1.
Jack Kirby
–
Jack Kirby, born Jacob Kurtzberg, was an American comic book artist, writer, and editor, widely regarded as one of the mediums major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. Kirby grew up in New York City, and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and he entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s, drawing various comics features under different pen names, including Jack Curtiss, before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1940, he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics, during the 1940s, Kirby, generally teamed with Simon, created numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications, later to become DC Comics. After serving in World War II, Kirby produced work for a number of publishers, including DC, Harvey Comics, at Crestwood Publications he and Simon created the genre of romance comics and later founded their own short-lived comic company, Mainline Publications. Ultimately, Kirby found himself at Timelys 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics, there, in the 1960s, Kirby and writer-editor Stan Lee co-created many of the companys major characters, including the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and the Hulk. The Lee-Kirby titles garnered high sales and critical acclaim, but in 1970, feeling he had been treated unfairly, at DC, Kirby created his Fourth World saga, which spanned several comics titles. While these series proved unsuccessful and were canceled, the Fourth Worlds New Gods have continued as a significant part of the DC Universe. Kirby returned to Marvel briefly in the mid-to-late 1970s, then ventured into television animation, Kirby was married to Rosalind Roz Goldstein in 1942. They had four children, and remained married until his death from heart failure in 1994, the Jack Kirby Awards and Jack Kirby Hall of Fame were named in his honor. Jack Kirby was born Jacob Kurtzberg on August 28,1917, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City and his parents, Rose and Benjamin Kurtzberg, were Austrian Jewish immigrants, and his father earned a living as a garment factory worker. In his youth, Kirby desired to escape his neighborhood and he liked to draw, and sought out places he could learn more about art. He was rejected by the Educational Alliance because he drew too fast with charcoal and he later found an outlet for his skills by drawing cartoons for the newspaper of the Boys Brotherhood Republic, a miniature city on East 3rd Street where street kids ran their own government. At age 14, Kirby enrolled at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, I wasnt the kind of student that Pratt was looking for. They wanted people who would work on something forever, I didnt want to work on any project forever. I intended to get things done, Kirby joined the Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate in 1936, working there on newspaper comic strips and on single-panel advice cartoons such as Your Health Comes First. He remained until late 1939, when he began working for the animation company Fleischer Studios as an inbetweener on Popeye cartoons. I went from Lincoln to Fleischer, he recalled, from Fleischer I had to get out in a hurry because I couldnt take that kind of thing, describing it as a factory in a sense, like my fathers factory. Around that time, the American comic book industry was booming, Kirby began writing and drawing for the comic-book packager Eisner & Iger, one of a handful of firms creating comics on demand for publishers
Jack Kirby
–
Kirby in 1992
Jack Kirby
–
Captain America Comics #1 (
cover-dated March 1941). Cover art by Kirby and
Joe Simon.
Jack Kirby
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Young Romance #1 (Oct. 1947). Cover art by Kirby and
Simon.
Jack Kirby
–
The Avengers #4 (March 1964). Art by Kirby and
George Roussos.
2.
Jefferson City, Missouri
–
Jefferson City is the capital of the State of Missouri and the fifteenth most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds the title of Americas Most Beautiful Small Town, Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri. It is also at the edge of one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest. Often referred to as Jeff, many of Jefferson Citys primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries, Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University, a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U. S. Colored Troops with additional support from the 65th Regiment of U. S, in pre-Columbian times, this region was home of an ancient people known only as the Mound Builders. They were no longer present by the time of the first white settlers, when the Missouri Territory was organized in 1812, St. Louis was Missouris seat of government, and St. Charles would serve as the next capital. In the middle of the state, Jefferson City was chosen as the new capital in 1821 when Thomas Jefferson was still living, the village first was called Lohmans Landing, and when the legislature decided to relocate there, they proposed the name Missouriopolis before settling on Jefferson City. For years, this village was more than a trading post located in the wilderness about midway between St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1825, the settlement was incorporated as a city and a year later, Jefferson City was chosen as the site of a state prison. This prison, named the Missouri State Penitentiary, opened in 1836 and this prison was home to multiple infamous Americans, including former heavyweight champion Sonny Liston, assassin James Earl Ray, and bank robber Charles Pretty Boy Floyd. During the Civil War, Jefferson City was occupied by Union troops, some of the legislators later reconvened in Neosho, Missouri and passed an ordinance of secession. Missouri was claimed by both the Confederacy and the Union, just like the neighboring state Kentucky, German immigrants created vineyards in small towns on either side of the Missouri River, especially on the north from the city east to Marthasville, located outside of St. Louis. Known as the Missouri Rhineland for its vineyards and first established by German immigrants in the mid-1800s, this region has become part of the agricultural and tourist economy. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 37.58 square miles. Jefferson City has a climate between a humid subtropical and humid continental climate with hot, rainy summers and cold winters. Thunderstorms are common in both the spring and summer, light snow is common during the winter, although about half of wintertime precipitation falls as rain
Jefferson City, Missouri
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Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson City, Missouri
–
Seal
Jefferson City, Missouri
–
Missouri State Penitentiary
Jefferson City, Missouri
–
The John G. Christy Municipal Building houses the city hall.
3.
Dallas, Texas
–
Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
Dallas, Texas
–
Top to bottom, left to right:
Downtown Dallas skyline,
Old Red Museum,
NorthPark Center,
Dallas City Hall,
Dallas Museum of Art,
Winspear Opera House,
Perot Museum of Nature and Science,
State Fair of Texas at
Fair Park,
Dallas Union Station, the
Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, and the
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
–
Elm Street at night, January 1942
Dallas, Texas
–
President and Mrs.
