information about the CTA and services it provides, individual segments from Connections are available on CTAs YouTube channel. The majority of train stations CTA operates have elevators or ramps to access for customers with disabilities
23.
Red Line (CTA)
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The Red Line, sometimes known as the Howard-Dan Ryan Line and the North-South Line, is a rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority as part of the Chicago L system. It is the busiest line on the L system, with an average of 251,813 passengers boarding each weekday in 2012. The route is 23.4 miles long with a total of 33 stations, from Howard station in Rogers Park on the side, through the State Street subway. Like the Blue Line, the Red Line runs 24 hours a day/365 days a year, a proposed extension adding four new stations would extend the Red Line south from 95th to 130th Street. The northern terminus of the Red Line is Howard Street in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, the Red Line extends southeasterly on an elevated embankment structure about a half-mile west of the lakefront to Touhy Avenue then turns south along Glenwood Avenue to Morse station. From here, the transitions from concrete embankment to steel elevated structure. The L continues southward running adjacent the Graceland Cemetery, Irving Park Road, the Brown Line joins the Red Line tracks just north of Belmont Avenue. South of Belmont, Red, Brown and Purple Line Express trains run side-by-side on the four track North Side L to Armitage, Red Line trains run on the two middle tracks, only making a stop at Fullerton and skipping Wellington, Diversey and Armitage. Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, is served by the Addison station. South of Roosevelt Road, there is a junction, with one pair of tracks curving to the east and leaving the subway at 13th Street and connects to the old South Side L at 18th and State Streets. This section was used from October 17,1943, until February 21,1993, the 13th street portal is now used for non-service train moves and emergency purposes. From the Red Line, passengers can transfer to any other Chicago L line. This is unique to it and the Purple Line, when the Purple Line runs its weekday rush hour route. At 13th Street, the subway swings away from State Street on a curve to the southwest then rises to another portal at 16th Street adjacent Metras Rock Island District line. The Red Line leaves at 16th Street and continues southward on a structure to 24th Street. There is a stop at Cermak–Chinatown on this portion, Chicago pioneered using expressway medians for local L train lines. The Red Line follows the Dan Ryan the rest of the way to the 95th Street terminal in Roseland, the 98th Yard lie just south and east of the Dan Ryan-Bishop Ford Expressway interchange. An extension to 130th Street is nearing its final planning stages and this extension includes three elevated stations at 103rd, 111th, and Michigan, plus an at-grade terminal station at 130th
24.
Purple Line (CTA)
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The Purple Line of the Chicago Transit Authority is a 3. 9-mile route on the northernmost section of the Chicago L rapid transit system. Normally, it extends south from Linden Avenue in Wilmette, passing through Evanston to Howard Street, in September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Purple Line was 45,036. The Purple Line operates Mondays to Thursdays 4,25 a. m. to 1,30 a. m, fridays,4,30 a. m. to 2,10 a. m. Saturdays 5,05 a. m. to 2,15 a. m. the express service is known as the Purple Line Express, while the Linden-Howard shuttle service is the Purple Line Shuttle. From 2003 to 2006 the Purple Line ran a Loop-bound train every 30 minutes during off-peak hours and this service was discontinued on January 1,2007. Prior to the color-coding of CTA rail lines in 1993, the Purple Line was known as the Evanston Line, Evanston Service or Evanston Shuttle, the selection of purple as the lines color was likely from Northwesterns official school color being purple. Beginning at Linden Avenue in Wilmette, which contains a storage yard and car service shop. The line, now on an embankment, curves southward parallel to Sherman Avenue. Here the line crosses through the area before the junction with the Red Line. The tracks are split on grade separated structures to allow Yellow Line trains to enter the junction from the west, immediately south of the yard lies the Howard Street terminal, where Red, Purple and Yellow Line trains all terminate. There are four operational tracks starting at Howard Street, continuing on to Armitage Avenue, during weekday rush hours, the Purple Line runs express on the outer tracks, skipping all stops until Belmont Avenue. From Belmont Avenue to Armitage Avenue, the Purple Line and Brown Line share the outside tracks, from just south of Armitage Avenue to just north of Chicago Avenue, they are on a two track line on a 4-track structure. After the North Shore Line ceased operations in 1963, the tracks in this area were rarely used and received next to no maintenance. Beginning April 2,2007, the Purple Line Express was rerouted onto the Outer Loop track along with the Brown Line due to the construction at the Belmont and Fullerton stations. Prior to this, Purple Line Express trains were diverted to the Outer Loop track in the event of emergencies or signal problems in the Loop. On December 4,2008, the CTA announced that the Purple Line Express would return to the original Inner Loop routing on December 29. If a problem occurs between the Loop and the Fullerton station, the Purple Line is generally routed into the subway, however, trains had to cross over to the inner Red Line tracks, as there is no platform access to the outer tracks at Addison. As a result of the Brown Line construction and in effort to minimize delays, the station was constructed with two island platforms that can access the express tracks, eliminating the need for trains to switch over
25.
