Ismail I was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524. His reign is one of the most vital in the history of Iran, and the Safavid era is often considered th
Portrait of Shah Ismail I, painted from life by Kamal al-din Behzad, his director of the royal atelier (posthumous copy). Topkapı Palace Museum, H.2169.
The capture of Firuzkuh by the Safavids in 1504. Shah Ismail seated, looking at his enemy Kiya Husayn II suspended in a cage, while the Aq Qoyunlu general Murad Beg Jahanshahlu roasts on a spit. Shahnama-yi i Ismaʻil (Tabriz, 1540).
Shāh Ismaʿīl in battle circa 1510. Shāhnāmah Shāh Ismaʿīl (Tabriz, 1541)
Shah Ismail (center) leading a charge during the Safavid defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran (1514). Painting of the Qajar period, 19th century
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans was a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of pre
Contemporary depiction of Sultan Khalil, in a miniature from the manuscript of Divan of Hidayat (1478). Chester Beatty Library (MS 401).
Sultan Murad, as prisoner of the Safavids.
Edict of the Aq-Quyunlu ruler Ya'qub
South iwan of the courtyard of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, with central Uzun Hasan inscription: "...The most lawful and most exalted sulṭān Abū l-Naṣr Ḥasan bahādur, may god make his kingship and rule eternal...". The iwan was renovated by Uzun Hasan, who also had the entire surface decorated with enamel colored tiles.