Kennedy arrive at Dallas, November 22, 1963
Dallas, Texas
–
Santa Fe Terminal Complex on Commerce St, built in 1924.
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
Nobel Prize in Physics
–
The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German/Dutch physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics and it is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobels death. Through 2016, a total of 203 individuals have been awarded the prize, only two women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, Marie Curie in 1903, and Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his assets,31 million Swedish kronor, to establish. Due to the level of surrounding the will, it was not until April 26,1897 that it was approved by the Storting. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed, the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, the Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II, according to Nobels will, The Royal Swedish Academy of sciences were to award the Prize in Physics. A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics, compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics, the Nobel laureates are selected by the Nobel Committee for Physics, a Nobel Committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In the first stage begins in September, around 3,000 people – selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry. The completed nomination forms arrive at the Nobel Committee no later than 31 January of the following year and these nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts who narrow it to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the candidates into the Academy. The Academy then makes the selection of the Laureates in Physics through a majority vote. The names of the nominees are never announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years, while posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision of the prize committee and the ceremony in December
Nobel Prize in Physics
–
Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923), the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Nobel Prize in Physics
–
The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nobel Prize in Physics
–
Three Nobel Laureates in Physics. Front row from left:
Albert A. Michelson (1907),
Albert Einstein (1921) and
Robert A. Millikan (1923).
6.
National Medal of Science
–
The twelve member presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the National Science Foundation. The National Medal of Science was established on August 25,1959, the medal was originally to honor scientists in the fields of the physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering sciences. The Committee on the National Medal of Science was established on August 23,1961, on January 7,1979, the American Association for the Advancement of Science passed a resolution proposing that the medal be expanded to include the social and behavioral sciences. In response, Senator Ted Kennedy introduced the Science and Technology Equal Opportunities Act into the Senate on March 7,1979, President Jimmy Carters signature enacted this change as Public Law 96-516 on December 12,1980. The first National Medal of Science was awarded on February 18,1963, the first woman to receive a National Medal of Science was Barbara McClintock, who was awarded for her work on plant genetics in 1970. Although Public Law 86-209 provides for 20 recipients of the medal per year, it is typical for approximately 8–15 accomplished scientists, there have been a number of years where no National Medals of Science were awarded. Those years include,1985,1984,1980,1978,1977,1972 and 1971, the awards ceremony is organized by the Office of Science and Technology Policy. It takes place at the White House and is presided by the sitting United States president, each year the National Science Foundation sends out a call to the scientific community for the nomination of new candidates for the National Medal of Science. Individuals are nominated by their peers with each nomination requiring three letters of support from individuals in science and technology, the nomination of a candidate is effective for three years, at the end of three years, the candidates peers are allowed to renominate the candidate. The Committee makes their recommendations to the President for the final awarding decision, the National Medal of Science depicts Man, surrounded by earth, sea, and sky, contemplating and struggling to understand Nature. The crystal in his hand represents the order and also suggests the basic unit of living things. The formula being outlined in the sand symbolizes scientific abstraction
National Medal of Science
–
Obverse of the medal
National Medal of Science
–
Theodore von Kármán
7.
Kyoto Prize
–
The Kyoto Prize is Japan’s highest private award for global achievement. The Prize is given not only to those that are top representatives of their own respective field, the Kyoto Prizes are regarded by many as the most prestigious award available in fields that are traditionally not honored with a Nobel Prize. The Prize has been awarded annually since 1985 by the Inamori Foundation, the honorary president of the Foundation is Princess Takamado. The Kyoto Prize has been awarded annually to those who have contributed significantly to the scientific, cultural, the Prizes are given in the fields of Advanced Technology, Basic Sciences, and Arts and Philosophy. The Prizes are regarded by many as the most prestigious award available in fields that are not honored with a Nobel Prize. The laureates are announced each June, the presentation ceremony and related events are held in Kyoto, Japan. The Prizes were endowed with 50 million yen, with the 2015 Kyoto laureates, the three-category prizes have honored 99 individuals and one foundation. Individual laureates range from scientists, engineers, and researchers to philosophers, painters, architects, sculptors, musicians, the United States has produced the most recipients, followed by Japan, the United Kingdom, and France. The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences was awarded to Michel Mayor for his Outstanding Contributions in Evolving a New Vision of the Universe through the Discovery of Extrasolar Planet. The Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy was awarded to John Neumeier for being A Choreographer Who Developed 20th Century Ballet to New Levels, Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy List of Kyoto Prize winners Official website Inamori Foundation
Kyoto Prize
–
The Kyoto Prize
8.
Physics
–
Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
Physics
–
Further information:
Outline of physics
Physics
–
Ancient
Egyptian astronomy is evident in monuments like the
ceiling of Senemut's tomb from the
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
Physics
–
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), whose
laws of motion and
universal gravitation were major milestones in classical physics
Physics
–
Albert Einstein (1879–1955), whose work on the
photoelectric effect and the
theory of relativity led to a revolution in 20th century physics
9.
Electrical engineering
–
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
Electrical engineering
–
Electrical engineers design complex power systems...
Electrical engineering
–
... and electronic circuits.
Electrical engineering
–
The discoveries of
Michael Faraday formed the foundation of electric motor technology
Electrical engineering
–
Thomas Edison, electric light and (DC) power supply networks
10.