IRT Flushing Line
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The IRT Flushing Line is a rapid transit route of the New York City Subway system, operated as part of the A Division. It carries trains of the 7 local service, as well as the express <7> during rush hours in the peak direction. It is shown in the color raspberry on station signs, the subway map, internal route maps in R188 cars. Before the line was opened all the way to Flushing, it was known as the Corona Line or Woodside, prior to the discontinuance of BMT services in 1949, the portion of the IRT Flushing Line between Times Square and Queensboro Plaza was known as the Queensboro Line. The Flushing Line has various styles of architecture, which range from steel girder elevated structures to European-style concrete viaducts, the underground stations have some unique designs as well. Services that use the Flushing Line are colored raspberry, the following services use part or all of the Flushing Line, The line has two distinct sections, split by the Queensboro Plaza station. It begins as a subway, with the center track used for express service. It quickly leaves the ground onto an elevated structure above Roosevelt Avenue, passing Citi Field. A flying junction between Mets–Willets Point and 111th Street provides access to the Corona Yard from the local tracks, at 48th Street in Sunnyside, the line switches to Queens Boulevard and an ornate concrete viaduct begins. The express track ends between 33rd Street–Rawson Street and Queensboro Plaza, at Queensboro Plaza, the eastbound track is above the westbound track, with both tracks on the south side of the island platforms. On the north side of platforms is the BMT Astoria Line. East of this point, both the Flushing Line and the Astoria Line were formerly operated by the IRT and the BMT, respectively, details on that dual operation are in the Background section. Connections still exist between the tracks just east of the platforms, but they cannot be used for revenue service because BMT trains are wider than IRT trains. This is the track connection between the Flushing Line and the rest of the subway system. West of Queensboro Plaza, the line turns south onto an elevated structure over 23rd Street. It heads into the west end of Amtraks Sunnyside Yard, in Manhattan, the line runs under 42nd Street, with part directly underneath the 42nd Street Shuttle, before angling towards 41st Street. The Times Square–42nd Street station, with no connections to other lines, is directly under 41st Street. Just west of Times Square, the curve sharply downward before turning under 11th Avenue
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IND Eighth Avenue Line
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The IND Eighth Avenue Line is a rapid transit line in New York City, United States, and is part of the B Division of the New York City Subway. Opened in 1932, it was the first line of the Independent Subway System, most of the line has four tracks, with one local and one express track in each direction, except for the extreme north and south ends, where only the two express tracks continue. The line is signaled as Line A, with tracks A1, A3, A4, and A2 from west to east, running from approximately 800 at the south end to 1540 at the north end. The line runs from 207th Street in Inwood south to an interlocking south of High Street in Brooklyn Heights, including large sections under St. Nicholas Avenue, Central Park West, and Eighth Avenue. The entire length is underground, though the 207th Street Yard, flying junctions are provided with the IND Concourse Line, IND Sixth Avenue Line, and IND Queens Boulevard Line. Between 59th Street–Columbus Circle and 145th Street, the line can be called the Central Park West Line, the whole line is served at all times by the A train, which runs express except during late nights. The C provides local service south of 168th Street while the A runs express, the following services use part or all of the Eighth Avenue Line. The trunk lines bullets are colored blue, The Eighth Avenue begins as a two-track subway under Broadway at 207th Street in Inwood. A flying junction just to the south brings two tracks from the 207th Street Yard between the tracks, merging after Dyckman Street. The subway leaves Broadway to pass under Fort Tryon Park to the end of Fort Washington Avenue. The small 174th Street Yard lies under Broadway, with two tracks exiting to the south under that roadway, however, when the lower level was added in 1962, it instead carried a roadway. The two main tracks from Fort Washington Avenue enter Broadway near 171st Street, running underneath the tracks in a double-decker tunnel. A few blocks later, the tracks separate to straddle the yard tracks at 168th Street. The local/express split begins here, with the tracks coming from the yard. Contrary to standard practice, the two tracks are in the center and the two express tracks are on the outside. Except during late nights, the service ends at 168th Street, reversing direction on the yard tracks. South of 168th Street, the express tracks lower below the tracks, forming another double-decker tunnel. North of 145th Street, the tracks rise into the center
27.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
28.
1939 New York World's Fair
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Many countries around the world participated in it, and over 44 million people attended its exhibits in two seasons. The NYWF of 1939–1940 was the first exposition to be based on the future, with a slogan of Dawn of a New Day. To its visitors the Fair will say, Here are the materials, ideas and these are the tools with which the World of Tomorrow must be made. They are all interesting and much effort has been expended to lay them before you in an interesting way, familiarity with today is the best preparation for the future. Within six months of the Fairs opening, the Second World War would begin, in 1935, at the height of the Great Depression, a group of New York City businessmen decided to create an international exposition to lift the city and the country out of depression. Not long after, these men formed the New York Worlds Fair Corporation, the NYWFC elected former chief of police Grover Whalen as the president of their committee. This event turned the area into a City park after the exposition closed, edward Bernays directed public relations of the fair in 1939, which he called democricity. Promotion of this event took many forms. Howard Hughes flew a special Worlds Fair flight around the world to promote the fair in 1938, on April 30,1939, a very hot Sunday, the fair had its grand opening, with 206,000 people in attendance. The April 30 date coincided with the 150th anniversary of George Washingtons inauguration, in Lower Manhattan, although many of the pavilions and other facilities were not quite ready for this opening, it was put on with pomp and great celebration. David Sarnoff, then president of RCA and an advocate of television. On April 30,1939, the ceremony and President Roosevelts speech were seen on black. NBC used the event to inaugurate regularly scheduled broadcasts in New York City over their station W2XBS. An estimated 1,000 people viewed the Roosevelt telecast on about 200 television sets scattered throughout the New York metropolitan area. In order to convince visitors that the television sets were not a trick. As part of the exhibit at the RCA pavilion, visitors could see themselves on television, there were also television demonstrations at the General Electric and Westinghouse pavilions. During this formal introduction at the fair, television became available for public purchase at various stores in the New York City area. After Albert Einstein gave a speech that discussed cosmic rays, the lights were ceremonially lit
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Great Central Railway
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The Great Central Railway in England came into being when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897 in anticipation of the opening in 1899 of its London Extension. On 1 January 1923, the company was grouped into the London, on assuming its new title, the Great Central Railway had a main line from Manchester London Road Station via Penistone, Sheffield Victoria, Brigg and Grimsby to Cleethorpes. A second line left the line at Penistone and served Barnsley, Doncaster, other lines linked Sheffield to Barnsley and Doncaster and also Lincoln and Wrawby Junction. Branch lines in north Lincolnshire ran to Barton-upon-Humber and New Holland, in the Manchester area, lines ran to Stalybridge and Glossop. In the 1890s the MS&LR began construction of its Derbyshire lines, a loop line was built to serve its station in Chesterfield. The Great Central Railway was the first railway to be granted a coat of arms, the design included elements representing Manchester, Sheffield, Lincoln, Leicester, and London. It was used on locomotives and coaches, the London and North Eastern Railway and the British Transport Commission, successors of the GCR, were granted Arms of their own incorporating the GCR motto Forward. The Great Central Railway Company Limited applied to the College of Arms as the successors to British Transport Commission for permission to utilise the Coat of Arms of the GCR. A new design incorporating the same components, updated in the modern style was proposed. The MS&LR obtained Parliamentary approval in 1893 for its extension to London, on 1 August 1897, the railways name was changed to Great Central Railway. Building work started in 1895, the new line,92 miles in length, opened for traffic on 25 July 