Texas Instruments
–
Texas Instruments Inc. is an American technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, United States, TI is one of the top ten semiconductor companies worldwide, Texas Instrumentss focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which accounts for more than 85% of their revenue. TI also produces TI digital light processing technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers, to date, TI has more than 43,000 patents worldwide. TI produced the worlds first commercial silicon transistor in 1950, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at TIs Central Research Labs. TI also invented the hand-held calculator in 1967, and introduced the first single-chip microcontroller in 1970, in 1987, TI invented the digital light processing device, which serves as the foundation for the companys award-winning DLP technology and DLP Cinema. In 1990, TI came out with the popular TI-81 calculator which made them a leader in the calculator industry. In 1997, its business was sold to Raytheon, which allowed TI to strengthen its focus on digital solutions. Texas Instruments was founded by Cecil H. Green, J. Erik Jonsson, Eugene McDermott, McDermott was one of the original founders of Geophysical Service Inc. in 1930. McDermott, Green, and Jonsson were GSI employees who purchased the company in 1941, in November,1945, Patrick Haggerty was hired as general manager of the Laboratory and Manufacturing division, which focused on electronic equipment. By 1951, the L&M division, with its contracts, was growing faster than GSIs Geophysical division. The company was reorganized and initially renamed General Instruments Inc, because there already existed a firm named General Instrument, the company was renamed Texas Instruments that same year. From 1956 to 1961, Fred Agnich of Dallas, later a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives, was the Texas Instruments president, Geophysical Service, Inc. became a subsidiary of Texas Instruments. Early in 1988 most of GSI was sold to the Halliburton Company, in 1930, J. Clarence Karcher and Eugene McDermott founded Geophysical Service, an early provider of seismic exploration services to the petroleum industry. In 1939, the company reorganized as Coronado Corp. an oil company with Geophysical Service Inc, on December 6,1941, McDermott along with three other GSI employees, J. Erik Jonsson, Cecil H. Green, and H. B. During World War II, GSI expanded their services to include electronics for the U. S. Army, Signal Corps, in 1951, the company changed its name to Texas Instruments, GSI becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the new company. Texas Instruments also continued to manufacture equipment for use in the seismic industry, after selling GSI, TI finally sold the company to Halliburton in 1988, at which point GSI ceased to exist as a separate entity. Texas Instruments entered the electronics market in 1942 with submarine detection equipment. During the early 1980s, Texas Instruments instituted a quality program which included Juran training, as well as promoting statistical process control, Taguchi methods and Design for Six Sigma
Texas Instruments
–
Entrance to Texas Instruments North Campus facility in Dallas, Texas.
Texas Instruments
–
Texas Instruments operated this
Convair 240 on experimental work in the 1980s fitted with a modified extended nose section
Texas Instruments
–
A Bolt-117, the first
laser-guided bomb built by Texas Instruments.
Texas Instruments
–
An
AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon.
11.
Robert Noyce
–
Robert Norton Noyce, nicknamed the Mayor of Silicon Valley, co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He is also credited with the realization of the first integrated circuit or microchip that fueled the personal computer revolution, active all his life, Noyce enjoyed reading Hemingway, flying his own airplane, hang gliding, and scuba diving. In his last interview, Noyce was asked what he would do if he were emperor of the United States and he said that he would, among other things, …make sure we are preparing our next generation to flourish in a high-tech age. And that means education of the lowest and the poorest, as well as at the school level. Noyce was born on December 12,1927, in Burlington and his father had graduated from Doane College, Oberlin College, and the Chicago Theological Seminary. He was also nominated for a Rhodes Scholarship, the Reverend Noyce worked as a Congregational clergyman and as the associate superintendent of the Iowa Conference of Congregational Churches in the 1930s and 1940s. His mother, Harriet May Norton, was the daughter of the Rev. Milton J. Norton, a Congregational clergyman and she graduated from Oberlin College in 1921 and had dreamed of becoming a missionary prior to her marriage. She has been described as an intelligent woman with a commanding will, bob Noyce had three siblings, Donald Sterling Noyce, Gaylord Brewster Noyce and Ralph Harold Noyce. Even at the age of five, Noyce felt offended by the notion of losing at anything. Thats not the game, he sulked to his mother, if youre going to play, play to win. In the summer of 1940, at the age of 12, he built an aircraft with his brother. Later he built a radio from scratch and motorized his sled by welding a propeller and his parents were both religious but Noyce became an agnostic and irreligious in later life. He grew up in Grinnell, Iowa, and attended the local schools and he exhibited a talent for mathematics and science while in high school and took the Grinnell College freshman physics course in his senior year. He graduated from Grinnell High School in 1945 and entered Grinnell College in the fall of that year and he was the star diver on the 1947 Midwest Conference Championship swim team. While at Grinnell College, Noyce sang, played the oboe and acted. In Noyce’s junior year, he got in trouble for stealing a 25-pound pig from the mayor of Grinnell’s farm and roasting it at a school luau. ”So essentially, Noyce would have to be expelled from Grinnell College. Grant Gale, Noyce’s physics professor and the President of Grinnell College and they were able to compromise with the mayor so that the college would compensate him for the pig, Noyce would only be suspended for one semester, and no further charges would be pressed. He returned to Grinnell in February 1949 and he graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a BA in physics and mathematics from Grinnell College in 1949
Robert Noyce
–
Robert Noyce
12.