1898, for passenger traffic on 15 March 1899. It was designed for high-speed running throughout, as a Sheffield company, it retained its nomenclature when the London extension opened. Trains to London were still down trains, the opposite of standard practice on every other line to the capital. In 1903, new rails were laid parallel to the Metropolitan Railway from Harrow to the north of Finchley Road. In 1902 the company introduced a service from Bournemouth and Southampton to York. The route from Banbury to Reading was over Great Western track and from there it traversed South Eastern Railway track via Aldershot and Guildford to Redhill and on to Folkestone, at the same time the Great Central was gaining a reputation for fast services to and from London. Slip coaches were provided for passengers for Leicester and Nottingham, on 2 April 1906, an alternative main line route from Grendon Underwood Junction to Neasden opened. The line was joint GCR/GWR between Ashendon Junction and Northolt Junction, by the time the line was built, the companies had settled their differences
30.
Channel Tunnel
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At its lowest point, it is 75 m deep below the sea bed, and 115 m below sea level. The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is 160 kilometres per hour, the tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, the Eurotunnel Shuttle for road vehicles—the largest such transport in the world—and international freight trains. The tunnel connects end-to-end with the LGV Nord and High Speed 1 high-speed railway lines, ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802, but British political and press pressure over the compromising of national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel. An early attempt at building a Channel Tunnel was made in the late 19th century, the eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994. At £5.5 billion, it was at the time the most expensive project ever proposed. The cost finally came in at £9 billion, well over its predicted budget, since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Both fires and cold weather have temporarily disrupted its operation, illegal immigrants have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK, causing a minor diplomatic disagreement over the siting of the refugee camp at Sangatte, which was eventually closed in 2002. Migrants have also died attempting to cross through the tunnel, in 1839, Aimé Thomé de Gamond, a Frenchman, performed the first geological and hydrographical surveys on the Channel, between Calais and Dover. In 1865, a deputation led by George Ward Hunt proposed the idea of a tunnel to the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the day, around 1866, William Low and Sir John Hawkshaw promoted ideas, but apart from preliminary geological studies none were implemented. An official Anglo-French protocol was established in 1876 for a railway tunnel. On the English side a 2. 13-metre diameter Beaumont-English boring machine dug a 1, on the French side, a similar machine dug 1,669 m from Sangatte. The project was abandoned in May 1882, owing to British political and these early works were encountered more than a century later during the TML project. The French did not take the idea seriously and nothing came of Lloyd Georges proposal, in 1929 there was another proposal but nothing came of this discussion and the idea was shelved. Proponents estimated construction to be about US$150 million, the engineers had addressed the concerns of both nations military leaders by designing two sumps—one near the coast of each country—that could be flooded at will to block the tunnel. This design feature did not override the concerns of both military leaders, and other concerns about hordes of undesirable tourists who would disrupt English habits of living. Military fears continued during World War II, the estimate caused rumours that Germany had already begun digging. In 1935, a British film from Gaumont Studios, The Tunnel and it referred briefly to its protagonist, a Mr. McAllan, as having completed a British Channel tunnel successfully in 1940, five years into the future of the films release. By 1955, defence arguments had become less relevant due to the dominance of air power, in 1958 the 1881 workings were cleared in preparation for a £100,000 geological survey by the Channel Tunnel Study Group
31.
Loading gauge
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A loading gauge defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures. Classification systems vary between different countries and gauges may vary across a network, even if the track gauge remains constant, containerisation and a trend towards larger shipping containers has led rail companies to increase structure gauges to compete effectively with road haulage. Compliance with a loading gauge can be checked with a car which in the past were simple wooden frames or physical feelers mounted on rolling stock. The difference between the two is called the clearance, the terms dynamic envelope or kinematic envelope – which include factors such as suspension travel, overhang on curves and lateral motion on the track – are sometimes used in place of loading gauge. The height of platforms is also a consideration when considering the loading gauge of passenger trains, where the two are not directly compatible, steps may be required which will increase loading times. Where long carriages are used on a platform, gaps will occur between the platform and the carriage door, causing additional risk. Problems increase where trains of several different loading gauges and train floor heights use the same platform, the size of load that can be carried on a railway of a particular gauge is also influenced by the design of the rolling stock. Low-deck rolling stock can sometimes be used to carry taller 9 ft 6 in shipping containers on lower gauge lines although their low-deck rolling stock cannot then carry as many containers. Larger out-of-gauge loads can also sometimes be conveyed by taking one or more of the measures, operate at low speed. Cross over from a track with inadequate clearance to another track with greater clearance, prevent operation of other trains on adjacent tracks. Use refuge loops to allow trains to operate on other tracks, use of Schnabel cars that manipulate the load up and down or left and right to clear obstacles. Use gauntlet track to shift the train to side or center, for locomotives that are too heavy, ensure that fuel tanks are nearly empty. Turn off power in overhead wiring or in third rail, rapid Transit railways generally have a very small loading gauge. This reduces the cost of tunnel construction and these systems only use their own rolling stock. The loading gauge on the lines of Great Britain, most of which were built before 1900, is generally smaller than in other countries. In mainland Europe, the slightly larger Berne gauge was agreed to in 1913, as a result, British trains have noticeably and considerably smaller loading gauges and smaller interiors, despite the track being standard gauge along with much of the world. This results in increased costs for purchasing trains as they must be designed for the British network. The International Union of Railways has developed a series of loading gauges named A, B, B+
32.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
33.
Line 4 Sheppard
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Line 4 Sheppard is the newest and shortest subway line of the Toronto subway system, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. All stations are accessible and are decorated with unique public art, such as the scenic mural at Sheppard−Yonge. When the subway opened, it was given the name Sheppard line, in October 2013, the TTC announced plans to give the lines official numbers to help riders and visitors to navigate the system. The Sheppard line is numbered as Line 4 and the new signage commenced in March 2014, the Sheppard Line was proposed as part of the Network 2011 transportation plan, unveiled in 1985, which called for a line from Yonge Street to Victoria Park Avenue. The plan was approved by Metropolitan Toronto, but funding was delayed by the government of David Petersons Liberal Party. In 1993, the governing New Democratic Party under Bob Rae proposed provincial funding for four projects for the TTC. Included in these four proposals were plans to build new subway lines along Eglinton and Sheppard Avenues, the NDP was defeated in the 1995 provincial election, and the Progressive Conservatives under Mike Harris were elected. Harris cancelled the Eglinton subway, but continued work on the Sheppard Line, funding for the Sheppard Line was rejected by city council. However, after a number of votes on different alterations to the project, after this vote passed city council, a re-vote was taken on the entire Sheppard line project to Don Mills, which then passed by the narrowest of margins. James Bow, a Toronto Transit reporter, has documented that the political clout of North York Mayor Mel Lastman was crucial to the Sheppard Line proposal being implemented, the Sheppard line was opened on November 22,2002. It was the citys first new line since the opening of the Bloor–Danforth line in 1966. It is shorter than had planned, running from Yonge Street east to Don Mills Road rather than further west to Downsview Station. The Sheppard line cost just under C$1 billion and took eight years to build and it is the first subway line in Canada that had plain tunnel sections built entirely by tunnel boring machine. All stations on the line are in sections, and just east of Leslie Station. The Sheppard line is the subway line in Toronto not to have any open sections. It was the first line to have accessibility elevators at every station Yonge Street had to be diverted for several years in order to accommodate the expansion of Sheppard Station, platform screen doors were proposed for the Sheppard line. Installed at the edge of the platforms, platform screen doors would align themselves with the doors when in station for safety. The system was dropped because of the cost, the line was designed so that it can be extended at both ends, allowing for the construction of the planned westward and eastward branches
34.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
35.