Integrated circuit
–
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The ICs mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size. These advances, roughly following Moores law, allow a computer chip of 2016 to have millions of times the capacity, ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits, cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time, furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the ICs components switch quickly and consume little power because of their small size, the main disadvantage of ICs is the high cost to design them and fabricate the required photomasks. This high initial cost means ICs are only practical when high production volumes are anticipated, Circuits meeting this definition can be constructed using many different technologies, including thin-film transistor, thick film technology, or hybrid integrated circuit. However, in general usage integrated circuit has come to refer to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a integrated circuit. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent, an immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported. The idea of the circuit was conceived by Geoffrey Dummer. Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington and he gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas, and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares, Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, however, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design, the IC. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the circuit are completely integrated. The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force, Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. His work was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009, half a year after Kilby, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor developed his own idea of an integrated circuit that solved many practical problems Kilbys had not. Noyces design was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium, Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p–n junction isolation, a key concept behind the IC
Integrated circuit
–
Erasable programmable read-only memory integrated circuits. These
packages have a transparent window that shows the
die inside. The window allows the memory to be erased by exposing the chip to
ultraviolet light.
Integrated circuit
–
Integrated circuit from an
EPROM memory microchip showing the memory blocks, the supporting circuitry and the fine silver wires which connect the integrated circuit die to the legs of the packaging.
Integrated circuit
–
Jack Kilby 's original integrated circuit
Integrated circuit
–
The
die from an Intel
8742, an 8-bit
microcontroller that includes a
CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of
RAM, 2048 bytes of
EPROM, and
I/O in the same chip
13.
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
–
The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, as dictated by Nobels will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is presented in Stockholm at a ceremony on December 10. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary prize that has varied throughout the years. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, john Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911, william Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate, he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize, Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, as of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 203 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
–
Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to
Edward Victor Appleton in 1947
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
–
Pieter Zeeman
14.
Calculator
–
An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform operations ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics. The first solid state electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the history of tools such as the abacus. It was developed in parallel with the computers of the day. The pocket sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the first microprocessor and they later became used commonly within the petroleum industry. Modern electronic calculators vary, from cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers and they became popular in the mid-1970s. By the end of decade, calculator prices had reduced to a point where a basic calculator was affordable to most. In addition to general purpose calculators, there are designed for specific markets. For example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations, some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, as of 2016, basic calculators cost little, but the scientific and graphing models tend to cost more. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the worlds general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information, by 2007, this diminished to less than 0. 05%. Modern 2016 electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations, most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button, however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations. Large-sized figures and comma separators are used to improve readability. Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the display, fractions such as 1⁄3 are displayed as decimal approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333. Also, some fractions can be difficult to recognize in decimal form, as a result, Calculators also have the ability to store numbers into computer memory. Basic types of these only one number at a time. The variables can also be used for constructing formulas, some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers, the extended memory address is termed an array index. Power sources of calculators are, batteries, solar cells or mains electricity, some models even have no turn-off button but they provide some way to put off. Crank-powered calculators were also common in the computer era
Calculator
–
An electronic pocket calculator with a
LCD seven-segment display, that can perform arithmetic operations.
Calculator
–
A modern scientific calculator with a
dot matrix LCD display.
Calculator
–
Scientific calculator displays of fractions and decimal equivalents.
Calculator
–
An office calculating machine with a paper printer.
15.
Thermal printing
–
The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-colour direct thermal printers can print both black and an additional colour by applying heat at two different temperatures, thermal transfer printing is a very different method that uses a heat-sensitive ribbon instead of heat-sensitive paper, but uses similar thermal print heads. The printer sends a current to the heating elements of the thermal head. The heat activates the thermo-sensitive coloring layer of the thermosensitive paper, such a printing mechanism is known as a thermal system or direct system. The heating elements are arranged as a matrix of small closely spaced dots—thermal printers are actually dot-matrix printers. The paper is impregnated with a mixture of a dye and a suitable matrix, a combination of a fluoran leuco dye. Controller boards are embedded with firmware to manage the thermal printer mechanisms, the firmware can manage multiple bar code types, graphics and logos. They enable the user to choose between different resident fonts and character sizes. Controller boards can drive various sensors such as low, paper out, door open and so on. For point of sale application some boards can also control the cash drawer, thermal printers print more quietly and usually faster than impact dot matrix printers. They are also smaller, lighter and consume less power, making them ideal for portable and its efficiency can be utilized in retail sectors. Roll-based printers can be rapidly refilled and they often used unusually-sized supplies and were often used for making permanent records of information in the computer, rather than for correspondence. Through the 1990s many fax machines used thermal printing technology, thermal Receipt Printers are very efficient and quick. Its efficiency can be utilized in retail sectors, thermal printers are still commonly used in seafloor exploration and engineering geology due to their portability, speed, and ability to create continuous reels or sheets. Typically, thermal printers found in applications are used to print realtime records of side scan sonar. In data processing, thermal printers are used to quickly create hard copies of continuous seismic or hydrographic records stored in digital SEG Y or XTF form. The Game Boy Printer, released in 1998, was a thermal printer used to print out certain elements from some Game Boy games. Early formulations of the coating used in thermal paper were sensitive to incidental heat, abrasion, friction, light
Thermal printing
–
A thermal printer
Thermal printing
–
Thermal printer used in seafloor exploration
16.
Great Bend, Kansas
–
Great Bend is a city in and the county seat of Barton County, Kansas, United States. It is named for its location at the point where the course of the Arkansas River bends east then southeast, as of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 15,995. Prior to American settlement of the area, the site of Great Bend was located in the reaches of Kiowa territory. Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Kansas became a state in 1861, and the state government delineated the surrounding area as Barton County in 1867. The first settlers of the arrived in 1870. Living in sod houses and dugouts, they worked as buffalo hunters since trampling by bison herds precluded crop farming and they named the settlement after its location at the great bend in the Arkansas River where the river’s course turns eastward. The town began to grow as settlers arrived over the following year. The railroad reached Great Bend in July 1872, and an election at about the time declared the town the permanent county seat. Great Bend was incorporated as a city soon thereafter, the county courthouse and the city’s first public school were built the following year. In 1873, following the arrival of the railroad, Great Bend became a point for cattle. This stimulated local business but also transformed the city into a rowdy, in 1876, the Kansas Legislature extended the legal dead line restricting the presence of Texas cattle 30 miles west of Barton County. The cattle trade moved westward accordingly, and the city more peaceful. Over the following decades, Great Bend continued to grow and modernize and this was despite two disasters which struck the city, a downtown fire in 1878 and a smallpox outbreak in 1882 which resulted in a brief quarantine. In 1886, local speculators began to fund exploration for petroleum in the area, by 1930, the oil and gas industry brought more than $20 million annually to the county. More than 3,000 wells produced during the 1930s, the U. S. Army Air Forces opened Great Bend Army Airfield west of the city in 1943. The base served as training facility for B-29 bomber aircraft personnel during World War II, after the war, the City of Great Bend acquired the base and repurposed it for civilian use as Great Bend Municipal Airport. The city continued to grow through the 1950s, its population peaking at almost 17,000 in 1960, in 1973, the Fuller Brush Company relocated its production facilities to Great Bend, becoming one of the city’s major employers. Despite a modest decline in population in recent decades, Great Bend continues to serve as a center for central Kansas
Great Bend, Kansas
–
Downtown Great Bend (2012)
Great Bend, Kansas
–
Barton County Courthouse in Great Bend
Great Bend, Kansas
–
Downtown Great Bend grain elevator and abandoned
Santa Fe railroad station
17.
Great Bend High School
–
Great Bend High School is a public high school located in Great Bend, Kansas, serving students in grades 9-12. The school is in the Unified School District 428, the athletic teams are known as the Panthers and all athletic programs compete in the 5A division according to the KSHSAA. Great Bend High School was established early in the 20th century in order to educate the growing population of Great Bend. Shortly after the school was founded, the Panther was chosen as the school mascot and students voted to implement red. As the years progressed, Great Bend established many programs, both athletic and non-athletic, the school is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and is classified as a 5A school, the second-largest division in Kansas. Throughout the schools history, the Panthers have won state championships and have produced Division I, Division II. The football games are played at Great Bend High School Memorial Stadium, Soccer games are played at the Jean Cavanaugh Soccer Complex. During the years of 2005 and 2006, Great Bend High School won two championships in basketball. Jeff Langrehr was the first basketball coach in Great Bend High School history to help the team win state championships. The girls basketball team was the state runner-up in 2009, Great Bend High Schools danceline performs new dances at football and basketball games during halftime. The Panther Danceline consists of 18 dancers ranging from freshmen to seniors, Great Bend High Schools select ensemble singing group is known as The Madrigal Pop Singers. The group is composed of students in the junior and senior classes, the Great Bend High School Marching Band is under the direction of Mark DeWald. The band averages between 150 and 200 students every year, the band won1 ratings in the Hutchinson, Kansas State Parade, WAC Marching Festival in Garden City, Kansas, and High Plains Marching Festival at Fort Hays State University in 2005 and 2006. During Labor Day, the band dedicates its time to perform a parade in Hoisington, Kansas, mink was the first Band Director to start the American Heritage Concerts era and the first to take the band to major national competitions every four years. Jack Kilby, inventor of the integrated circuit
Great Bend High School
–
Front of the school, 2010
Great Bend High School
–
The 2005–2006 Panther Marching Band
18.
Bachelor of science
–
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
Bachelor of science
–
Three years
19.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The original University Hall, which stood until 1938, when it when it was replaced by Gregory hall and the
Illini Union. Pieces were used in the erection of Hallene Gateway dedicated in 1998
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
John Milton Gregory, the university's first president
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
Statue on campus titled "
Alma Mater " by
Lorado Taft
20.
Acacia Fraternity
–
Acacia Fraternity is a social fraternity founded in 1904 at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The fraternity has 28 active chapters and 4 colonies throughout Canada, in 1988, at the 45th Conclave, the fraternity elected to use International rather than National when referring to the fraternity. Acacia Fraternity was founded on 12 May 1904, by a group of 14 Freemasons attending the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, from the time of its founding, members of other fraternities were eligible for membership in Acacia. However, the rapid growth allowed it to stand on its own as a separate and co-equal fraternity. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Acacia was evolving from its roots as a successful Masonic club into the standardized model of the other collegiate fraternities of the day. The fraternity officially became International in 1988 at the 45th Conclave after the addition of the University of Western Ontario Chapter, sink Harry B. Washburn Walter S. Wheeler Acacia is the only general fraternity to be founded at Michigan. The Sprig of Acacia is one of many Acacia symbols with roots in the Masonic Brotherhood, the Sprig of Acacia, symbolically, is a symbol of immortality among Masons, giving assurance that death is not the end. It is used by that organization during or after a funeral service, according to tradition, the symbol also reminds participants of the obligation that Masons must provide for the widow and children of their fallen brother. The Acacia fraternity has adopted this and other Masonic symbols, retaining them in linkage to its heritage, the Acacia flag was adopted in 1950. It consists of a triband of gold-black-gold with the fraternity coat of arms on the center. The main symbol and representation of Acacia occurs within a 3-4-5 right triangle of the first quadrant, unless specified otherwise, whenever a triangle is mentioned in this article, a 3-4-5 right triangle of the first quadrant is what is meant. The present Acacia badge is a triangle of the first quadrant whose sides are of the proportions 3,4,5. The sides are set with twelve pearls—three on the base, four on the altitude, the corners are set with garnets. Within the triangle are three small right triangles of the proportion, outlined in gold on a black enamel background. The badge of Acacia as it today was adopted at the second Grand Council of Acacia. The crest of Acacia depicts a three taper candelabrum surrounded by a wreath of Acacia, below a shield of old gold, on fess cottised sable three 3-4-5 right triangles. Below the shield is a blue ribbon holding the motto of the fraternity in Greek, Acacia Fraternitys International Council serves as the organizations supreme executive and judicial body. It is composed of eight officers, six alumni and two undergraduates, alumni officers terms run four years, while undergraduate counselors terms are two years
Acacia Fraternity
–
The founding members of the Acacia fraternity.