Eastern Suburbs railway line
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The Eastern Suburbs Railway is a commuter railway line in Sydney constructed in the 1970s. It is operated by Sydney Trains and has stations at Martin Place, Kings Cross, Edgecliff, in addition, it has dedicated platforms at Town Hall, Central and Redfern stations. All of these stations are underground, the Eastern Suburbs railway connects with the Illawarra line at Erskineville, forming the Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line. The line features turnbacks at Central, Martin Place and Bondi Junction, there is also a rarely used cross-over or turnout at Edgecliff. It operates a service every 3 to 5 minutes during peak hours,8 to 10 minutes at times and 8 to 10 minutes on weekends. The twin-track Eastern Suburbs line consists of eight stations connected mainly by viaduct, the stations are finished in terrazzo and colourful tiles. From a tunnel north of Erskineville, the Eastern Suburbs line runs north to Redfern. The line then heads north-west to Town Hall, then east to Martin Place before emerging near the Art Gallery of New South Wales onto a viaduct across the suburb of Woolloomooloo, the line goes back underground at Kings Cross, before emerging onto a viaduct across Rushcutters Bay. The line goes underground at Edgecliff, then heads south-east through tunnel to emerge at a cutting in Woollahra. The lines go underground at Bondi Junction. However, priorities in connecting country areas, and the high cost of a city railway meant that plans were put aside. In the 1880s, the population of the Eastern Suburbs was small, successive Royal Commissions in 1890 &1896 recommended a railway be built into the city, with the provision for an Eastern Suburbs extension, but both requests were ignored. Two other tram lines were built to Randwick. The Eastern Suburbs Railway was a part of engineer Dr John Bradfields scheme for Sydneys railways, the alignment and profile for the line was set in 1926 and construction on the railway was started by the NSW Department of Railways. Construction commenced with the building of stub tunnels at St James Railway Station and these tunnels ran southward from St James rising to clear the City Circle lines and turned east towards the Eastern Suburbs. They then halted pending further construction after the completion of the railway from Central to St James, the railway was planned to continue approximately parallel to Oxford Street to Bondi Junction. However, the intervention of the Great Depression and Second World War halted construction on all Bradfields plans including the Eastern Suburbs Railway causing its abandonment, post War, the construction of the railway returned to government agenda. Two lines would be built, one proceeding on an out to Kings Cross
36.
Epping to Chatswood rail link
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The 13 km line is completely underground and includes three new intermediate stations, North Ryde, Macquarie Park and Macquarie University. The junction stations at Epping and Chatswood both underwent major redevelopments to incorporate the new link, when voters in neighbouring Eastwood then complained, the line was proposed to link south of Eastwood, use island platforms at Eastwood and then link to Epping. In 1929, local estate agents promoted land sales along the railway line at Epping in preparation for the construction of the line. They called the area Epping Junction, on account of the station being a junction between the Epping-St Leonards Line and the Main Northern Line, a new island platform was also built in preparation for the terminus of the new line. The track was to be in the middle of the two Main Northern Line platforms, and until the 1970s still existed as a terminating line, in its place, a road was built between St Leonards and Epping, which is the current Epping Road. The land sales were a failure, and the lots around the railway were not sold until the 1950s and 1960s. It was not until the 1990s that plans for the line were resurrected, an original proposal to run from Westmead to St Leonards, via Epping was considered, but in 1998 the Parramatta Rail Link was announced as part of the NSW Governments Action for Transport 2010 plan. The line was to run from Chatswood through Epping to Parramatta and this proposal included optional stations at Delhi Road and UTS Kuring-gai and would be served by eight services an hour. Construction was planned to commence in late 1999, with the line to open in 2006, construction of the PRL began with the Chatswood to Epping section, which commenced in November 2002. In August 2003 the NSW Transport Minister, Michael Costa, announced that the Epping-Parramatta section would be postponed indefinitely. The delaying of this section was justified on the grounds that the daily patronage of 15,000 passenger trips did not justify the projects $1.2 billion cost. The