21.
Milwaukee
–
Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigans western shore, Milwaukees estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 2,046,692 as of 2015. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the citys population during the 1840s, with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades. Known for its traditions, Milwaukee is currently experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been built in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront, the word Milwaukee may come from the Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, Gathering place. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area are the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, many of these people had lived around Green Bay before migrating to the Milwaukee area around the time of European contact. In the second half of the 18th century, the Indians at Milwaukee played a role in all the wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of Ojibwas, in the American Revolutionary War, the Indians around Milwaukee were some of the few Indians who remained loyal to the American cause throughout the Revolution. After American independence, the Indians fought the United States in the Northwest Indian War as part of the Council of Three Fires, during the War of 1812, Indians held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack Chicago. This resulted in the Battle of Fort Dearborn on August 15,1812, the War of 1812 did not end well for the Indians, and after the Black Hawk War in 1832, the Indians in Milwaukee signed their final treaty with the United States in Chicago in 1833. This paved the way for American settlement, Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries, alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac settled a trading post, therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names, Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, for many years, printed records gave the name as Milwaukie. One story of Milwaukees name says, ne day during the thirties of the last century a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, the spelling Milwaukie lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three founding fathers, Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker, Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler but founded a town called Juneaus Side, or Juneautown, in competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side
Milwaukee
–
Clockwise from top left:
Milwaukee skyline and
Lake Michigan,
Milwaukee Art Museum,
Milwaukee Central Library,
Allen-Bradley Clock Tower, Marquette Hall at
Marquette University,
Milwaukee City Hall,
Miller Park, and the
Basilica of St. Josaphat.
Milwaukee
–
Statue of
Solomon Juneau, who helped establish the city of Milwaukee
Milwaukee
–
Illustrated map of Milwaukee in 1872
Milwaukee
–
Milwaukee's
Lake Front Depot in 1898
22.
Semiconductor
–
Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct electrical characteristics. They are of high electrical resistance — higher than typical resistance materials and their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal. The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons, ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics. Semiconductor devices can display a range of properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other, showing variable resistance. The modern understanding of the properties of a semiconductor relies on quantum physics to explain the movement of carriers in a crystal lattice. Doping greatly increases the number of carriers within the crystal. When a doped semiconductor contains mostly free holes it is called p-type, the semiconductor materials used in electronic devices are doped under precise conditions to control the concentration and regions of p- and n-type dopants. A single semiconductor crystal can have many p- and n-type regions, although some pure elements and many compounds display semiconductor properties, silicon, germanium, and compounds of gallium are the most widely used in electronic devices. Elements near the so-called metalloid staircase, where the metalloids are located on the table, are usually used as semiconductors. Some of the properties of materials were observed throughout the mid 19th. The first practical application of semiconductors in electronics was the 1904 development of the Cats-whisker detector, developments in quantum physics in turn allowed the development of the transistor in 1947 and the integrated circuit in 1958. There are several developed techniques that allow semiconducting materials to behave like conducting materials and these modifications have two outcomes, n-type and p-type. These refer to the excess or shortage of electrons, respectively, an unbalanced number of electrons would cause a current to flow through the material. Heterojunctions Heterojunctions occur when two differently doped semiconducting materials are joined together, for example, a configuration could consist of p-doped and n-doped germanium. This results in an exchange of electrons and holes between the differently doped semiconducting materials, the n-doped germanium would have an excess of electrons, and the p-doped germanium would have an excess of holes. The transfer occurs until equilibrium is reached by a process called recombination, a product of this process is charged ions, which result in an electric field. Excited Electrons A difference in electric potential on a material would cause it to leave thermal equilibrium. This introduces electrons and holes to the system, which interact via a process called ambipolar diffusion, whenever thermal equilibrium is disturbed in a semiconducting material, the amount of holes and electrons changes
Semiconductor
–
Silicon crystals are the most common semiconducting materials used in
microelectronics and
photovoltaics.
23.
Germanium
–
Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with a similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature, unlike silicon, it is too reactive to be found naturally on Earth in the free state. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered late in the history of chemistry. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earths crust, in 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleevs predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany, today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite, though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. Germanium metal is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various electronic devices. Historically, the first decade of semiconductor electronics was based entirely on germanium, today, the amount of germanium produced for semiconductor electronics is one fiftieth the amount of ultra-high purity silicon produced for the same. Presently, the end uses are fibre-optic systems, infrared optics, solar cell applications. Germanium compounds are used for polymerization catalysts and have most recently found use in the production of nanowires. This element forms a number of organometallic compounds, such as tetraethylgermane. Germanium is not thought to be an element for any living organism. Some complex organic compounds are being investigated as possible pharmaceuticals. Similar to silicon and aluminum, natural germanium compounds tend to be insoluble in water, however, synthetic soluble germanium salts are nephrotoxic, and synthetic chemically reactive germanium compounds with halogens and hydrogen are irritants and toxins. Because of its position in his Periodic Table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon, in mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named argyrodite because of the high silver content. The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony
Germanium
–
A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
Germanium
–
Renierite
Germanium
–
A
PET bottle
24.
Oscilloscope
–
Other signals can be converted to voltages and displayed. Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of a signal over time, such that voltage. The observed waveform can be analyzed for such properties as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion, modern digital instruments may calculate and display these properties directly. Originally, calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen of the instrument, the oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a continuous shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope allows single events to be captured by the instrument and displayed for a long time. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, automotive, general-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. Early oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes as their display element and linear amplifiers for signal processing, storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to maintain a steady display of a single brief signal. CROs were later superseded by digital storage oscilloscopes with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital converters. DSOs without integrated displays are available at lower cost and use a digital computer to process. The basic oscilloscope, as shown in the illustration, is divided into four sections. The display is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is out with both horizontal and vertical reference lines referred to as the graticule. In addition to the screen, most display sections are equipped with three controls, a focus knob, an intensity knob and a beam finder button. The vertical section controls the amplitude of the displayed signal and this section carries a Volts-per-Division selector knob, an AC/DC/Ground selector switch and the vertical input for the instrument. Additionally, this section is equipped with the vertical beam position knob. The horizontal section controls the base or sweep of the instrument. The primary control is the Seconds-per-Division selector switch, also included is a horizontal input for plotting dual X-Y axis signals. The horizontal beam position knob is located in this section
Oscilloscope
–
A
Tektronix model 475A portable analog oscilloscope, a typical instrument of the late 1970s
Oscilloscope
–
The interior of a
cathode-ray tube for use in an oscilloscope. 1. Deflection voltage electrode; 2. Electron gun; 3. Electron beam; 4. Focusing coil; 5. Phosphor-coated inner side of the screen
Oscilloscope
–
A modern
PicoScope 6000 USB digital oscilloscope using a
laptop computer for its display
Oscilloscope
–
A modern Siglent SHS800 handheld digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) using an
LCD for its display
25.
Sine wave
–
A sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation. It is named after the sine, of which it is the graph. It occurs often in pure and applied mathematics, as well as physics, engineering, signal processing and many other fields. Its most basic form as a function of time is, y = A sin = A sin where, A = the amplitude, F = the ordinary frequency, the number of oscillations that occur each second of time. ω = 2πf, the frequency, the rate of change of the function argument in units of radians per second φ = the phase. When φ is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by the amount φ /ω seconds, a negative value represents a delay, and a positive value represents an advance. The sine wave is important in physics because it retains its shape when added to another sine wave of the same frequency and arbitrary phase. It is the only periodic waveform that has this property and this property leads to its importance in Fourier analysis and makes it acoustically unique. The wavenumber is related to the frequency by. K = ω v =2 π f v =2 π λ where λ is the wavelength, f is the frequency, and v is the linear speed. This equation gives a wave for a single dimension, thus the generalized equation given above gives the displacement of the wave at a position x at time t along a single line. This could, for example, be considered the value of a wave along a wire, in two or three spatial dimensions, the same equation describes a travelling plane wave if position x and wavenumber k are interpreted as vectors, and their product as a dot product. For more complex such as the height of a water wave in a pond after a stone has been dropped in. This wave pattern occurs often in nature, including wind waves, sound waves, a cosine wave is said to be sinusoidal, because cos = sin , which is also a sine wave with a phase-shift of π/2 radians. Because of this start, it is often said that the cosine function leads the sine function or the sine lags the cosine. The human ear can recognize single sine waves as sounding clear because sine waves are representations of a frequency with no harmonics. Presence of higher harmonics in addition to the fundamental causes variation in the timbre, on the other hand, if the sound contains aperiodic waves along with sine waves, then the sound will be perceived noisy as noise is characterized as being aperiodic or having a non-repetitive pattern. In 1822, French mathematician Joseph Fourier discovered that sinusoidal waves can be used as building blocks to describe and approximate any periodic waveform
Sine wave
–
The graphs of the sine and
cosine functions are sinusoids of different phases.
26.
Southern Methodist University
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Southern Methodist University is a private research university in Dallas, University Park, and Highland Park, Texas. Founded in 1911 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, SMU operates satellite campuses in Plano, Texas, SMU is owned by the South Central Jurisdiction of the United Methodist Church. Of the universitys 11,643 students,6,411 are undergraduates, the main campus of the university is divided into seven schools, including the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, the Bobby B. The university was chartered on April 17,1911, by the five Annual Conferences in Texas of the Methodist Episcopal Church, classes were originally planned to start in 1913 but were postponed until 1915. SMU was established after the attempt to relocate Southwestern University from Georgetown, Texas, the first relocation effort by Polytechnic College president Hiram A. Boaz and spearheaded by Southwestern president Robert Stewart Hyer involved merging Southwestern with Polytechnic College. The post-merger university would retain the Southwestern name while occupying Polytechnics campus in Fort Worth, the merger never came to fruition, primarily because the Dallas Chamber of Commerce set up a committee to raise funds and entice Southwestern to relocate to Dallas. This proposal gained traction since Southwestern was operating a medical school in Dallas. Plans were drawn for the campuss first building, Memorial Hall, Southwesterns trustees rejected the relocation plan, prompting Hyers resignation and move to Dallas to establish Southern Methodist University. SMU retained close connections to Southwestern and Polytechnic, Southwestern president Hyer became SMUs first president and Hiram A. Boaz, a Southwestern graduate, resigned as president of Polytechnic to become SMUs second president. Polytechnic attempted to become a school of SMU before becoming a womens college. SMU acquired Southwesterns medical school in Dallas and operated it until 1915, Southwestern and SMU were athletic rivals until Southwestern became a small liberal arts college. The church decided to support the establishment of SMU and dramatically increase the size of Emory University at a new location in DeKalb County, at the 1914 meeting of the General Conference, SMU was designated the connectional institution for all Conferences west of the Mississippi River. Classes were planned to begin in 1913, but construction delays on the universitys first building prevented classes from starting until 1915. In the interim, the only functioning academic department at SMU was the college it had acquired from Southwestern University. SMU named its first building Dallas Hall in gratitude for the support of Dallas leaders and local citizens and it remains the universitys symbol and centerpiece. Designed by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge after the Rotunda at the University of Virginia, Dallas Hall opened its doors in 1915 and housed the university as well as a bank. It is registered in the National Register of Historic Places, SMUs nickname The Hilltop was inspired by Dallas Hall, which was built on a hill. The universitys first president, Robert Stewart Hyer, selected Harvard crimson, in 1927, Highland Park United Methodist Church, designed by architects Mark Lemmon and Roscoe DeWitt, was erected on campus