government feared that the line would be under-utilised, much as the Airport Link has been, there also had been community protest against the routing of the line through Parramatta Park. Originally, there was to be a bridge over the Lane Cove River, instead of a tunnel beneath it, thiess and Hochtief delivered the project as a joint venture which included the design and construction of a driven railway and four fully mined stations. The line consists of two tunnels – one for each track, the tunnels were constructed using two tunnel boring machines, with a section underneath the Lane Cove River being constructed by the cut and cover method. The line is fully bi-directional, with three crossovers to allow trains to tracks in the event of a disruption. The tunnels include a walkway on one side, at platform height, several associated works were also completed to coincide with the opening of the new line. These include the rebuilt Chatswood interchange, an upgrade at Epping, an upgrade of North Sydney station. In December 2007 it was announced that Tangara trains would not be running on the due to steepness of the tunnel
37.
Railroad switch
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A railroad switch, turnout or points is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off. The switch consists of the pair of linked tapering rails, known as points and these points can be moved laterally into one of two positions to direct a train coming from the point blades toward the straight path or the diverging path. A train moving from the end toward the point blades is said to be executing a facing-point movement. Passage through a switch in this direction is known as a trailing-point movement, a switch generally has a straight through track and a diverging route. The handedness of the installation is described by the side that the track leaves. Right-hand switches have a path to the right of the straight track, when coming from the point blades. In many cases, such as yards, many switches can be found in a short section of track. Sometimes a switch merely divides one track into two, at others, it serves as a connection between two or more tracks, allowing a train to switch between them. A straight track is not always present, for example, both tracks may curve, one to the left and one to the right, or both tracks may curve, with differing radii, while still in the same direction. A railroad cars wheels are guided along the tracks by coning of the wheels, only in extreme cases does it rely on the flanges located on the insides of the wheels. When the wheels reach the switch, the wheels are guided along the route determined by which of the two points is connected to the track facing the switch. In the illustration, if the point is connected, the left wheel will be guided along the rail of that point. If the right point is connected, the right wheels flange will be guided along the rail of that point, and the train will continue along the straight track. Only one of the points may be connected to the track at any time. A mechanism is provided to move the points from one position to the other, historically, this would require a lever to be moved by a human operator, and some switches are still controlled this way. However, most are now operated by a remotely controlled electric motor or by pneumatic or hydraulic actuation and this both allows for remote control and for stiffer, strong switches that would be too difficult to move by hand, yet allow for higher speeds. In a trailing-point movement, the flanges on the wheels will force the points to the proper position and this is sometimes known as running through the switch. Some switches are designed to be forced to the position without damage
38.
Edmonton
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Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, the city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Albertas second-largest city, also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Edmonton is North Americas northernmost city with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian, Edmontons historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities and a series of annexations ending in 1982. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre and it hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canadas Festival City. It is home to North Americas largest mall, West Edmonton Mall, in 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudsons Bay Company, may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. The new forts name was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U. S. the Edmonton areas fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897, in November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmontons rapid growth led to speculation in real estate, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war contributed to the drop in population
39.