Southern Methodist University
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Central Campus Quadrangle, Southern Methodist University (postcard, circa 1915–1924)
Southern Methodist University
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Southern Methodist University
Southern Methodist University
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The Laura Lee Blanton Hall during a rare snow storm
Southern Methodist University
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Panoramic view of the main quadrangle
27.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, today, it is the worlds largest association of technical professionals with more than 400,000 members in chapters around the world. Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering, telecommunications, computer engineering, IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The association is chartered under this full legal name, IEEEs membership has long been composed of engineers and scientists. For this reason the organization no longer goes by the name, except on legal business documents. The IEEE is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence and it has about 430,000 members in about 160 countries, slightly less than half of whom reside in the United States. The major interests of the AIEE were wire communications and light, the IRE concerned mostly radio engineering, and was formed from two smaller organizations, the Society of Wireless and Telegraph Engineers and the Wireless Institute. After World War II, the two became increasingly competitive, and in 1961, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE resolved to consolidate the two organizations. The two organizations merged as the IEEE on January 1,1963. The IEEE is incorporated under the Not-for-Profit Corporation Law of the state of New York and it was formed in 1963 by the merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. The IEEE serves as a publisher of scientific journals and organizer of conferences, workshops. IEEE develops and participates in activities such as accreditation of electrical engineering programs in institutes of higher learning. The IEEE logo is a design which illustrates the right hand grip rule embedded in Benjamin Franklins kite. IEEE has a dual complementary regional and technical structure – with organizational units based on geography and it manages a separate organizational unit which recommends policies and implements programs specifically intended to benefit the members, the profession and the public in the United States. The IEEE includes 39 technical Societies, organized around specialized technical fields, the IEEE Standards Association is in charge of the standardization activities of the IEEE. The IEEE History Center became an organization to the Engineering. The new ETHW is an effort by various engineering societies as a formal repository of topic articles, oral histories, first-hand histories, Landmarks + Milestones. The IEEE History Center is annexed to Stevens University Hoboken, NJ, in 2016, the IEEE acquired GlobalSpec, adding the provision of engineering data for a profit to its organizational portfolio
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
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The IEEE corporate office is on the 17th floor of
3 Park Avenue in
New York City
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
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Founded
28.
Franklin Institute
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The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States. On February 5,1824, Samuel Vaughan Merrick and William H. Keating founded the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, in the late twentieth century the Institutes research roles gave way to educating the general public through its museum. The Bartol Research Foundation of the Franklin Institute, founded in 1924 to conduct research in the sciences, is now part of the University of Delaware. The Franklin Institute Laboratories for Research and Development operated from the Second World War into the 1980s, many scientists have demonstrated groundbreaking new technology at the Franklin Institute. From September 2 to October 11,1884, it hosted the International Electrical Exhibition of 1884, the worlds first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system was later given by Philo Taylor Farnsworth on August 25,1934. The first female member, Elizabeth Skinner, was elected to membership in 1833, the Franklin Institute was integrated in 1870, when Philadelphia teacher and activist Octavius Catto was admitted as a member. The Institutes original building at 15 South 7th Street, now the home of the Atwater Kent Museum, eventually proved too small for the Institutes research, educational programs, and library. The Institute moved into its current home on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, near the intersection with 20th Street, in 1934. Funds to build the new Institute and Franklin Memorial came from the Poor Richard Club, the City Board of Trust, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc. and the Franklin Institute. John T. Windrims original design was a square building surrounding the Benjamin Franklin Statue. Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, only two of the four wings envisioned by Windrim were built, these face the Parkway and share design elements with other cultural and civic structures around Logan Circle. On March 31,1940, press agent William Castellini issued a release stating that the world would end the next day. The story was picked up by KYW, which reported, Your worst fears that the world will end are confirmed by astronomers of Franklin Institute, scientists predict that the world will end at 3 p. m. Eastern Standard Time tomorrow. This is no April Fool joke, confirmation can be obtained from Wagner Schlesinger, director of the Fels Planetarium of this city. This caused a panic in the city which only subsided when the Franklin Institute assured people it had no such prediction. James Ronaldson Samuel V. Merrick John C, cresson William Sellers John Vaughan Merrick Coleman Sellers Robert Empie Rogers William Penn Tatham Joseph Miller Wilson Dr. Walton Clark Dr. W. Laurence LePage Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus Dr. Bowen C. Dees Dr. Joel N. Bloom Dr. James L. Powell Dr. Dennis M. Wint Larry Dubinski In 2006, in 2011, the Franklin Institute received a $10 million gift from Athena and Nicholas Karabots towards the Inspire Science
Franklin Institute
Franklin Institute
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The Franklin Institute's original building. Now the
Philadelphia History Museum.
Franklin Institute
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Front steps, as seen from the
Moore College of Art.