Capital Line
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The Edmonton LRT Capital Line is a light rail transit line running from northeast Edmonton to the south. Operated by the Edmonton Transit System, the line access to Downtown Edmonton. The Capital Line currently consists of fifteen stations, six of which are underground, seven stations are shared with the Metro Line. On April 22,1978 the line opened between Belvedere and Central stations, at the time the system consisted solely of the single line. It was not named the Capital Line until 2012 when expansion plans were revealed for additional lines, the 1980s were a decade of expansion for the Capital Line. It expanded northwards toward Clareview in 1981, and westwards toward Bay and Corona, another underground extension was completed in 1989 with the opening of Grandin Station. One station opened in the 1990s, University, in August 1992, the underground station was connected to the downtown leg by the Dudley B. During the 2000s, under the mayorship of Stephen Mandel, the Capital Line was expanded southward, health Sciences opened in 2006, the first new station in 14 years. In 2009, McKernan/Belgravia and South Campus opened, followed by Southgate, after the completion of the south leg of the Capital Line, city council shifted their efforts towards the new Metro Line. In January 2008, Mayor Stephen Mandel announced that the leg will be extended further south along 111 Street to Anthony Henday Drive. There are no current plans for an extension to the Edmonton International Airport, in late April 2012, the city launched bus route 747 from Century Park Station to the airport. In 2008, Edmonton City Council approved a plan to extend the Capital Line northeast by one station to Gorman Towne Centre, the expansion beyond Clareview Station was planned to continue along the CN right-of-way to a station and park-and-ride north of 153 Avenue and Victoria Trail. The plan would have received funding from three levels of government, however, funding was shifted to the Metro Line in July 2009 as city officials saw that line as a higher priority for the city. The city has not ruled out an extension to Gorman. The City completed preliminary engineering on this project in 2010, however there is no budget or timeline for design and this ASP qualifies that this is a potential alignment only, and will be updated to reflect the completed planning for the Northeast LRT when a final route is determined. Edmonton Transit System Edmonton Transit System–Future LRT
40.
Metro Line
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The line uses 3.3 kilometres of new track, three new stations, and eleven stations on the existing Capital Line. The cost of the project is $665 million, jointly funded by the City of Edmonton, Province of Alberta, and it is the first new line that is not an extension of the existing line. The line is expected to add 13,200 riders per weekday, a trip from NAIT Station to Churchill is expected to take nine minutes. A number of roadworks are under construction or completed to revitalize the surrounding community, an extension to the northwest city limits has completed conceptual design, and a further extension is proposed through the city of St. Albert on Highway 2/St. In spring 2007, the funding for a plan and preliminary engineering was commissioned. The remainder of the tunnel, under Downtown Edmonton, was bored, in 2009 the City approved the relocation of funds from the Gorman extension to the Metro Line, as the City felt northwest was a higher priority. In 2010 the City began preparation work, including utility relocation, the permanent closure of 105 Avenue between 102 Street and 105 Street was performed so MacEwan Station could be built. 104 Street was closed between 108 Avenue and Kingsway in a similar fashion, testing began in July 2013, and the line began operation in September 2015 using an interim signalling system, with trains running at a frequency of 15 minutes, rather than 5. There have been three delays in beginning operations on the line, one from April to June 2014, one from June to December 2014, the delays have been caused by issues with the signalling system built by Thales. Thales gave control of the system to the City of Edmonton in March 2015, the public plaza surrounding MacEwan Station, except for the area required to build Rogers Place, opened for use by people other than the construction crew in December 2014. In February 2017, trains were cleared to travel at 50 km/h, an extension from the permanent NAIT station is in the planning phases by the City of Edmonton. The extension would have eight stations, including stops in Blatchford, Rosslyn, Griesbach, Castle Downs, The Palisades and this extension is 11 km long, and will have 8 new stations and a rebuilt NAIT station slightly to the west of its current location. This section of the line is not planned to use arms, bells. The City of St. Albert began studying extending Edmontons LRT in early 2013, the City is looking at funding from all levels of government, 66% from Alberta GreenTRIP Fund and 8% from the City of St. Albert. On November 12,2013, St. Albert council decided to continue studying LRT alignment options, the selected corridor was approved by St. Albert city council on December 2,2014, which will run on St. Albert Trail and proposed four possible station locations. The line is proposed to be aligned to the east of St. Albert Trail. As well, there are three new bridges proposed along the St. Albert extension to span Anthony Henday Drive, Sir Winston Churchill Avenue, and the Sturgeon River. Notes ^1, The Metro Line does not stop at stations on weekdays after 10 PM
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